The radical right : a world directory (Ciaran O'Maolain, 1987) - USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

capital: Moscow population: 280,000,000

Political system. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a federation of 15 states witha bicameral federal legislature, the Supreme Soviet, and a collective presidency. TheChairman of the Supreme Soviet heads a Council of Ministers. political power ismonopolized at federal level by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU),and by its constituent parties within each of the Union Republics.

Recent history. The CPSU has undergone a number of ideological and leadershipchanges since the Second World War, with an overall tendency to a relaxation of theauthoritarian and sometimes arbitrary rule associated with Josef Stalin (party leaderfrom 1922 to 1953), developing into a relatively more relaxed and open style ofgovernment favoured by the present (1987) leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, installed in1985.

The evolution of thefar right. There is a very old tradition of anti-semitism in what isnow the Soviet Union, but the 1917 revolution ended the large-scale pogroms andofficially sanctioned discrimination which were its most frequent organizedexpression. Early anti-semitic groups included the Alliance of the Russian People,active around the turn of the century. Although the communist leadership hasconsistently denounced anti-semitism and denied that it is prevalent in Soviet life,there have been frequent reports of the appearance of anti-Jewish material even inparty publications, mainly under the guise of anti-Zionism, and many externalpressure groups have alleged routine discrimination against Jews in economic andpolitical affairs. The UK newspaper The Guardian reported in May 1987 that anorganized anti-semitic movement, known as Pamyat (Heritage), had emerged in theSoviet Union. (Internal and foreign pressure groups advocating Jewish rights,especially in regard to emigration, are not considered to fall within the scope of thisstudy.)

Right-wing groups have been able to organize openly in Soviet territory onlyduring the period and within the area of the Nazi occupation, that is, in the westernrepublics from 1941-44. Substantial Nazi volunteer and auxiliary forces were recruitedamong the populations of the Baltic states of Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia (which hadbeen independent under anti-communist regimes and had fascist and national socialistgroups until they were annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940), and also in the Ukraineand Byelorussia.

The Soviet Union lost about 20,000,000 war dead and suffered enormous materialdamage. Captured war criminals and collaborators were summarily dealt with and theright-wing groups survived only among the emigre communities. Domestically, therehave been several cases of nationalist agitation and other dissident activity since thewar, few of which, although supported by external anti-communist groups, fall withinour terms of reference. There is no legal internal opposition group. Emigreorganizations are listed below rather than under the country in which they are based,except for those (e.g. the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, in the United Kingdom)which include non-Soviet emigre' groups.

An effort has been made to distinguish between internal and external pressuregroups which are solely concerned with human rights issues (and which are thereforeexcluded from this work) and pressure groups which publicize human rights issues inthe context of or in association with broader anti-communist campaigns (which areincluded). This distinction is not always easily made, particularly in the case of internal

281

groups on which information may be limited, and such groups are listed with "errorsand omissions excepted". The samizdat publishers, unregistered churches and religiousrights groups, Helsinki Accords monitors, unofficial peace and detente groups, left-wing and intra-party opposition, psychiatric abuse activists and unofficial trade unionmovements are specifically excluded, as are individual opposition activists,unorganized nationalist agitations, exiled Christian democratic and social democraticparties and the small "legations" in London which purport to represent the legitimategovernments of the Baltic states.

Active organizations

Americans for Due Process (ADP)

Base. New York, United States

Leadership. Rasa Razgaitis (director)

Orientation. Anti-communist

History. The ADP was formed by American citizens, mainly of Baltic and Ukrainianbirth or descent, in the mid-1980s. It was instrumental in forming the Coalition forConstitutional Justice and Security, an umbrella organization with similar aims whichhad 90 affiliated emigre groupings in mid-1987 (and was led by Mari-Ann Rikken).

Policies. It seeks to defend war crime suspects from extradition to the Soviet Unionand from the use of Soviet-supplied evidence; many of its members seek thedisbandment of the Office of Special Investigation- the US government body whichinvestigates war crimes-and the termination of such investigations.

