The Scientific Method

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7sSuhQ1_24

You can use the scientific method anytime, anyplace, any subject!!!

Big Bang Theory:

Scientific Method

• What is it?

Observation/Question/Problem

Hypothesis

Decide which from the group is the best hypothesis and tell why.

1a. Plants will grow taller when given Miracle Grow.1b. Plants will grow better when given Miracle Grow.

2a. Girls are smarter than boys.2b. Girls will score higher on math tests than boys.

3a. Hermit crabs choose colorful shells over drab shells.3b. Hermit crabs like colorful shells.

Experiment

• Experimental Group -receives some kind of treatment or condition

• Control Group – normal conditions, used to compare

Everything about the two groups must bet the same except the factor you are testing.

Example of experiment

• Hypothesis: Plants will grow taller when given Miracle Grow.

• We will have 2 plants: A & B. A will be give Miracle grow and B will not. What other factors must we control and keep the same. Why?

Variables

Collecting/Analyzing Data

Conclusions

If your hypothesis is false are you a bad scientist?

Determine the independent variable and dependent variable in each hypotheses. Then change the hypothesis into the proper if, then statement.

• If the (independent variable) is (describe how you changed it), then the (dependent variable) will (describe the effect).

• EXAMPlE: If the water give to plants is decreased, then the growth of the plant will decrease.

1. Independent variable.2. Dependent variable.3. Correct hypothesis.

1. I think a bigger sponge can absorb more water than a small one.

2. I think thicker paper is stronger.3. I think higher temperatures cause bananas to

ripen faster.4. I believe larger fruit has more juice.5. I believe larger wheels make carts roll faster.6. I think higher temperatures increase the rate

that sugar dissolves.

A scientific theory

• A hypothesis that has been tested many times and is confirmed to be true.

Graphing Skills

How to set up successful graphs in Science Class!

Line Graphs• Used to show data that is continuous• Points are plotted using x- and y-axis• Points are connected• Shows relationship between IV and DV• Many times, the IV plotted on the X-axis is time.

Bar Graphs

• Data is NOT continuous.• Bars typically don’t touch.• Allows us to compare descriptive data like amounts of percentages or categories• There is no order to the categories on the X-axis.

Pie Graphs

• Data is NOT continuous• Usually presents data as a “part of a whole“ or

as percentages• Categories add up to 100%

Which type of graph?# Description Lin

e Bar

Pie

Ex. Amount of each color of M&M’s in a bag

X

1 Heating a pan of water over a time period

2 Shows number of students earning A’s, B’s, C’s

3 Measuring the percentage of each gas in the air.

4 Shows the percentage of allowance spending on different thing

5 Shows height change over 15 year period

Which type of graph?# Description Lin

e Bar

Pie

Ex. Amount of each color of M&M’s in a bag

X

1 Heating a pan of water over a time period

X

2 Shows number of students earning A’s, B’s, C’s

X

3 Measuring the percentage of each gas in the air.

X

4 Shows the percentage of allowance spending on different thing

X

5 Shows height change over 15 year period

X

When making a graph don’t forget:

How to determine scale

Favorite Singer

Number of Teachers

Toby Keith

22

Madonna

15

Elvis 11

Sting 5

Sinatra 2

•In this case your scale would be from 2-22•Next subtract and divide by how many intervals (spaces you have on graph)•The best interval would be to go by 5’s

25

20

15

10

5

Add your labels and data

25

20

15

10

5

-Add your Title

-Label BOTH axis

-Put in your data

# of

Tea

cher

s

Singers

Toby Keith

Madonna

Elvis

Sting

Sinatra

Teachers Favorite Singer

Create a Line GraphDistance (m)

Time (s)

10.3 1.5

20.2 2.9

29.8 4.3

40.4 5.8

49.1 7.0

60.9 8.7

70.2 10.0

80.1 11.4

90.6 12.9

Create a Line Graph

Distance (m)

Time (s)

10.3 1.5

20.2 2.9

29.8 4.3

40.4 5.8

49.1 7.0

60.9 8.7

70.2 10.0

80.1 11.4

90.6 12.9

100908070605040302010 0

Dist

ance

(m)

Time (s)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Distance over time

Biology is the study of living things. So……….. What makes something living?

Is it Living?

