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The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
Includes the Includes the nasal cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, alveoli, lungs, and pleura.and pleura.
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
NASAL CAVITYNASAL CAVITY NASAL SEPTUMNASAL SEPTUM = divides nasal = divides nasal
cavities into R and L sidescavities into R and L sides Turbinates Turbinates are bones that are bones that
protrude into the nasal cavity – protrude into the nasal cavity – they increase surface area for they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane.the mucous membrane.
CILIACILIA – the hairs in your nose, – the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particlestrap larger dirt particles
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
SINUSES SINUSES – cavities in – cavities in the skull, ducts the skull, ducts connect them to connect them to the nasal cavity, the nasal cavity, lined with mucous lined with mucous membrane to warm membrane to warm and moisten the and moisten the air. air.
* Sinuses give * Sinuses give resonance to the resonance to the voice.voice.
FrontalFrontal MaxillaryMaxillary EthmoidEthmoid SphenoidSphenoid
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
PHARYNX PHARYNX The throatThe throat Common passageway for air and foodCommon passageway for air and food 5” long5” long Tonsils are located in the pharynxTonsils are located in the pharynx
3 sections of Phayrnx3 sections of Phayrnx
NasopharynxNasopharynx – – upper part (air upper part (air only) (eustachian only) (eustachian tubes from the tubes from the middle ear drain middle ear drain here) –here) –
inner ear infections inner ear infections can cause upper can cause upper respiratory respiratory infectionsinfections
OropharynxOropharynx – – middle region (air, middle region (air, food and liquid)food and liquid)
LaryngopharynxLaryngopharynx- - lower region (air lower region (air food and liquid)food and liquid)
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
LARYNXLARYNX Voice boxVoice box Triangular chamber below pharynxTriangular chamber below pharynx Routes air and food to the proper Routes air and food to the proper
passagewayspassageways Within the larynx are vocal cords Within the larynx are vocal cords
Glottis – space between vocal cords. Glottis – space between vocal cords. Air causes vibration – produces soundAir causes vibration – produces sound
Adam’s Apple (thyroid cartilage)Adam’s Apple (thyroid cartilage)
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
EpiglottisEpiglottis Lies between the root of the tongue Lies between the root of the tongue
and the larynxand the larynx ““gatekeeper”gatekeeper” Controls the destination of ingested Controls the destination of ingested
food and liquid and inspired airfood and liquid and inspired air Covers the opening to larynx when Covers the opening to larynx when
we swallow – food doesn’t go to we swallow – food doesn’t go to tracheatrachea
Cough to expel if food gets passedCough to expel if food gets passed Air freely moves to lower resp. tractAir freely moves to lower resp. tract
Lower Respiratory TractLower Respiratory Tract
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
TRACHEATRACHEA WindpipeWindpipe 4 ½ in. long4 ½ in. long walls are alternate walls are alternate
bands of membrane bands of membrane and C-shaped rings and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage of hyaline cartilage – to keep trachea – to keep trachea openopen
Lined with ciliated Lined with ciliated mucous membranemucous membrane
Coughing and Coughing and expectoration gets expectoration gets rid of dust-laden rid of dust-laden mucousmucous
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
BRONCHI and BRONCHIOLESBRONCHI and BRONCHIOLES Lower end of trachea divides into R and L Lower end of trachea divides into R and L
bronchusbronchus As they enter lungs, subdivide into bronchial As they enter lungs, subdivide into bronchial
tubes and bronchiolestubes and bronchioles Bronchi – similar to trachea with ciliated Bronchi – similar to trachea with ciliated
mucous membrane and hyaline cartilagemucous membrane and hyaline cartilage Bronchial tubes – cartilaginous plates Bronchial tubes – cartilaginous plates
(instead of C-shaped rings)(instead of C-shaped rings) Bronchioles – thinner walls of smooth Bronchioles – thinner walls of smooth
muscle, lined with ciliated epitheliummuscle, lined with ciliated epithelium At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of
alveolialveoli
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
ALVEOLIALVEOLI Composed of a single Composed of a single
layer of epithelial tissuelayer of epithelial tissue Inner surfaces covered Inner surfaces covered
with SURFACTANT – to with SURFACTANT – to keep alveoli from keep alveoli from collapsingcollapsing
Each alveolus Each alveolus surrounded by surrounded by capillariescapillaries