Americans for Human Rights in the Ukraine (AHRU)

Address. 43 Midland Place, Newark, New Jersey 07106, United States


History. This group, consisting mainly of first- and second-generation Ukrainianimmigrants, was active in the mid-1980s.

Policies. It seeks to expose and denounce abuses of human rights in the Ukraine andto work for an independent and democratic Ukrainian state.

Anti-Soviet Society

Address. Alternative Bookshop, Covent Garden, London, England

Leadership. Brian Micklethwaite (organizer); Chris Tame, Mark Taha

Orientation. Anti -communist

History. The Society was established in the early 1980s by supporters of one of themain fascist emigre groups, the NTS. Taha was reported by Searchlight magazine in1984 to have been involved with mercenary recruitment in 1981, and with Britishultra-rightists in the Nationalist Self-Help Group and the National Front. Tame'sLibertarian Alliance (United Kingdom) is very closely linked with the Society and hasalso had Taha as a member.

Policies. The Society seeks to foster opposition in Britain to the foreign and domesticpolicies of the Soviet government.

282

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

Publications. The Society produces ajournal and occasional pamphlets, one of which,published in 1983, was entitled In Defence of Mercenaries.

Associated organizations. See NTS. The Society is based in the libertarian AlternativeBookshop, a fact which led to a split in the Libertarian Alliance between pro- and anti-NTS factions.

Association for a Free Russia

Address. London, England

Leadership. Nicolai Tolstoy (president); Nicholas Bethell, Alan Tyrell (patrons);George Miller (chairman of executive bureau)


History. This organization, which was founded in the 1970s and originally based inParis, staged a fringe meeting at the 1986 conference of the Federation ofConservative Students (see United Kingdom), at which Tolstoy (ibid) reiterated hisallegation that ex-Prime Minister Harold Macmillan had been guilty of war crimes.Steve Nicholson, vice-chairman of the FCS, was also on the platform. Two of theAssociation's patrons are British Conservative members of the European Parliament.

Policies. The Association supports Russian nationalism and opposes the Soviet stateand government.

Associated organizations. The Association is linked through Miller with the NTS, towhose Free Russia Fund it donated 800 in 1982.

Association for the Liberation of Ukraine

Address. 136 Second Avenue, New York, NY 10003, United States

Leadership. Valentyn Koval (president)


History. This society of Ukrainian emigres and their descendants, which has beenbased in New York at least since the early 1970s, remained active in the 1980s.

Policies. It promotes Ukrainian nationalism and anti-communist ideas, and advocatesa pro-Western revolution in the Ukraine.

publications. Various journals.

Baltic American Freedom League

Address. Box 29657, Los Angeles, California 90029, United States

Leadership. Avo Piirisild (president)


History. The League was founded in 1981.

Policies. It seeks to raise public awareness in the United States about what it terms theSoviet occupation of the Baltic states, to monitor human rights abuses and to fostersupport for the nationalist cause in the states.

publications. Baltic Bulletin, every two months; Alert, approximately monthly.

283

Baltic World Conference

Address. 243 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States

Leadership. Julijs Kadelis (spokesman)


History. The Conference was formed in 1972 as a coalition of groups representingabout 1,000,000 descendants of, and first-generation, immigrants to the United Statesfrom the Baltic republics {Lithuania, Estonia and Larvia) now incorporated into theSoviet Union. In July 1985 the Conference organized a two-day "tribunal" inCopenhagen and a cruise on the Baltic to publicize allegations against the Sovietgovernment concerning the "illegal occupation and Russification" of the republics.Demonstrations were held in several Scandinavian cities. The episode strainedrelations between the Soviet government and those of Sweden, Finland and Denmark.

Policies. The Conference rejects the incorporation of the Baltic states in the Unionand calls for their separate independence. In the short term it fosters co-operationbetween organizations representing Baits in exile.

Associated organizations. Groups affiliated include the Supreme Committee for theLiberation of Lithuania, the World Federation of Free Latvians and the EstonianWodd Council, all based in the United States. There is an overlap in membership withthe Joint Baltic-American National Committee. Other US-based organizations withsimilar goals, which mayor may not be formally linked to the Conference, include theBaltic Women's Council and the United Baltic Appeal.


