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The Tang Dynasty 618–907 Statecraft: Era of Zhenguan 627-649 (continuity from Kaihuang Era in the previous Sui Dynasty ) Its relation to neighbors (as opposed to the Song Dynasty 581-600) Peace and Prosperity The An-Shi Rebellion Wu Zetian, the only Empress in China (Di Renjie, Chinese Sherlock Holmes; Tang Poetry (Li Bai or Li Bo & Du Fu)

The Tang Dynasty 618–907

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The Tang Dynasty 618–907. Statecraft: Era of Zhenguan 627-649 (continuity from Kaihuang Era in the previous Sui Dynasty ) Its relation to neighbors (as opposed to the Song Dynasty 581-600 ) Peace and Prosperity The An-Shi Rebellion - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

The Tang Dynasty618–907

Statecraft: Era of Zhenguan 627-649 (continuity from Kaihuang Era in the previous Sui Dynasty )

Its relation to neighbors (as opposed to the Song Dynasty 581-600)

Peace and Prosperity The An-Shi Rebellion Wu Zetian, the only Empress in China (Di Renjie,

Chinese Sherlock Holmes; Tang Poetry (Li Bai or Li Bo & Du Fu)

Page 2: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

The Li Family founded by the Li ( 李 ) family, who seized power

during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire. The dynasty was interrupted briefly by the Second

Zhou Dynasty (690–705) when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne, becoming the first and only Chinese empress regnant 统治的 , ruling in her own right.

The An-Shi Rebellion (755-763) marks the turning point when the Tang dynasty started declining.

Comparable to the Han dynasty in terms of the open door policy; both dynasties are prosperous.

Page 3: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Three Consequential Emperors

Taizong Li Shimin (reign 626 – 649) Empress Wu Zetian (r. 690-705) Xuanzong Li Longji (r. 712-756)

• (the An-Shi Rebellion 775-763)

Page 4: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Emperor Taizong of TangLi Shimin 李世民 (reign 626– 649)

r. for reign 执政 Emperor Taizong's reign

was regarded as the exemplary model against which all other emperors were measured, and his "Reign of Zhenguan" (Simplified Chinese 贞观之治 / Traditional Chinese 貞觀之治 ) was considered a golden age of Chinese history and required study for future crown princes.

Page 5: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate玄武门之变 xuánwǔmén zhībiàn 76

The crown prince Li Jiancheng 李建成 and Li Shimin’s 4th younger brother Li Yuanji 李元吉 committed adultery with their father’s favorite consorts/concubines Zhang Jieyu & Yin Defei

Because of Li Shimin's contributions, at various times, Emperor Gaozu (Li Yuan) considered replacing Li Jiancheng with him, but eventually did not, as Li Jiancheng was supported by Li Yuanji and Emperor Gaozu's favorite concubines.

At the funeral service for Princess Ping Yang, when Li Shimin barely took a little sip of wine, a flying swallow left its dropping into his cup, and smeared his clothes. Li went to change clothes. All of a sudden, he felt sharp pains in his stomach…

On July 2nd 626, Li Shimin slaughtered his two brothers

Page 6: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Locke on Political Legitimacy

John Locke: consent of the governed confers political legitimacy.

Group Project: Review of Literature on political legitimacy—different perspectives and theories

Page 7: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Li Shimin’s “Reign of Zhenguan”贞观之治 (626-649)

Li Shimin proved to be an energetic and competent ruler. He regularized the administrative system of six ministries that the Sui had initiated and set up a separate bu'reaucracy to monitor the imperial household spending. He pursued a series of successful military campaigns that added or regained territory in Korea and Vietnam and extended Tang power far into Central Asia along the Silk Road. His capital, called Chang’an and located at the modern site of Xiꞌan, had a population of two million people and was the largest city in the world.

Page 8: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Li Shimin’s Quotation“On Government”

“ 民,水也;君,舟也。 水能载舟,亦能覆舟。

A monarch to his subjects is as water to a boat;

Water can carry a boat; it can also capsize it.

The mandate of heaven = the mandate of people

Though Li Shimin had a bloody start, he turned out to be a great emperor

Legitimacy: Crown prince Jiancheng

李建成 is not qualified; Li Shimin later earned

respect from his subjects; Consequentialism?

