The Rise of The Rise of EuropeEurope

Dates of the Middle Dates of the Middle AgesAges

Dates of the Middle Dates of the Middle AgesAges

Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000

High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250

Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

Section 1Section 1

The Early Middle The Early Middle AgesAges

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle Ages

During this time, Europe was cut During this time, Europe was cut off from advanced civilizations in off from advanced civilizations in the Middle East, China, and the Middle East, China, and India.India.

Eventually, a new European Eventually, a new European civilization emerged that civilization emerged that blended Greco-Roman, blended Greco-Roman, Germanic, and Christian Germanic, and Christian traditions: Medieval Civilizationtraditions: Medieval Civilization

The Germanic KingdomsThe Germanic KingdomsAfter the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes divided After the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes divided

Western Europe into many small kingdoms.Western Europe into many small kingdoms.The Germanic peoples The Germanic peoples were farmers and herders.were farmers and herders. had no cities or written laws.had no cities or written laws. elected kings to lead them in war.elected kings to lead them in war. rewarded warrior nobles who swore loyalty rewarded warrior nobles who swore loyalty

to the king with weapons and loot.to the king with weapons and loot.

The Franks were the strongest of the The Franks were the strongest of the Germanic tribes. Germanic tribes. ClovisClovis, king of the Franks, , king of the Franks, conquered conquered GaulGaul and then converted to and then converted to Christianity, the religion of the people in Christianity, the religion of the people in Gaul. By doing so, he gained a powerful ally Gaul. By doing so, he gained a powerful ally in the Christian Church of Rome. in the Christian Church of Rome.

Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Charles Martel Charles Martel

Rallied Frankish warriors to fight Rallied Frankish warriors to fight the Muslims who entered into the Muslims who entered into France.France.

Battle of Tours Christian warriors Battle of Tours Christian warriors had a victory over the Muslims.had a victory over the Muslims.

The Empire of The Empire of CharlemagneCharlemagneCharlemagne helped Pope Leo III by Charlemagne helped Pope Leo III by

crushing a rebellion in Rome against the crushing a rebellion in Rome against the nobles.nobles.

In gratitude, the pope crowned In gratitude, the pope crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans.Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans.

SIGNIFICANCE:SIGNIFICANCE: By crowning a Germanic king successor to By crowning a Germanic king successor to

the Roman emperors, the pope revived the Roman emperors, the pope revived the ideal of a united Christian community.the ideal of a united Christian community.

This action laid the ground for struggles This action laid the ground for struggles between future Roman Catholic popes between future Roman Catholic popes and German emperors.and German emperors.

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

The CarolingianThe CarolingianThe CarolingianThe Carolingian

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

The Age of CharlemagneThe Age of Charlemagne

Charlemagne tried to exercise Charlemagne tried to exercise control over hiscontrol over his empire and create empire and create a united Christian Europe.a united Christian Europe. He helped He helped spread Christianity to the conquered spread Christianity to the conquered people on the fringes of the empire.people on the fringes of the empire.

Charlemagne revived Latin learning Charlemagne revived Latin learning in his empire and strived to create a in his empire and strived to create a “second Rome.”“second Rome.”

Legacy of Legacy of CharlemagneCharlemagne Extended Christian civilizationExtended Christian civilization Further blended German, Further blended German,

Roman, and Christian Roman, and Christian traditionstraditions

He set up strong efficient He set up strong efficient governments that later rulers governments that later rulers would try to modelwould try to model

Invasions After Invasions After CharlemagneCharlemagne After Charlemagne’s death his empire was After Charlemagne’s death his empire was

split into three by his grandsons in the split into three by his grandsons in the Treaty of Verdun.Treaty of Verdun.

Muslim forces posed a threat to EuropeMuslim forces posed a threat to Europe Magyars settled in EuropeMagyars settled in Europe Vikings (Germanic) from Scandinavia were Vikings (Germanic) from Scandinavia were

destructive raiders, traders, and explorers. destructive raiders, traders, and explorers. They settled all over Europe. Leif Erikson They settled all over Europe. Leif Erikson set up a short-lived Viking colony on North set up a short-lived Viking colony on North America.America.