Byelorussian Congress Committee of America

Address. 85-26 125th Street, Queens, New York 11415, United States

Leadership. John J. Kosiak (president)

History. The Committee arose in 1951 at the initiative of recent immigrants fromByelorussia.

Policies. It is a nationalist formation which seeks "the liberation of Byelorussia fromSoviet occupation".

Publications. Byelarusskaya Dumka, two per year; various books and tracts.

International affiliations. The Commitee may be in contact with a Canadian-basedFederation of Free Byelorussian Journalists, on which no information is available.

284

Byelorussian Liberation Front

Base. Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Leadership. John Shimchich (president)


History. The Front was formed in the late 1950s.

Policies. It seeks the "liberation" of Byelorussia and its independence from the SovietUnion.

Publications. Baracba, irregular.


Associated organizations. Other Byelorussian-American groups with a similar politicalorientation include the Byelorussian-American Association, the Byelorussian-American Women's Association, the Byelorussian-American Youth Organization andthe White Ruthenian American Relief group.

Committee for a Free Lithuania

Address. 71-67 58th Road, Maspeth, New York 11378, United States

Leadership. Dr Bronius Nemickas (chairman)


History. This body, formed in 1951 as the Lithuanian Consultative Panel, adoptedits present name a year later.

Policies. It works for an independent non-communist Lithuania and for the survivalof the Lithuanian culture.

Associated organizations. The Committee represents Lithuania in the Assembly ofCaptive European Nations (United States). In 1974 the Committee shared an address(29 West 57th Street, New York, NY 10019) with a Committee for a Free Estoniaand a Committee for a Free Latvia.

Congress of Russian Americans

Base. United States


History. This organization, which is one of the larger of the many organizationsrepresenting Russian immigrants to the United States and Americans of Russiandescent, held a conference in St. Petersburg, Florida, in May 1983. The Congressreceived a telephone greeting from President Reagan, who said that the Russianpeople had suffered under communist rule and that his government did not confusethe Soviets with the Russian people.

Policies. The Congress promotes Russian culture and nationalism and opposes thecommunist regime.

Publications. Bulletin, monthly.

Cossack-American Citizens' Committee

Address. Box 1095, Grand Central Station, New York, NY 10163, United States

Leadership. Dr W. Glasgow (chairman)


History. The Committee was founded in the early 1960s.

Policies. It is extremely anti-communist and anti-Russian, advancing the case for anindependent Cossack state (principally consisting of the Ukraine).

Publications. The Committee produces several journals, in English and Ukrainian.

Associated organizations. It is closely associated with the Supreme CossackRepresentation in Exile, founded in 1947 (and currently led by Ivan IvanovichBezugloff).

285

THE RADICAL RIGHT

Joint Baltic American National Committee

Address. Box 432, 400 Hurley Avenue, Rockville, Maryland 20850

Leadership. Gunars Meierovics (chairman)


History. The Committee was founded in 1961 as a co-ordinating body for threesmall Baltic groups.

Policies. The Committee seeks self-determination for the Baltic peoples.

Membership. The member organizations are the American Latvian Association, theEstonian American National Council and the Lithuanian American Council.

Associated organizations. It is affiliated to the Baltic World Conference and theWorld Federation of Free Latvians.

Latvian Youth Association

Address. 98 W okingham Road, Reading, Berkshire, England

Leadership. Ivar Sinka


History. The Association was formed among first and second-generation Latvianssettled in Great Britain.

Policies. The group regards the Soviet regime in Latvia as unlawful and protests atalleged Russification and human rights abuses. It supports Latvian nationalism anddefends the state's cultural and linguistic identity.

Lithuanian-American Community of the USA

Base. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States


History. This group was formed in the late 1940s or early '50s.

Policies. It opposes the "occupation" of Lithuania, publicizes human rights issues,works for the survival of the national language and culture and co-ordinates itsactivities with those of like-minded organizations.

