The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific RevolutionChapter 22 section 1Chapter 22 section 1

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The Renaissance inspired a spirit of The Renaissance inspired a spirit of curiositycuriosityThe Reformation encouraged leaders to The Reformation encouraged leaders to challenge the accepted ways of thinking challenge the accepted ways of thinking about God and salvationabout God and salvationA new Revolution was occurring in Europe A new Revolution was occurring in Europe that will challenge how people view their that will challenge how people view their space in the universe- the Scientific space in the universe- the Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Medieval ViewMedieval View

Before 1500, people thought whatever the Before 1500, people thought whatever the bible or ancient philosopher said must be bible or ancient philosopher said must be truetrueFew European scholars questioned the Few European scholars questioned the scientific ideas of ancient thinkers or the scientific ideas of ancient thinkers or the church by carefully observing naturechurch by carefully observing nature

Geocentric TheoryGeocentric TheoryDuring the Middle Ages most scholars believed the During the Middle Ages most scholars believed the earth was unmoving, and was the center of the earth was unmoving, and was the center of the universeuniverseAccording to the belief, the sun, moon and other According to the belief, the sun, moon and other planets revolved around the earthplanets revolved around the earthCommon sense supported that view- it seemed the sun Common sense supported that view- it seemed the sun rises and sets everydayrises and sets everydayThis was known as the Geocentric theoryThis was known as the Geocentric theoryWas supported by Aristotle and Greek astronomer Was supported by Aristotle and Greek astronomer PtolemyPtolemyThe church supported this theory as well, and taught The church supported this theory as well, and taught that God had purposely put the earth in the center of that God had purposely put the earth in the center of the universethe universe

Ptolemy’sPtolemy’s Geocentric theoryGeocentric theory

New Way of ThinkingNew Way of Thinking

A few scholars published works that A few scholars published works that challenged the old ways of thinking in the challenged the old ways of thinking in the 1500s, launching a change in European 1500s, launching a change in European thoughtthoughtHistorians call this the Scientific Historians call this the Scientific Revolution- a new way of thinking about Revolution- a new way of thinking about the world based on observation and the world based on observation and willingness to question old beliefswillingness to question old beliefs

During the Renaissance, scholars During the Renaissance, scholars uncovered many old manuscripts and uncovered many old manuscripts and realized that ancient authorities didn’t realized that ancient authorities didn’t always agree with each otheralways agree with each otherAs Europeans traveled to Africa, Asia and As Europeans traveled to Africa, Asia and the America’s, discoveries that had been the America’s, discoveries that had been unknown for centuries, just proved the unknown for centuries, just proved the possibility of new truthspossibility of new truths

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus CopernicusFirst major challenge to the old ways of First major challenge to the old ways of thinking was in astronomythinking was in astronomyA small group of scholars questioned the A small group of scholars questioned the geocentric theorygeocentric theoryAfter studying planetary movements for After studying planetary movements for over 25 years, Nicolaus Copernicus over 25 years, Nicolaus Copernicus concluded that the stars, earth and other concluded that the stars, earth and other planets revolved around the sunplanets revolved around the sun

Heliocentric TheoryHeliocentric Theory

Copernicus’s heliocentric theory (sun-centered Copernicus’s heliocentric theory (sun-centered theory) was rejected by most scholars and theory) was rejected by most scholars and clergy because it contradicted religious viewsclergy because it contradicted religious viewsFearing persecution and ridicule, Copernicus Fearing persecution and ridicule, Copernicus didn’t publish his findings until 1543, the last didn’t publish his findings until 1543, the last year of his lifeyear of his lifeHe received a copy of his book, He received a copy of his book, On the On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies,Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, on his on his deathbed deathbed

Over the next few centuries, scientists Over the next few centuries, scientists based their ideas on Copernicus’s findingsbased their ideas on Copernicus’s findingsTycho Brahe recorded the movements of Tycho Brahe recorded the movements of planets for many yearsplanets for many yearsHis assistant, Johannes Kepler proved His assistant, Johannes Kepler proved Copernicus’s basics were true through Copernicus’s basics were true through mathematicsmathematicsKepler couldn’t see well and had limited Kepler couldn’t see well and had limited use of his hands due to suffering from use of his hands due to suffering from small pox as a childsmall pox as a child

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler’s Johannes Kepler’s view of solar systemview of solar system

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei1581, Galileo sat in a 1581, Galileo sat in a cathedral and noticed the cathedral and noticed the chandelier swing on its chandelier swing on its chainchainAristotle said a pendulum’s Aristotle said a pendulum’s rhythm starts to slow as it rhythm starts to slow as it approaches its resting placeapproaches its resting placeUsing his pulse, Galileo Using his pulse, Galileo timed the chandelier’s timed the chandelier’s swings, and each swing of swings, and each swing of the pendulum took exactly the pendulum took exactly the same amount of timethe same amount of timeGalileo had discovered the Galileo had discovered the law of the pendulumlaw of the pendulum