Page 9: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Famous paintingInternal Frames (Contrast)

Emperor Taizong Li Shimin (r. 626-649) receives Ludongzan, 禄

东赞 ambassador of Tibet, at his court; painted in 641 AD by Yan Liben 阎立本 (600-673)

唐太宗接见吐蕃使者 Songtsän Gampo’s

marriage

Page 10: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

A Soldier and His HorseContrast in Proportion

A bas-relief 浅浮雕 / 低浮雕 (relief sculpture in which the figures project slightly from the background) of a soldier and horse with elaborate saddle and stirrups, from the tomb of Emperor Taizong, c. 650.

Page 11: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Songtsän Gampo松赞干布

(605 or 617? - 649) was the founder of the Tibetan Empire (Tibetan: Bod; Chinese: 吐蕃 , Tubo/Tufan), by tradition held to be the thirty-third ruler in his dynasty.

Page 12: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Political Significance

One marriage is equal to 100,000 elite troops;

Generous dowry Chinese civilization

was introduced to Tibet;

Princess Wencheng 文成公主

Page 13: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Princess Wencheng 文成公主 (623—680 )

In 641, Li Shimin sent Princess Wenchen to Tibet

Potala Palace 布达拉宫 (in Tibet) was built for Princess Wencheng

http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=potala%20palace

Page 14: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Wu Zetian ( 624 - 705 )垂帘听政holding court from behind a screen/curtain

Or the Second Zhou Dynasty (690–705)

Palace Examination 殿试【 diànshì 】

final imperial examination (presided over by the emperor) was pioneered by Wu Zetian

Page 15: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Judge Di Renjie 狄仁杰630-700

Nicknamed as Chinese Sherlock Holmes 福尔摩斯 , twice serving as chancellor during Wu Zetian’s reign. He was one of the most celebrated officials of Wu Zetian's reign

Amazing Detective Di Renjie, TV series

Page 16: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Sherlock Holms歇洛克 · 福尔摩斯

Sherlock Holmes ( /ˈʃɜrlɒk ˈhoʊmz/) is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 阿瑟 ·柯南 · 道尔 . A brilliant London-based "consulting detective", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to take almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science skills to solve difficult cases.

Dr. Henry Lee from Taiwan

Page 17: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Dr. Henry Lee 李昌鈺

a Chinese-born American forensic scientist. He is one of the world‘s foremost forensic scientists 刑事鉴识专家 and founder of the Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science.

Page 18: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Arthur Conan Doyle1859 – 1930

Sherlock Holmes (right) and Dr. Watson, by Sidney Paget

Page 19: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Li Longji

唐玄宗李隆基( 685 - 762 ) Emperor Xuanzong

of Tang wearing the robes and the hat of a scholar

Page 20: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Famous Painting

A Man Herding Horses, by Han Gan (706-783), a court artist under Xuanzong

Everything is well fed in the Tang dynasty!

A different set of criteria in judging beauties.

Plumpness 丰满 is preferred.

Page 21: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Xuanzong’s Accomplishments

Promotion of Daoism Reclaim the

territories in the west Hire the right

persons except his employment of An Lushan and Yang Guozhong;

Page 22: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Four Ancient BeautiesXi Shi/Wang Zhaojun/

Dao Chan/Yang Yuhuan

Page 23: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Xi Shi: “Sinking the fish”in the Spring & Autumn Period

King Fuchai of the Wu State (495–473 BC) in 494 BCE defeated King Goujian of Yue;

To win trust, Goujian, then in captivity as hostage with his chancellor Fan Li, tasted King Fuchai’s! excrement 排泄物

Fan Li’s three strategies: 1. Have garrison troops grow

grains; 2. station troops; 3. dispatch pretty girls to King

Fuchai of Wu;

Page 24: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Wang Zhaojunor Wang Qiang (the Han dynasty)

54 BCE A political marriage

between Han and Hun; Wang refused to bribe

the court painter Mao Yanshou 毛延寿 ;

Emperor Yuan of Han had the painter Mao Yanshou executed;

Geese forgot to flip their wings upon seeing such a beauty!

Page 25: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Diao Chan (Three Kingdoms)eclipsed the moon! 苏式彩绘

The Long Corridor at the Summer Palace

Page 26: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

“Precious Lady” Yang YuhuanEmbarrassed the flowers!