Associated organizations. There are upwards of 100 Lithuanian-Americanorganizations, most of which have social, cultural or benevolent functions whileremaining generally sympathetic to the anti-communist policies of this group.

Lithuanian Information Center

Base. New York, United States


History. The Center was opened around 1980.

Policies. It compiles and disseminates information on civil rights and politicalmatters relating to Lithuania, with particular emphasis on political prisoners, religiouspersecution and opposition movements.

286


Lithuanian National Foundation

Address. 1611 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 2, Washington, DC 20009, UnitedStates


History. The Foundation is one of the most senior of the emigre groupings, havingbeen established in 1922.

Policies. It advocates self-determination for Lithuania and seeks to expose humanrights abuses there.

Associated organizations. The Foundation is regarded as a front for the activities of theSupreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania.

Narodno Trudovny Soyuz (NTS)People's Labour Union

Bases. West Germany; London, England

Leadership. George Miller (British representative); Boris Miller (Britishpublications director); George Bonafede (head of foreign relations)


History. The NTS, also known as the Alliance of Russian Solidarists, was founded in1930 by anti-communist emigres in Belgrade. It was based in Nazi Germany duringthe war and was to have participated in the government of Nazi-occupied Sovietterritory, but disagreements arose. The NTS co-operated with the Germans in theraising of a conscript army from Soviet prisoners-of-war and deserters, under thecommand of Gen. Vlasov. After the war it helped Western intelligence to place agentsin the Soviet Union. The Union, which has many members in Britain and the USA,now claims to support clandestine anti-communist publications inside the SovietUnion.

In the 1970s Boris Evdokimov, ajournalist, was active in the Leningrad NTS and inthe SMOT, an illegal labour organization which occasionally calls for strikes andother agitation. His son, Ratislav, was charged with NTS and SMOT activities in1983. Also in 1983 Valery Senderov was sentenced in Moscow to four years'imprisonment and five years' internal exile after admitting NTS membership andactivities in support of the SMOT. He had also published one of several illegal samizdatjournals, the Chronicle of Current Events, in the 1970s. Later in the same year EdwardChick, a Briton, was expelled from the Soviet Union for smuggling NTS publications.

Policies. The NTS is completely opposed to the Soviet state and professes Russiannationalism and anti-communism. It seeks to rehabilitate the memory of wartimecollaborators.

Membership. About 1,000 outside Russia.

Publications. Possev, quarterly. George Miller is the editor of Soviet Labour Review, aLondon-based anti-communist magazine which in 1984-86 received overUSS100,OOO from the US government-sponsored National Endowment forDemocracy through a semi-secret Russian Research Foundation based in New York.A Review associate, Simon Clark, also edits a right-wing student magazine, Campus(United Kingdom).

Associated organizations. See Anti-Soviet Society and Association for a Free Russia."The NTS publishing house is called Possev (Possev-Verlag, Flurscheideweg 15,6230

287

THE RADICAL RIGHT

Frankfurt am Main 80, West Germany). The group also runs a propaganda fund calledthe Free Russia Fund.

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)

Base. London, England

Orientation. Ultra-right

History. The OUN, led by Stepan Bandera and Yaroslav Stetsko, was the mainfascist group in the wartime Ukraine. Many of its members enlisted in volunteerdivisions of the German army. Stetsko became in 1941 the Prime Minister of theNazis' puppet regime in the Ukraine, was briefly imprisoned by the Germans as aresult of a jurisdictional dispute, and later fled the country with Bandera to found theAnti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN-see United Kingdom). Bandera was killedsoon afterwards, possibly by Soviet agents, but Stetsko remained active in emigregroups until his death in 1986.

The OUN retains a significant following among Britain's Ukrainian population,although it now emphasizes Ukrainian nationalism and anti-communism rather thanovert fascism. It claims to have a following inside the Ukraine and has reportedlyassisted in the infiltration of Western agents into the Soviet Union.

Policies. The OUN promotes Ukrainian culture, nationalism and anti-communism,and opposes the Soviet government and in particular what it sees as the dominationand Russification of the Ukraine.

