The succession of bloom caused species: A result of complexity and variability of Changjiang estuary ecosystem

1 East China Sea environmental Monitoring center

2 the Key laboratory of integrated 2 the Key laboratory of integrated MMonitoring and onitoring and AApplied pplied TTechnology echnology

for marine for marine HHarmful armful AAlgae lgae BBloomloom

3 Shanghai Jiao Tong University3 Shanghai Jiao Tong University

2008.10.28，Dalian,P.R.China

JinhuiJinhui WangWang123123, , YanqingYanqing WuWu33, , ZhienZhien LiLi1212 ,,LingyunLingyun XiangXiang1212

The succession of bloom caused speciesⅠ

micro-algae to macro-algae

Ⅱ

Species succession of bloom caused micro-algaeⅢ

Species succession during one bloom

Possible reason?

·

Outline

3

ⅠCaused species shift from micro-algae to macro-algaeⅠCaused species shift from micro-algae to macro-algae

Apr~AugApr~Aug

AprApr

JulJul

6月25日卫星监测结果 奥帆赛附近海域

Enteromorpha sample in yellow sea By HJ52

藻体呈线形至披针形的长带

状，绿色 。高一般10-50cm，

宽0.5-15cm，体厚35-60 μm，

边缘常有波状皱褶或螺旋状扭曲

。细胞表面观为4-6角形，切面

观为纵长方形，成熟部分的细胞

常为方形。细胞呈不明显纵列或

不规则排列。具一个色素体和一

个淀粉核。

Enteromorpha sample in Changjiang estuary

连云港海域采连云港海域采 集的浒苔集的浒苔

南通海域采集南通海域采集 的浒苔的浒苔

Bloom of macro-algae caused the decrease of red tide?

Bloom of Bloom of Enteromorpha

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000-2001

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Prorocentrum dentatum Heterosigma Akashiwo Phaeocystis sp.

Karenia mikimotoi Mesodinium rubrum Noctiluca scintillans

Skeletonema costatum Eucampia zodiacus

More than 140 red tide algae were recorded in China coast, and about 80 of them have formed bloom since 1930s

Ⅱ

Species succession of bloom caused micro-algae

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1933

1959

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Red tide events in China

Insufficient monitoring

data

Other harm Algae DSP

DSP DSP

ASP DSP

PSP DSP

NSP =

Alexandrium tamarense

Karinia brevis

Alexandrium catenella

Alexandrium minutum

Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, P. pungens,

P. multistriata,

Dinophysis caudataDinophysis fortii

kerina mikimotoi

Dinophysis acuminata

Gymnodinium sanguineumHeterocapsa

circularisquama

Dinophysis rotundata

Heterosig ma akashiwo

Harmful algae in China

1933 Noctiluca scintillans Skeletonema costatum

1952 Trichodesmium thiebautii

1972 Prorocentrum mininum Trichodesmium erthraeum

1980 Heterosigma akashiwo Karenia mikimotoi

1982 Ceratium tripos

1983 Rhizosolenia alata f. gracillima

1984 Cocholodinium spp.

1986 Dactyliosolen mediterraneus Gymnodinium sp Teleaulax acuta

1987 Chaetoceros socialis Eucampia cornuta

1988 Alexandrium sp. Nitzschia sp

1989 Thalassiosira weissflogii 卵甲藻

1990 Euglena sp Mesodinium rubrum

1991 Chattonella marina Gonyaulax polygrammaPeridinium

bipes Prorocentrum micansProrocentrum

triestinum

1993 Dictyocha fibula Pseudonitzchia Pungens

1994 Scrippsiella trochoidea

1995 Ceratium furca

1996 Prorocentrum dentatum

1997 Phaeocystis globosa 微型蓝藻

Chronology of red tide

species

1998Gyrodiniuminstriatum

Kareniadigitata

Karenialongican

ales

1999Cochlodiniumpolykrikoides

2000Hermesinumadriaticum

Plagioselmisprolonga 红 球 藻 科

Akashiwosanguinea

2001Akashiwosanguinea

Thalassiosiranordenskioldi

Chattonellaglobosa

Chattonellaovata

Distephanu

sspeculum

Eucampiazodiacus

Leptocylindrusdanicus

Naviculasp.