杨贵妃,杨玉环 ( 719 - 756) Emperor Xuanzong’s

favorite concubine who influenced/distractred him a great deal;

Associated with the An Lushan Rebellion

The precious lady’s elder brother Yang Guozhong became the chancellor!

Page 27: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Li Po, a Tang Poet

Li Po or Li Bai (701 – 762); his poems represent the Peak of Romanticism;

Praised for spontaneousness or spontaneity

In 742, his candidacy got cancelled;

Yang Guozhong as the chief examiner 主考官 grinding ink 国忠研墨;

Gao Lishi as the chief proctor 监考官 took off his shoes 高力士( 684—762 )脱靴

Page 28: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Huaqing Pool, A Hot Spring Huaqing Pool is located

at the foot of north Lishan Hill in Lintong, leaning against Wei River in the north and about 30 kilometers from the city of Xi'an, and enjoys quite favorable geographical location boasting green mountains and blue water.

Page 29: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Huaqing Hot Spring Huaqing Hot Spring has

been the site of a famous imperial bathing pool and various palace complexes over its 3,000 year history. It is a National Cultural Relic and one of China’s Hundred Famous Gardens.

Huaqing (Hua means brilliant, Chinese or flowery; qing means pure or clear)

Page 30: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

An-Shi Rebellion(755-763)

An Lushan’s father was possibly a Hun, and his mother belongs to the Tujue ethnic group/Turk;

He knows multiple languages

His constant conflict with Yang Guozhong

An Lushan declared himself as emperor in the north;

Shi Siming

An Lushan finally got a direct access to the Precious Lady, calling her mother;

A power struggle between An Lushan and Yang Guozhong, Precious Lady’s elder brother and Li Linfu, the prime minister

Page 31: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

唐三彩【 tángsāncǎi 】 <archaeology> tri-colored glazed pottery

of the Tang Dynasty.

Tang statue of a civil official dressed in Hanfu, made of sancai glazed earthenware; he wears a tall hat, wide-sleeved outer garment tied at the waist with a wide belt, and rectangular "kerchief" in front. A white inner gown hangs over his square shoes. He holds a tablet to his chest, preparing to provide a report to his superiors.

Page 32: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Tang’s artworks A Tang period gilt-silver

jar, shaped in the style of northern nomad's leather bag decorated with a horse dancing with a cup of wine in its mouth, as the horses of Emperor Xuanzong were trained to do.

Page 33: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

琵琶【 pípa 】 pipa

A five-stringed pipa (wuxian) from the Tang Dynasty,

琵琶【 pípa 】 pipa, a plucked string instrument with a fretted fingerboard or fretboard.

Page 34: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

唐三彩【 tángsāncǎi 】 <archaeology> tri-coloured glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty.

A Tang Dynasty tri-color glazed figurine of a horse

Page 35: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

大雁塔 Dàyàn Tǎ The Giant Wild Goose

Pagoda, Chang'an (modern-day Xi'an. Built in 652, repaired by Empress Wu Zetian in 704.)

Successful candidates’ names will be posted after the imperial examinations;

The number one scholar could marry the emperor’s daughter!

Page 36: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

A New Aesthetic Standard

仕女图【 shìnǚtú 】 <painting> traditional Chinese painting of beautiful women.

In Tang painting, these women figures are no longer depicted as slim or slender;

Instead, they look plump! Tang Dynasty represents the peak in

Chinese civilization in many ways;

Page 37: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Zhang Xuan & Zhou Fang唐 ·张萱、周昉《唐宫仕女图》

Page 38: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Du Fu (712–770) With his Moral Engagement

Tang Poet representing the peak of realism in depicting the reality

His life, like the whole country, was devastated by the An Lushan Rebellion of 755, and his last 15 years were a time of almost constant unrest.

“poet sage" ( 詩聖 shī shèng), a counterpart to the philosophical sage, Confucius.

Du Fu standardized the regulated Tang Poetry.

Page 39: The Tang Dynasty 618–907

Pentasyllabic Regulated Verse161-180 by Zong-Qi Cai

Introduction to Chinese Poetry Chapters on the Tang poetry Since Chinese is a tonal language, the tang poetry

seems to be the best. In English poetry, 90% is written in iambic

pentameter 五步抑扬格 -- An iambic foot is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The rhythm can be written as: da DUM

Scansion 韵律分析 ; 按韵律诵读 : × / × / × / × / × / To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells