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Page 1: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

1

The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia:

Achievements, challenges and recommendations for Norwegian support

Odd-Helge Fjeldstad & Kari Heggstad Chr. Michelsen Institute & International Centre for Tax and Development

www.CMI.no

Maputo, 30 March 2011

Page 2: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

“We should elevate ourselves from being just tax collectors and tax administrators to being state builders”

Ms. Allen Kagina, Commissioner GeneralUganda Revenue Authority

Page 3: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Purpose of the study:

(1) Systematise and analyse existing knowledge of the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia

(2) Advice Norwegian authorities on how this knowledge can be translated into practical, effective and concrete development policies 

Page 4: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Outline of the study:

1. Introduction

2. Tax revenues and tax structure 

3. Revenue administration

4. Political economy of tax policy and revenue administration

5. Broadening the revenue base

6. External support

7. Conclusions and recommendations 

Page 5: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Some reference points 

Mozambique Tanzania Zambia

Geographical area (sqkm) 799,380  947,300 752,618 

Population (mill)(% < 15 years)

22.9(46%)

42.7(42%)

13.9(47%)

Tax adm staff (2010)(in Customs & Excise)

3010(1776)

3727(1236)

1500

GDP per capita($nominal)GDP per cap ($ppp) (2010)

4731,000

5421,500

1,2861,500

Tax‐to‐GDP (2009) 15.4 14.2 15

Aid‐to‐GDP (2008) 20.2 11.2 7.4

Page 6: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Africa uppermiddleincome

Africa lowermiddleincome

Africa lowerincome

Tanzania Mozambique Zambia

34

24.6

14.914.2 14.1

17.7

Tax revenue in percent of GDP 2007

Page 7: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Africa: Revenue mix as share of GDP

Direct taxes Indirect taxes Non tax Resource tax Trade tax

Page 8: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Zambia mining revenue as share of total tax and non‐tax revenue (2005‐2009)

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20052006

20072008

2009

5.20 %

8.04 %

13.51 %

16.98 %

12.73 %

Page 9: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Illicit financial flows from and development aid to Africa 2001‐2008 (mill USD)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Total ODA

Total capital flight

Page 10: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Estimated capital flight from Tanzania, Mozambique and Zambia (1970‐2008)

Units: mill USD 2002 2000‐2008  1970‐2008

Tanzania 597  2 545  7 356 

Mozambique 178  1 121  5 450 

Zambia 72  5 120  9 348 

Sub‐Saharan Africa 21 808  323 577  532 926 

Page 11: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Tax policy: achievements

Mozambique  Tanzania Zambia 

Improved tax legislation

• Simplified Tax laws/regulations  (ISPC): VAT & income tax

• Clearer rules for tax administration

• Tax laws updated, harmonised, simplified 

• Income Tax Act 2004• EAC Customs 

Management Act 2005

• Zambia ‘best reformer’ by Doing Business 2009 due to tax reforms

• Income Tax Act & VAT Act have reduced ambiguities

Page 12: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

The ease of paying taxes (2009)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Tanzania

Mozambique

Zambia

Sub‐Saharan Africa

OECD

Total tax rate (% profit) Time (hours per year) Payments (number per year)

Page 13: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Tax policy: challengesMozambique  Tanzania Zambia 

Tax policy units in MoF not strong

• Policy analysis in Ministry of Finance often an adjunct and reactive function of the tax administration

Sub‐optimal links MoF other public institutions

• Ministry resp. for Mining

• Ministry  resp. for renewable nat. res. ?

• Local Gov.• TMAA• Min. resp. for 

renewable nat. res. ?

• BoZ on tax payment viabanks

• Min. resp. for renew nat. res. ? 

Tax exemptions extensive 

Foreign‐owned mega projects:• 12% of GDP• <3% of tax rev

Exemptions  (09/10): • 2.3% of GDP • 15% of TRA net‐

collection

Special tax regimes:  ‘a race to the bottom’

• Rapid Dev. Zones

• EPZ • Mining• Export of 

non‐tradprod. 

Page 14: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Tax administration: Achievements   MozambiqueATM  (2006)

TanzaniaTRA (1996)

Zambia ZRA (1994)

Revenue enhancement

Dramatic increase in Tax/GDP since 2005 

Substantial increase in T/GDP

Stable (17%) until 2008, then drop >2%

Broadened tax base(reg. taxpayers)

2006: 382,000 2009: 960,000

2002/03: 190,000 (TIN)2007/08: 398,080 (TIN)

2002/03: 13,634 (VAT)2007/08: 9,036 (VAT)

Informal sector taxation

35,000 new small taxpayers 2009/10

Block Management System

Tax adm.modernisation

3 LTUs (regional) to become integrated

• TMP• Integration of tax 

depts.• ICT 

Zambia bestperformer by ‘Doing Business 2009’ due to tax reform

ICT Customs Scanners 

Itax, TIN, TISS, Motor vehicle reg. system, ASYCUDA++, DIS

ASYCUDA++

Page 15: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Tax administration: challenges   

MozambiqueATM (2006)

TanzaniaTRA (1996)

Zambia ZRA (1994)

Integration of departments 

• Integration Domestic Tax Dept. & Customs 

Specialised capacity • Hard(er) to recruit, develop, retain specialists in areas such as ICT, accounting, auditing, and legal issues

Transfer pricing and capital flows 

• Capital flight is seriously eroding the tax bases• Tax adm expertise in short‐supply

ICT • Introduction and application of ICT at different stages of implementation.

Performance indicators 

• Need for better balance between revenue and service targets

Integrity • Procedures and practises must filter down throughout the organisation to be fully functional and effective

Page 16: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Accountability: achievements & challenges Mozambique  Tanzania Zambia 

Taxpayer‐tax administration relations 

• Regular + occasionalmeetings ATM & bus. ass. 

• Formal and informal forums

• Taskforce for Tax Policy Reform

• Citizens can submit tax and exp. prop to Gov. 

• Formalised consultative process Gov‐priv. sector

Taxpayers’ rights • Important element of administrative accountability • Tax appeals boards and tax tribunals • Fair and transparent procedures to address tax disputes 

Customer friendliness

• Window dressing?

Civil society  • CIP • Revenue Watch• NCA

• Caritas• Revenue Watch• NCA

EITI • All 3 countries candidate countries • Validation May 2011

Page 17: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Action matrix for Norwegian support: what and who

(i) Support to tax policy reform 

(ii) Capacity building of ATM, TRA, ZRA 

(iii)Support to civil society

(iv) Build research capacity on taxation

(a) Capital flight IMF, Central Banks, ATAF, AfDB, OECD 

NTA (specialised capacity building); ATAF

Internat. and domestic NGOs; TJN‐Africa; media

Research Inst; ATAF, ICTD, Research Depts. in ATM, TRA,ZRA

(b) Natural resource taxation 

MoF, IMF, ATAF, EITI, OfD, RAs & NGOs

NTA (specialised tax audits); ATAF; EITI; OfD

Caritas, NCA RWI, CIP;media

ICTD in coll. with ATM, TRA, ZRA, ATAF, AERC

(c) Accountability

Bus. associations, Taxpayer ass, CBOs, EITI 

NTA (technical support to taxcompliance); ATAF

Caritas, NCA,RWI, CIP; media,bus.as& taxpayer ass; media

ICTD in coll. with ATM, TRA, ZRA, ATAF, AERC (research on compliance)

Page 18: The tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia · PDF fileThe tax systems in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia: ... the capacity and constraints of the tax systems in Mozambique,

Muito obrigado!

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!