The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenmentstrawnsscenter.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/6/8/13684295/sample_bz-4… · Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment$29.95 BZ-4405 SCIENTIFIC

Teacher Toolbook BZ-4405Imaginative hands-on World History & Geography lessons designed for individual students, cooperative groups, and whole-class learning.

The Scientific Revolution &

The EnlightenmentMedieval & Early Modern Times

500 A.D. to 1789

Copyright © 2003 Performance Educationwww.performance-education.com

Revised April 2005.

Performance Education provides a series of Teacher Toolbooks for Grades 6-12.A toolbook consists of reproducible lessons followed by the Mother Of All Tests.This allows you test every Friday.

The Middle AgesThe complete set of all nine workbooks is SET-4606.

The Fall of Rome $19.95 BZ-4474Why did Rome fall? What was the significance of the Byzantine Empire? What was the Great Schism? Student speeches by Constantine theGreat. 114 test questions.

The Middle Ages - Islam $29.95 BZ-4754The life of Muhammad and the religion of Islam. The Koran: beliefs, practices, and law. The Five Pillars. A pilgrimage to Mecca. Ramadan.What beliefs do Muslims share with Jews and Christians? Sunni vs Shiite Muslims. How geography shaped Arab culture. Compare thenomadic and sedentary way of life. The spread of Islam by military conquests, cultural blending, and the spread of the Arabic language. Therise of cities. The role of merchants and their caravan trade routes throughout Asia, Africa and Europe. The Golden Age of Islam: Muslimscholars and their intellectual achievements. 348 test questions.

The Middle Ages - China $29.95 BZ-4322The Golden Age of China. Four dynasties - Tang, Sung, Mongols, and Ming. The reunification of China. Buddhism spread through China,Korea and Japan. Block printing was invented. The Mongol invasion, Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, and Marco Polo. Confucianism. TheGrand Canal. The Silk Road. Sea expeditions. The imperial state and its bureaucracy. Chinese inventions (tea, paper, woodblock printing,the compass, and gunpowder) and their impact on world history. 338 test questions.

The Middle Ages - Africa $29.95 BZ-4828Life in the Niger River Valley. How geography shaped the caravan trade. Desert people traded salt; rainforest people traded gold. The twopeoples met in the savanna, “where the camel meets the canoe.” The Empire of Ghana was founded on the gold-salt trade. The story ofMansa Musa and the Empire of Mali. The importance of family, specialized jobs, and the oral tradition in West Africa. How Arab merchantsspread the Arabic language and the religion of Islam. 246 test questions.

The Middle Ages - Japan $29.95 BZ-4331How geography shaped the culture. Nara. Prince Shotoku. The Golden Age of Literature: Lady Murasaki Shikibu’s The Tale of Genji, ThePillow Book, and haiku. The rise of a military society. Shinto and Zen Buddhism. The rise of cities like Edo (Tokyo). How weak Ashikagashoguns tried to rule, yet the daimyo warred among themselves. The samurai’s impact on culture. Noh and Kabuki theater. How medievalJapan and medieval England were very similar. 631 test questions.

The Middle Ages - Europe $34.95 BZ-4403How geography shaped life in medieval Europe. How Christianity spread throughout northern Europe. The rise of feudalism and life on themanor. The rise of towns. The rise of monarchy. Kings & Popes. The story of Charlemagne. William the Conqueror and the Norman invasion.The Magna Carta, Parliament, the English court system - and how they influenced the U.S. Causes and results of the Crusades. Trace theroute of the bubonic plague. The Catholic Church’s impact on Europe. Ferdinand, Isabella, and the Reconquista. 1,364 test questions.

Maya, Inca, Aztec $29.95 BZ-4755The Maya carved a civilization out the rainforest of Central America: slash-and-burn farming, pyramids, a system of writing, math and astron-omy. The Aztecs moved to the Plateau of Mexico and built a floating city: Tenochtitlan, Lake Texcoco, floating gardens, tomatoes, maize,chocolate, causeways, aqueducts, a warlike society with slavery and human sacrifice. Like the Romans, the Inca were engineers: TheAndes, roads along the rides, terrace farming, royal messengers, the quipu, the potato, Cusco and Machu Picchu. 178 test questions.

Renaissance & Reformation $29.95 BZ-4404THE RENAISSANCE: What was the Renaissance? Florence and Venice. Trade along the Silk Road. Marco Polo. The impact of the printingpress. The achievements. The stories of Dante, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Gutenberg, and Shakespeare. THE REFORMATION: What was the Reformation? The leaders - Erasmus, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Tynedale. The impact ofProtestantism. The Counter-Reformation: Jesuits, the Council of Trent, and Catholic missionaries throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America.The Inquisition. 743 test questions.

Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment $29.95 BZ-4405SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: What was the Scientific Revolution? The impact of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton. The inventions -telescope, microscope, thermometer, barometer. Bacon and Descartes. The scientific method. The impact of rationalism on democraticideas. THE AGE OF EXPLORATION: What made exploration possible? Trace the routes of the great explorers. The stories of Magellan and all theexplorers. The impact of the cultural exchange on all the continents. The rise of mercantilism on a global scale.THE ENLIGHTENMENT: What was the Age of Reason? John Locke and Montesquieu - how did their philosophy evolve into democraticinstitutions? How the principles of the Magna Carta ended up in the English Bill of Rights, the Declaration of Independence, and the U.S.Constitution. 356 test questions.

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Your state test is based on Bloom’s taxonomy.

Bloom’s taxonomy

Your state test is based on Bloom’s taxonomy.The men and women who have designed your end-of-course exam are experts in Bloom’s taxonomy.They can take one event, person, map, chart, or cartoon . . . and turn it into six separate questions.

This Toolbook is based on Bloom’s taxonomy.Since your state test is based on Bloom’s taxonomy, so are the lessons in this Toolbook. The toughest questions on the state test involve synthesis and evaluation.

What is Bloom’s taxonomy?It is critical thinking.Students must be able to manipulate the facts.

1. Memorize Memorize the facts, especially terms and definitions.2. Interpret Translate the facts into your own words.3. Apply Can you find an existing match?4. Analyze Break down the facts (compare and contrast, cause and effect)5. Synthesize Add up the facts and draw conclusions6. Evaluate Using a high standard, how does this person or event measure up?

Performance in front of the classIn this book, the lessons give students practice in Bloom’s taxonomy.Performance - in front of the class. Peer pressure can be wonderful.Performance - on paper. Maps, graphic organizers, all the tricks in the book.Performance - on the practice test. Many students learn after the fact - by trial and error.

A fat ToolbookTo those non-teachers who say this is a long Toolbook, we say: “Why, yes. Did you not know? This is what it takes for a student to learn your state’s standards for Social Studies.”

Your learning curveThere is no learning curve for you.

Reproducible lessons There are several types of lessons:1. Some are lectures.2. Some should be turned into transparencies.3. Some are student worksheets and must be copied.

The Tests If your students can do well on these tests, the state test will be a breeze.

The Master TeacherThis book is based on two premises:Every child can achieve success on the test.Every teacher can become a master teacher.

Lesson plan compliments of Performance Education 1-800-539-1607 www.performance-education.comDerived from Middle Ages: The Scientific Revolution and Enlightnement Toolbook: BZ-4405

page 7

The Scientific Revolution &The Enlightenment


page 8

IconsYou will find these icons on the upper outside corner of each lesson. These icons are intend-ed to identify each lesson as a particular type of activity. They will also alert you to lessonsthat need early preparation, such as transparencies, films or hands-on projects. Graphic orga-nizers appear frequently in the Toolbooks, and should be copied and distributed to each stu-dent.

Graphic OrganizerTransparency

LectureA StoryTimelineTransparencyChart

Group AnalysisDebateSkits

DocumentsSpeechesQuotations

Games

Internet

Mapping

Films

ProjectsLibrary ResearchWriting Activities


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There are 63 lessons.There are 356 questions on the test.

Table of Contents

1. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION page 11Lesson #1 Lecture What was the Scientific Revolution?Lesson #2 Graphic organizer The Scientific Revolution: who, what, where, when, why and

how?Lesson #3 Lecture The roots of the Scientific RevolutionLesson #4 Lecture New Scientific TheoriesLesson #5 Transparency Scientific InventionsLesson #6 Lecture The Scientific MethodLesson #7 Lecture Two detectives: Columbo and Sherlock HolmesLesson #8 Game Scientists and The Bell GameLesson #9 Game The Great RaceLesson #10 Quotations Great QuotationsLesson #11 Speeches w/ internet Great Speeches!Lesson #12 Internet The Scientific Revolution: Name that guy!Lesson #13 Internet Homework: The Scientific RevolutionLesson #14 Game The ABCs of the Scientific RevolutionLesson #15 Game Can you speak scientifically?

2. THE AGE OF EXPLORATION & page 30THE ENLIGHTENMENT

1. The Age of Exploration page 31Lesson #16 Timeline The Age of ExplorationLesson #17 Mapping Europe had an ideal location. Why?Lesson #18 Group analysis w/ mapping The Big PictureLesson #19 Chart w/ research Who explored what?Lesson #20 Student activity Christopher Columbus sailed west to Asia...Lesson #21 Student activity Vasco da Gama sailed east to Asia...Lesson #22 Student activity Ponce de Leon in FloridaLesson #23 Student activity Balboa in PanamaLesson #24 Student activity Cortez psyched out the AztecsLesson #25 Student activity Pizarro was not a nice guyLesson #26 Student activity Cabot claimed North America for EnglandLesson #27 Student activity Cartier claimed Canada for FranceLesson #28 Student activity Magellan had a lot of courageLesson #29 Student activity Francis Drake became a national heroLesson #30 Student activity America is named after Vespucci!Lesson #31 Mapping Map the routes of the World ExplorersLesson #32 Mapping Describe the route!Lesson #33 Game The Explorers and The Bell GameLesson #34 Game The Great RaceLesson #35 Internet The Age of Exploration: Name that guy!


