THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICS

The New GovernmentTHE BIG IDEA: George Washington had to establish the Executive Branch of the new government.

George WashingtonPresident

Past Experience: Commander of the Continental Army,

President of the

Constitutional Convention Alexander HamiltonSecretary of Treasury

Past Experience: Personal Aide to Washington, author ofmany Federalist Essays

Henry KnoxSecretary of War

Past Experience: General in Continental Army, Sec. Of War

under Articles

Thomas JeffersonSecretary of State

Past Experience: Main writerof the Declaration of Independence,

Ambassador to France

John Adams Vice-President

Past Experience: Revolutionary Leader, Lawyer, influential

Federalist

TARIFF – a tax on importsSTRICT CONSTRUCTION – the belief that the nation should be run exactly as outlined in the ConstitutionLOOSE CONSTRUCTION – the belief that the Constitution should be viewed as a loose framework of laws meant to guide but not to prohibit what was not explicitly contained in itWHISKEY REBELLION – revolt in Western PA against the federal government and the implementation of the tax on whiskeyJAY’S TREATY – treaty between the US and GB which GB gave up claims to the NW Territory and which trade expanded between the two countriesPOLITICAL PARTY – group of people who try to influence politics

Hamilton’s Plan for National Debt Congress accepted the plan

based on a deal move the Capital to

Washington DC Why would the Government

want to add to $50 Million debt by adding the States debts? Most debt was owed to

foreign countries, merchants and speculators

did not want government to fail

wanted citizens to feel secure

Raise Money - Whiskey Tax and Tariff Place this $ in a special fund Repay debt with interest from it

Political Parties - Issues Begin Hamilton’s Program started controversy

Strict vs. Loose Interpretation of the Constitution• Strict constructionist• Loose constructionist

French Revolution 1789 English, French or Neutral

Whiskey Rebellion Washington showed strength of the Government

Jay’s Treaty - Chief Justice John Jay Americans stayed Neutral with war between Britain and

France Washington wanted to side with Britain even though France

was first ally • people saw this as a sellout to the British

Failed to protect American merchants

1. What was Hamilton’s plan for paying off the Revolutionary War debt?-Natl gov’t would take on States Debt-Whiskey tax and Tariff will be put into special fund-Creditors will be paid with interest from fund

2.Why did some Americans oppose Hamilton’s plan?-objected to the interference of the federal government in local and state affairs-opposed taxes

3.How did the French Revolution divide Americans?-Federalists opposed it seeing it as out of control-Jefferson’s people supported it as a noble extension of the American Revolution

4.Why did the Whiskey Rebellion take place?- people were angry at the tax on whiskey which was critical to their economy

5.Why did Jay’s Treaty cause controversy?-Many saw it as a betrayal of ideals they had fought for in the Revolution and as a sell-out to the British-Failed to protect American shipping from the British

searches

6.How did the views of the Jeffersonian Republicans and the Federalists differ?-Federalists wanted a strong natl govt even if it meant the sacrifice of individual liberties-Jeffersonian-Republicans felt that preservation of liberties was the highest ideal

Federalist policies supporting order and stability in the 1790s sharply

divided Americans.

Issue Federalists Jeffersonian Republicans

Leader Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

Nature of Human Beings

negative view of people, only the elite had the capability of governing effectively

positive view of people, "common man" could make good decisions if he were provided with proper information, believes in democracy, power in the hands of a few would lead to a corrupt gov't

Best Type of Gov't

powerful federal gov't, keep power in the hands of a few, elite should make decisions, Very critical of Articles of Confederation

keep power in the hands of the states, keep federal gov't small, people should make the decisions of gov't

Ideal EconomyIndustrial, favored a gov't sponsored national bank to support industrial businesses

Agricultural, society of small independent farmers would lead to prosperity, gov't should stay out of economic matters

View on the Constitution

supported constitution, loose interpretation, congress could make any law "which shall be necessary and proper"

accepted Constitution, believed President had too much power, promoted Bill of Rights, Strict Interpretation, powers not specifically given to the federal gov't were given to the states.

France or Britain

Britain France

Up here you write down the political opinions of each political party and their leaders

Democratic Republicans AKA Jeffersonian RepublicansThomas Jefferson

FederalistsAlexander Hamilton

HOMEWORK – Mind Notes

1. Find pictures of the leaders of the new political parties or draw profiles

2. Label by political party and leader

3. Fill in thought bubbles with opinions of political parties

John Adams as President

XYZ Affair France begins to attack our merchant

ships because of Jay’s Treaty with Britain

Adams sends officials to negotiate treaty with France

French officials XYZ tried to extort $$ from the USA

American People “Millions for the defense, but not a cent for tribute.”

