The Second RevolutionThe Second Revolution

Liberté, égalité, fraternité.

Legislative Assembly, 1791-1792Legislative Assembly, 1791-1792

Dominated by middle class, but more radical Dominated by middle class, but more radical than National Assembly.than National Assembly.

King vetoed many measures.King vetoed many measures.

New Factions Emerge:New Factions Emerge:– JacobinsJacobins: political club that dominated Legislative : political club that dominated Legislative

AssemblyAssembly– GirondinsGirondins: radical Jacobins who were advanced : radical Jacobins who were advanced

party of the revolution and brought the country to war.party of the revolution and brought the country to war.– The Mountain: The Mountain: political group, whose members, political group, whose members,

called called MontagnardsMontagnards, sat on the highest benches in the , sat on the highest benches in the Assembly.Assembly.

International OppositionInternational Opposition

Declaration of PillnitzDeclaration of Pillnitz, August, 1791: issued by , August, 1791: issued by Prussia and Austria – Attempt to protect royals.Prussia and Austria – Attempt to protect royals.Èmigrès:Èmigrès: French nobles who fled France sought French nobles who fled France sought support of foreign countries.support of foreign countries.Emperor LeopoldEmperor Leopold II declared he would restore II declared he would restore gov’t of France if other powers joined him; really gov’t of France if other powers joined him; really a bluffa bluffFrench revolutionaries took Leopold at his word French revolutionaries took Leopold at his word and prepared for war.and prepared for war.

War of the First CoalitionWar of the First Coalition

Legislative Assembly declared war in April, 1792Legislative Assembly declared war in April, 1792Austrian armies defeated French armies but Austrian armies defeated French armies but divisions over eastern Europe saved Francedivisions over eastern Europe saved FranceBrunswick ManifestoBrunswick Manifesto: Prussia & Austria would : Prussia & Austria would destroy Paris if royal family harmeddestroy Paris if royal family harmedBattle of ValmyBattle of Valmy, Sept. 20, 1792: Prussian , Sept. 20, 1792: Prussian invasion stopped; moral victory for Conventioninvasion stopped; moral victory for ConventionBattle of Jemappes:Battle of Jemappes: first major victory for first major victory for France; took Austrian NetherlandsFrance; took Austrian NetherlandsBut war turned against France by Spring 1793But war turned against France by Spring 1793

The Second Revolution BeginsThe Second Revolution Begins

Revolutionary Revolutionary sentiment in the sentiment in the Assembly led by Assembly led by Robespierre, Danton, Robespierre, Danton, and Maratand MaratKing’s palace stormed King’s palace stormed at Tuileries on Aug. 10 at Tuileries on Aug. 10 1792, 1792, Swiss GuardsSwiss Guards killed; king taken killed; king taken prisoner.prisoner.Monarchy outlawed.Monarchy outlawed.

Revolutionaries attempt to make the king wear the red hat at the Tuileries Palace.

Paris CommuneParis Commune

Revolutionary municipal gov’t set up in Paris, Revolutionary municipal gov’t set up in Paris, which usurped powers of the Legislative which usurped powers of the Legislative AssemblyAssemblyLed by Led by Georges-Jacques DantonGeorges-Jacques Danton Legislative Assembly suspended 1791 Legislative Assembly suspended 1791 constitutionconstitutionSeptember MassacresSeptember Massacres (led by Paris Commune) (led by Paris Commune)Rumors of aristocratic and clerical conspiracy Rumors of aristocratic and clerical conspiracy with foreign invaders led to massacre of over with foreign invaders led to massacre of over 1,000 priests, bourgeoisie, and aristocrats1,000 priests, bourgeoisie, and aristocrats

National Convention,National Convention, 1792-1795 1792-1795France proclaimed a republic, France proclaimed a republic, September 21, 1792September 21, 1792Equality, Liberty, Fraternity!Equality, Liberty, Fraternity!Two factions emerged:Two factions emerged:– The MountainThe Mountain: radical republicans : radical republicans