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Lesson #36 Group analysis Life is like a rock groupLesson #37 Group analysis Life is like a rock groupLesson #38 Game The Forehead GameLesson #39 Lecture The Columbian ExchangeLesson #40 Internet Homework: The ExplorersLesson #41 Game The ABCs of the ExplorersLesson #42 Game Can you talk like an explorer?

2. The Enlightenment page 67Lesson #43 Lecture What was the Enlightenment?Lesson #44 Graphic organizer The Enlightenment: who, what, where, when, why and how?Lesson #45 Lecture The Origins of Modern CapitalismLesson #46 Lecture MercantilismLesson #47 Lecture CapitalismLesson #48 Graphic organizer The main ideas of the EnlightenmentLesson #49 Lecture John Locke, 1688Lesson #50 Lecture Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws, 1748Lesson #51 Lecture w/ chart The Magna CartaLesson #52 Document The Declaration of Independence, 1776Lesson #53 Game Political Thinkers and The Bell GameLesson #54 Game The Great RaceLesson #55 Quotations Famous Quotations: The Age of ReasonLesson #56 Group analysis Life is like a rock groupLesson #57 Group analysis Life is like a rock groupLesson #58 Game The ABCs of the EnlightenmentLesson #59 Game Can you talk like a philosopher?Lesson #60 Group analysis Screaming HeadlinesLesson #61 Game Honk if you hate history!Lesson #62 Game Stump the Teacher!Lesson #63 Game The Last Man Standing...Test 356 questions page 88


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A website for research:http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook09.html

1. The Scientific Revolution

Students analyze the historical developments of the Scientific Revolutionand its lasting effect on religious, political, and cultural institutions.

1. Discuss the roots of the Scientific Revolution(Greek rationalism; Jewish, Christian, and Muslim science; Renaissance humanism;

new knowledge from global exploration).

2. Understand the significance of the new scientific theories (Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton)and the significance of new inventions (telescope, microscope, thermometer, barometer).

3. Understand the scientific method advanced by Bacon and Descartes,the influence of new scientific rationalism on the growth of democratic ideas,and the coexistence of science with traditional religious beliefs.


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Lecture Lesson #1

What was the Scientific Revolution?As the teacher tells the story, students fill in the graphic organizer (next page).

When & WhereThe Scientific Revolution began in Europe during the late 1500s. It reached its peak in the 1600s.

WhatThe Scientific Revolution was the beginning of modern science. Scientists said:

1. We challenge all accepted knowledge.2. We believe something only if it can be tested and proven by experiments and observation.3. We conduct systematic experiments to reveal all the laws of nature.

Why1. The Greeks (Aristotle) used reason to figure out scientific explanations. But they never ran experiments.2. Muslims (Avicenna) used reason to figure out scientific explanations. But they never ran experiments.3. Renaissance humanists (Leonardo da Vinci) explored new ideas in every field. But they never ran experiments.4. Reformation leaders (Martin Luther) discarded traditional ideas.5. The Age of Exploration:

Christopher Columbus had a theory: If I sail west, I should land in Asia.In 1492, Columbus ran an experiment to test his theory.He was dead wrong: There were two continents (North America, South America) that Europeans did not know about.This made scientists throw “accepted ideas” out the window. From then on, scientists questioned EVERYTHING.

Who1. Galileo 1632 Italy Using the telescope, he re-wrote the book on ASTRONOMY.

Myth: Sun and planets revolve around Earth.Truth: Earth and planets revolve around Sun.“Father of Modern Experimental Science”

2. Vesalius 1543 Flanders He dissected corpses and re-wrote the book on ANATOMY.Myth: Folks had strange notions about the skeleton.Truth: In his textbook, Vesalius drew illustrations of the human skeleton.“The Father of Human Anatomy.”

3. William Harvey 1628 England He dissected corpses and re-wrote the book on circulation of the blood.Myth: Blood flows through the veins to the rest of the body.Truth: The heart is a pump! Arteries carry blood from the heart. Veins to the heart.

4. Robert Boyle 1662 Ireland He ran experiments and re-wrote the book on CHEMISTRY.Myth: All matter is made of four elements - earth, water, air, fire.Truth: Air is not a basic element. It is made up of several gases.“Father of Modern Chemistry”

5. Francis Bacon 1620 England “Father of the Scientific Method”Experiments in the laboratory should be the basis of all knowledge.Systematic experiments could reveal all the laws of nature.

6. Descartes 1641 France “Father of Modern Philosophy”Scientists must act like mathematicians! A mathematician uses pure reason. He follows the numbers and is never influenced by prejudice.

HowScientists ran experiments using a fixed pattern, called The Scientific Method1. State your theory. This can be the “accepted knowledge” that everybody believes.2. Run an experiment . . . To test your theory!3. Observe the experiment. Don’t rely on the human eye. Use scientific instruments (telescope, microscope, thermometer, etc.)4. Record the results. Use math calculations.5. Make general statements. Use math to test your logic!6. Draw conclusions. Is the theory true?