International affiliations. Members of the OUN were among those present at theLondon launch of Lyndon LaRouche's Executive Intelligence Review (see United States).Through the ABN the OUN is represented in the W orld Anti-Communist League(see South Korea), whose 1986 conference was addressed by Stetsko.

Obschcherossisky Monarkhichesky FrontAll-Russian Monarchist Front

Address. clo S.S. Ziloti, 65 East 96th Street, New York, NY 10128, United States

Telephone. (212) 722 0994

Leadership. S.S. Ziloti (secretary)

Orientation. Imperialist

History. The Front was formed in 1958 to co-ordinate the work of monarchistorganizations of Russian emigres in the United States, Australia, Europe and LatinAmerica.

Policies. The Front is fervently anti-communist and seeks the restoration of imperialRussia.

Publications. Nasha Sttana, weekly; Znamia Rossiya, monthly; various journals andpamphlets.

Ukrainian Congress Committee of America

Address. 203 Second Avenue, New York, NY 10003, United States

Leadership. Ignatius Bilinsky (president); Dr Lev Dobriansky (chairman)


288

__ -------l


History. This emigre organization, formed around 1940, has a substantialmembership among the US Ukrainian community. Its chairman was appointed byPresident Reagan as US ambassador to the Bahamas. Its magazine publishes frequentarticles vindicating the wartime collaborationism of the Organization of UkrainianNationalists. Its editorial board included Yaroslav Stetsko (see OUN) until his death in1986.

Policies. The group is Ukrainian nationalist, regarding the Ukraine as being underRussian occupation. It is also staunchly anti-communist.

Publications. Ukrainian Quarterly; Ukrainian Bulletin. The Committee also runs aUkrainian National Information Service.

Associated organizations. Captive Nations Committee (United States); WorldCongress of Free Ukrainians.

International affiliations. The Committee's chairman was a eo-founder of the WorldAnti-Communist League (see South Korea).

Vyriausias Lietuvos Islaisvimano KomitetasSupreme Council for the Liberation of Lithuania

Address. clo Lithuanian National Foundation, 1611 Connecticut Avenue NW,Suite 2, Washington, DC 20009, United States

Leadership. Dr C.K. Bobelis (president)


History. The Council was founded in 1943.

Policies. It works for "the restoration of national sovereignty" in Lithuania andproduces anti-communist propaganda materials.

Publications. Elta (Lithuania), in various languages; other materials distributedthrough the Elta Information Service at the same address.

Volya

Address. London, England

Leadership. Terry Liddle


History. This journal, which describes itself as an information bulletin on Soviet andEast European affairs, was published in 1985-86.

World Association of Estonians

Address. 243 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States


History. The Association was founded in 1941.

Policies. The aims of the group are to fight communism and to maintain linksbetween Estonian refugee and cultural organizations.

Associated organizations. Among New York-based bodies with which the Associationis in contact are Estonian Aid and the Estonian-American National Council.

289

Address. 21 South Western Highway, Blauvelt, NY 10913, United States

Leadership. Nicholas Nazarenko (leader)

Orientation. Anti -cornmunist

World Federation of the Cossack National Liberation Movement ofCossackia

History. The Federation was formed in the early 1970s by the amalgamation of atleast two Cossack groups.

Policies. It seeks the "liberation" of "Cossackia", an area consisting mainly of theUkraine, from what it sees as Russian occupation. Unlike most such groups, theFederation seeks to influence American politics; most of its members appear to supportthe Republican Party, within which they campaign for a strongly anti-communistforeign policy and increased military spending.

Membership. About 12,000.

Associated organizations. The Federation belongs to the Captive Nations Committee(United States).

World Federation of Free Latvians

Address. Box 16,400 Hurley Avenue, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States

Leadership. Dr Olgerts Pavlovskis (president)


History. The Federation was founded in 1960.

Policies. It works for the national independence of Latvia and against human rightsabuses.

Membership. 150,000 (1985 claim).

publications. Latuija Sodien, annual.