(Jacobins); urban class (Danton, (Jacobins); urban class (Danton, Robespierre, Marat)Robespierre, Marat)

– GirondinsGirondins: more moderate faction; : more moderate faction; represented countrysiderepresented countryside

sans-culottes sans-culottes (“without breeches”): (“without breeches”): (not part of National Convention)(not part of National Convention)– working-class; extreme radicalworking-class; extreme radical– kept revolution moving forward: stormed kept revolution moving forward: stormed

Bastille, march to Versailles, driving king from Bastille, march to Versailles, driving king from Tuleries, Tuleries, September MassacresSeptember Massacres

National Convention - LeadersNational Convention - Leaders

Maximilien RobespierreMaximilien Robespierre– Rose through strength of Rose through strength of

character and speech. character and speech. – Became increasingly radical.Became increasingly radical.

Georges-Jacques DantonGeorges-Jacques Danton– Rose to power through Paris Rose to power through Paris

CommuneCommune– Became Mister of JusticeBecame Mister of Justice

Jean-Paul MaratJean-Paul Marat– Voice of the RevolutionVoice of the Revolution– Radical, became martyr figure.Radical, became martyr figure.

Danton

National Convention,National Convention, 1792-1795 1792-1795Louis XVI beheadedLouis XVI beheaded January, January, 17931793Jacques RouxJacques Roux: demanded radical : demanded radical political action to guarantee breadpolitical action to guarantee breadMountain ousts Girondins, May Mountain ousts Girondins, May 1793: urged to do so by sans-1793: urged to do so by sans-culottesculottesEnragèsEnragès, radical working-class , radical working-class group (even more than sans-group (even more than sans-culottes) seized and arrested culottes) seized and arrested Mountain members in the Mountain members in the ConventionConventionCharlotte CordayCharlotte Corday, member of , member of Girondins, kills Marat (martyr)Girondins, kills Marat (martyr)

The Death of Marat, by Jacques-Louis David

National Convention - ReformsNational Convention - Reforms

Slavery abolished in the French colonies.Slavery abolished in the French colonies.Primogeniture abolished.Primogeniture abolished.Metric system enacted.Metric system enacted.Estates of émigré nobility sold to peasants.Estates of émigré nobility sold to peasants.Military draft instituted and civilian control Military draft instituted and civilian control confirmed.confirmed.New calendar enacted – Sept. 22, 1792 day New calendar enacted – Sept. 22, 1792 day one, year one of French Republic. Calendar had one, year one of French Republic. Calendar had 12 months named after seasons, 10 day weeks.12 months named after seasons, 10 day weeks.

Committee of Public SafetyCommittee of Public Safety

Formed in April 6, 1793 Formed in April 6, 1793 as executive emergency as executive emergency gov’t by the National gov’t by the National Convention.Convention.Maximilien Maximilien Robespierre Robespierre is its is its primary leader.primary leader.Responsible for Responsible for beginning the Terror.beginning the Terror.

Robespierre

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror (1793-94) (1793-94)Law of SuspectsLaw of Suspects: Created Revolutionary Tribunals : Created Revolutionary Tribunals at the local level to hear cases of accused enemies at the local level to hear cases of accused enemies brought to “justice”brought to “justice”guillotineguillotine: created as an instrument of mercy. : created as an instrument of mercy. Queen Marie Antoinette beheadedQueen Marie Antoinette beheadedMany Girondins executed in September, 1793Many Girondins executed in September, 1793VendèeVendèe: region in western France that opposed : region in western France that opposed revolution; many executedrevolution; many executedDanton and followers executed in 1794Danton and followers executed in 1794Overall 16,000 victims.Overall 16,000 victims.Cult of the Supreme BeingCult of the Supreme Being: deistic naturalist religion : deistic naturalist religion imposed by Robespierre; Catholics now opposed.imposed by Robespierre; Catholics now opposed.