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Lesson #2 Graphic organizer

The Scientific Revolution: Who, what, where, when, why and how?

The Scientific

RevolutionWho

WhyList 5 things that ledup to the Sci Rev.

Where

When

How

WhatDefine the Sci Rev.


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Lecture Lesson #3

1. Discuss the roots of the Scientific Revolution (Greek rationalism; Jewish, Christian, and Muslim science;Renaissance humanism; new knowledge from global exploration).

The roots of the Scientific RevolutionWhat people and events led up to the Scientific Revolution?Here we take a closer look at the CAUSES of this revolution.

1. Greek rationalism ..............The Greeks used reason and logic to figure out scientific explanations.The ancient Greeks were great scientists.

Why the Greeks were greatThe Greeks were the first to ignore superstition and give scientific explanations to events.Example: Hippocrates ignored superstition and explained that a disease has a specific cause.

Aristotle’s methodAristotle developed his own method:

1. Use observation - Use your own eyes. Don’t rely on “accepted wisdom” (religion and superstition).2. Classify information - Break it down into its parts.3. ANALYZE - Examine the parts and their relationship to one another.4. Draw conclusions - using DEDUCTIVE logic.5. Announce the THEORY.

The Greek method sometimes went astraySome Greek theories were just plain wrong . . .Aristotle: Heavy objects fall faster than lighter objects.Ptolemy: The sun and planets revolve around the Earth.

What was missingRun an experiment to test your theory!

2. Muslim science

Muslim MathModern math began when Arabic numerals were introduced into Europe.

Muslim scienceMuslim scholars preserved the Greek books on science.Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine was the standard medical book in Europe for 600 years.

What was missingRun an experiment to test your theory!


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3. ReligionJewish and Christian scholarsBoth Maimonides (Jewish scholar) and St. Thomas Aquinas (Christian scholar) agreed:

1. Aristotle’s logic and reasoning was the way to go.2. There is no conflict between reason and faith.3. It’s okay to study science - it will not conflict with religion.

Protestant ReformationReformation leaders (Martin Luther) discarded traditional ideas.They had no problem with the Scientific Revolution.

4. Renaissance humanismHumanists explored new ideas in every field.

CopernicusCopernicus, born in Poland, was a world-famous astronomer. His book: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543).

Ptolemy (the ancient Greek astronomer) said: The earth is at the center of the universe. The sun revolves around the earth.

Copernicus said: The sun is at the center of the universe. For his Copernican theory, he is regarded as the “Father of Modern Astronomy.”

5. The Age of ExplorationNew knowledge from global explorationChristopher Columbus had a theory: If I sail west, I should land in Asia.In 1492, he conducted an experiment to test his theory.He was dead wrong: There were two continents (North & South America) that Europeans did not know about.This made scientists throw “accepted ideas” out the window. From then on, scientists questioned EVERYTHING.

The Scientific Revolution!Galileo lived from 1564 to 1642.The Scientific Revolution was in full swing in the 1600s.

GalileoGalileo was the “Father of Modern Experimental Science.”By running experiments, he overturned two long-standing Greek scientific ideas:Aristotle: Heavy objects fall faster than lighter objects.

By running an experiment (dropping things from the Leaning Tower of Pisa), Galileo discovered that this was not true!

Ptolemy: The sun and planets revolve around the Earth.By running an experiment (using a telescope), Galileo discovered that this was not true!

What was new1. Run an experiment to test your theory!2. Use math!3. Use scientific instruments!New inventions (telescope, microscope, thermometer, barometer) increased the power of human observation.


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Lecture Lesson #4Transparency


New Scientific Theories The first advances made in modern science were made in . . . astronomy.Four scientists made revolutionary discoveries in astronomy.As you tell the story, students draw four cartoons.

Ptolemy ancient Greece Cartoon: Geocentric theory of the universePtolemy was an ancient Greek astronomer. Everybody believed what he said, including the Catholic Church.

1. The geocentric theory.2. Earth is the center of the universe. 3. Sun and planets revolve around Earth.

The Scientific Revolution (the next four men) proved him wrong!

Copernicus 1473-1543 POLAND Cartoon: Heliocentric theory of the universeAstronomerCopernicus said that was wrong:

1. The heliocentric theory. 2. Sun is the center of the universe. 3. Earth and other planets revolve around the sun. 4. Known as the Copernican theory.5. People not believe it: If Earth is in motion, then objects should fly off into the universe.

Copernicus is regarded as the “Father of Modern Astronomy.”

Galileo 1564-1642 ITALY Cartoon: A guy with a telescopeAstronomer & MathematicianGalileo is the “Father of Modern Experimental Science.” Using the newly-invented telescope, he found evidence to prove the Copernican theory.In 1632, he published his book, Dialogue on Two World Systems.His scientific discoveries contradicted the teachings of the Catholic Church.In 1633, he was persecuted by the Inquisition, recanted, and was put under house arrest.

