THE TRANSITION TO PBNTHE TRANSITION TO PBNPBN SEMINAR PBN SEMINAR

Ian MallettIan Mallett

Hong Kong Hong Kong

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1928

1983

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

�� The need for rules?The need for rules?

�� ICAO and StateICAO and State

�� Technology StatusTechnology Status–– GNSSGNSS

�� GPS AcceptanceGPS Acceptance

–– AircraftAircraft

–– Service ProvidersService Providers

�� PBN is not ATMPBN is not ATM

�� Safety ConcernsSafety Concerns–– Transition to PBNTransition to PBN

–– Data Base IntegrityData Base Integrity

–– Vertical Guidance??!!Vertical Guidance??!!

�� APAC PBN IssuesAPAC PBN Issues��Flight Planning Flight Planning –– 20122012

��DME/DME use in APAC?DME/DME use in APAC?

��Specification ConfusionSpecification Confusion

��Approach ClassificationApproach Classification

��APV vs 2D/3DAPV vs 2D/3D

��Prediction RequirementsPrediction Requirements

��Regional SBASRegional SBAS

�� Australian PBNAustralian PBN

Questions and Questions and

DiscussionDiscussion

PERFORMANCE BASED PERFORMANCE BASED

NAVIGATION (PBN)NAVIGATION (PBN)

�� 3636’’th ICAO Assembly (Montreal, 2007) Resolved that:th ICAO Assembly (Montreal, 2007) Resolved that:–– Regional Planning Groups implement PBN Implementation Plan by Regional Planning Groups implement PBN Implementation Plan by

2009 2009 ‘‘to achieve:to achieve:’’

�� RNAV and RNP (PBN Manual) operations where requiredRNAV and RNP (PBN Manual) operations where required

�� APVs as primary or backup approach by 2016APVs as primary or backup approach by 2016

�� Result:Result:–– PBN Task Force, Regional Plan, State Plans, SeminarsPBN Task Force, Regional Plan, State Plans, Seminars

�� Advantages of complying Advantages of complying ……–– Safety ,Capacity, Efficiency, EnvironmentSafety ,Capacity, Efficiency, Environment

–– Harmonisation with other StatesHarmonisation with other States

THE NEED FOR RULESTHE NEED FOR RULES

�� Why have any???Why have any???

–– Safety Safety

–– InteroperabilityInteroperability

–– Level playing field for operatorsLevel playing field for operators

�� ICAO RulesICAO Rules

–– Largely in place but still a work in progressLargely in place but still a work in progress

�� State RulesState Rules

–– Mostly Mostly notnot in place to support PBN transitionin place to support PBN transition

Airspace ConceptAirspace Concept

COM NAV SUR ATM

NAVIGATION APPLICATION

NAVAIDINFRASTRUCTURE

NAVIGATION SPECIFICATION

Nav Spec- Function,

- System,

- Procedures

PBN Concept - Safety

- Capacity- Efficiency

- EnvironmentNav Appl’n

- Routes, SEP

- SIDs / STARs

- Approaches

Nav Infr- Navaids (terr / celest)

- (Surv)

- (Comms)

PBN IS NOT ATMPBN IS NOT ATM

�� PBN is a navigation standardPBN is a navigation standard

�� Need the other elementsNeed the other elements

–– CommunicationsCommunications

–– SurveillanceSurveillance

�� Common PBN based separation standardsCommon PBN based separation standards

�� Regional implementationRegional implementation

–– Cannot be Cannot be ‘‘State onlyState only’’

STATE RULE CONTENTSSTATE RULE CONTENTS

�� Aircraft airworthiness requirementsAircraft airworthiness requirements

�� Pilot, engineer and ATC training and Pilot, engineer and ATC training and

endorsementendorsement

�� Instrument approach design standardInstrument approach design standard

�� ATC route design, separation standardsATC route design, separation standards

�� Data control and regulationData control and regulation

�� GNSS recording and reportingGNSS recording and reporting

GPS ACCEPTANCEGPS ACCEPTANCE

�� Formal US Formal US –– ICAO agreementICAO agreement

–– ICAO Annex 10, PANS OPS, PBNICAO Annex 10, PANS OPS, PBN

–– Universally used but often not regulatedUniversally used but often not regulated

–– Back up?Back up?