Associated organizations. American Latvian Association; Joint Baltic-AmericanNational Committee; Baltic World Conference.

Defunct organizations

Action Front for the Liberation of the Baltic Countries: this emigre guerrilla groupbombed three Soviet offices in Paris in April 1977.

Ban the Soviets Coalition: an umbrella group of emigre and native anti-communistorganizations which campaigned for the exclusion of the Soviet Union from the 1982Los Angeles Olympic Games (an effort rendered unnecessary by the Soviet boycott).

Belarus Brigade: this fascist death squad was active in Byelorussia during the Nazioccupation. Its leader, Radislaw Ostrowsky, settled after the war in the United States.

Danganas Vanagi: a Lithuanian exile group active in Australia in the 1960s and '70s,during which time it was associated with the Australian Nationalist Workers' Party(later the Australian National Socialist Party).

Estonian Union of Frontists: this group, based on. veterans of the counter-revolutionary struggle of 1917-22, attempted a coup in Estonia in March 1934, afterwhich it was banned together with the Association of German Knights and otherfascist groups. The main fascist leaders in Estonia in the 1930s were Gen. Larka and

290


Sirk, a lawyer. From 1935 the right-wing conservative government, based on theagrarian party of Pats and Laidoner, adopted elements of fascist ideology. After theGerman invasion a puppet government was formed under Hjaelmer Mae; severalthousand Estonians served in SS units, including the Estland division, and in otherGerman army and auxiliary forces.

Ivan Petrov Group: this US-based group of fascist Russians campaigned from 1962 tothe late 1970s under the slogan "Communism isJewish"; it maintained that the SovietUnion was under Jewish occupation and that communist movements around theworld functioned as tools or as dupes of a Jewish conspiracy. It was probably a fore-runner of or an alternative name for the Committee of Russian Slaves of JewishCommunism (see below).

Latvian Jascist movement: the pre-war nazi movement in Latvia consisted mainly ofthe Ugunkrust (Fiery Cross), which changed its name to Perkonkrust (Thunder Cross)and was initially led by Zelmin. It was fiercely nationalistic and organized onparamilitary lines, having a grey shirt as its uniform. It was banned in March 1933, butquickly reappeared and split in 1934 between factions led by Dr Neumann and PastorSass. In 1934 a right-wing coup installed Ulmanis as dictator (or Vadonis).

The movement was closely allied with the German Nazi movement and supportedthe invasion of the Soviet Union and the Baltic states. Paul Reinhardts, a ForeignMinister in Gen. Danker's fascist puppet government during the wartime occupation(and now based at the Latvian "legation" in London and living in Gravesend, Kent),reportedly recruited for Nazi death squads and ran a slave labour office which wasresponsible for the deportation of 280,000 Jews. Up to 146,000 Latvian men served inthe German army or in local auxiliary units, including by 1945 an entire army (theSixth, composed of the Lettland and Latvia divisions).

Lithuanian Auxiliary Volunteer Police Battalions: about 8,000 Lithuanians participatedin the 20 Battalions (SchutzmannschaJten) formed by the German authorities in 1941-42, and generally under the command of German police reserve officers. Many ofthese units were involved in atrocities directed against Lithuanian and Soviet Jews,resistance fighters and ordinary civilians. Some of their members, such as AntanasGecevicius (Gecas) of 3 Moston Terrace, Newington, Edinburgh, Scotland,subsequently took up residence in Western countries. In 1984 the US JusticeDepartment began denaturalization proceedings against Matthew Katin, who liedabout his participation in a SchutzmannschaJt in order to gain entry to the UnitedStates.

Supreme Committee of the National Movements of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania: thisorganization was founded in the Soviet Union in 1977 by a Lithuanian nationalist,Viktoras Petkas, who was imprisoned in 1978.

Tautinakai: the Lithuanian Nationalist Party, led by Smetona, deposed the fascistregime instituted in a 1926 coup by profw oldemara; the Smetona party also followedfascist ideas, and was represented at the 1934 International Fascist Congress atMontreux. It remained in power until the 1940 annexation by the Soviet Union, andsupported the later German invasion; some 5,000 of its sympathizers joined theWaffen SS in 1944.