undeclared war on France

Adams Cont’d Because of the Anger at foreigners

Alien and Sedition Acts• Alien - President has the right to imprison or deport

citizens of other countries living in the US• Sedition - Fined or jailed if you speak out against

the gov’t (used against Jeffersonian Republicans)

Republican ResponseJefferson and Madisonviolation of the first amendmentVirginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• state has the right to judge whether or not laws made by Congress are Constitutional

• Nullification/States Rights

Election of 1800 Spirit of 1776 - Jefferson

campaigning on the idea of liberty found in the Declaration of Independence

accused Adams of being a monarch Spirit of 1787 - Adams

emphasis of order and the ConstitutionJefferson was a godless man who would

lead the US into chaos House of Representatives had to elect

Pres. First peaceful transfer of political parties

1st Change of Political Parties (Revolution??) Why Adams Lost

unfair judgement of his abilities

more honest than most Presidents

went against supporters in dealing with France

failed to quiet critics and angered supporters

Why Jefferson won leader of local

government supporters

better to risk too much freedom than too much government

Started a permanent political party

Jefferson’s Democratic Agenda Reduction of Government

reduced taxes reduced size of Bureaucracy Reduced size of the Army

Judicial Branch Judiciary Act of 1789 - setup system (GW) Judiciary Act of 1801 - increased # of

Federal judges so that Adams could appoint them (JA)

Midnight Judges

Marbury vs. Madison Jefferson tried to block federal judges

Jefferson ordered Madison not to deliver Marbury’s official papers to Congress

Marbury vs. MadisonSupreme Court did not have the power to

let Marbury inJohn Marshall declared Judiciary Act of

1789 Unconstitutional Judicial Review Precedent - Supreme

Court’s power to declare an Act of Congress or the President Unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase

French used their control of the Mississippi to extort money from American farmersJefferson tried to make a dealSlave Revolt in HaitiAll of Louisiana for $15 milliondoubled the size of the U.S.

Lewis and Clarkfind route to Pacific, contact Indians, gather

information about resources - surveyors

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Western Expansion

Treaty of Paris 1783 Ended the Revolutionary War Created boundaries from Atlantic to the Mississippi

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Set up procedures for new states being added Banned slavery in region covered (Ohio, Ill., Mich.etc) Provided for public education in the region

Louisiana Purchase 1803

Effects of LA. Purchase

Doubled size of US Eliminated France as rival Control of Mississippi River Westward Expansion

Problems with Democracy Hard to govern such distances Understanding needs of the Western Territory as it

grows New slave states? Slaveholder control of Congress?

Lewis And Clark

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Pioneered the Louisiana

Territory Jefferson’s Orders

Find a water route to pacific

Make friends with Natives Survey the land

York – Capt. Clarks slave Novelty to the natives

Sacajawea – Shoshone

Trans-Appalachian West

What made it attractive?Lewis and Clarks JournalsPike’s book about Southwestern People and Land

PeopleHunters, Trappers and Fur TradersSettlers and Land SpeculatorsPeople with unsavory pasts – criminals,

scoundrels, ne’er do wellsUnorthodox religious groups, social reformers,

idealists

LEADERDESCRIPTION of

LeaderPEOPLE (Tribe)

RESPONSE of Tribe

Little Turtle

Military leader, won victories against

settlers in the 1790sMIAMI

Adopted some white culture, lived in peace,

acceptance of white culture

Handsome

Lake

Fought against settlers, confined to a reservation

SENECA

Acceptance on Native American terms,

Blended Indian and White Culture

Tenskwatawa

“The Prophet” SHAWNEE

Reject white culture, return to traditional native ways, leaned

towards fighting

Tecumseh

War chief, brother of “The Prophet”

SHAWNEEUnite and take military

action against white settlers

Accomodation – accepting and attempting to make comfortable

   

Assimilation – people of one culture blending into and becoming part of another

     

Treaty of Greenville – Tricked by US to sign treaty which gave up 2/3 of Ohio

   

Reservation – area that the government sets aside for Native Americans who lost their land

     

Battle of Tippecanoe – William Henry Harrison attacked Indians in Indiana forced them off their land

   

The War of 1812 – Mr. Madison’s War Causes

British attacks on US shipping Impressment War Hawks –

• Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun Arming Indians and encouraging

attacks on settlers in ORV• Excuse to conquer Canada

Course of War Consequences

Hartford Convention Treaty of Ghent Panic of 1819

Life in the New NationChapter 7

The big idea is to realize the effects of each of the following events. You must actually think for yourselves. You will become enlightened.

The U.S. becomes more democratic, bigger, and more efficient.

As American Population Grew People Moved WestUS Population Growth, 1780-1830

1 7 8 0 1 7 9 0 1 8 0 0 1 8 1 0 1 8 2 0 1 8 3 0

A f r i c a n A m e r i c a nW h i t eT o t a l

What were the causes of this population growth?What were the effects of this population growth?

