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The The Reformation Reformation 1517 CE 1517 CE [ [ Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation & & Counter Reformation Counter Reformation ] ] Also called

The Reformation 1517 CE [Protestant Reformation & Counter Reformation] Also called

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Page 1: The Reformation 1517 CE [Protestant Reformation & Counter Reformation] Also called

The ReformationThe Reformation1517 CE1517 CE

[[Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation & & Counter ReformationCounter Reformation]]

Also called

Page 2: The Reformation 1517 CE [Protestant Reformation & Counter Reformation] Also called

The “Reformation” is the term used to describe the PROTEST against perceived wrong doings by the Catholic Church during the early 16th century. Main leaders were Martin Luther and John Calvin

Causes:1.  Humanism and the Renaissance brought a spirit of

questioning and faith in reason

2.  Secularism was on the rise during the age of the Renaissance placing emphasis on worldly concerns over religious

3.  Rise of Nation-states and strong monarchies often competed against the church for power and wealth

4.  Many objected to certain church practices and saw church officials as abusers of power

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5. Most Protestants believed in ending church abuses Simony (sale of church offices) Nepotism (giving Church positions to relatives) The sale of Indulgences (payments that forgave sins in order to go

to heaven)

6. The invention of the printing press helped spread the Reformation to other countries, by making copies of the Bible more easily available to ordinary people.

The following were extremely influential in the success of the Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther (German states)

John Calvin (Switzerland)

King Henry VIII (England)

Queen Elizabeth I (England)

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Martin Luther1.  1.  German Catholic monkGerman Catholic monk who developed his who developed his 95 Thesis95 Thesis or questions for or questions for

debate and nailed the edict to the church doors in Wittenburgdebate and nailed the edict to the church doors in Wittenburg

2.  Questions included the established church practices of 2.  Questions included the established church practices of selling indulgencesselling indulgences or pardons for sinsor pardons for sins

3.  3.  Luther had three main ideasLuther had three main ideas a.  Promoted the idea that through "faith alone" one could reach a.  Promoted the idea that through "faith alone" one could reach

salvationsalvation b.  All are equal in faith and therefore all are able to interpret the b.  All are equal in faith and therefore all are able to interpret the

teaching of teaching of Christ for themselves Christ for themselves c.  The Bible is the only authority for Church teachings, not church c.  The Bible is the only authority for Church teachings, not church

officialsofficials

German States

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4.  Pope Leo X 4.  Pope Leo X excommunicated Lutherexcommunicated Luther for his growing radical ideas and the for his growing radical ideas and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V put Luther on trial and declared him an Holy Roman Emperor Charles V put Luther on trial and declared him an outlaw and a hereticoutlaw and a heretic

5.  Martin Luther continued teaching and developing his ideas against the 5.  Martin Luther continued teaching and developing his ideas against the declarations of Church and State authorities and the popularity continued declarations of Church and State authorities and the popularity continued into what became known as into what became known as Lutheran ChurchLutheran Church

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John Calvin1.  Developed another protestant branch called1.  Developed another protestant branch called CalvinismCalvinism

2.  Calvinists had several new ideas2.  Calvinists had several new ideas  

a.a.    PredestinationPredestination – Belief/theory that God has already – Belief/theory that God has already determined who will reach salvation from the beginning of determined who will reach salvation from the beginning of

timetime

b.b.   Theocracy Theocracy - combining government power with religious - combining government power with religious leadership (church & state rules by same one) leadership (church & state rules by same one)

c.  Calvinist communities lived by the c.  Calvinist communities lived by the Protestant Work Protestant Work EthicEthic success and hard work success and hard work show that you are show that you are predestinedpredestined

Switzerland

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Henry VIIIHenry VIII & & The Anglican Church of EnglandThe Anglican Church of England

1.  King Henry VIII of England led a protestant reform 1.  King Henry VIII of England led a protestant reform movement more out of his political needs rather movement more out of his political needs rather than a religious convictionthan a religious conviction

a.  He needed a  male heir to his throne and his a.  He needed a  male heir to his throne and his 42 42 year old wife, Catherine of Aragon had given year old wife, Catherine of Aragon had given

him a lone daughter, Mary him a lone daughter, Mary

b.  Henry VIII wanted a divorce and marry ab.  Henry VIII wanted a divorce and marry a younger Queen butyounger Queen but the Catholic Church did not the Catholic Church did not allow divorce and the pope would not grant an allow divorce and the pope would not grant an annulmentannulment

c.  Henry VIII had the c.  Henry VIII had the Parliament pass the Act ofParliament pass the Act of SupremacySupremacy that ended the power of the that ended the power of the

Catholic Catholic Church and the placed Church and the placed the King as the the King as the religious authority in England not the religious authority in England not the

popepope

d.  Henry VIII granted himself the divorce d.  Henry VIII granted himself the divorce and married the younger Anne Boleyn and married the younger Anne Boleyn

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• Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI• 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9• Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his guardians• Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England

• Mary returned England to authority of pope

• Hundreds burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary”

• Her death caused little grief

• Half-sister Elizabeth became queen

Bloody Mary

• Elizabeth I, Protestant at heart

• 1559, drafted new Supremacy Act, splitting England again from Rome

• Catholics plotted to place Mary, Queen of Scots, on throne

• Elizabeth persecuted Catholics, secured Church of England

Elizabeth’s Reign

Henry’s HeirsHenry’s Heirs

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2.  Although Henry VIII's motives were political 2.  Although Henry VIII's motives were political and self-serving in nature, his actions led and self-serving in nature, his actions led England's future down a path of religious England's future down a path of religious and political conflictand political conflict

