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The Second Red ScareThe United States and the Cold War
REVIEW.
1. What two groups were feuding in China prior to WWII and shortly after?2. Which nation supported Mao Zedong and the communists? Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalists?3. What did Mao Zedong promise Chinese peasants?4. Where were Nationalists forced to flee to following their defeat?5. Describe why losing China to communism was frightening to Americans?6. How was the Korean Peninsula divided following WWII?7. Name the leaders in charge of North Korea and South Korea.8. Was the Korean Peninsula supposed to remain separated forever?9. Describe the four phases of the Korean War.10. How did the United States get involved in Korea?11. Describe the fallout between President Truman and Gen. MacArthur.
The Second Red ScareAlthough the presence of the Communist Party in America faded rapidly after World War II, concerns about espionage and communist sympathizers were on the rise.
How could politicians use the Red Scare for their own advancement?Republicans? Claimed FDR and Democrats had communist ties.Democrats? Claimed Republicans were linked to Fascism and Hitler.
In 1947:President Truman signs an executive order dubbed the “Loyalty Order”.Granted the Attorney General the right to list Fascist, Communist, and other “subversive organizations”…
Of the 13m workers it applied to…14,000 lost their jobs between 1947 and 1953.
QUESTIONS.
Who was targeted during the First Red Scare?When did the United States go through the First Red Scare?
The Second Red ScareWas this fear logical?“At the height of WWII, about 80,000 Americans claimed membership in the Communist Party.”
How would the United States respond?
Congressman Martin Dies (TX-D) forms the Dies Committee in 1938.
Becomes the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) in 1945.
The Second Red ScareWhat industry in the US has access to millions of customers through multimedia?
Why Hollywood?
Most denied ties to communism when interview by HUAC…but ten members of Hollywood refused to participate.
The Hollywood Ten
Does HUAC violate any constitutional amendments in their questioning?
The Hollywood Ten “cited First Amendment free speech protection…”HUAC cited them for contempt and the Supreme Court sentenced all to jail time.
The Second Red ScareImpact of HUAC on the United States?1. The Blacklist2. Witch hunts of common people3. Alger Hiss Case4. The Rosenberg Case
The Alger Hiss CaseThe Korean War and advancements in nuclear weaponry by the Soviets promoted the rapid spread of anti-communist sentiment in the United States…1948: Whittaker Chambers accuses Alger Hiss of being part of a Communist group in Washington DC.
HissChambers
Chambers?A confessed former Communist and TIME magazine editor
Hiss?Clerk to Justice Oliver Wendall HolmesAssistant Counsel to the Nye CommitteeMember of the State DepartmentWent to Yalta with FDROversaw the creation of the UNPresident of the Carnegie Endowment
The Alger Hiss CaseWhat made this case gain national attention?Hiss wasn’t a spy, in the words of Chambers, he was an infiltrator.
Two days after the accusation by Chambers, Hiss appeared before HUAC and read his opening statement:“I am not and never have been a member for the Communist Party. I do not and never have adhered to the tenets of the Communist Party. I am not and never have been a member of any Communist-front organization… to the best of my knowledge, I never heard of Whittaker Chambers until 1947, when two representatives from the FBI asked me if I knew him and various other people. I said that I did not know Chambers. So far as I know, I have never laid eyes on him, and the statesmen made about me by Mr. Chambers are complete fabrications.”
The Alger Hiss CaseAfter questioning both Chambers and Hiss, Nixon realized it was close to impossible to prove Hiss was a member of the Communist Party.
First: Nixon questions Chambers.
The Alger Hiss CaseNext: Nixon showed Hiss a photo of Chambers and questioned him.
The Alger Hiss CaseFinally: Chambers feared he would be charged with perjury…
Outcome?Alger Hiss sentence to jail for perjury
The Witch-Hunt - McCarthyismWest Virginia in 1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy (WI-R) states the State Department is infested with communists.
Claims that he knows of 205 known members of the Communist Party.
