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The Reformation Review

The Reformation Review. The Reformation ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

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The ReformationReview

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The Reformation

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Questions Notes: Reformation1. Causes of the Reformation

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“The Pope is lower than God but higher than man, judges all but is judged by no one.”

Pope Innocent III

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Causes of the Reformation

powerful popes spent money on art and wars

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John Tetzel

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illiterate priests were often immoral

secular Renaissance ideas challenge church authority

Causes of the Reformation

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Questions Notes: Reformation1. Causes of the Reformation A. secular Renaissance ideas challenge church authority B. powerful popes spent money on art and wars C. illiterate priests were often immoral

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Martin Luther

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The Spread of LutheranismThe Spread of Lutheranism

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Questions Notes: Reformation1. Causes of the Reformation A. secular Renaissance ideas challenge church authority B. powerful popes spent money on art and wars C. illiterate priests were often immoral2. Reformation A. Martin Luther leads change i. 1517 – posts 95 Theses criticizing

indulgences ii. printing press spread 95 Theses around

Europe iii. encouraged people to read bible iv. Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther v. Luther started a new church, Lutherans

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Questions Notes: Reformation1. Causes of the Reformation A. secular Renaissance ideas challenge church authority B. powerful popes spent money on art and wars C. illiterate priests were often immoral2. Reformation A. Martin Luther leads change i. 1517 – posts 95 Theses criticizing

indulgences ii. printing press spread 95 Theses around

Europe iii. encouraged people to read bible iv. Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther v. Luther started a new church, Lutherans B. King Henry VIII starts Anglican Church

(Church of England)

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Calvin’s World in the 16cCalvin’s World in the 16c

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Questions Notes: Reformation1. Causes of the Reformation A. secular Renaissance ideas challenge church authority B. powerful popes spent money on art and wars C. illiterate priests were often immoral2. Reformation A. Martin Luther leads change i. 1517 – posts 95 Theses criticizing

indulgences ii. printing press spread 95 Theses around

Europe iii. encouraged people to read bible iv. Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther v. Luther started a new church, Lutherans B. King Henry VIII starts Anglican Church

(Church of England) C. French theologian John Calvin develops protestant ideology - predestination

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Europe Starts Religious Wars

The Thirty-Year War (1618-1648)

German princes use Reformation to get independence from

Rome and from the Holy Roman Empire

The war is extremely destructive and soon involves almost all of

Europe

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Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

St. Bartholomew’

s Day Massacre

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Questions Notes: Reformation1. Causes of the Reformation A. secular Renaissance ideas challenge church authority B. powerful popes spent money on art and wars C. illiterate priests were often immoral2. Reformation A. Martin Luther leads change i. 1517 – posts 95 Theses criticizing

indulgences ii. printing press spread 95 Theses around

Europe iii. encouraged people to read bible iv. Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther v. Luther started a new church, Lutherans B. King Henry VIII starts Anglican Church

(Church of England) C. French theologian John Calvin develops protestant ideology - predestination3. Effects of the Reformation A. religious wars broke out across Europe B. both Protestants and Catholics improve

education

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Council of

Trent

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The Counter-Reformation• Ignatius of Loyola started the Jesuit Holy Order

• Catholic Church reformed some of its corruption (such as banning indulgences)

• reaffirmed basic tenants of Catholic faith (saints, pilgrimages, salvation through good deeds, etc.)• rejected

• addressed political power

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Questions Notes: Reformation1. Causes of the Reformation A. secular Renaissance ideas challenge church authority B. powerful popes spent money on art and wars C. illiterate priests were often immoral2. Reformation B. King Henry VIII starts Anglican Church

(Church of England) C. French theologian John Calvin develops protestant ideology3. Effects of the Reformation A. religious wars broke out across Europe B. both Protestants and Catholics improve

education C. Catholic Church reforms itself i. Ignatius of Loyola leads Catholic

Reformation ii. Council of Trent – meeting that made

church doctrine D. Catholic Church lost political and moral

authority E. led to monarchs and states gaining power

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Scientific Revolution

Review

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Questions Notes: Scientific Revolution

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Age of ExplorationReformation Renaissance

Scientific Revolution

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Questions Notes: Scientific Revolution 1. Roots of the Scientific Revolution a. Renaissance – scholars studied classical

ideas of science b. Age of Exploration – contact with new people

and new ideas c. Reformation – ended church control of

education

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200 BC 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1500 1700

Ancient Greeks

The Scientific Revolution

Ptolemy

• ancient Greek philosopher

• started the idea of geocentric universe

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200 BC 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1500 1700

The Scientific Revolution

Middle Ages

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200 BC 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1500 1700

The Scientific Revolution

Renaissance

Nicolaus Copernicus (1543)

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Questions Notes: Scientific Revolution 1. Roots of the Scientific Revolution a. Renaissance – scholars studied classical

ideas of science b. Age of Exploration – contact with new people

and new ideas c. Reformation – ended church control of

education2. The Scientific Revolution a. scholars observed natural world and

questioned old beliefs b. Nicolaus Copernicus – sun at center of

universe

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On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo

affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not

stationary.

Galileo Galilei

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Questions Notes: Scientific Revolution 1. Roots of the Scientific Revolution a. Renaissance – scholars studied classical

ideas of science b. Age of Exploration – contact with new people

and new ideas c. Reformation – ended church control of

education2. The Scientific Revolution a. scholars observed natural world and

questioned old beliefs b. Nicolaus Copernicus – sun at center of

universe c. Galileo Galilei – built telescope and observed

the universe

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Francis Bacon – encouraged empiricism

(experiments and

conclusions)

Rene Descartes – used

mathematics and logic

Isaac Newton – theory of gravity

Leaders of the Scientific Revolution

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Questions Notes: Scientific Revolution 1. Roots of the Scientific Revolution a. Renaissance – scholars studied classical

ideas of science b. Age of Exploration – contact with new people

and new ideas c. Reformation – ended church control of

education2. The Scientific Revolution a. scholars observed natural world and

questioned old beliefs b. Nicolaus Copernicus – sun at center of

universe c. Galileo Galilei – built telescope and observed

the universe d. Scientific Method – hypothesis, experiment, observation, and conclusion e. Francis Bacon – encouraged empiricism (experiments and conclusions) f. Rene Descartes – used mathematics and

logic g. Isaac Newton – theory of gravity

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Questions Notes: Scientific Revolution 1. Roots of the Scientific Revolution2. The Scientific Revolution a. scholars observed natural world and

questioned old beliefs b. Nicolaus Copernicus – sun at center of

universe c. Galileo Galilei – built telescope and observed

the universe d. Scientific Method – hypothesis, experiment, observation, and conclusion e. Francis Bacon – encouraged empiricism (experiments and conclusions) f. Rene Descartes – used mathematics and

logic g. Isaac Newton – theory of gravity3. Effects of the Scientific Revolution a. a new way of looking at the world b. “tools” developed for studying people and

society c. Europeans make advances in medicine and science