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Feudalism and the Feudalism and the Manor EconomyManor Economy

The Emergence of The Emergence of FeudalismFeudalism In the face of invasions by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars, In the face of invasions by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars,

kings and emperors were too weak to maintain law and kings and emperors were too weak to maintain law and order.order.

In response to this need for protection, response to weak In response to this need for protection, response to weak government, and lack of laws; a new political and social government, and lack of laws; a new political and social system called feudalism evolved.system called feudalism evolved.

Feudalism Feudalism was a loosely organized system of rule in which was a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords. In exchange, lesser lords, or lords. In exchange, lesser lords, or vassals,vassals, pledged service pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord. and loyalty to the greater lord.

Feudal Contract: Feudal Contract: exchange of pledges between lords and exchange of pledges between lords and vassalsvassals

Fief: Fief: An estate the lord granted to his vassalAn estate the lord granted to his vassal

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Feudal SocietyFeudal Society

Under the Under the feudal feudal system, system, everyone everyone had a well-had a well-defined defined place in place in society.society.

The Manor EconomyThe Manor Economy

The The manormanor,, or lord’s estate or fief, was or lord’s estate or fief, was the heart of the medieval economy.the heart of the medieval economy.

Peasants and lords were bound by Peasants and lords were bound by mutual obligation (feudal contracts). mutual obligation (feudal contracts).

The peasant worked for the lord.The peasant worked for the lord. In exchange, the peasant received In exchange, the peasant received

protection and a small amount of land to protection and a small amount of land to farm.farm.

ChivalryChivalry: A Code of Honor and : A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior

ChivalryChivalry: A Code of Honor and : A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior

Trained from boyhood for the occupation of a Knight, or mounted warrior.

As feudal warfare decreased, knights would compete in tournaments, or mock battles.

Peasants and NoblesPeasants and Nobles

SerfsSerfs were bound were bound to the land. They to the land. They were not slaves, yet were not slaves, yet they were not free. they were not free.

Serfs made up the Serfs made up the majority of the majority of the population in population in medieval society.medieval society.

Life was very harsh.Life was very harsh.

Warfare was a way Warfare was a way of life. of life.

Many trained from Many trained from boyhood to be boyhood to be knightsknights,, or or mounted warriorsmounted warriors

Fought for Lord, Fought for Lord, feudal lord, and feudal lord, and chivalrychivalry

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

Based on self-sufficiency.

Early Middle Age center for agricultural production.

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

SerfsSerfs at work at work

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

The Medieval The Medieval ChurchChurch

The Church and Medieval The Church and Medieval LifeLife The church was a social center as well as a place of The church was a social center as well as a place of

worship.worship.

Christian rituals and faith were part of the fabric of Christian rituals and faith were part of the fabric of everyday life (sacraments). everyday life (sacraments).

Priests guided people on issues of values and Priests guided people on issues of values and morality. morality.

Church required people to pay a tithe (10% of their Church required people to pay a tithe (10% of their income).income).

Monks and nuns cared for the poor and sick, set up Monks and nuns cared for the poor and sick, set up schools for children, and gave food and lodging to schools for children, and gave food and lodging to travelers. travelers.

Friars were monks who did not live in a monastery, Friars were monks who did not live in a monastery, but traveled and preached to the poor.but traveled and preached to the poor.

A Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s Day

The Power of the Church The Power of the Church GrowsGrows In the centuries after the fall of Rome, the In the centuries after the fall of Rome, the

Church became the most powerful Church became the most powerful secular,secular, or worldly, force in medieval Europeor worldly, force in medieval Europe

Medieval popes began to claim Medieval popes began to claim papal papal supremacysupremacy,, or authority over all secular or authority over all secular rulers. rulers.

The medieval Church developed its own The medieval Church developed its own body of laws, known as body of laws, known as canon lawcanon law,, as well as well as its own courts. Anyone who disobeyed as its own courts. Anyone who disobeyed canon law faced a range of penalties. canon law faced a range of penalties.

The Church also had absolute power in The Church also had absolute power in religious matters. religious matters.

