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The Protestant Reformation 1517-1648
The Protestant Reformation Caused by a questioning (protest) of the Church in
Northern Europe
i. The selling of indulgences
a. $$$ for pardoning of sins
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Purgatory
during the crusades,
Pope Urban
promised
indulgences for
people who took the
cross to fight
Martin Luther Credited with beginning the
Reformation
German monk upset with the
selling of indulgences
Came up with a list of 95
arguments against indulgences –
known as 95 Theses
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95 Theses Nailed them to a church door in
Wittenberg, Germany on October 31,
1517 (legend says so anyhow…)
Spark of The Reformation
They argued against Church abuses,
but focused on the indulgences
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95 Theses Main ideas of the 95 Theses:
1. Faith alone will get you to
Heaven
2. No indulgences
3. People can read and interpret
the Bible themselves
4. Only two true sacraments
a. Baptism
b. Marriage
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95 Theses Pope Leo X excommunicated
Luther from the Roman
Catholic Church for his writings
Followers of Luther became
known as Lutherans
First Protestant sect (branch)
Luther continued to criticize the
Church until his death in 1546
Versus
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Division of Christianity
John Calvin
A priest from France who used
Luther’s example to question
the Church
Forced to flee France and set up
a theocracy in Geneva,
Switzerland
Followers became known as
Calvinists
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John Calvin
Calvinism was rooted in the
belief of predestination
i. People are divided into Sinners
and Saints at birth
a. Saints = Heaven
b. Sinners = Hell
ii. How you live your life
determined which one you were
destined for
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Calvinism vs Lutheranism
Calvinism Lutheranism
Salvation is granted to only chosen ones Anyone can receive Salvation if they have Faith
The only religious authority is the Bible There are “representatives” that have the authority
The blood and the body of Jesus Christ have only
spiritual presence in Eucharist (bread and wine)
The blood and the body of Jesus Christ have actual
physical presence in Eucharist (bread and wine)
Sovereignty of God is important Sovereignty of God is not of utmost importance
Concept of Predestination is important Predestination is not important
The Printing Press
First used by Johann Gutenburg
in 1456 – Germany
First book was a Bible
Used moveable type
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Metal_movable_type.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Metal_movable_type.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gutenberg.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gutenberg.jpg
The Printing Press
Resulted in:
1. More books available (cheaper)
2. Increase in literacy
3. Ideas and education to spread
rapidly
a. Luther’s 95 Theses
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The Counter (Catholic) Reformation
An attempt by the Roman Catholic Church to
stop the spread of Protestantism
Needed to stop the loss of the tithe ($$$)
The Council of Trent – 1545
1. Reaffirmed traditional Catholicism
a. Seven sacraments, Latin, Church interpreting Bible
2. Forbid sale of indulgences
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The Peace of Westphalia The Reformation led to
over 100 years of war between Protestants and Catholics
Thirty Years’ War in Germany was worst of these (1618-1648)
War ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
Traditionally viewed as the end of the Reformation
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Effects of the Reformation
1. Formation of Protestant Churches
2. Religious and Political Divisions in Europe
a. Leads people to seek new lands for their religions
3. Religious Conflicts: Catholics vs. Protestants
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The English Reformation A Tale of Family Drama and Intrigue
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King Henry VIII
I. King Henry VIII wants an annulment (divorce) from
wife Catherine
a. He needed a male heir and she only had Mary
Tudor
b. Fell in love with Anne Boleyn
c. Pope refused to give him an annulment
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King Henry VIII
II. Henry breaks with the Roman Catholic Church
a. He starts his own Church of England (Anglican
Church
b. Gets his annulment and marries Anne Boleyn
i. Their daughter is Elizabeth
1. Anne Boleyn is beheaded for not
having a son
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King Henry VIII
c. 1534 – Parliament passes the Acts of Supremacy
i. Makes English ruler the head of English
(Anglican) Church
1. Blend of Catholic and Protestant
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Edward VI
III.Edward VI takes over when Henry VIII dies
a. Only nine years old
i. He makes the Anglican Church completely
Protestant
Uncle Edward had the real power over Edward VI’s reign
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Mary Tudor
IV. Mary Tudor takes over when Edward dies (in his
teens) – he was her half-brother
a. She moves the Anglican Church back to Catholic
b. Known as “Bloody Mary” for killing Protestants
c. Dies without having children
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