O2 and CO2 exchange O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between takes place between the alveoli and the alveoli and capillaries capillaries
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
LUNGSLUNGS Fill thoracic cavityFill thoracic cavity Upper part = apex Lower part = baseUpper part = apex Lower part = base Base fits snugly over diaphragmBase fits snugly over diaphragm Lung tissue porous and spongy – it Lung tissue porous and spongy – it
floatsfloats R lungR lung = larger and shorter (displaced = larger and shorter (displaced
by the liver) and has by the liver) and has 3 lobes3 lobes L lungL lung smaller (displaced by the heart) smaller (displaced by the heart)
and has and has 2 lobes2 lobes Filled mostly with airFilled mostly with air
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
MediastinumMediastinum Center of thoracic cavity, between Center of thoracic cavity, between
lungslungs Contains heart, great vessels, trachea, Contains heart, great vessels, trachea,
esophagus, thoracic duct, thymus esophagus, thoracic duct, thymus glandgland
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
PLEURAPLEURA Thin, moist slippery membrane Thin, moist slippery membrane
that covers lungsthat covers lungs Double-walled sacDouble-walled sac
parietal-lines cavityparietal-lines cavity Visceral-covers lungVisceral-covers lung
Space is pleural cavity – filled Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid to prevent with pleural fluid to prevent frictionfriction
FUNCTION OF THE FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM
External respiration, internal External respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration, and cellular respirationrespiration
Production of sound (vocal cords)Production of sound (vocal cords)
PULMONARY PULMONARY VENTILATION VENTILATION (Breathing)(Breathing)
INSPIRATIONINSPIRATION Intercostal Intercostal
muscles lift ribs muscles lift ribs outward, sternum outward, sternum rises and the rises and the diaphragm diaphragm contracts and contracts and moves downward moves downward – this increases – this increases the volume of the the volume of the lungs and air lungs and air rushes in.rushes in.
PULMONARY PULMONARY VENTILATION VENTILATION (Breathing)(Breathing)
EXPIRATIONEXPIRATION Opposite action Opposite action
takes placetakes place Exhalation is a Exhalation is a
passive processpassive process
Respiratory Respiratory MovementsMovements
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respirationrespiration
Normal adult = 14 - 20 Normal adult = 14 - 20 respirations per minuterespirations per minute
Increases with exercise, body Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.temperature, certain diseases.
Age - newborn = 40-60/minAge - newborn = 40-60/min Sleep = respirations Sleep = respirations Emotion can Emotion can or or rate rate
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
CoughingCoughing – – deep breath deep breath followed by followed by forceful forceful expulsion of air – expulsion of air – to clear lower to clear lower respiratory tract.respiratory tract.
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
HiccupsHiccups – – spasm of the spasm of the diaphragm and diaphragm and spasmotic spasmotic closure of the closure of the glottis – irritation glottis – irritation to diaphragm or to diaphragm or phrenic nervephrenic nerve
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
SneezingSneezing – air – air forced through forced through nose to clear nose to clear respiratory tractrespiratory tract
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
YawningYawning – deep – deep prolonged breath prolonged breath that fills the that fills the lungs, increases lungs, increases oxygen within oxygen within the bloodthe blood
Factors that control Factors that control breathingbreathing
Neural FactorsNeural Factors Respiratory center Respiratory center
located in MEDULLA located in MEDULLA OBLONGATAOBLONGATA
in CO2 or in CO2 or O2 O2 in the blood will in the blood will trigger respiratory trigger respiratory centercenter
PHRENIC NERVE – PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the stimulates the diaphragmdiaphragm
Chemical FactorsChemical Factors Depends on the Depends on the
levels of CO2 in the levels of CO2 in the blood (respiratory blood (respiratory center in brain)center in brain)
Chemoreceptors in Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to arteries sensitive to the amount of the amount of blood O2 blood O2
COMMON COLD COMMON COLD Contagious viral respiratory infectionContagious viral respiratory infection Indirect causes - chilling, fatigue, lack Indirect causes - chilling, fatigue, lack
of proper food, and not enough sleepof proper food, and not enough sleep Rx – stay in bed, drink warm liquids Rx – stay in bed, drink warm liquids
and fruit juice, good nutritionand fruit juice, good nutrition Also called an Upper Respiratory Also called an Upper Respiratory
