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The Protestant Reformation
1517 and After
The Three Branches of Christianity
• One Church – The Five Patriarchs• 1054 The Great Schism – Filioque, St. Peter,
Greek/Latin• The 3 Main Branches1. Eastern (Greek) Orthodox, since 33 AD2. Roman Catholic, since 33 AD3. Protestant, since 1517
Indulgences
• Sin• Temporal versus eternal
punishment• Penance• Abuse of indulgences• Leo X and St. Peter’s Basilica• Sixtus IV – indulgences for
the dead• Tetzel - "As soon as a coin
in the coffer rings / the soul from purgatory springs"
Pre-reformers
• Jan Hus – Bohemian, protested indulgences, immorality in clergy, burned at stake
• John Wycliffe – translator of Bible into English
Martin Luther, 1517
• German monk• Best friend Philip
Melancthon• 95 Theses in Wittenburg• Remained Roman
Catholic• Gutenburg’s printing
press
John Calvin
• Moved to Geneva from France
• Very anti-Papal authority• Set up own non-Roman
Catholic community in Geneva – 1535
• Completely changed worship style
• No mass, no monasteries, no longer Catholic, no singing except Psalms
The Counter Reformation
• 1517 - Oratory of Divine Love• 1545 – Council of Trent called
by Pope Paul III• Monastic reforms, stricter
rules• Established Jesuits – militant
missionaries (Ignatius Loyola)• Inquisition – weed out
heresies• List of heretical texts
Ignatius Loyola• Basque• knight, mystical experiences• Became monk, traveled to
Jerusalem• Returned during Counter-
Reformation• Wrote Spiritual Exercises• Highly intellectual and ascetic• Founded Jesuits – active
missionaries, absolute obedience to Pope
Political Map of Europe during Reformation
Political dimensions• German-speaking lands in HRE
were the first battleground• Northern Europe and Scandinavia
turned Lutheran• Southern, Central and Western
Europe remained mainly Roman Catholic
• Eastern Orthodox did not experience a reformation
• HRE Charles V versus the Schmalkaldic League
• 1555 – Peace of Augsburg• Only protected Lutherans, not
Anabaptists or Calvinists