–– GPS modernisationGPS modernisation

�� GNSS evolvingGNSS evolving

–– GLONASS, GALILEO, CompassGLONASS, GALILEO, Compass�� AugmentationsAugmentations

�� Future Future –– a a ‘‘hybridhybrid’’ system, receiverssystem, receivers

GNSS RISKSGNSS RISKS

�� INTERFERENCEINTERFERENCE

–– DeliberateDeliberate

–– Unintentional Unintentional -- GNSS Panel GNSS Panel –– ““no riskno risk””

–– Report any interference Report any interference

�� Availability? Availability? –– RAIM holesRAIM holes

�� INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONAL

–– No State ControlNo State Control

–– US Funding US Funding –– GAO Report >21 satellitesGAO Report >21 satellites

�� CNS now all dependent on GNSSCNS now all dependent on GNSS

�� SINGLE THREAD FAILURE?SINGLE THREAD FAILURE?

PBN TASK FORCEPBN TASK FORCE

SAFETY CONCERNSSAFETY CONCERNS

PBN TRANSITIONPBN TRANSITION

�� PBN Task Force concernsPBN Task Force concerns–– Cannot go directly to RNPCannot go directly to RNP--ARAR

�� Pressure by equipped operatorsPressure by equipped operators

�� Approval has taken 2Approval has taken 2--3 years in advanced States3 years in advanced States

�� High levels of regulatory oversightHigh levels of regulatory oversight

�� Airlines have selfAirlines have self--imposed restrictionsimposed restrictions

–– Need basics firstNeed basics first�� WGSWGS--8484

�� Basic GNSS acceptance and useBasic GNSS acceptance and use

–– Significant early benefitsSignificant early benefits

�� Data controlData control

�� Pilot, engineer, ATC training and endorsementPilot, engineer, ATC training and endorsement

DATA CONTROLDATA CONTROL

�� European studyEuropean study

–– 1 bit in 1000 in error in modern a/c data base!!1 bit in 1000 in error in modern a/c data base!!

–– Puts PBN implementation at riskPuts PBN implementation at risk

�� AIS TransitionAIS Transition

�� RNPRNP--AR needs special data oversightAR needs special data oversight

–– Pilots cannot detect data base errorsPilots cannot detect data base errors

VERTICAL GUIDANCE ??VERTICAL GUIDANCE ??

�� Vertical AdvisoryVertical Advisory–– From FMSFrom FMS

–– May be pilot or data base generatedMay be pilot or data base generated

–– NO tolerances or integrityNO tolerances or integrity�� Must monitor altitudes eg Cessna CJ3Must monitor altitudes eg Cessna CJ3

�� >400>400’’ error in B737error in B737--800s!!800s!!

�� RNAV (GNSS) from data base RNAV (GNSS) from data base

–– Considerable Industry ConfusionConsiderable Industry Confusion�� Receivers/data bases/system capabilitiesReceivers/data bases/system capabilities

�� ““No need for APV No need for APV –– I already have it!I already have it!””

�� Vertical GuidanceVertical Guidance–– System generated System generated –– Augmented GPS, BaroAugmented GPS, Baro--VNAVVNAV

–– Has design requirements for a/c and approachHas design requirements for a/c and approach

–– Fly maximum of Fly maximum of ½½ scale vertical (FTE)scale vertical (FTE)

APAC PBN ISSUESAPAC PBN ISSUES

2012 FLIGHT PLAN2012 FLIGHT PLAN

�� New Flight Plan Format New Flight Plan Format –– Nov 2012Nov 2012

–– * = PBN/* = PBN/

–– Item 18 annotationItem 18 annotation�� Acceptable to ATS?Acceptable to ATS?