Num

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of P

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Mi ll

i ons

14

12

10

8

6

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0

Technological Influence Cotton Gin 1793

• Using the Cotton Gin, one worker could clean 1,000 lbs of cotton per day – 1,000 slaves without the Gin

• Turned a profitless plant into the South’s most valuable cash crop

• Accelerated the migration of southerners west in search of cotton-growing lands

National Road 1806 (Cumberland Road)• Nation’s 1st interstate highway authorized by Congress

Steamboats 1807 – Robert Fulton• Allowed boats to travel upstream• Allowed for growth of towns along river routes

Inventions and Innovations In what ways have people tried to change their own lives or society in

general? Do people always respond favorably to efforts toward change? Why, or Why Not?

Spirit of Improvement? Focus on learning to better the condition of society Enlightenment inspired well-educated Americans to take interest in

Science and Medicine Benjamin Rush – Benjamin Banneker

Industrial Revolution Change in the way things are produced

Samuel Slater• 1st American Textile Mill (factory system)

Eli Whitney• Interchangeable Parts• Cotton Gin

EFFECTS?

Taming the Wilderness

Roads, Rivers, Canals, and

Railroads from 1820-1840

CHANGESIN

TRANSPORTATION

Steam Power•1807 - Robert Fulton’s Clermont steams up the Hudson River•Inventors exploited steam power•Cost of transportation andCommerce were reduced

Roads•By 1833, the Cumberland Rd.

runs from Maryland to Ohio

•New roads of stone and gravel help Americans move

West

Canals•Erie Canal connects

Lake Erie to NYC in 1825

•By 1840, 3,000 miles of canals are in use

Railroads•1828-The B&O Railroadline becomes the nation’s

first railroad•1840-U.S. has more miles

of track than any other nation

Transportation and Trade An effect of the War of 1812 was

improved transportation and communication. This was an early form of the use of

technology to improve the nation. Roads, rivers and canals brought people

together and moved raw materials and goods from one part of the nation to another.

It promoted trade and communication, westward expansion, and nationalism.

Rivers, roads, canals, and finally, the railroads, were the avenues of growth for the United States.

Roads

The earliest roads were nothing more than trails.

Many of the earliest roads were trails blazed by the Native Americans, such as the Appalachian Trail.

The National Road was an investment by the Jeffersonian government and was the first real link for communities and economic growth.

The Craze for Canals

Man-made rivers that were cut through the landscape to connect rivers and lakes with landlocked areas.

Allowed builders to control water depth and control obstacles such as currents.

Canal building ended with the advancement of the railroad as a more efficient system of transportation.

By the Civil War, the canal craze had ended in most areas of the U.S. due to economic downturns and the railroad.

Railroads

The first rails were laid in the 1820’s.

By 1830, the railroad had proved to be an efficient carrier of goods and people.

Railroads benefited by capital investment and government support.

Social and Religious Changes

The Second Great Awakening

•Anyone rich or poor, can win salvation

•Salvation can be achieved through belief in Jesus Christ

•People demonstrate their faith by performing good deeds

•The bible is the final authority

•People can be “revived” or brought back to faith by listening to preachers

•Preachers can preach anywhere, including outdoor revivals

Chapter 8 - The Market Revolution

Changes in the American EconomyNorthern GrowthSouthern GrowthGrowth of NationalismEra of Jackson

The Market RevolutionAs factories and banks grew, the United States moved from a household economy to a market economy.

Define Market Economy Comparing Household to Market Economies

Household Economy Market Economy

Producer Household Industry

Labor

Members of household produce a variety of goods at

home

Produce specialized products outside the home

and exchange labor for cash

Goodsgoods made to be used by the

housegoods are sold on the open

market for profit

Effects of a Market Economy

Manufacturing centralized factories free enterprise system working outside the home shopping Banks

provided capitaluncontrolled lendingbank notes

The North - Northern cities and industries grew quickly

between 1800 and 1850, bringing new wealth and new problems

Sectionalism - division of regions based on geographic, economic, and cultural differences

Farming in the Northwest• OH, IN, IL, MI, WI, MN

Industry in the Northeast• Former New England and Middle

Colonies• Population Density, Industrialization

Growth of Cities• urbanization, tenements

Labor Disputes• strikes• unions

0

2

4

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10

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14

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18

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1800 1820 1840

RuralUrban

Num

ber

of p

eopl

e (i

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ons )

The South - As cotton farming grew, so did the slave trade leading to several slave revolts

