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The Rise of Rome
The Geography of Rome
• Center of Italy and the Mediterranean
The Geography of Rome
• Center of Italy and the Mediterranean
• Fertile Land
• Easy Travel
• What impact did this have on the development of Rome?
Emergence of Rome
The Roman Republic
• Republic – government system in which representatives are elected by citizens
• 2 Groups of Romans
– Plebeians – farmers, merchants, artisans
– Patricians – wealthy landowners
* Constant power struggle between groups*
The Government
• Senate – legislative body, 300 members (patricians)
• 2 Consuls
– Supervise government and command armies
– 1 year terms
Dictator – ruler with complete control (only used during emergencies and for 6 months)
Cincinnatus
Roman Society
– The Roman Family
• Paterfamilias (father) had life and death control
• Control of daughters did not pass to husbands
• Women had no formal rights but some control in practice
• Marriages were arranged
• Restrictions did not apply to lower classes
Rome Expands
• Leniency shown to the conquered
– Recognize Roman authority, pay taxes
– Keep customs, traditions, local government
– Citizenship
The Punic WarsThe Roman Empire
The Punic Wars
• Series of wars between Rome and Carthage (264 BC – 146 BC)
The Punic Wars
• Series of wars between Rome and Carthage (264 BC – 146 BC)
• Fought over control of the Mediterranean
The Fall of the Roman
Republic
Rome Expands
• Initially for security? That’s what they claim
2nd Punic War
• Carthaginian leader Hannibal moves his army through Spain and France, then invades Italy
2nd Punic War
• Carthaginian leader Hannibal moves his army through Spain and France, then invades Italy
What was the probable impact of this on his army?
2nd Punic War
• Carthaginian leader Hannibal moves his army through Spain and France, then invades Italy
• Hannibal’s army destroys the Roman countryside for 15 years
2nd Punic War
Scipio, Roman General, plans an attack on Spain, then Carthage
3rd Punic War(149-146 B.C.)
• Rome invades and destroys Carthage, now has complete control of the Mediterranean
Imperial Rome
• Imperialism – establishing control over foreign lands
• After the Punic Wars, Greece and surrounding areas became Roman provinces
• Continued struggle between Plebeians and Patricians weakened Rome and a series of civil wars broke out
Imperial Rome
• After the Punic Wars, Greece and surrounding areas became Roman provinces
• Continued struggle between Plebeians and Patricians weakened Rome and a series of civil wars broke out
• Generals gained political power
Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.E.)
• Growing Unrest
–Latifundia (large estates worked by slaves) contribute to the decline of small farms
–Reform: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.E.)
• Generals become political players
– Marius• Recruits non-land owning Romans for military
service
• Loyal to Marius, not Senate – Professional army emerges
Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.E.)
• Generals become political players
– Sulla• Rival General
• Civil War – reign of terror in Rome
• Gains power but returns it to the Senate
So….What do you expect to happen next?
– First Century B.C.E. had two characteristics:
• Jostling for power by powerful individuals
• Civil wars that were caused by the desire for power
First Triumvirate
• Caesar Pompey Crassus
Great General Great General Not a great general – very rich
First Triumvirate 60 BC – 53 BC
• 54 BC – Julia (Caesar’s Daughter and Pompey’s wife dies)
• Crassus – Killed – Details not pretty
• Caesar and Pompey = Civil War
• Pompey Killed (details also not pretty) --Caesar Wins
• 44 BC – Caesar named dictator for life – then assassinated
Julius Caesar
2nd Triumvirate
Octavian Mark Antony Lepidus
Caesar’s adopted son Caesar’s Chief Aid, Friend, Who Cares
and General
The Pax Romana
• Octavian=Augustus
• Reformed and stabilized the government
The Pax Romana
• Octavian=Augustus
• Reformed and stabilized the government
• Augustus given title of imperator (commander-in-chief) by the senate
• Civil service, public works projects
• Socially Conservative Rule
• International Roman Law
• Pax Romana – 200 years of Roman peace
The Roman Emperors
• No set method of replacing the Emperor
• Why could this cause a problem???
• That brings us to the Julio-Claudians!
Tiberius
• Paranoid
• Many executions during his rule
Caligula
• 24 years old at time of rule
• Insane
• Ordered his troops to gather sea shells at the English Channel
• Thought he was a god
• Do not make bald jokes or speak of goats around Caligula
• Assassinated after 5 years of rule
Caligula
• 24 years old at time of rule
• Insane
• Ordered his troops to gather sea shells at the English Channel
• Thought he was a god
• Do not make bald jokes or speak of goats around Caligula
• Assassinated after 5 years of rule
Caligula
• 24 years old at time of rule
• Insane
• Ordered his troops to gather sea shells at the English Channel
• Thought he was a god
• Do not make bald jokes or speak of goats around Caligula
• Assassinated after 5 years of rule
Claudius
• Uncle of Caligula
• Found hiding behind a curtain after Caligula’s assassination
• Many physical difficulties
• Successful emperor
• Probably poisoned by his wife
Claudius
• Uncle of Caligula
• Found hiding behind a curtain after Caligula’s assassination
• Many physical difficulties
• Successful emperor
• Probably poisoned by his wife
Claudius
• Uncle of Caligula
• Found hiding behind a curtain after Caligula’s assassination
• Many physical difficulties
• Successful emperor
• Probably poisoned by his wife
Nero
• Mom probably killed Claudius when Nero was 17
• First few years of reign were good (he wasn’t actually ruling)
• Either insane or just really mean.