1. Make observations of the item at the lab station.

2. Decide with your lab group if the sample was ever living or was never living.

3. On your paper record if it was living or not and give 2 characteristic it has that makes it living, or 2

characteristics it does not have and makes it not living. Repeat this at each lab station.

Characteristics of Living Things

To be considered living it must have ALL of these characteristics.

1. Cells/DNA• All living things are composed of

cells and contain DNA

1. Cells/DNA• UNICELLULAR

• MULTICELLULAR

2. Metabolism• ALL ORGANISMS ACQUIRE AND USE

ENERGY

2. Metabolism– PLANTS

• USE SUN ENERGY ---- PHOTOSYNTHESIS (BUILD) • AUTOTROPHS (producers)

– ANIMALS • TAKE ENERGY FROM OTHER LIVING THINGS

(BREAKDOWN) • HETEROTROPHS (consumers)

3. Reproduction• ORGANISMS PRODUCE OFFSPRING LIKE

THEMSELVES

3. Reproduction• 2 types:– ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

4. Growth and Development

• ALL LIVING THINGS EITHER GROW OR DEVELOP, MANY DOING BOTH IN A LIFE CYCLE

5. Adapt and Change• ALL LIVING THINGS ADAPT or CHANGE

6. Respond to Environment• ORGANISMS DETECT AND RESPOND TO

STIMULI FROM THEIR ENVIRONMENT

7. Homeostasis• ALL LIVING THINGS MAINTAIN A STABLE

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

• EXAMPLE: BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN HUMANS

– TOO HOT --- SWEATING – TOO COLD --- SHIVERING

7. Homeostasis• ALL LIVING THINGS MAINTAIN A STABLE

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT• EXAMPLE: MAINTAINING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

– CONTROLLED BY 2 HORMONES SECRETED BY PANCREAS

Review Questions

In your composition book, answer these questions. Title the page: Bell ringer 9/?/20151. What are the 7 characteristics of life?2. Is a virus living or nonliving. Support your

answer!3. Contrast these words:

Unicellular/multicellular Asexual/sexual Autotroph/heterotroph

Essential Standard:Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to

the survival of living organisms.

Chemistry Of Life

Elements of Life (elements are pure substances)

• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen• Nitrogen• Sulfur• Phosphorus

Elements are made of atoms

What is in nucleus?

What is the charge of a proton?

Neutron?

Electron?

Draw this carbon atom in your notes.

Elements Make up Compounds

• Common compounds found in living things:–Water (H2O)–Glucose (C6H12O6)–Free Oxygen (O2)–Carbon Dioxide (CO2)–Phosphate (PO4)

WaterDraw this water molecule in your notes.

WaterProperties of Water• Polar uneven distribution of charge

• Solvent dissolves most substances

• Cohesive and adhesive due to hydrogen bonding

pH – determines acidity of a substance

• Acid – pH between 0 and 6.9• Base –pH between 7.1 and 14• Water – NEUTRAL pH = 7

• Where is the strongest acid on the scale?

pH

• Buffer prevents sudden changes in pH.

• Why is it important for you body to have buffers?

Clarifying Objective: Bio.4.1.1

Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to the survival of living organisms. Unpacked: Compare the structure and

function of each of the listed organic molecules in organisms: oCarbohydrates (glucose, cellulose, starch,

glycogen) oProteins (insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin) oLipids (phospholipids, steroids) oNucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)

Biological Molecules• Contains carbon &

hydrogen.

• Carbon’s is very stable.

• • Covalent bond =

atoms share electrons

• These can also be called organic molecules or macromolecules

• The four macromolecules are: – Carbohydrates – Proteins– Lipids– Nucleic Acids

Types of Bonds in Biology

• Covalent– Share electrons (H2O)

– Strong bond

• Peptide– Covalent bond that holds amino acids

together

• Hydrogen– Weak bond, found in DNA

Vocabulary

ROOTS!

• Mono – one • Di – two • Poly – many• -ase – enzyme• -ose – sugar

Jigsaw• The 4 organic compounds (aka macromolecules)

1. Carbohydrate2. Lipid3. Protein4. Nucleic Acid

Groups of 4. Each student will pick one organic molecule to learn about and they will go to that station, read the material, and take notes on that macromolecule for 8 minutes. (make notes in your composition book on the left side) Then the groups will come back together and each student gets 2 minutes to teach there group about that molecule. Each group member will make notes about the other 3 molecules on the right side of their composition book.