Ukrainian Liberation Front: this group bombed a Soviet airline office in Luxembourgin November 1980.

Ukrainian National Army: this body was established in 1941 as a volunteer SSdivision under the command of Obergruppenfuhrer Shandruk, the highest-rankingnon-German in the SS. In 1986 surviving members of the Army were involved in the

291

THE RADICAL RIGHT

funeral in Britain ofYaroslav Stetsko, who was "Prime Minister" of "Free Ukraine" atthe time of the Army's formation.

Other organizations

Among lesser-known anti-communist and nationalist groups active in Sovietemigre communities in recent years are the following, all based in the United Statesunless otherwise stated: the American Association oJ Crimean Turks; Americans JorCongressional Action to Free the Baltic States(based in the 1970s at Box 77048, LosAngeles, California 90007); the Baltic Women's Council (195 Linwood Avenue,Bogota, New Jersey 07603); the Chicago Latvian Community Center; the Committee Jorthe Difence oJ Persecuted Orthodox Christians; the fiercely anti-semitic Committee oJRussian Slaves ofJewish Communism (Box 927, Union City, New Jersey 57013), whichpublished Borba magazine in the mid-1970s and may be a successor to the Ivan PetrovGroup; the Cossack Combatants' Association (Box323, Blauvelt, New York 10913; theEstonian National Council (Box 226, Claremont, California 91701), which used topublish the Newsletter from Behind the Iron Curtain; the Georgian National Alliance; theLatvian Information Bulletin (4325 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011); theOrder of Russian Imperialists' Union (65 Blakeman Place, Stratford, Connecticut06497); the Organization Jor the Deiense oJ the Four Freedoms oJ the Ukraine (Box 304,New York, NY 10003); the Russian Anti-Communist Organization, active in the 1970sin New York; the Russian Immigrants' Representative Association in America, publishingthe Voice of Americans oJRussian Origin and sharing an office with the American RussianAid Association (349 West 86th Street, New York, NY 10024).

The Sa mizdat Bulletin (PO Box 6128, San Mateo, California 94403); Smoloskyp, theOrganization Jor the Difense oJ Human Rights in the Ukraine(PO Box 6066, PattersonStation, Baltimore, Maryland 21231; or 25 Rodd Street, Sydney, New South Wales2143, Australia; or PO Box 153, Station T, Toronto, Ontario M6B 4Al, Canada); theTurkestanian American Association and its Auxiliary Youth League; the Ukrainian Academyof Arts and Sciences(200 West 100th Street, New York, NY 10025); the Ukrainian-American Civic Center (845 N. Western, Chicago, Illinois 60600); the UkrainianAmerican Hetman Association (8827 Joseph Camp Street, Hamtramack, Michigan48200); the Ukrainian American Youth Association (also based in Hamtramack); theUkrainian InJormation Service (200 Liverpool Road, London Nl lLF, UnitedKingdom); the Ukrainian Youth Association (961 Weathers field Avenue, Hartford,Connecticut 06100); and the Association oJUkrainians in Great Britain (more moderatethan the OUN).

292

Individuals

Vladimir Bukovsky: this former internal opposition activist emigrated in 1976. Hehas been involved with the anti-socialist Freedom Association (United Kingdom) andhas attended at least one congress of the World Anti-Communist League (SouthKorea), in 1983. He also participated in demonstrations connected with the BalticWorld Conference event in Scandinavia in 1985.

Vladimir Sakharov: a former KGB agent in the Middle East, he defected in 1972 andlater wrote a book entitled High Treason. He attended a right-wing youth congress inSouth Africa in 1985.

Alexander Solzhenitsvn: a writer and former internal opposition activist, he emigratedin 1974 and has since been prominent in anti-communist agitation. His activities arewell documented elsewhere.

Nicolai To Istoy: see Great Britain.

Documents

The radical right : a world directory (Ciaran O'Maolain, 1987) - USSR