Biddulphiaaurita

2002Chaetocerospseudocurvis

etus

Heterocapsacircularisqua

ma

Gymnodiniu

mbrevis

Gymnodiniu

mcatenella

Gyrodiniumsp

2003Chaetoceros

curviset

usThalassiosira

subtilisCyclotella

caspiaGonyaulax

sp

Karlodiniu

mmicrum

Nitzschia

closterium

Prorocentrumbalticum

Chaetocer

osdebilis

2004Chroomonas

sp.

Haematococcu

spluvialis

Cylindrothec

aclosterium

Thalassiosir

amala

2005Cerataulinapelagica

Heterocapsarotundata

Thalassiosir

arotula

2006Chaetocerossubsecundus

Melosirasulcata

Rhizosolen

ia

delicatula

2007Asterionellajaponica

Chaetoceroslorezianus

ChaetocerosCompressus

Chaetocerostortissimus

Ditylumbrightwellii

Gonyaula

xdigitale h

Chronology of red tide species

Bloom species in East China sea

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

ot herCer at i um f ur ca Phaeocyst i s gl obsa Gonyaul ax pol ygr ammaHet er ocapsa ci r cul ar i squama Lept ocyl i ndr us dani cusPr or ocent r um t r i est i numHet er osi gma akashi woAkashi wo sangui neaKar i ni a br evi s Al exandr i um t amar enseGonyaul ax di gi t al e Thal assi osi r a r ot ul a Pseudo- ni t zschi a pungensThal assi osi r a nor denski ol diAl exandr i um cat enel l a Chaet ocer os cur vi set usScr i ppsi el l a t r ochoi deaMesodi ni um r ubr um Chaet ocer os spNoct i l uca sci nt i l l ansKar eni a mi ki mot oiSkel et onema cost at umPr or ocent r um dent at um

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

ot herCer at i um f ur ca Phaeocyst i s gl obsa Gonyaul ax pol ygr ammaHet er ocapsa ci r cul ar i squama Lept ocyl i ndr us dani cusPr or ocent r um t r i est i numHet er osi gma akashi woAkashi wo sangui neaKar i ni a br evi s Al exandr i um t amar enseGonyaul ax di gi t al e Thal assi osi r a r ot ul a Pseudo- ni t zschi a pungensThal assi osi r a nor denski ol diAl exandr i um cat enel l a Chaet ocer os cur vi set usScr i ppsi el l a t r ochoi deaMesodi ni um r ubr um Chaet ocer os spNoct i l uca sci nt i l l ansKar eni a mi ki mot oiSkel et onema cost at umPr or ocent r um dent at um

Bloom species in East China sea

Key bloom species in ECSNoct i l uca sci nt i l l ans

05

1015202530

>1980 1980s 1990s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Kar eni a mi ki mot oi

05

1015202530

>1980 1980s 1990s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Skel et onema cost at um

0

5

1015

20

25

30

>1980 1980s 1990s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Pr or ocent r um dent at um

05

1015202530

>1980 1980s 1990s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Harmful algae distribution in Time scale1950s 1960s

1970

s

1980

s

1990

s

2000

s

Trichodesmium thiebautiiTrichodesmium erthraeumProrocentrum mininumHeterosigma akashiwoKarenia mikimotoiCocholodinium spp.Alexandrium spp.Chattonella marinaPseudonitzchia PungensPhaeocystis globosaKarenia digitataKarenia longicanalesChattonella globosaChattonella ovataHeterocapsa circularisquama

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Bohai Yel l ow sea East Chi nasea