Law of the PendulumLaw of the Pendulum

……and more from Galileoand more from GalileoGalileo also found that a falling object Galileo also found that a falling object accelerates at a fixed and predictable speedaccelerates at a fixed and predictable speedHe tested Aristotle’s theory that heavy objects He tested Aristotle’s theory that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones by dropping stones of fall faster than lighter ones by dropping stones of different weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisadifferent weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa

What do you think….will a basketball and a What do you think….will a basketball and a volleyball both land at the same time, although volleyball both land at the same time, although they are different weights?they are different weights?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHh3jJoW3zAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHh3jJoW3zA

……and he discovered even MORE!and he discovered even MORE!After hearing that a Dutch lens maker had After hearing that a Dutch lens maker had built an instrument that could enlarge far off built an instrument that could enlarge far off places, Galileo successfully built his own places, Galileo successfully built his own telescope without ever seeing the original telescope without ever seeing the original devicedevice

Galileo’s telescopeGalileo’s telescope

Galileo used his telescope to “study the Galileo used his telescope to “study the heavens”heavens”1610 hew published a series of 1610 hew published a series of newsletters called newsletters called Starry MessengerStarry Messenger, , describing his amazing findingsdescribing his amazing findingsHe told of Jupiter’s 4 moons, and the He told of Jupiter’s 4 moons, and the dark spots on the sun, and the rough, dark spots on the sun, and the rough, uneven surface of the moonuneven surface of the moonThis shattered Aristotle’s theory that the This shattered Aristotle’s theory that the moon and stars were made of a pure, moon and stars were made of a pure, perfect substanceperfect substance

Conflict With the ChurchConflict With the Church

Galileo’s findings scared leaders of Galileo’s findings scared leaders of Catholic and Protestant leaders because Catholic and Protestant leaders because they went against church teaching and they went against church teaching and authorityauthorityIf people believed the church could be If people believed the church could be wrong about this….wrong about this….

what else were they wrong about?what else were they wrong about?

The WarningThe Warning

1616, the Catholic church warned Galileo 1616, the Catholic church warned Galileo not to defend the ideas of Copernicusnot to defend the ideas of CopernicusGalileo remained silent publicly, but Galileo remained silent publicly, but continued his studiescontinued his studiesIn 1632, Galileo published In 1632, Galileo published Dialogue Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World SystemsConcerning the Two Chief World Systems that presented both views, but it was clear that presented both views, but it was clear that Galileo supported Copernicus’s viewthat Galileo supported Copernicus’s view

The pope was angry, and summoned Galileo The pope was angry, and summoned Galileo to stand trial before the Inquisitionto stand trial before the InquisitionUnder the threat of torture, Galileo knelt Under the threat of torture, Galileo knelt before the cardinals and read aloud a signed before the cardinals and read aloud a signed confession agreeing Copernicus’s findings confession agreeing Copernicus’s findings were falsewere false

““With sincere heart and unpretended faith I With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse and detest the aforesaid abjure, curse and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies of Copernicus and errors and heresies of Copernicus and also every other error…contrary to the also every other error…contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert anything I will never again say or assert anything that may cause similar suspicion toward that may cause similar suspicion toward me.” me.” -Galileo -Galileo

Galileo lived under house arrest and died in Galileo lived under house arrest and died in 1642 at his villa near Florence1642 at his villa near FlorenceHis books and ideas still spread all over EuropeHis books and ideas still spread all over Europe

In 1992, pope John Paul II officially In 1992, pope John Paul II officially acknowledged that Galileo was correct in acknowledged that Galileo was correct in asserting that the earth revolves around the sun, asserting that the earth revolves around the sun, but concluded that the church acted in good but concluded that the church acted in good faith, and worked with the knowledge of their faith, and worked with the knowledge of their timetime

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

This revolution in scientific thinking that This revolution in scientific thinking that Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo began, Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo began, eventually led to a new approach to science eventually led to a new approach to science called the scientific methodcalled the scientific methodThe scientific method is a logical procedure for The scientific method is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideagathering and testing ideaBegins with a problem or question arising from Begins with a problem or question arising from an observationan observation scientists form a hypothesis scientists form a hypothesis hypothesis is tested in an experimenthypothesis is tested in an experiment scientists analyze and interpret data and reach scientists analyze and interpret data and reach conclusionconclusion

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes helped advance this new approachhelped advance this new approachBacon believed that lives could improve Bacon believed that lives could improve through science and knowledgethrough science and knowledgeAs an English politician and writer, he As an English politician and writer, he attacked the ideas of ancient thinkers, and attacked the ideas of ancient thinkers, and urged scientists to experimenturged scientists to experiment

Rene DescartesRene DescartesDeveloped analytical geometry, linking Developed analytical geometry, linking together algebra and geometrytogether algebra and geometryBelieved scientists needed to reject old Believed scientists needed to reject old ideas and use math and logic to determine ideas and use math and logic to determine truthstruthsThe only thing he knew for certain was The only thing he knew for certain was that he existed-because, as he wrote, “I that he existed-because, as he wrote, “I think, therefore I am”.think, therefore I am”.