Kepler 1571-1630 GERMANY Cartoon: Earth makes an oval orbit around sunMathematicianUsing math calculations, he explained Copernicus was right:The Earth and other planets could revolve around the sun - if they did so in an elliptical orbit. (Oval, not a circle.)Kepler’s math proved that the universe operates according to regular laws.

Newton 1642-1727 ENGLAND Cartoon: A guy under an apple tree. Mathematician An apple hits him on the head.Isaac Newton sat under a tree and an apple fell on his head.He had a sudden flash of insight: Every planet follows the laws of gravity!

The Law of Universal Gravitation (1687)1. Why objects fall to the ground. (gravity)2. Why planets stay in their orbits. (gravity)

An ever bigger idea: The universe operates according to regular laws!


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Lesson #5 ChartTransparency


Scientific InventionsAs you tell the story, students draw four cartoons.

During the 1600s, scientists invented precision instruments to improve their ability to observe and measure.

Who invented it What it does Why it was significant

1. Telescope The Dutch, 1608 Magnifies things at a distance.Galileo built his, 1609 Improves human observation Magnified 30 times. in astronomy. Galileo observed:

Moons revolved around Jupiter.So everything does not revolve around the earth.

2. Microscope Robert Hooke, 1667 Magnifies small objects. Discovered plant cells.Improves observation in biology and medicine.

3. Thermometer Fahrenheit Measures temperature. Boiling point (212); freezing point (32)Celsius Boiling point (100); freezing point (0)

4. Barometer Torricelli, 1645 Measures atmospheric It allows you to forecast the weather.pressure. When the barometer falls dramatically,

you are in for bad weather.


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Lecture Lesson #6

3. Understand the scientific method advanced by Bacon and Descartes, the influence of new scientific rational-ism on the growth of democratic ideas, and the coexistence of science with traditional religious beliefs.

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method is a systematic way to conduct all experiments.Francis Bacon (experiments) and Descartes (math steps, math logic) invented the Scientific Method.

Francis Bacon 1561-1625 “Father of the Scientific Method”Scientists must conduct experiments in the laboratory!Systematic experimentation can reveal all the laws of nature.Francis Bacon was also a major political leader in England.He inspired the Royal Society in London and the Academy of Sciences in Paris.

Descartes 1596-1650 Man is capable of reason and logic!Scientists must doubt everything.Scientists must behave like mathematicians.

A mathematician uses pure reason:He figures out a math problem.He goes wherever the numbers lead him.He is never influenced by prejudice.

Famous quotation: “I think, therefore I am.” (Only humans have the power to use reason and logic.)Descartes is regarded as the “Father of Modern Philosophy.”

The Scientific MethodThe new wayThe Scientific Method is a systematic way to conduct all experiments.You must conduct all experiments in these steps and in this order:

1. State your theory. This can be the “accepted knowledge” that everybody believes.2. Run an experiment To test your theory!3. Observe the experiment. Don’t rely on the human eye. Use scientific instruments (telescope, microscope)4. Record the results. Use math.5. Make general statements. Use math to test your logic!6. Draw conclusions. Is the theory true?

Two problems loom ahead . . .ReligionThe Protestant Reformation (1500s) told people to ignore past traditions.The Scientific Revolution (1600s) told people to ignore past traditions.The Catholic Church, the home of tradition, was not happy. For starters, it believed that God made Earth the center of the universe. Any other belief was heresy.This is why the Inquisition forced Galileo to recant (take back what he said).

PoliticsScientists believed that the world was a brilliant machine that operated according to natural laws.Using the Scientific Method, one could discover the laws.During the Enlightenment (1700s), politicians tried to discover “natural laws” for humans and society.During the English Revolution (1688), John Locke came up with a lovely “natural law.”During the American Revolution (1776), his “natural law” was a great success.During the French Revolution (1789), all heck broke loose. Humans do not operate like machines.


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Lesson #7 Lecture

Here’s a way to appreciate the Scientific Method . . .

Two detectivesBefore the Scientific Revolution, scientists acted like Columbo.After the Scientific Revolution, scientists acted like Sherlock Holmes.

Columbo You see the whole picture, so break it down.When the TV show begins, Columbo already knows who did it. His only job is to figure out how.He sees the big picture. He analyzes the parts. He uses deductive reasoning.

Columbo’s method1. Observe He uses his eyes and ears.2. Classify He breaks the evidence down into little bits.3. Analyze He examines the bits and their relationship to one another.4. Conclusions Using deductive logic, he discovers how the guy did it.5. Announcement He announces his findings to the world.

A Columbo story is always short and sweet: It fits into 60 minutes for TV.This was the old way. Aristotle’s way. It’s not scientific.You can’t begin already knowing the answer. Bacon says: “Cut it out!”

Sherlock Holmes You see only bits and pieces. Now add it up!When the mystery begins, Sherlock Holmes has no idea who did it. He runs experiments.He runs experiments. He uses synthesis. He uses inductive reasoning.

