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1 The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi National Renewable Energy Laboratory Panel presented at the 2014 IEEE Power and Energy Society (PES) Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT) Washington, DC February 19-22, 2013 NREL/PR-5D00-61378 Source: NREL

The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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Page 1: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

1

The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment

Eduard Muljadi National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Panel presented at the 2014 IEEE Power and Energy Society (PES)

Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT)

Washington, DC

February 19-22, 2013

NREL/PR-5D00-61378 Source: NREL

Page 2: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

Outline • Introduction • Renewable energy resources • Grid integration • Power electronics control • Environment

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Page 3: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

Introduction • Applications mW or MW level Isolated or grid connected

• Variability of the source Temporal (seconds, hour, day, week, season) Spatial (continental, local, plant)

• Large area coverage – Diversity (resource and electrical characteristics)

• Operation Normal/abnormal Balanced/unbalanced

3

Page 4: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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PV Plant (5~50 MW)

Rooftop PV (1~30 kW) Mobile 9-kW PV System Bechler Meadows Ranger Station Yellowstone National Park

Introduction

Phot

o fro

m S

unPo

wer

Cor

p.,

NR

EL 2

3816

Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 22192

Photo from DOE/FEMP, NREL 27638

Page 5: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

5

California Region

Spring Peaking Summer Peaking

Peak

Shi

ft 24-Hour Wind Resource

24-Hour Solar Resource

Wind Resource – Midwest Wind Resource – West Coast

Low Output 8 a.m. – 14 p.m.

High Output 8 a.m. – 12 p.m.

Page 6: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

6

Offshore Wind Resource

U.S. Wind Resource

Solar Resource

Resources

Page 7: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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Synchronous Generator (left) vs. Wound Rotor Induction Generator (right)

What will happen if there is a sudden disturbance in the transmission network? To power AC-DC-AC power

converter to operate WTG in variable speed

Page 8: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

8

Generator Sgen 4,000-W (Siemens) 1,300 to 2,235 MVA

Wind Turbine Generator

1-6 MW

Conventional Power Plant vs. Renewable Energy Power Plant

Plant Diversity

Phot

o by

Dav

id H

icks

, NR

EL 1

8454

Phot

o fro

m

http

://w

ww

.ene

rgy.

siem

ens.

com

/hq/

en/

U.S

. NR

C im

age

of a

mod

ern

stea

m

turb

ine

gene

rato

r. P

hoto

from

Wik

iped

ia

Page 9: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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Type 1 Wind Turbine Generator (1% Slip)

Type 3 Wind Turbine Generator ( + 30% Slip) Type 4 Wind Turbine Generator (Full Conversion)

(100% Slip)

Type 2 Wind Turbine Generator (10% Slip)

Page 10: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

Examples of Renewable Energy Resources

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Page 11: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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Phot

o by

Dav

id H

icks

, NRE

L 19

881

Photo by David Hicks, NREL 18557

Photo by Bill Timmerman, NREL 08989

Phot

o by

Gre

g G

latz

mai

er, N

REL

198

07

Page 12: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 27806

Page 14: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

Grid Integration • Interconnection • Operation • Standards – Grid codes • Ancillary services (inertial response,

frequency and governor response, reserves)

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Page 15: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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Transmission to other utilities

115kV and higher

Power plantUtility Scale Wind Farms (above 10 MW)

Small Wind Farm (less than 10 MW)

26-115 kV

Single Large Wind Turbine

Small Wind Turbine

SubtransmissionCustomers

DistributionCustomers

Distribution Customers

4-35 kV 120-480 V

Step-uptransformer

Step-uptransformer

Step-downtransformer

Step-downtransformer

Step-downtransformer

Distributed Interconnections per IEEE-1547 Wind Farm Interconnections

Interconnection

Credit: NREL’s TGIG presentation archive.

Page 16: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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Base Generators Adjustable

Generators (Conventional

Gen., RE)

Variable Generators

(RE)

Reserves

Storage

Base Loads

Adjustable Loads

Variable Loads

Power Losses

Real Power

Freq UP

Freq Down

Line Capacitance Switched

Capacitors Synchronous Generators/ Condensers

Static Compensation

Line Inductance

Inductive Load

Induction Motors/Generators

Reactive Power

Voltage UP

Voltage Down

Real and Reactive Power Balance (To Keep Frequency and Voltage Constant)

Page 17: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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Voltage Ride Through

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

-1 0 1 2 3 4

Time (sec)

Vo

lta

ge

(p

.u.)

661

661A

LVRT-WECC Prop.

HVRT-WECC Prop.

Fault Ride-Through Capability • Wind power plants should be able to stay on-line under transient faults/disturbances. • The voltage should tolerate 0 p.u. for 15 ms (9 cycles). • Wind power plants should be able to regulate the power factor between 0.95 leading/lagging. • Wind power plants should have a SCADA system to allow remote access and monitoring.

Voltage vs. Maximum Clearing Time as Described in IEEE 1547

Adaptable to Regional Code

Page 18: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

Power Electronics Control • Generator level • Plant level • Transmission level

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Page 19: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

19 M

axim

ize

Ener

gy C

aptu

re

Load Control Gearbox Preservation

Pow

er Q

ualit

y R

eal a

nd R

eact

ive

Pow

er C

ontr

ol

Short/Long-Term DC Distributed Storage

Provide Active Damping to Power System Network

At the Generator Level

Page 20: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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Max

imiz

e En

ergy

Cap

ture

Pow

er Q

ualit

y R

eal a

nd R

eact

ive

Pow

er C

ontr

ol

Short/Long-Term DC Distributed Storage

Provide Active Damping to Power System Network

At the Generator Level

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•Many (hundreds) of wind turbines (1 MW to 5 MW each)

•Prime mover: Wind (wind turbine) – Renewable (free, natural, pollution free)

•Controllability: Curtailment

•Predictability: Wind variability based on wind forecasting, influenced more by nature (wind) than humans, based on maximizing energy production (unscheduled operation).

•Located at wind resource; may be far from the load center.

•Generator: Four different types (fixed speed, variable slip, variable speed, full converter) – Non-synchronous generation

•Types 3 and 4: Variable speed with flux-oriented controller (FOC) via power converter. Rotor does not have to rotate synchronously.

At the Plant Level

Page 22: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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A

B

C +

RPMARPMC

A

B

C +

RPMARPMC

5 10 15 20 250

1 106×

2 106×

Max Cp8 m/s9.2 m/s10.8 m/s12 m/s pitch=0 deg12 m/s pitch=4.75 deg

Power vs RPM for different wind speeds

RPM (low speed shaft)

Pow

er (W

) 1.5 106⋅

11 21

A

B

C

D

D’

∆P

5 10 15 20 250

1 106×

2 106×

Max Cp8 m/s9.2 m/s10.8 m/s12 m/s pitch=0 deg12 m/s pitch=4.75 deg

Power vs RPM for different wind speeds

RPM (low speed shaft)

Pow

er (W

) 1.5 106⋅

11 21

A

B

C

D

D’

∆P

Trated limit

Type 1 & 2

Type 3 & 4

At the Plant Level

Inertial Response from a Wind Turbine

Page 23: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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(Load Center)

Wind Power Generator

Other Generators

VAR Compensation

to Help Regulate Voltage

Storage

VR ∆δ, ∆V ∆P, ∆Q

∆δ, ∆V

Wind

At the Transmission Level

Variability

Page 24: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

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Thermal Limit (Thin Wire)

Stability Limit (High Impedance, Long Distance,

Weak Grid)

Wind Power Generator

Wind Power Generator

Storage

Storage (Load Center)

FACTS

At the Transmission Level

Transmission Constraints

Page 25: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

Environment 25

Page 26: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

26 G

oogl

e M

ap o

f a w

ind

pow

er p

lant

, Teh

acha

pi, C

A

Photo by Stephen Drouilhet, NREL 05626

Reference: McNiff, B. (2002). Wind Turb ine Lightning Protection Project: 1999-2001. 100 pp.; NREL Report No. SR-500-31115.

Reference: NREL Software Aids Offshore Wind Turb ine Designs (Fact Sheet). Innovation Impact: Wind, NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory). (2013). 1 pg.; NREL Report No. FS-6A42-60377.

Page 27: The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy ... · The Roles of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Deployment Eduard Muljadi . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Panel

Conclusions • Cost reduction in the past 20 years • Many and diverse opportunities for Power Electronics Generation, transmission, and distribution

• Know the limitations Thermal, magnetic, electric (voltage, current) etc.

• Know the applications Environment: Ocean, land-based, isolated, clusters Opportunities to work in parallel (PV – Wind – CSP)

• Leverage existing and future technologies Other industries (drives, transportation, ship building) Modern technologies (smart control, wireless, condition monitoring,

cyber physical and security, synchrophasor, market driven)

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The information contained in this presentation is subject to a government license.