The Biomolecule Band

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7xOSCEmZw

Video: Introduction to Biomolecules

Make sure to complete your worksheet AFTER the video.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

• Function: short-term energy.

• Composed of C,H,O.

• Notice the ring structure

Carbohydrates

• Monomers is the monosaccharides or simple sugars (glucose)

• Polysaccharide: when simple sugars link together with covalent bonds (sucrose)

Indicator Tests for Carbohydrates

Iodine – tests for starch. Positive is black color

Benedict’s Solution – tests for monosaccharides. Positive is orange color.

CarbohydratesExample: Glucose

- Simple sugar, monosaccharide

Notice only one ring!

CarbohydratesExample: Starch , polysaccharide, energy storage in plants

Starch granules in plant cells

Notice this has many rings!

CarbohydratesExample: Glycogen – energy storage in animals, stored in liver

CarbohydratesExample: Cellulose – found in cell wall of plants, gives plant structural support

Lipids• C, H, O• Monomer is the fatty acid• Functions:• long – term energy storage in living

organisms (Twice as much as carbs)• Used for insulationComponent of the cell membrane• Provide protective coverings, do not

dissolve in water

Indicator Test for Lipids• Brown Paper Bag test. Positive is a

translucent color of bag.

LipidsExamples:

–Waxes, oils–Phospholipid: cell membranes

–Steroids: Maintain and control functions throughout the body.

• ex. Cholesterol & sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen)

http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2014/09/10/why-sugar-is-worse-than-fat/

CNN Sugar worse than fat?Sept. 10th 2014

Proteins

• C, H, O, N• Monomer is the amino acid

Draw the amino acid in your notes.

Proteins• Functions

– Transport• Hemoglobin carries oxygen in blood

– Catalyze (enzymes)• Speed up reactions

– Support and Strength• Collagen in skin and keratin in nails

– Regulate• Hormones manage body processes (insulin)

• Biuret’s Reagent: Positive turns dark purple

Indicator Test for Proteins

Proteins

Examples: –Insulin: regulates blood sugar levels

Proteins

Examples: –Antibodies: helps immune system fight disease

Proteins

Examples: –Hemoglobin: carries oxygen

Proteins

Examples: –Enzyme: catalyst to speed up reactions

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

• C, H, O, N, P• Monomer is the nucleotide

Draw the nucleotide in your notes.

Nucleic Acids• Each type has a specific function

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)– Stores genetic information– Used to make RNA

• RNA (ribonucleic acid)– Used to make proteins

Clarifying Objective: Bio.4.1.3

Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions.

Unpacked: Develop a cause and effect model for specificity of enzymes - the folding produces a 3-D shape that is linked to the protein function, enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) by lowering the activation energy, are re-usable and specific, and are affected by such factors as pH and temperature.  Note: Students should understand that enzymes are necessary for all biochemical reactions and have a general understanding of how enzymes work in terms of the connection between shape and function.

Chemical reactions are constantly occurring in all cells.

The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell is called the cell’s METABOLISM.

One example:

There are two types of chemical reactions that occur in cells.

• Exergonic - reactions that release energy.

• Endergonic - reactions that require energy to occur.

• Activation energy is the energy required to start a reaction.

Enzyme• Protein• Catalyzes reactions by lowering the

activation energy.• Usually end in –ase

Enzyme• Function best at specific temperature and

pH

What pH does Arginase work best?

Enzyme• Are specific to the substrate. LOCK and

KEY!

Enzyme• Reusable if not “denatured” (destroyed

by changing shape)– Can be denatured by change in pH or temp.

Enzyme

When it is denatured, it can NEVER be used again!

Energy at the cellular level is obtained from ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Notice the activation energy with and without the catalyst.

E + S E-S complex E + P

Enzyme ReactionLabel the enzyme reaction in your notes!

Enzyme

Is this an exergonic or endergonic reaction?Contrast sucrose and fructose.

What is the optimum pH for this enzyme?

What is the optimum temp. for this enzyme?

Enzymes and … Pac-man?• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUn64HY5bug&feature=youtu.be

• Complete your worksheet AFTER the video.