Sherlock’s method1. Theory Watson states what appears to be true. (He is always wrong.)2. Runs experiments Sherlock runs experiments to test Watson’s theory.3. Observation He uses scientific instruments, like his magnifying glass!4. Record the results Sherlock uses math calculations.5. General statements Sherlock makes general statements and uses math to test his logic.6. Draw conclusions Sherlock decides Watson’s theory is not true.

A Sherlock Holmes story is always long:Sherlock must develop a new theory and start the process all over again!He eventually comes up with the answer: Whodunit.

This was the new way: The Scientific Method. It is much closer to real life, no?p.s. A test in school always makes you add things up. That is what makes a test so hard.


page 20

Game

Categorize the facts

ScientistsBreak into pairs. Examine each fact. Using the chart, categorize each fact.

When you are finished,play the Bell Game:“Name that Scientist!”

More advanced: Readfacts from your textbookor the encyclopedia.

Lesson #8

Famous Scientists

Copernicus 1473-1543 “Father of Modern Astronomy” An astronomer. Ptolemy’s theory: The earth is at the center of the universe; the sun and planets revolvearound the earth. Copernican theory: The sun is at the center of the universe; the earth and other planets revolve around the sun. But Copernicus could not prove his theory.

Galileo* 1564-1642 “Father of Modern Experimental Science” An astronomer and mathematician. Using the newly-invented telescope, he found evidence to prove theCopernican theory. Because the Copernican theory contradicted the teachings of the Catholic Church,Galileo was persecuted by the Inquisition. But Galileo could not explain: Do planets made a circlearound the sun? If Earth moves, then why don’t objects go flying into outer space?

Kepler 1571-1630 The universe operates according to regular lawsA mathematician. Using math calculations, he explained Copernicus was right: The Earth and otherplanets could revolve around the sun - if they did so in an elliptical orbit. (Oval, not a circle.) But if theEarth is moving, then why don’t objects go flying out into outer space?

Newton 1642-1727 Law of Universal GravitationA mathematician. He discovered gravity! He then used gravity to explain why Copernicus was right.Every planet follows the laws of gravity: On Earth, gravity makes objects fall to the ground. (Not go flying into outer space.) In the Universe, gravity makes planets stay in their orbits.

Francis Bacon 1561-1625 “Father of the Scientific Method”A stateman and philosopher. Scientists must conduct experiments in the laboratory!Systematic experimentation can reveal all the laws of nature. He inspired the Royal Society in Londonand the Academy of Sciences in Paris.

Descartes 1596-1650 “Father of Modern Philosophy”A mathematician. Scientists must act like mathematicians! A mathematician uses pure reason. He follows the numbers and is never influenced by prejudice. Famous quotation: “I think, therefore I am.”(Only human beings have the power to use reason and logic.)

*Galileo also studied physics. Aristotle said that heavy objects fall at a faster speed than light objects.Galileo tested this theory by running an experiment: He dropped objects from the Tower of Pisa and discovered the law of falling bodies - light or heavy, an object falls at the same rate of speed. Aristotlewas wrong.

1. Father of Modern Experimental Science2. Father of the Scientific Method3. Father of Modern Astronomy

4. Invented the Copernican theory5. Discovered evidence to support the Copernican theory.

6. He theorized that the planets go around the run.7. Using the telescope, he watched the planets go around the sun.8. Using math, he explained how the planets go around the sun. (oval orbit)

9. He discovered that objects fall to the ground at the same rate of speed.10. He discovered why objects fall to the ground.

11. The universe operates according to regular laws.12. He discovered the law of gravity.13. If you conduct experiments, you can discover all the laws.

14. If you use reason (not prejudice), you won’t get into trouble.15. Heck, I used reason and got into a lot of trouble.

For homework: Dream up more questions.

The Answers

1. Galileo2. Bacon3. Copernicus4. Copernicus5. Galileo, Kepler, Newton.6. Copernicus7. Galileo8. Kepler9. Galileo10. Newton11. Kepler12. Newton13. Bacon14. Descartes15. Galileo


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A game to learn how to categorize. A game for those students who learn best by doing.A game to assess learning.

The Bell Game: “Name that Scientist!”

The week beforeGo to Office Depot or Office Max and buy 6 bells. You know: You bop it to call for service. Make 6 signs: Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Bacon, DescartesAsk the school custodian for a wide table and 6 chairs.

A panel of “experts”In the front of the classroom, place the table and chairs. In front of each, place a sign and bell. Ask for volunteers to sit as a panel of experts. "You are responsible only for responding to facts which relate to your category."

The ReaderChoose a student to read the facts. Explain: "When the reader read a fact which deals with your particular category, ring your bell."

The Answer ManChoose a student to play this role. We suggest a boy or girl who has been absent. Give the student the answer sheet.Explain: "When a student rings the bell, you must say in a strong voice: 'That is correct' or 'That is incorrect.'"

How to beginAsk students to test their bells. "Do not ring your bell until the full statement has been read."“If you engage in frivolous bell-ringing, another student will take your place.”The Reader reads the facts, one by one.The Answer Man states whether the answer is correct or incorrect.

