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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 goes to

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry2015 JB - Kemisk Institut › ... › pdf-mappe › The_Nobel_Prize_in...JB.pdfRelationship to superconductors through Bose‐Einstein condensates. In 2003,

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Page 1: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry2015 JB - Kemisk Institut › ... › pdf-mappe › The_Nobel_Prize_in...JB.pdfRelationship to superconductors through Bose‐Einstein condensates. In 2003,

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry2015 goes to

Page 2: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry2015 JB - Kemisk Institut › ... › pdf-mappe › The_Nobel_Prize_in...JB.pdfRelationship to superconductors through Bose‐Einstein condensates. In 2003,

High‐pressure chemistry and its impacts on our understanding of chemical bonding

Russell J. Hemley, Senior Staff Scientist Geophysical Laboratory Carnegie Institution of Washington, USA

Dr. Mikhail EremetsMax Planck Institute for ChemistryMainz, Germany

Possible awardees:

and/or others

Page 3: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry2015 JB - Kemisk Institut › ... › pdf-mappe › The_Nobel_Prize_in...JB.pdfRelationship to superconductors through Bose‐Einstein condensates. In 2003,

New record in critical temperature for superconductivity

TC = 203 K (‐70 oC) T = ‐89 oC

P≈ 200 GPa

Page 4: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry2015 JB - Kemisk Institut › ... › pdf-mappe › The_Nobel_Prize_in...JB.pdfRelationship to superconductors through Bose‐Einstein condensates. In 2003,

In 1913, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures, which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid He4", and the discovery of superconductivity.

In 1962, Lev Davidovich Landau received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, specially liquid helium."

In 1972, John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper and J. Robert Schrieffer received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS theory."

In 1973, Leo Esaki, and Ivar Giaever received one quarter each of the Nobel Prize in Physics "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"; and, Brian David Josephson received one half of the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson Effects.

In 1978, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa received one half of the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low temperature physics," which included the discovery of superfluidity in He. 

In 1987, J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials."

In 1996, David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium‐3." Relationship to superconductors through Bose‐Einstein condensates.

In 2003, Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginsburg and Anthony J. Leggett received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids.

Nobel prizes for superconductivity

Page 5: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry2015 JB - Kemisk Institut › ... › pdf-mappe › The_Nobel_Prize_in...JB.pdfRelationship to superconductors through Bose‐Einstein condensates. In 2003,

So why another?

• So far none in chemistry

• A significant increase in Tc

• A new paradigm – molecular compounds

• Yet conventional in terms of importance of phonon spectrum

• Part of a greater scheme: chemistry at extreme conditions

Page 6: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry2015 JB - Kemisk Institut › ... › pdf-mappe › The_Nobel_Prize_in...JB.pdfRelationship to superconductors through Bose‐Einstein condensates. In 2003,

H3S !?

Cui et. al., Nature, 2014.

Page 7: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry2015 JB - Kemisk Institut › ... › pdf-mappe › The_Nobel_Prize_in...JB.pdfRelationship to superconductors through Bose‐Einstein condensates. In 2003,

Chemistry at extreme conditions

Molecules to metals – how and how come?

ΔP

Page 8: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry2015 JB - Kemisk Institut › ... › pdf-mappe › The_Nobel_Prize_in...JB.pdfRelationship to superconductors through Bose‐Einstein condensates. In 2003,

Even hydrogen – or maybe not 

(P = 300‐400 GPa)

Page 9: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry2015 JB - Kemisk Institut › ... › pdf-mappe › The_Nobel_Prize_in...JB.pdfRelationship to superconductors through Bose‐Einstein condensates. In 2003,

Open questions persist

Page 10: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry2015 JB - Kemisk Institut › ... › pdf-mappe › The_Nobel_Prize_in...JB.pdfRelationship to superconductors through Bose‐Einstein condensates. In 2003,

‐ but the innocense of molecular compounds 

seem to have been lost in a radical way.