Several of Henry's VIII's heir ruled England Several of Henry's VIII's heir ruled England after his death bringing a time of chaos and after his death bringing a time of chaos and uncertainty uncertainty

One daughter, One daughter, Mary Mary who was who was Catholic Catholic restored the power of the pope and sent to restored the power of the pope and sent to death many English protestants earning the death many English protestants earning the nickname "nickname "bloody Marybloody Mary" "

Elizabeth I,Elizabeth I, a a protestant protestant and Henry and and Henry and Anne Boleyn's daughter inherited the throne Anne Boleyn's daughter inherited the throne in 1558 and eventually restores Protestantism in 1558 and eventually restores Protestantism and made compromises to help unite England and made compromises to help unite England

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Key TermsHumanismHumanism cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that

emphasized emphasized secular concerns as a result of the rediscovery secular concerns as a result of the rediscovery and study of the literature, and study of the literature, art, and civilization of ancient art, and civilization of ancient Greece and RomeGreece and Rome

95 Thesis95 Thesis Martin Luther's questions for debate surrounding the practices of the Martin Luther's questions for debate surrounding the practices of the Catholic Catholic Church symbolizing the beginning of the Protestant Reformation Church symbolizing the beginning of the Protestant Reformation

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation 15th and 16th century European religious schism of 15th and 16th century European religious schism of the the Catholic Church giving origins to new Catholic Church giving origins to new Christian religions of Christian religions of Lutheranism, Calvinism Lutheranism, Calvinism and the Anglican Church of England and the Anglican Church of England

RenaissanceRenaissance "re-birth" of  classics and culture;  humanistic revival of classical "re-birth" of  classics and culture;  humanistic revival of classical art, art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe. century and later spread throughout Europe.

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The Counter ReformationThe Counter Reformation• Religious unity in Europe was lost with the Protestant Reformation• European Christians became divided into two groups: Protestants & Catholics• These religious differences brought about a century of wars between them and weakened the

power of the Catholic Church• The Church excommunicated Luther and other “reformers” but did little internal reform

• At the Council of Trent (1545-1563) which was a special meeting called to restate basic church beliefs and to eliminate problems/abuses inside the church, the Roman Catholic Church finally

launched the COUNTER–REFORMATION.

--> The purpose of the Counter or Catholic Reformation was to strengthen the Catholic Church and to keep Catholics from converting to

Protestantism.

The Counter Reformation – led by Spain – cleaned up most abuses which led the church to focus more on RELIGIUOS issues and not

politics. The Jesuits

led the way with the “Inquisition” as well as through “Education”

The church also intensified missionary work, investigated and persecuted heretics, funded military actions (wars) against Protestants, and

even persecuted Jews.

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Practice – Regents Questions

1. _____ Which action could be considered an effect of the Protestant Reformation?(1) posting of the Ninety-five Theses(2) decline in the power of the Roman Catholic Church(3) sale of indulgences(4) end of religious warfare

2. _____An important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe was that it strengthened the (1) power of monarchies(2) power of the pope(3) belief in polytheism(4) unity of Europe

• Luther posted the Ninety-Five Theses• Calvin preached the theory of predestination• Henry VIII signed the Act of Supremacy

3. ___These events occurred during the(1) Crusades(2) Neolithic Revolution(3) Protestant Reformation(4) Glorious Revolution

4. ______ A major goal of the Counter-Reformation was to(1) reinstate the power of the Roman Catholic Church(2) reduce the authority of absolute monarchs(3) encourage new ideas in science and philosophy throughout Europe(4) compromise with European Protestants

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• Base your answers to questions 5 and 6 on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies.

“Kings and Princes coin money only out of metals, but the Pope coins money out ofeverything - indulgences, ceremonies, dispensations, pardons; all fish come to his net.-Martin Luther, 1519

5. _____ The ideas presented in this passage led directly to the(1) Commercial Revolution(2) Spanish Inquisition(3) Protestant Reformation(4) French Revolution

6. _____ In this passage, Martin Luther presents his (1) objections to practices of the Catholic Church(2) plan for economic change in Central Europe(3) objections to using only metals as the basis for money(4) justification for the dethroning of an absolute monarch.

7. _ Martin Luther's posting of the Ninety-Five Theses is considered by many to be a turning point in history because (1) the Pope's right to sell indulgences was strengthened(2) Luther soon became the leader of Germany(3) the power of the Roman Catholic Church was lessened and royal power grew(4) the Roman Catholic Church unified the German states

8. _____ One way Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII were similar is that they all were(1) Latin American revolutionary leaders(2) Reformation leaders(3) Impressionist painters(4) divine right monarchs

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9._____ A major goal of the Counter-Reformation was to(1) reinstate the power of the Roman Catholic Church(2) reduce the authority of absolute monarchs(3) encourage new ideas in science and philosophy throughout Europe(4) compromise with European Protestants

10. ______ The Protestant Reformation and the European Renaissance were similar in that both(1) discouraged the growth of strong monarchs.(2) encouraged people to question tradition.(3) were led by the military.(4) supported the return of the Roman Empire.

• "Christians should be taught that he who gives to a poor man or lends to a needy man does better than if he used the money to buy an indulgence."

11. _____ Which major movement in European history started with the idea expressed in this statement?(1) Commercial Revolution.(2) Industrial Revolution.(3) Renaissance.(4) Protestant Reformation.

12 _____ Which two people would a historian include in an article of the Protestant Reformation?(1) Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.(2) Marco Polo and Vasco da Gama.(3) John Calvin and Martin Luther.(4) Louis XIV and Queen Victoria