Hongkong Sout h Chi nasea

05

1015202530354045

1930s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s

The first bloom recorded time

The first bloom recorded sea area

Trichodesmiumthiebautii

P. mininumT. erthraeum

H. akashiwoKarenia mikimotoi

CocholodiniumAlexandrium

ChattonellaPhaeocystis

CocholodiniumPseudonitzchia

Karenia

Heterocapsacircularisquama

Chattonella globosaChattonella ovata

Ⅲ

Species succession during one bloom

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

10-Oct 11-Oct 12-Oct 13-Oct 14-Oct 15-Oct 16-Oct 17-Oct

日期 Date

Thal

assi

osira

spp

.& D

inof

lage

llate

0

100

200

300

400

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Thal assi osi ra spp. di nof l agel l ate

Skel etonema costatum

Location:ChangjiangLocation:Changjiang estuaryestuary

Phosphate enrichment

1997.10.10~17(0.78- 3.25 ))μmol/l

1998.5.18~26(0.33-2.0μmol/l) 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

18-May 19-May 20-May 21-May 22-May 23-May 24-May 25-May 26-May

10^5

cells

/l

S. Costatum PCP. Dentat i um PCS. Costatum PEP Dentat i um PE

121 121.5 122 122.5 123 123.5 124 124.530

30.5

31

31.5

32

32.5

33

0 to 1000

1000 to 10000

10000 to 100000

100000 to 1000000

1000000 to 9266000

P. dentatum

Heterocapsa circularisquam

a

June 2003, HAB in Changjiang estuary, no harm found

June 2005, HAB in Changjiang estuary, caused some cultured mussel dead

S.costatum

3 species succession in ECS

02468

101214161820

24 25 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 16

Kar eni a mi ki mot oi

Pr or ocent r um dent at um

Skel et onema cost at um

May June 2005May June 2005

××1010６６indind/L/L

The nutrient composition——Si limitationN/P ratio

1 The physiological and ecological features of algae ——

what kinds of nutrients can be utilized The nutrients absorb efficiency Storage of nutrient

2 nutrients influence the succession of algae?

Possible reason

Population Density (persons / square km)

Pearl River

Yangtze River

Huai

Hai

Liao

River

River

River

Songhua River

Yellow River

Non-biological Environmental factor-Nutrient

supply

China Total Capture vs # Boat

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

China YS/10China Total # of Boats

Increased percentage of global capture vs China & ROK

-

20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

80,000,000

100,000,000

120,000,000

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

GlobalChinaKorea

8.85%19.54%

Water and Soil restoration project changed sand flux change

During 2001~2005, the area of water and soil regulation

completed was 21, 000 km2, The area of Ecological Restoration

was 2,060 km2；Moreover, the area of precaution and protection

in head-stream of Changjiang River and waterhead of Dan Jiang

Kou Reservoir at the middle engineer of South-to-North Water

Diversion was 110,000 km2.

the restoration of Water and Soil are the main reason of sand

flux change, and hence cause the decrease the Si flux.

Less pollutants policy had effected and will be strengthened in next 5 year. cause the decrease the N flux recently

other than discharges of domestic sewage and agricultural wastes, disturbance of Si input due to urbanization, soil erosion and river diversion can also be considered as a trigger for HABs dominated bydinoflagellates and micro-flagellates

Change of nutrient content and structure

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

平水期 丰水期PO4 -P

0. 0

0. 5

1. 0

1. 5

2. 0

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

无机

氮（

mg/L

）

平水期丰水期多项式 ( 丰水期)多项式 ( 平水期)

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

平水期 丰水期SiO3 - Si

The increasing N:Si ratio could exacerbate eutrophication by reducing the potential for diatom growth in favor of noxious flagellates.

TIN

After S.W.Kim,2006After S.W.Kim,2006

Species Optimal

N:P RatioAlexandrium catenellaCeratium furcaCryptomonas Sp.Gonyaulax polygrammaGymnodinium nagasakienseMesodinium rubrumNoctiluca scintillansOlisthodiscus Sp.Prorocentrum dentatumP. minimumP. sigmoidesP. triestinumPrumnesium Spp.Pseudonitzschia pungensScrippsiella trochoideaSkeletonema costatum

(15-30) : 1(12-22) : 1(12-20) : 1(4-8) : 1(11-16) : 1NR*(8-14) : 1(6-15) : 1(6-13) : 1(4-13) : 1(4-15) : 1(8-15) : 1(6-12) : 19 : 1(6-13) : 1>24 : 1

Hodgkiss and Ho (1997) also showed that dinoflagellate growth was generally favored by N:P (atomic) ratios from 10-22.