Religious AuthorityReligious Authority

Excommunication: Pope forbade Excommunication: Pope forbade people to receive sacraments or a people to receive sacraments or a Christian burialChristian burial

Interdict: an order excluding an Interdict: an order excluding an entire town, region, or kingdom entire town, region, or kingdom from receiving some sacraments from receiving some sacraments or a Christian burial or a Christian burial

Reform MovementsReform MovementsThe success of the Church brought problems:The success of the Church brought problems: As Church wealth and power grew, discipline As Church wealth and power grew, discipline

weakened.weakened. Some clergy ignored their vows and lived in luxury.Some clergy ignored their vows and lived in luxury. Some priests focused more on family than on Some priests focused more on family than on

Church duties.Church duties.A number of reform movements spread across A number of reform movements spread across

Europe:Europe: Benedict drew up rules to regulate monastery life. Benedict drew up rules to regulate monastery life.

The Benedictine Rule, under which monks and The Benedictine Rule, under which monks and nuns took vows of obedience, poverty, and nuns took vows of obedience, poverty, and chastity.chastity.

Pope Gregory VII outlawed marriage for priests and Pope Gregory VII outlawed marriage for priests and prohibited prohibited simonysimony,, the selling of Church offices. the selling of Church offices.

Frances of Assisi set up the Franciscan order to Frances of Assisi set up the Franciscan order to teach poverty, humility, and love of God.teach poverty, humility, and love of God.

Dominic set up the Dominican order to teach Dominic set up the Dominican order to teach official Roman Catholic beliefs.official Roman Catholic beliefs.

Jews in EuropeJews in Europe Jewish communities existed Jewish communities existed

across Europe.across Europe. In hard times, Christians In hard times, Christians

persecuted the Jews, blaming persecuted the Jews, blaming them for economic problems, them for economic problems, illness, and disasters. illness, and disasters.

Prejudice against Jews is called Prejudice against Jews is called antisemitismantisemitism..

In response to growing In response to growing persecution, thousands of Jews persecution, thousands of Jews migrated from Western to migrated from Western to Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe.

Economic Economic Expansion and Expansion and ChangeChange

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural RevolutionNew farming technologies

iron plow harness windmill three-field system

Increase in food production

Population explosionBetween 1000 and 1300, the population of

Europe doubled.

Trade in EuropeTrade in Europe Europe’s Europe’s

growing growing population population needed needed goods that goods that were not were not available available to them. to them.

As foreign As foreign invasions invasions and feudal and feudal warfare warfare declined, declined, trade trade increasedincreased

Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution

The revival of trade led to a revolution in The revival of trade led to a revolution in commerce.commerce.

As trade revived, merchants needed money As trade revived, merchants needed money to buy goods. The reintroduction of money to buy goods. The reintroduction of money led European merchants to develop new led European merchants to develop new business practices, such as:business practices, such as:– setting up bankssetting up banks– joining together to set up joining together to set up

partnershipspartnerships– developing insurancedeveloping insurance– adopting the adopting the bill of exchangebill of exchange

Social ChangesSocial Changes The commercial revolution not only The commercial revolution not only

transformed the medieval economy, it also transformed the medieval economy, it also reshaped medieval society.reshaped medieval society.

The use of money undermined serfdom. The use of money undermined serfdom. Most peasants became Most peasants became tenant farmerstenant farmers or hired farm laborers. or hired farm laborers.

In towns, a new In towns, a new middle classmiddle class of of merchants, traders, and artisans emerged.merchants, traders, and artisans emerged.

The Church forbade Christians from The Church forbade Christians from becoming moneylenders. Since Jews were becoming moneylenders. Since Jews were barred from other professions, many took barred from other professions, many took on this role.on this role.

GuildsGuilds In medieval towns, merchants and artisans In medieval towns, merchants and artisans

formed associations called formed associations called guildsguilds.. Merchant guilds appeared first. They Merchant guilds appeared first. They

dominated town life, passing laws, levying dominated town life, passing laws, levying taxes, and making other important taxes, and making other important decisions. decisions.

A craft guild was made up of workers in a A craft guild was made up of workers in a particular occupation. To prevent particular occupation. To prevent competition, only a certain number of competition, only a certain number of people could work in any trade.people could work in any trade.

Becoming a guild member involved many Becoming a guild member involved many years of hard work.years of hard work.

Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopMedieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopMedieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopMedieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

Crest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s Guild

Church in Medieval Church in Medieval TimesTimes(List 2/3 examples in diagram)(List 2/3 examples in diagram)

FeudalismFeudalism