Infection (URI)Infection (URI) Handwashing – best preventative Handwashing – best preventative
measuremeasure
LARYNGITIS LARYNGITIS Inflammation of larynx or voice boxInflammation of larynx or voice box Often secondary to other respiratory Often secondary to other respiratory
infectionsinfections Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness
or loss of voice, dysphagia (difficulty or loss of voice, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)swallowing)
SINUSITIS SINUSITIS Infection of mucous membrane Infection of mucous membrane
that lines sinus cavitiesthat lines sinus cavities Caused by bacteria or virusCaused by bacteria or virus Symptoms – headache or Symptoms – headache or
pressure, thick nasal discharge, pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonanceloss of voice resonance
Rx – symptomatic, surgery for Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitischronic sinusitis
PHARYNGITISPHARYNGITIS – – red, inflamed red, inflamed throatthroat
BRONCHITISBRONCHITIS Inflammation of the mucous membrane Inflammation of the mucous membrane
of the trachea and bronchial tubes, of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucousproducing excessive mucous
May be acute or chronicMay be acute or chronic Acute bronchitis characterized by Acute bronchitis characterized by
cough, fever, substernal pain and cough, fever, substernal pain and RALESRALES (raspy sound) (raspy sound)
Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause cigarette smoking most common cause
INFLUENZA (Flu)INFLUENZA (Flu) Viral infection causing inflammation Viral infection causing inflammation
of the mucous membraneof the mucous membrane Fever, mucopurulent discharge, Fever, mucopurulent discharge,
muscular pain, extreme exhaustionmuscular pain, extreme exhaustion Complications – pneumonia, Complications – pneumonia,
neuritis, otitis media and pleurisyneuritis, otitis media and pleurisy Rx – treat the symptomsRx – treat the symptoms
PNEUMONIAPNEUMONIA Infection of the lungInfection of the lung Caused by bacteria or virusCaused by bacteria or virus Alveoli fill with exudates (thick Alveoli fill with exudates (thick
fluid)fluid) Symptoms – chest pain, fever, Symptoms – chest pain, fever,
chills, dyspneachills, dyspnea Rx – O2 and antibioticsRx – O2 and antibiotics
TUBERCULOSISTUBERCULOSIS Infectious bacterial lung diseaseInfectious bacterial lung disease Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungsTubercles (lesions) form in the lungs Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in
the afternoon, weight loss, night the afternoon, weight loss, night sweatssweats
Diagnosis – TB skin testDiagnosis – TB skin test If skin test positive – follow up with If skin test positive – follow up with
chest x-ray and sputum samplechest x-ray and sputum sample RX – antibiotic RX – antibiotic
ASTHMA ASTHMA Inflammatory airway obstructionInflammatory airway obstruction Caused by allergen or Caused by allergen or
psychological stresspsychological stress 5% of Americans have asthma5% of Americans have asthma Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, Symptoms: difficulty exhaling,
dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chestchest
Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilatorinhaled bronchodilator
EMPHYSEMAEMPHYSEMA Alveoli become over-dilated, lose their Alveoli become over-dilated, lose their
elasticity, can’t rebound, may elasticity, can’t rebound, may eventually ruptureeventually rupture
Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – forced exhalation requiredforced exhalation required
Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2 Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2 Dyspnea increases as disease Dyspnea increases as disease
progressesprogresses Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease
exposure to respiratory irritants, exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2to prevent need for O2
COPD – Chronic COPD – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Obstructive Pulmonary
DisorderDisorder Primary cause – cigarette, cigar or Primary cause – cigarette, cigar or
pipe smoking.pipe smoking. More susceptible the longer a More susceptible the longer a
person smokesperson smokes Have frequent respiratory Have frequent respiratory
infectionsinfections Dyspnea – progressively worsensDyspnea – progressively worsens No cureNo cure Pursed lip breathing/ steroidsPursed lip breathing/ steroids
PneumothoraxPneumothorax
Free air inside the chest outside of Free air inside the chest outside of the lungthe lung
Pressure causes the lung to collapsePressure causes the lung to collapse Chest pain/ shortness of breathChest pain/ shortness of breath Diagnosed by decreased breath Diagnosed by decreased breath
sounds with stethoscopesounds with stethoscope Sometimes heal on ownSometimes heal on own Sometimes require chest tube Sometimes require chest tube
placementplacement Prognosis depends on severityPrognosis depends on severity
