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ThesexualphaseofthediatomPseudo-nitzschiamultistriata:cytologicalandtimelapsecinematographycharacterization
ARTICLEinPROTOPLASMAOCTOBER2015
ImpactFactor:2.65DOI:10.1007/s00709-015-0891-5
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4AUTHORS:
EleonoraScalco
StazioneZoologicaAntonDohrndiNapoli
12PUBLICATIONS85CITATIONS
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AlbertoAmato
StazioneZoologicaAntonDohrndiNapoli
16PUBLICATIONS511CITATIONS
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MariaImmacolataFerrante
StazioneZoologicaAntonDohrndiNapoli
18PUBLICATIONS514CITATIONS
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MarinaMontresor
StazioneZoologicaAntonDohrndiNapoli
94PUBLICATIONS2,539CITATIONS
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Availablefrom:AlbertoAmato
Retrievedon:26October2015
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The sexual phase of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata:cytological and time-lapse cinematography characterization
Eleonora Scalco1 & Alberto Amato1 & Maria Immacolata Ferrante1 &Marina Montresor1
Received: 10 April 2015 /Accepted: 30 September 2015# Springer-Verlag Wien 2015
Abstract Pseudo-nitzschia is a thoroughly studied pennatediatom genus for ecological and biological reasons. Manyspecies in this genus, including Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata,can produce domoic acid, a toxin responsible for amnesicshellfish poisoning. Physiological, phylogenetic and biologi-cal features of P. multistriata were studied extensively in thepast. Life cycle stages, including the sexual phase, fundamen-tal in diatoms to restore the maximum cell size and avoidminiaturization to death, have been well described for thisspecies. P. multistriata is heterothallic; sexual reproductionis induced when strains of opposite mating type are mixed,and proceeds with cells producing two functionally anisoga-mous gametes each; however, detailed cytological informa-tion for this process is missing. By means of confocal laserscanning microscopy and nuclear staining, we followed thenuclear fate during meiosis, and using time-lapse cinematog-raphy, we timed every step of the sexual reproduction processfrom mate pairing to initial cell hatching. The present paperdepicts cytological aspects during gametogenesis inP. multistriata, shedding light on the chloroplast behaviourduring sexual reproduction, finely describing the timing ofthe sexual phases and providing reference data for furtherstudies on the molecular control of this fundamental process.
Keywords Chloroplasts . Diatoms . Life cycle .
Pseudo-nitzschiamultistriata . Sexual reproduction .
Time-lapse cinematography
Introduction
The genus Pseudo-nitzschia includes 45 species of marineplanktonic diatoms that are important members of the phyto-plankton communities in both coastal and open oceanic waters(Trainer et al. 2012; Teng et al. 2014). A considerable amountof information has been gathered in the last decades on thedistribution of the different species, their physiology, toxicol-ogy and genetic diversity, making them one of the best knowngenera of marine phytoplankton (see reviews by Lelong et al.2012; Trainer et al. 2012). This interest stems from the factthat some Pseudo-nitzschia species produce domoic acid(Mos 2001), a neurotoxin responsible for the amnesic shellfishpoisoning syndrome (Pulido 2008). Since 1989, when the firstpaper describing the life cycle of a Pseudo-nitzschia specieswas published (Davidovich and Bates 1998), information hasbeen gained on the life cycle features of 14 different speciesand 1 variety (reviewed in Lelong et al. 2012). Almost all theinvestigated species have a heterothallic life cycle; i.e. sexualreproduction was obtained only when strains with oppositemating type get in contact (Fig. S1). Up to now, the onlydocumented exception is Pseudo-nitzschia brasilianaLundholm, Hasle and Fryxell, where sexual stages were ob-served in clonal cultures (Quijano-Scheggia et al. 2009). Thebasic mode of the sexual phase of the life cycle is conservedamong Pseudo-nitzschia species (Lelong et al. 2012). Uponmixing two strains of compatible mating type and in the cellsize window for sexualization, some cells align side to sideand differentiate into gametangia. Two gametes are producedwithin each gametangium; one gametangium produces active
Handling Editor: Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article(doi:10.1007/s00709-015-0891-5) contains supplementary material,which is available to authorized users.
* Eleonora [email protected]
1 Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, VillaComunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
ProtoplasmaDOI 10.1007/s00709-015-0891-5
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8561-0614http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0891-5http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s00709-015-0891-5&domain=pdf
(+) gametes that migrate towards the passive () partners andconjugate. The zygote transforms into an auxospore, which isnot surrounded by the rigid frustule, and within the auxospore,a large-sized initial cell is produced (Fig. S1).
To date, various aspects of the life cycle of these pennatediatoms have been investigated, spanning from the descriptionof the sexual phase in different species (e.g. Amato et al. 2005;Amato and Montresor 2008; DAlelio et al. 2009) to investi-gations on mating compatibility to test the biological speciesconcept (Amato et al. 2007; Casteleyn et al.