Newton’s Law of GravityNewton’s Law of GravityIsaac Newton studied mathematics and physics Isaac Newton studied mathematics and physics at Cambridge Universityat Cambridge UniversityBy age 24, he was sure all physical objects were By age 24, he was sure all physical objects were affected equally by the same forcesaffected equally by the same forcesNewton’s great discovery was that the same Newton’s great discovery was that the same force ruled the motions of the pendulum, planets force ruled the motions of the pendulum, planets and all matter on earth and spaceand all matter on earth and spaceAccording to this law, every object in the According to this law, every object in the universe attracts every other objectuniverse attracts every other objectThe degree of attraction depends on the mass of The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between themthe objects and the distance between them

In 1687, Newton published his ideas in a In 1687, Newton published his ideas in a work called work called Mathematical Principles of Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Natural Philosophy In the book he described the universe as a In the book he described the universe as a giant clock, with all parts working together giant clock, with all parts working together perfectly explained mathematicallyperfectly explained mathematically

Scientific InstrumentsScientific Instruments1590- first microscope developed by Dutch 1590- first microscope developed by Dutch eyeglass maker, Zacharias Jansseneyeglass maker, Zacharias Janssen1670s- Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a 1670s- Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope to observe red blood cells and microscope to observe red blood cells and bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings

1714 Dutch physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit 1714 Dutch physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit created first thermometer to use created first thermometer to use mercury in glass, showing water mercury in glass, showing water freezing at 32 degreesfreezing at 32 degrees1742-Swedish astronomer, Anders 1742-Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius created another scale for the Celsius created another scale for the mercury thermometer, showing freezing mercury thermometer, showing freezing at 0.at 0.

Medicine and the Human BodyMedicine and the Human Body

During Middle Ages, European doctors During Middle Ages, European doctors had accepted as fact, the writings of had accepted as fact, the writings of ancient Greek physician Galen ancient Greek physician Galen Galen had never dissected a human Galen had never dissected a human being, but studied the anatomy of pigs and being, but studied the anatomy of pigs and other animalsother animalsGalen assumed the anatomy of a human Galen assumed the anatomy of a human was the samewas the same

Anatomy of a Pig Anatomy of a humanAnatomy of a Pig Anatomy of a human

Galen’s assumptions were proved wrong Galen’s assumptions were proved wrong by Andreas Vesalius, a physician who by Andreas Vesalius, a physician who dissected a human corpse- despite the dissected a human corpse- despite the disapproval of this practicedisapproval of this practiceHe published his observations in his He published his observations in his book, book, On the Fabric of the Human BodyOn the Fabric of the Human Body which was filled with detailed diagrams which was filled with detailed diagrams of human organs, bones and muscleof human organs, bones and muscle

VaccinesVaccines1700s British doctor Edward Jenner introduced a 1700s British doctor Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpoxvaccine to prevent smallpoxHe did this by using live germs from cowpox He did this by using live germs from cowpox (cattle disease, but much milder than smallpox) (cattle disease, but much milder than smallpox) Inoculation had been used in Asia for years, and Inoculation had been used in Asia for years, and could be considered dangerous, but because he could be considered dangerous, but because he used a milder disease, the risks were lowerused a milder disease, the risks were lower

**inoculation- **inoculation- to introduce (the causative agent of a disease) into the body of (a person or animal), in order to induce immunity ** **

Robert Boyle, considered as the founder Robert Boyle, considered as the founder of chemistry, explained how volume, of chemistry, explained how volume, temperature, and pressure affect each temperature, and pressure affect each other, in his book, other, in his book, The Sceptical ChemistThe Sceptical ChemistAnother chemist, Joseph Priestley, Another chemist, Joseph Priestley, separated one pure gas from air in 1774 separated one pure gas from air in 1774 and noticed how good he felt after and noticed how good he felt after breathing this special airbreathing this special air

You can go to oxygen bars and You can go to oxygen bars and breathe in pure oxygenbreathe in pure oxygen

Other scholars and philosophers applied a Other scholars and philosophers applied a scientific approach to other areas of lifescientific approach to other areas of lifeThey believed themselves to be rationale, They believed themselves to be rationale, orderly and industrious- or enlightenedorderly and industrious- or enlightenedThese people would become the leaders These people would become the leaders of an intellectual movement called the of an intellectual movement called the EnlightenementEnlightenement