What if several students ring their bells?All the better! Ask the class whether or not the incorrect answer is possible, based upon the student's explanation. Keep in mind that when you enter higher levels of thinking, certain answers are going to be "in the ballpark" and,therefore, acceptable.

More advancedUsing the same topic, read from the encyclopedia. Ask students to explain their answers. That is, exactly why does this fact relate to your category?


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Game Lesson #9

Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Bacon, and Descartes

The Great RaceGoal: Define each and draw a distinction between them.

Break into pairs. Using your textbook answer the questions below. Choose a scorekeeper.On the far left of the chalkboard, write the 6 names. Do the same on the far right side of the chalkboard.

Copernicus Galileo Kepler Newton Bacon Descartes

1. Break into two teams: Team A and Team B. Try guys vs gals.2. Line up, single file - at least 15 feet from the board.3. The teacher reads the statement.4. Two students race to the board and put a check put a check by the correct answer.5. Teacher gives correct answer. Students erase their check marks and go to the back of the lines.

Do it over and over again, until every student has mastered the material.

1. Father of Modern Experimental Science2. Father of the Scientific Method3. Father of Modern Astronomy

4. Invented the Copernican theory5. Discovered evidence to support the Copernican theory.

6. He theorized that the planets go around the run.7. Using the telescope, he watched the planets go around the sun.8. Using math, he explained how the planets go around the sun. (oval orbit)

9. He discovered that objects fall to the ground at the same rate of speed.10. He discovered why objects fall to the ground.

11. The universe operates according to regular laws.12. He discovered the law of gravity.13. If you conduct experiments, you can discover all the laws.

14. If you use reason (not prejudice), you won’t get into trouble.15. Heck, I used reason and got into a lot of trouble.

The Answers

1. Galileo2. Bacon3. Copernicus4. Copernicus5. Galileo, Kepler, Newton.6. Copernicus7. Galileo8. Kepler9. Galileo10. Newton11. Kepler12. Newton13. Bacon14. Descartes15. Galileo


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The Scientific Revolution

The Definition

37. True or False: The Scientific Revolution was the beginning of modern science. a. True b. False

38. What was new about the Scientific Revolution?a. Running experiments in the laboratory.b. Using new math - calculus and analytical geometry.c. Using scientific instruments to increase human observation.d. all of the abovee. none of the above

39. During the Scientific Revolution, great advances were made ina. astronomyb. medicinec. chemistryd. physicse. mathf. all of the aboveg. only a and b

40. Discoveries of the Scientific Revolution proved that the universe operates a. at random.b. according to regular laws.

41. The men of the Scientific Revolution werea. scientistsb. mathematiciansc. bothd. neither

42. The Scientific Revolution produceda. astrologersb. astronomersc. bothd. neither

43. The Scientific Revolution produceda. chemistsb. alchemistsc. bothd. neither

37. a

38. d

39. f

40. b

41. cDon’t forget the math guys!Kepler was pure math, so wasDescartes.

42. bAstrologers were medievalquacks. They “read” the starsand told you your future.

43. aAlchemists were medievalquacks. They tried to turn basemetals into gold.


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The Origins44. All of the following led up to the Scientific Revolution, except:

a. Greek rationalismb. Medieval religionc. Muslim scienced. Renaissance humanisme. New knowledge from global exploration

45. The Greeks used _______ to figure out scientific explanations.a. experimentsb. reason and logicc. bothd. neither

46. Who were the ancient Greek scientists?a. Aristotle and Ptolemyb. Copernicus and Galileoc. Kepler and Newtond. Bacon and Descartese. Einstein

47. There is no conflict between reason and religious faith. Who believed this?a. Jewish scholars like Maimonides b. Christian scholars like St. Thomas Aquinas c. bothd. neither

48. Renaissance humanists explored new ideas in a. art and literatureb. math and sciencec. bothd. neither

49. Which encouraged people to discard accepted ideas?a. the Catholic Churchb. the Protestant Reformation

50. Which told people to ignore past traditions?a. The Protestant Reformation b. The Scientific Revolution c. bothd. neither

51. New knowledge from global exploration led scientists to ______ accepted knowledge.

a. acceptb. doubt

44. b

45. b

46. a

47. c

48. c

49. b

50. c

51. b


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Scientists

52. The sun and planets revolve around the Earth. Who said this?a. Ptolemyb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

53. The Earth and planets revolve around the sun. Who was the first to say this?a. Ptolemyb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

54. Who ran experiments using the telescope?a. Ptolemyb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

55. Who believed in the geocentric theory of the universe?a. Ptolemyb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

56. Who believed in the heliocentric theory of the universe?a. the Inquisitionb. the Scientific Revolution

57. Who was the first to discover evidence to support the Copernican theory?a. Ptolemyb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