• Assassinated his mother, and later his wife
• Many executions
• Persecuted Christians
• Commits suicide after a revolt “What an artist dies with me!”
• Civil war after his death
Nero
• Mom probably killed Claudius when Nero was 17
• First few years of reign were good (he wasn’t actually ruling)
• Either insane or just really mean.
• Assassinated his mother, and later his wife
• Many executions
• Persecuted Christians
• Commits suicide after a revolt “What an artist dies with me!”
• Civil war after his death
Vespasian and Titus
Flavian AmphitheaterThe Colosseum
Pompeii and the Eruption of Vesuvius
Domitian
• Son and brother of emperors
• Cruel
• Paranoid
• Favorite pastime = fly catching and sacrifice
• Wanted to be called “Master and God”
• Assassinated
Domitian
• Son and brother of emperors
• Cruel
• Paranoid
• Favorite pastime = fly catching and sacrifice
• Wanted to be called “Master and God”
• Assassinated
Domitian
• Son and brother of emperors
• Cruel, Paranoid according to the Senate at Tyrant
• Favorite pastime = fly catching and sacrifice
• Wanted to be called “Master and God”
• Assassinated
To trust the sources…hmmm?
• Why would historians not necessarily be trustworthy?
The Five Good Emperors
• Series of emperors who wisely selected their successors
Nerva
• Old Politician, No sons, serves 2 years and dies naturally
Trajan
• Respected General, Builder, conqueror, outlawed Christianity
Hadrian
• Gave up some conquered land, built a wall across Britain
Built around A.D 122
Built around A.D 122
The Pantheon
Antoninus Pius
Marcus Aurelius
• Philosopher, Successful war, plague
Marcus Aurelius
• Philosopher, Successful war, plague• Son, Commodus becomes emperor
Commodus
• Son of Marcus Aurelius
• Often dressed like Hercules
• Sometimes fought as a gladiator
• Assassinated by a former wrestler while he was bathing
Commodus
• Son of Marcus Aurelius
• Often dressed like Hercules
• Sometimes fought as a gladiator
• Assassinated by a former wrestler while he was bathing
??????
• With all these problems, how does the Empire survive for another 300 years?
For Monday
• Reading pgs 183-191
• Reading Quiz Monday
Trade, Industry, and Farming
• Economic Prosperity
• Extensive trade -- food and luxury goods
• Agriculture the primary occupation
• Gulf between rich and poor
• Upper classes needed to be supported by agricultural surplus – Increased Taxation
Roman Colonization
Greco-Roman Civilization
• Mixture of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman cultures
Roman Architecture
Roman Architecture
The Roman Amphitheater
Other Amphitheaters
Rome’s View of Religion
• Variety of religions in the Roman Empire
• Rome was tolerant, but citizens had to accept Roman gods
Would this acceptance be easier in a monotheistic society or a polytheistic society? Why?
The Jewish Revolt (66-70 A.D)
• Violently put down by the Romans
• Jerusalem is destroyed
• Many Jews leave the Region
• Messiah – king sent by God
• It is during this time period that Christianity began gaining popularity
A New Religion
• Some saw Jesus as the messiah
• Others saw him as dangerous
• He was a threat to the Jewish leadership and Roman rule
Christianity Spreads
• Followers traveled throughout the empire and converted others
– How did the Roman Empire actually help this religion spread?
Persecution
• Martyrs – people who die for their beliefs
Persecution
• Martyrs – people who die for their beliefs
Persecution
• Martyrs – people who die for their beliefs
Persecution
• Martyrs – people who die for their beliefs
• 313 A.D. Constantine grants religious freedom
Internal Decay
• Struggles for power
• Legions install their leaders as Emperors
• Many are quickly assassinated and replaced
Economic Problems
• High taxes, less productive land, more poverty
• Constant warfare
– Impact on the economy?
Attempts at Reform
• Diocletian (284 A.D.)
– Divides the Empire• How could this help?
Attempts at Reform
• Diocletian (284 A.D.)
– Divides the Empire
– Resigns due to ill health, empire continues to decline
Attempts at Reform
• Constantine (312 A.D.)
– Religious tolerance
Attempts at Reform
• Constantine (312 A.D.)
– Religious tolerance
– Establishes a new Capital, Constantinople
Theodosius
• Officially divides Rome into two independent Empires
Theodosius
• Officially divides Rome into two independent Empires
• Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire
Theodosius
• Officially divides Rome into two independent Empires
• Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire
Invasions
• Invasions by Germanic tribes could not be stopped by weakening legions
How did it happen?
• Mercenaries – foreign soldiers fighting for Rome
• Social problems
– Idea of Rome fades
– Impact of Bread and Circuses
The End?
• Eastern Roman Empire survived until the 1400’s (Byzantine Empire)