–– APAC Flight Plan Task Force APAC Flight Plan Task Force

�� No carriage but capable aircraftNo carriage but capable aircraft

–– Aircraft PBN Aircraft PBN ‘‘overlayoverlay’’ approvedapproved�� Can do NDB approach but not ADF fittedCan do NDB approach but not ADF fitted

–– How to flight plan?How to flight plan?

DME/DME PBNDME/DME PBN

�� DME/DME RNAV DME/DME RNAV –– defined in PBNdefined in PBN

�� Seen as primary or backup in US and EuropeSeen as primary or backup in US and Europe

�� Significant implementation issuesSignificant implementation issues

–– Impact of single DME unserviceabilityImpact of single DME unserviceability

–– APAC infrastructure cannot support thisAPAC infrastructure cannot support this

�� Do we have a regional back up/Do we have a regional back up/

–– Is it needed?Is it needed?

�� Limit RNP to GNSS?Limit RNP to GNSS?

–– DonDon’’t regulate for DME/DME PBN in APACt regulate for DME/DME PBN in APAC

APV APPROACHESAPV APPROACHES

�� New ICAO Approach ClassificationNew ICAO Approach Classification

�� Endorsed by ANC Endorsed by ANC --11 in 200311 in 2003

�� Now in ICAO Regional PlanNow in ICAO Regional Plan

�� ““minimum level of approach designminimum level of approach design””

�� Achievable using different technologiesAchievable using different technologies

–– BaroBaro--VNAV RNPVNAV RNP

–– Augmented GNSS Augmented GNSS –– US LPVUS LPV

APV vs 2D/3D NAMING? APV vs 2D/3D NAMING?

Not definedRNP AR APCHRNP 0.xxRNAV (RNP)APV

Not definedRNP APCH with

Baro-VNAV att.

LNAV/VNAVRNAV (GNSS)APV

APV I/APV IIRNP APCHLPVRNAV (GNSS)APV

NPARNP APCHLPRNAV (GNSS)NPA

NPARNP APCHLNAVRNAV (GNSS)NPA

Annex 10

terminology

Navigation

Specification

Line of minimaChart designationApproach

Classification

�Conflict arising between PBN SG and AWOP Directions

�APV as per existing documentation, or

�2D/3D naming convention

Satellites in ViewSatellites in View

PBN PREDICTION PBN PREDICTION

REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS

�� Significant NSSP burden in PBNSignificant NSSP burden in PBN

–– GNSS Status, recording, accident investigationGNSS Status, recording, accident investigation

–– GNSS availability predictionsGNSS availability predictions

�� Primary means enroute, approach availabilityPrimary means enroute, approach availability

�� Flight Planning and ATC requirementsFlight Planning and ATC requirements

�� Many predictions are aircraft basedMany predictions are aircraft based

–– Should be operator requirementShould be operator requirement

�� Based predictions could be Based predictions could be ‘‘RegionalRegional’’

AUGMENTATIONSAUGMENTATIONS

�� AIRCRAFT BASEDAIRCRAFT BASED -- ABASABAS

–– INS/GPS, AIME, RAIMINS/GPS, AIME, RAIM

�� SATELLITE BASEDSATELLITE BASED -- SBASSBAS

–– WAAS (June 2003) EGNOS MSAS GAGANWAAS (June 2003) EGNOS MSAS GAGAN

–– GPS + GLONASS (or GALILEO)GPS + GLONASS (or GALILEO)

–– Regional augmentation Regional augmentation

�� GROUND BASEDGROUND BASED -- GBAS, (GRAS)GBAS, (GRAS)

–– Precision Approach Precision Approach –– ILS,MLSILS,MLS�� GLS GLS –– Sydney B737 and A380Sydney B737 and A380

–– Certified end of 2009Certified end of 2009

What is SBAS?

A REGIONAL SBAS?A REGIONAL SBAS?