58. Who was punished for the Copernican theory?a. Ptolemyb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

52. a

53. b

54. c

55. a

56. b

57. c

58. c


page 95

59. Who observed that moons revolve around Jupiter and concluded that all things do not revolve around Earth?

a. Ptolemyb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

60. Who proved mathematically that the Earth makes an elliptical orbit around sun?


61. An ellipse is a(n) _______.a. ovalb. circle

62. If the Earth moves, then why don’t objects go flying into outer space? This question was answered by


63. Who discovered the Law of Universal Gravitation?a. Ptolemyb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

64. The law of gravity explainsa. Why objects fall to the ground. b. Why planets stay in their orbits. c. bothd. neither

65. True or False: Every planet follows the laws of gravity.a. True b. False

66. True or False: The universe operates according to regular laws.a. True b. False

67. Who proved the heliocentric theory of the universe?a. Galileob. Keplerc. Newtond. all of the abovee. none of the above

59. c

60. d

61. a

62. egravity

63. e

64. c

65. a

66. a

67. d


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68. He was the first to theorize that the planets go around the run.a. Ptolemyb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

69. Using the telescope, he saw planets go around the sun.a. Ptolemyb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

70. Using math, he explained how the planets go around the sun. a. Ptolemyb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

71. He said heavy objects fall to the ground faster than light objects.a. Aristotleb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

72. He discovered that objects fall to the ground at the same rate of speed.a. Aristotleb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

73. He discovered why objects fall to the ground.a. Aristotleb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

74. He discovered the law of gravity.a. Aristotleb. Copernicusc. Galileod. Keplere. Newton

68. b

69. c

70. d

71. a

72. c

73. egravity

74. e


page 97

New inventions

75. The new inventions of the Scientific Revolution were meant to improvea. observationb. measurementc. bothd. neither

76. Which was not a new invention of the Scientific Revolution?a. telescope c. barometer e. magnetic compassb. microscope d. thermometer

77. Which invention was meant to magnify very small things?a. telescope c. barometer e. magnetic compassb. microscope d. thermometer

78. Which invention was meant to magnify things at a distance?a. telescope c. barometer e. magnetic compassb. microscope d. thermometer

79. Which invention measures temperature?a. telescope c. barometer e. magnetic compassb. microscope d. thermometer

80. Which invention measures air pressure?a. telescope c. barometer e. magnetic compassb. microscope d. thermometer

81. Which invention allows you to forecast the weather?a. telescope c. barometer e. magnetic compassb. microscope d. thermometer

82. Which invention would be helpful in both biology and medicine?a. telescope c. barometer e. magnetic compassb. microscope d. thermometer

83. Which invention would be helpful in both chemistry and medicine?a. telescope c. barometer e. magnetic compassb. microscope d. thermometer

84. Who invented the thermometer?a. Fahrenheitb. Celsiusc. bothd. neither

75. c

76. c

77. b

78. a

79. d

80. c

81. c

82. b

83. d

84. c


page 98

The Big Picture

85. Experiments in the laboratory should be the basis of all knowledge. Who first said this?

a. Copernicus c. Kepler e. Descartesb. Galileo d. Newton f. Francis Bacon

86. Systematic experiments could reveal all the laws of nature. Who first said this?


87. Scientists should behave like mathematicians and use pure reason. Who first said this?


88. Scientists ran experiments using a ______ pattern.a. fixedb. random

89. Which began by stating a theory?a. Scholasticismb. Scientific Method

90. Scientists introduced a new method called _________.a. Natural Rightsb. the Social Contractc. the Scientific Methodd. the “Invisible Hand”e. Mercantilism

91. State the theory. Run an experiment to test your theory. Use math calculations to test your logic. Make general statements and draw conclusions. This is known as __________.

a. Natural Rightsb. the Social Contractc. the Scientific Methodd. the “Invisible Hand”e. Mercantilism

92. Use observation. Classify information. Analyze the facts. Draw conclusions using deductive logic. Announce the new theory. This ___ the method of scientists during the Scientific Revolution.

a. wasb. was not

93. During the Scientific Revolution, scientists did all of the following, except:a. challenged accepted knowledge.b. believed something only if it could be tested and proven.c. ran experiments to test accepted knowledge.d. conducted systematic experimentation to reveal the laws of nature.e. accepted tradition and traditional knowledge.

85. f

86. f

87. e

88. aThe Scientific Method has sixsteps that you do in order.

89. b

90. c

91. c

92. b

93. e


page 99

94. The Scientific Method is a systematic way to conduct all _________.a. observationsb. experimentsc. bothd. neither

Bacon or Descartes95. The Scientific Method was advanced by

a. Baconb. Descartesc. bothd. neither

96. Francis Bacon insisted on _____ and Descartes insisted on _____.a. experiments; math logicb. math logic; experiments

97. Systematic experimentation can reveal all the laws of nature. Who believed this?

a. Francis Baconb. Rene Descartes

98. Who inspired the Royal Society in London and the Academy of Sciences in Paris?


99. Scientists must doubt everything. Scientists must behave like mathematicians. Who believed this?


100. A mathematician uses pure reason. He follows the numbers and is never influenced by prejudice. Who was he?


94. b

95. cHowever, Bacon is regarded asthe “Father of the ScientificMethod”

96. a

97. a

98. a

99. bDescartes was a real “DoubtingThomas.”

100. bDescartes was “The Math Guy.”