Some research showed HABs were closely related to N:P ratios change, and outbreaks of dinoflagellate-caused HABs were significantly correlated to changes in N:P ratio when supplies of N and P were abundant.

Nutrients utilization and

absorb efficiency

Sea location nutrient（mg/L）

N/P

N P

South Pearl estuary 0.713 0.021 77.6

China Dapeng Bay 0.055 0.004 31.4

Sea Daya Bay 0.076 0.005 34.7

Tuolin Bay 0.353 0.083 9.7

East Changjiang E 1.49 0.029 117.4

China Zhoushan 0.594 0.021 64.7

sea

Hangzhou bay 1.421 0.041 79.2

Bohai sea 0.365 0.032 26.1

Bohai Laizhou bay 0.145 0.025 13.3

Dalian Bay 1.198 0.017 161.1

1980s 0.206 0.023 19.9

Nutrient and

N/P in China coast从环境富营养化程度看，东海赤潮高发区最严重，渤海次之，南海除珠江口外较轻。从环境富营养化程度看，东海赤潮高发区最严重，渤海次之，南海除珠江口外较轻。

•Heterosigama akashiwo, Chattonella marina, Phaeocystis globosa

Bloom

Bloom

Bloom

•Heterocapsa circularisquama,Alexandrium tamarens,Prorocentrum

Bloom

K.mikimotoi can use NaH2PO4·2H2O, G- P, ATP. Prefer higher phosphorus concentration and lower N/P ratios.

TIP

TIN

Before 2004 Decreasing DSi and increasing DIN and DIP flux into the East China Sea have impacted the predominant algae species, The small size species become more dominant with increasing N∶P ratio.

After 2004, with the decreasing DIN and change of Si:N, diatom bloom is increasing

Si:N ratios, as N:P ratios, play a significant role in promoting or depressing HAB.The influences of Si:N ratios might be attributed to their impacts to diatoms growth. When the growth of diatoms is promoted, dinoflagellate-related HAB is depressed. When diatoms growth is depressed by low silicates, dinoflagellate-caused HABs are promoted

Climate change

13. 514. 014. 515. 015. 516. 016. 517. 017. 518. 0

1890

s19

00s

1910

s19

20s

1930

s19

40s

1950

s19

60s

1970

s19

80s

1990

s20

00~2

004

℃

ShanghaiShanghai

Some tropical species found in Some tropical species found in ChangjiangChangjiang estuary recentlyestuary recently

上海国际集装箱吞吐量SHANGHAI INTERNATIONAL CONTAINER TRAFFIC单位：10000TEUUNIT：10000TEU

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Ballast water?

0

500010000

1500020000

25000

3000035000

4000045000

50000

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

吞吐量

外贸吞吐量

throughput（10000T）

throughput of foreign trade

About 82.4% of arrived vessel

discharge no ballast water in shanghai. 17.8%

discharge,so about 21.5×106

ton ballast water discharged in shanghai 2007

The complexity and variability of Changjiang estuary ecosystem accelerate the species succession?

Estuarine Dynamics Department

• Tides

• Meteorology

• Freshwater flow

• Flooding

• Salinity mixing

• Flushing

• Stratification

• Retention time

AcknowledgementScience and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality”Mechanism of Harmful Algal Bloom in Changjiang estuary and the risk evaluation of Bloom caused by alien algae”(062358101 )Marine Science Fund for Young Scientists, “ HAB related alien algae identification and risks evaluation in Changjiang estuary” (2007129 )The Public Welfare Vocation Scientific Research The Public Welfare Vocation Scientific Research Foundation of ChinaFoundation of China (oceanography)（200805065 ）National highNational high--tech R&D programtech R&D program（（863863））“the research and development of real-time monitoring techniques and early warning system for harmful Algal bloom”（2007AA092001, 2007AA092003 ）

谢 谢!