South has good

conditions for farming

South develops economy based on farming

and slavery

Cotton Gin makes cotton

manufacturing more profitable

Industrial Revolution leads to growing textile

industry which needs cotton to

make cloth

Cotton becomes the most valuable

product in the South

Rich landowners create huge plantations, relying on

slave labor to grow cotton.Cottonocracy

The Southern Section South-DE, MD, VA, NC, SC, GA KY,

TN, AL, MS, LA, AR Southern agricultural economy

rural dependent on Northern

Manufacturing Cotton becomes King

• spread west with invention of Cotton Gin

• Created New Political Power• “Cottonocracy”

Urban Growth in the South• Slow, but there were cities• Charleston, New Orleans,

Richmond

Slave System 1804 all northern states

had ended slavery in some form

1808 importation of slaves illegal

• 1820 - 1.5 Million slaves• 1850 - 3.2 million

• Slave Rebellions• Denmark Vessy• Nat Turner• Effects

• passed laws against educating slaves

• restricted movement

Era of Good Feelings - (1817-1824) James Monroe President After War of 1812

Feeling of Nationalism came to USA that had been missing since after the Revolution

Good Feelings Nationalism Incredible Growth

• 1816 - 2nd Bank of the U.S. helped growth• Henry Clay’s American System

• Protective tariff, national bank, federal aid for roads, bridges, and canals

Political parties faded Three Political Giants

John C. Calhoun - SC, farmer, yale, intensity Daniel Webster - MA, Lawyer, well-respected Henry Clay - The Great Compromiser, KY

NATIONALISM Adams-Onis Treaty - FL for $5 Mil Strengthening of the Federal Government

Supreme Court Decisions• McCulloch v. Maryland - supported Nat’l Bank• Dartmouth College v. Woodward - protected

Contracts• Gibbons v. Ogden - regulated commerce

Foreign Policy Monroe Doctrine

• U.S. not involved in foreign wars or foreign internal affairs• would not interfere with Western Hemisphere• The U.S. would not allow further colonization of Western

Hemisphere• Any European power to attempt to control the Western

Hemisphere would be seen as a hostile action against the U.S.

Whigs political party formed to

oppose Andrew Jackson led by Henry Clay and Daniel

Webster supported Clay’s American

System Protective tariff, national

bank, federal aid for roads, bridges, and canals

slavery issue and annexation of Texas destroyed the Whigs

turned into Know-Nothings or Republicans

2 New Political Parties Election of 1824

“The Corrupt Bargain” - Why is it called this?

J.Q. Adams A. Jackson

PARTYNational Republicans

(AKA Whigs)Democrats

(AKA Jacksonian Democrats)SLAVERY Against For

BANK OF THE U.S. For AgainstVOTING RIGHTS

FOR PROPERTYLESS

WORKERS

Against For

SPENDING FEDERAL MONEY

FOR BRIDGES AND ROADS

For Against

On the left side of your notebooks for Homework:Read about the election of 1824 and 1828 and then Create a campaign poster that might have been used in the election of 1828. The poster should list Andrew Jackson’s qualifications for the presidency, include a memorable campaign slogan, and employ colorful visuals. Consult other resources when creating your poster

ANDREW JACKSON FOR PRESIDENT

- Hero of the Battle…

- Distinguished service in the…

- Honorable Service for the…

- Dedicated advocate of…Old Hickory, dickory, dockHis leadership will be as solid as

a rock

Andrew Jackson in Office Election of 1828 - Andrew

Jackson Wins Landslide victory after

bitter campaign More than twice the

voters from 1824 New Forms of

Democracy expanded suffrage nominating conventions

replaced caucuses Spoils System

Patronage

Kitchen Cabinet - unofficial group of advisors

democrats and newspaper editors

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) First to have Vice President (John Calhoun) resign First to be nominated at a national convention--second term First target of an assassination attempt First born in a Log Cabin First to marry a divorcee Only first lady who smoked a pipe. First 'Toga Party' at the President's House First to use the pocket veto First to ride on a train First to be convicted of a contempt of court charge - in 1815 Andrew Jackson

was fined $1,000 for contempt of court for refusing to lift martial law before receiving confirmation of peace.

First former POW (Revolutionary War) Last Revolutionary War Veteran Only president to pay off the national debt Only veteran who served in both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 Wounded in a duel at the age of 39, Jackson carried the bullet, lodged near his

heart, to his grave One of four presidents to have a state capital named for him -- Jackson, Mississippi; Jefferson, Missouri;Madison, Wisconsin and Lincoln, Nebraska

Jacksonian Democracy Nullification Crisis

Tariff of Abominations 1828

John C. Calhoun States Rights Nullification Act Henry Clay

Compromise The “Indian Problem”

Indian Removal Act Trail of Tears

The “Bank War”

Jackson’s Successors

Martin Van Buren - DemocratMartin Van Ruin – very unpopularPanic of 1837

William Henry Harrison - WhigFirst to die in office

John Tyler – Whig (more of a Democrat)Became unpopular very quickly