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The Great War

The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

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Page 1: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

The Great War

Page 2: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

The Rise of NationalismEurope enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie

below the surfaceGrowing nationalism leads to competition among nationsNationalism in the Balkans leads many groups to demand

independenceImperialism and Militarism

Competition for colonies stirs mistrust among European nations

Mutual animosity spurs European countries to engage in arms race

Militarism – policy of glorifying military power, preparing army

Rising Tensions in Europe

Page 3: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

Bismarck Forges Early PactsGermany’s Otto von Bismarck works to keep

peace in Europe after 1871Believes France wants revenge for loss in 1870

Franco-Prussian WarSeeks to isolate the French with a series of

treaties and alliances:Signs treaty with Russia in 1881Forms Triple Alliance in 1882:

GermanyAustria-HungaryItaly

Tangled Alliances

Page 4: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

Shifting Alliances Threaten PeaceKaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler in 1888Foreign policy changes begin in 1890 with dismissal of

BismarckAlliance with Russia dropped; Russia then allies with FranceEffort to strengthen German navy, which alarms Britain

Britain, France, Russia form Triple Entente alliance in 1907

Tangled Alliances

Page 5: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

A Restless RegionMany groups in the Balkans win independence

during early 1900sNew nation of Serbia made up largely of SlavsAustria-Hungary annexes Slavic region –

Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908)Serbia outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of

these Slavic lands

Crisis in the Balkans

Page 6: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

A Shot Rings Throughout EuropeSerbian rebel kills Austro-Hungarian royal

official in June 1914 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austria declares war on Serbia; Russia comes to the aid of Serbia

Crisis in the Balkans

Page 7: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism
Page 8: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

Armies on the MarchRussia moves troops to its borders with Austria

and GermanyGermany declares war on Russia, quickly

attacks FranceGreat Britain declares war on Germany

Nations Takes Sides By mid-August 1914, two sides at war

throughout EuropeCentral Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary

(and other nations)Allies: Britain, France, Russia (and other

nations)

The Great War Begins

Page 9: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism
Page 10: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

A Bloody StalemateThe Conflict Grinds Along

Western Front – heavy battle zone in northern France

Schlieffen Plan – German plan to defeat France, then fight Russia

German army quickly advances to outskirts of Paris

Forced to retreat at First Battle of the MarneSchlieffen Plan fails; Germany has to fight

two-war front

Page 11: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism
Page 12: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

War in the TrenchesConflict descends into trench warfare –

armies fighting from trenchesBattles result in many deaths, small land

gainsLife in trenches is miserable, difficult,

unsanitaryNew weapons only lead to more deathsMassive losses for both sides at 1916

Battle of Verdun Battle of the Somme

Page 13: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

Early FightingEastern Front – site of main fighting

along the German-Russian borderRussians push into Austria and

Germany, but soon forced to retreatRussia Struggles

Russia’s war effort suffering by 1916; many casualties, few supplies

Huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable forcePrevents Germany from sending more

troops to Western Front

The Battle on the Eastern Front

Page 14: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

The Gallipoli CampaignAllies move to capture Ottoman

Dardanelles strait in February 1915Hope to defeat Ottoman Empire, a

Central Powers allyAlso want to open a supply line

through the region to RussiaEffort ends in costly Allied defeat

Battles in Africa and AsiaAllies take control of German holdings

in Asia, AfricaBritain and France use their colonial

subjects to help in war effort

A Global Conflict

Page 15: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

America Joins the FightGermany seeks to control Atlantic Ocean

to stop supplies to BritainUses unrestricted submarine warfare

Ships near Britain are sunk without warningHalts policy in 1915, after sinking of Lusitania this angers the U.S.

Renews unrestricted policy in 1917, hopes to starve Britain quickly

Renewal of policy and effort to enlist Mexico angers U.S.

U.S. declares war against Germany in April in 1917, joining allies

War Affects the World

Page 16: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism
Page 17: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

Governments Wage Total WarWorld War I becomes total war –

nations devote all resources to war

Governments take control of economy to produce war goods

Nations turn to rationing – limiting purchases of war-related goods

Propaganda – one-sided information to build morale, support for war

War Affects the Home Front

Page 18: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

At home, thousands of women fill jobs previously held by men

Many women also experience the war by working as nurses

Women and the War

Page 19: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

Russia WithdrawsCivil unrest in Russia forces czar to step down from

throne in 1917Communists soon take control of Russia’s governmentRussia signs treaty with Germany in March 1918, pulls

out of warThe Central Powers Collapse

With Russia gone, Germany moves most forces to Western Front

Engage in major fighting; Allies force Germans to retreat

Allies win war; armistice – end of fighting – signed in November 1918

The Allies Win the War

Page 20: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

A High Price! War takes heavy toll: 8.5 million soldiers dead, 21 million

wounded War devastates European economies, drains national treasuries Many acres of land and homes, villages, and towns are destroyed

The Legacy of the War

Page 21: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

After winning the war, the Allies dictate a harsh peace settlement that leaves many nations feeling

betrayed

A Flawed Peace

Page 22: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

Key Leaders Come TogetherGroup of leaders known

as the Big Four dominate peace talks:US President Woodrow

WilsonFrench ruler George

ClemenceauDavid Lloyd George of

Great BritainVittorio Orlando of Italy

The Allies Meet and Debate

Page 23: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

Wilson’s Plan for PeaceWilson proposes Fourteen Points

– outline for lasting world peaceCalls for free trade and end to

secret alliances, military buildupsPromotes self-determination – right

of people to govern own nationEnvisions international peace-

keeping body to settle world disputes

The Allies Meet and Debate

Page 24: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

The Versailles TreatyBritain, France oppose Wilson’s ideas; want to

punish GermanyAllies, Germany sign accord, Treaty of

Versailles. in June 1919Creates League of Nations – international

organization to keep peaceBlames Germans for war, forces Germany to pay

damages to nationsLeague to rule German colonies until deemed

ready for independence

The Allies Meet and Debate

Page 25: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

The Creation of New NationsVersailles treaty, other peace accords change

the look of EuropeAustria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire all

lose landsFormer Ottoman lands in Southwest Asia turn

into mandatesNew countries created in southeastern Europe;

Russia gives up land

A Troubled Treaty

Page 26: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism
Page 27: The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below the surface Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations Nationalism

A Troubled Treaty“A Peace Built on Quicksand”

Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of bitterness on both sides

German people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for war

America never signs Treaty of VersaillesMany Americans opposed the League of Nations

and involvement with EuropeSome former colonies express anger over not

winning independenceJapan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less land

than they wanted