�� APAC cannot meet ICAO APV resolutionAPAC cannot meet ICAO APV resolution

–– Limited number of BaroLimited number of Baro--VNAV aircraftVNAV aircraft

–– Need 100% LPV = Need SBASNeed 100% LPV = Need SBAS

�� (or wait for enhanced constellations/equipment)(or wait for enhanced constellations/equipment)

�� How to progress a Regional SBASHow to progress a Regional SBAS

–– PBN Task ForcePBN Task Force

–– APEC GNSS Implementation Team (GIT)APEC GNSS Implementation Team (GIT)

�� Successful SBAS trialSuccessful SBAS trial

AUSTRALIAN PBN AUSTRALIAN PBN

ACTIVITIESACTIVITIES

AUSTRALIAN PBN EXPERIENCEAUSTRALIAN PBN EXPERIENCE

�� Basic Navigation Regulations in placeBasic Navigation Regulations in place

�� Very high level of industry acceptanceVery high level of industry acceptance

�� Significant safety and financial benefitsSignificant safety and financial benefits

�� Transition to GNSS expected by industryTransition to GNSS expected by industry

�� Significant work requiredSignificant work required

–– Internal standards developmentInternal standards development

–– ASTRA Industry BodyASTRA Industry Body

�� Technology before the Regulations!Technology before the Regulations!

–– eg B737 eg B737 –– 800 RNP800 RNP

FIRST IFR GPS RECEIVER

WAAS Satellite

Initial Initial

Approach Approach

WaypointWaypointIntermediate

Approach Waypoint

Initial Approach Waypoint

Missed Approach

Point

Final Approach

Waypoint

Initial Approach

Waypoint

Missed ApproachTurning Point(if required)

Missed Approach

Holding Point

70°

70°5 nm 5 nm 5 nm

RNAV (GNSS) APPROACHES25 times safer than circling approach

RNP RNP -- ARAR

�� The area under the fog is Lake The area under the fog is Lake

Wakatipu, which after the fog Wakatipu, which after the fog

cleared looks like this.. cleared looks like this..

Sydney GLSSydney GLS

�� SafetySafety–– Runway aligned DA Runway aligned DA –– almost anywherealmost anywhere

–– Lateral & vertical guided approachesLateral & vertical guided approaches

–– CFIT risks reduced CFIT risks reduced

–– Use of automaticsUse of automatics

–– Engine INOP solutionsEngine INOP solutions

�� OperationsOperations–– Departure upliftDeparture uplift

–– Low minimaLow minima

–– Cost benefitCost benefit

RNPRNP--AR BENEFITSAR BENEFITS

NEW AIRCRAFTNEW AIRCRAFT

NEW AIRCRAFTNEW AIRCRAFT

�� TSO C145/6 Receivers or MMRTSO C145/6 Receivers or MMR

–– GPSGPS

–– VORVOR

–– ILSILS

�� Not fitted with ADFNot fitted with ADF

–– Includes airline aircraftIncludes airline aircraft

�� RNP RNP ““primary meansprimary means’’ or or ‘‘overlayoverlay’’ approvalapproval

–– Only aid requiredOnly aid required

WebsitesWebsites

�� www.icao.int/pbnwww.icao.int/pbn

�� www.gps.faa.govwww.gps.faa.gov

�� www.navcen.uscg.milwww.navcen.uscg.mil

�� www.casa.gov.auwww.casa.gov.au -- GPS approvalsGPS approvals

�� www.airserviceaustralia.comwww.airserviceaustralia.com

–– GPS information GPS information -- status messages NOTAMs, NPA status messages NOTAMs, NPA

RAIM predictionsRAIM predictions

�� www.garmin.comwww.garmin.com

CONTACTCONTACT

�� Ian MallettIan Mallett

–– +61 2 6217 1736+61 2 6217 1736

–– +61 2 6217 1700 fax+61 2 6217 1700 fax

–– +61 2 418 259 626 Mobile+61 2 418 259 626 Mobile

–– Ian.mallett@casa.gov.auIan.mallett@casa.gov.au

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

&&

DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION