The Science of Marine Biology Marine Biology. Chapter 1 Outline Chapter 1 Outline The Science of Marine Biology The Science of Marine Biology –The History

The Science of Marine The Science of Marine Biology Biology

Marine BiologyMarine Biology

• Chapter 1 OutlineChapter 1 Outline• The Science of Marine BiologyThe Science of Marine Biology

– The History of Marine BiologyThe History of Marine Biology• The The ChallengerChallenger Expedition Expedition• The Growth of Marine LabsThe Growth of Marine Labs• Marine Biology TodayMarine Biology Today

• The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method– Observation, the Currency of ScienceObservation, the Currency of Science– Two Ways of ThinkingTwo Ways of Thinking

• InductionInduction• DeductionDeduction

– Testing IdeasTesting Ideas• Constructing the HypothesisConstructing the Hypothesis• The Nature of Scientific ProofThe Nature of Scientific Proof• Testing the HypothesisTesting the Hypothesis• The Scientific TheoryThe Scientific Theory• Limitations of the Scientific MethodLimitations of the Scientific Method

• Box Readings:Box Readings: Eyes (and Ears) in the OceanEyes (and Ears) in the Ocean• John Steinbeck and Ed RickettsJohn Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts• Eye on Science: Ocean Observing SystemsEye on Science: Ocean Observing Systems

Chapter 1 NotesChapter 1 Notes


• Definition: is the scientific study of the Definition: is the scientific study of the plants, animals, and other organisms that plants, animals, and other organisms that live in the ocean.live in the ocean.

• Practical Reasons to study marine biology.Practical Reasons to study marine biology.– It’s a vast source of human wealth.It’s a vast source of human wealth.– Provides food, medicine, and raw materials.Provides food, medicine, and raw materials.– Provides a source of money from recreation Provides a source of money from recreation

and tourism.and tourism.


The Science of Marine Biology:The Science of Marine Biology:

• It is not a separate science but rather the It is not a separate science but rather the more general science of biology applied to more general science of biology applied to the sea.the sea.

• Nearly all the disciplines of biology are Nearly all the disciplines of biology are represented.represented.

•Scientists work on areas of marine biology Scientists work on areas of marine biology as limited as a certain species of organism or as limited as a certain species of organism or as broad as studying whole ocean systems.as broad as studying whole ocean systems.


The History of Marine Biology:The History of Marine Biology:

• Humans have studied the ocean and its Humans have studied the ocean and its inhabitants since they first saw the ocean.inhabitants since they first saw the ocean.

• Even the tomb of an Egyptian pharaoh Even the tomb of an Egyptian pharaoh bears a warning against eating a species of bears a warning against eating a species of puffer fish.puffer fish.

• New skills in seamanship and navigation New skills in seamanship and navigation led to increased knowledge of the ocean and led to increased knowledge of the ocean and the organisms that live there. the organisms that live there.



• Pacific Islanders had strange three Pacific Islanders had strange three dimensional maps of the Pacific Ocean made dimensional maps of the Pacific Ocean made of shells and sticks. of shells and sticks.

• Phoenicians were the first accomplished Phoenicians were the first accomplished Western navigators. By 2000 B.C. they were Western navigators. By 2000 B.C. they were sailing around the Mediterranean Sea, Red sailing around the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, eastern Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Sea, eastern Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean.Ocean.


The History of Marine Biology:The History of Marine Biology:• The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (300’s B.C.) is considered by many to be the (300’s B.C.) is considered by many to be the first marine biologist. first marine biologist. • He described many marine organisms.He described many marine organisms.• During the Dark Ages (500’s- late 1300’s) During the Dark Ages (500’s- late 1300’s) almost all the exploration of the oceans almost all the exploration of the oceans came to a halt in Western Europe.came to a halt in Western Europe.• The Vikings and the Arabs continued to The Vikings and the Arabs continued to explore the world outside of Europe. explore the world outside of Europe.



• The Renaissance spurred many The Renaissance spurred many Europeans to explore the world beyond Europeans to explore the world beyond Europe. Europe.

– 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed to the 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed to the New World.New World.– 1519 Ferdinand Magellan embarked on the 1519 Ferdinand Magellan embarked on the first expedition to sail around the world.first expedition to sail around the world.– many other explorers helped to open up the many other explorers helped to open up the unknown world to man.unknown world to man.


The History of Marine Biology:The History of Marine Biology:• 1768: The first real scientific expedition 1768: The first real scientific expedition began with Captain James Cook’s began with Captain James Cook’s exploration of the oceans. exploration of the oceans. •He undertook 3 epic voyages to explore all He undertook 3 epic voyages to explore all of the worlds oceans.of the worlds oceans.• He was one of the first to make scientific He was one of the first to make scientific observations along the way.observations along the way.•He carried a full time naturalist along for He carried a full time naturalist along for the voyage.the voyage.•He was the first to use a chronometer.He was the first to use a chronometer.



• In the 19In the 19thth century it was common century it was common practice to carry a naturalist with practice to carry a naturalist with every expedition to document the every expedition to document the creatures and phenomenon a ship creatures and phenomenon a ship encountered.encountered.



• Two ships and their voyages Two ships and their voyages changed how marine biology was changed how marine biology was practiced in the mid 19practiced in the mid 19thth century. century.

–HMS BeagleHMS Beagle–HMS ChallengerHMS Challenger



• HMS Beagle:HMS Beagle:–Sailed in 1831 from England on a 5 year Sailed in 1831 from England on a 5 year expedition around the world.expedition around the world.–The ship’s naturalist was a man named The ship’s naturalist was a man named Charles Darwin.Charles Darwin.–Darwin used what he observed on the Darwin used what he observed on the voyage to propose some radical new voyage to propose some radical new scientific theories.scientific theories.



•Charles Darwin.Charles Darwin.–He proposed the modern theory of evolution.He proposed the modern theory of evolution.–He proposed a theory of atoll formation.He proposed a theory of atoll formation.–It was not proven correct until the 1950’s.It was not proven correct until the 1950’s.–He used very fine nets to capture plankton.He used very fine nets to capture plankton.–He wrote a scientific paper (treatise) on He wrote a scientific paper (treatise) on barnacles that is still used today.barnacles that is still used today.


The History of Marine Biology:The History of Marine Biology:• The HMS Challenger Expedition:The HMS Challenger Expedition:

–The The ChallengerChallenger Expedition claims the title of the Expedition claims the title of the world's first totally scientific oceanographic world's first totally scientific oceanographic expedition.expedition.–The expedition's mission, to gather detailed and The expedition's mission, to gather detailed and consistent observations of oceanographic consistent observations of oceanographic phenomena across as much of the ocean as possible.phenomena across as much of the ocean as possible.– the ship "stopped" and collected data and samples the ship "stopped" and collected data and samples at 362 stations "at intervals as nearly uniform as at 362 stations "at intervals as nearly uniform as possible".possible".–The deepest depth recorded by the Expedition was The deepest depth recorded by the Expedition was located in the Marianas Trench, a place now known located in the Marianas Trench, a place now known as the Challenger Deep. At this location, the as the Challenger Deep. At this location, the scientists measured a depth of 26, 850 feet! scientists measured a depth of 26, 850 feet!

Eye on Science: Eye on Science: Ocean Observing Systems: pg Ocean Observing Systems: pg 10101.1. What is the limitation of satellites for What is the limitation of satellites for

observing the oceans?observing the oceans?2.2. List five technologies used in Marine Biology.List five technologies used in Marine Biology.3.3. How do scientists envision we will observe How do scientists envision we will observe

the marine environment in the future?the marine environment in the future?4.4. Describe the H2O Observatory.Describe the H2O Observatory.5.5. How long will it take for scientists to How long will it take for scientists to

implement the new systems for observing the implement the new systems for observing the marine environment?marine environment?

6.6. Evaluate the usefulness of these new Evaluate the usefulness of these new systems.systems.


The Growth of Marine Labs:The Growth of Marine Labs:• 1826: Two Frenchmen pioneer the 1826: Two Frenchmen pioneer the practice of observing sea life in the practice of observing sea life in the controlled conditions of a lab, Henri controlled conditions of a lab, Henri Milne Edwards, and Victor Andouin.Milne Edwards, and Victor Andouin.•The laboratory of the Marine Biological The laboratory of the Marine Biological Society of the UK was founded in 1879.Society of the UK was founded in 1879.•The Marine Biological Lab at Woods The Marine Biological Lab at Woods Hole, Mass. Was founded in 1888.Hole, Mass. Was founded in 1888.


Technology of Marine Biology:Technology of Marine Biology:• SonarSonar-sound navigation ranging was introduced -sound navigation ranging was introduced after World War II as an important tool of marine after World War II as an important tool of marine biology.biology.•ScubaScuba-Invented in 1943 by Jacques Cousteau and -Invented in 1943 by Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan. It stands for Self Contained Underwater Emile Gagnan. It stands for Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus. It is limited to shallow water.Breathing Apparatus. It is limited to shallow water.• ROVsROVs- Remotely Operated Vehicles. They have - Remotely Operated Vehicles. They have greatly extended the depth at which humans can greatly extended the depth at which humans can explore the ocean.explore the ocean.•SatellitesSatellites- allow us to track many different conditions - allow us to track many different conditions within the oceans. Salinity, temp, water clarity, algae within the oceans. Salinity, temp, water clarity, algae growth, and pollution.growth, and pollution.

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific MethodChapter 1Chapter 1


Mr. SwiftMr. Swift

ObjectivesObjectives

• Describe the Scientific Method.Describe the Scientific Method.

• Explain the limitations of the Explain the limitations of the Scientific Method.Scientific Method.

• Discuss the role of ethics in the field Discuss the role of ethics in the field of science.of science.

Figure 1.21Figure 1.21

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The Science of Marine Biology Marine Biology. Chapter 1 Outline Chapter 1 Outline The Science of Marine Biology The Science of Marine Biology –The History