The War Between the The War Between the StatesStates

Other NamesOther Names

The Civil WarThe Civil War The War of the The War of the

RebellionRebellion The War Between the The War Between the

StatesStates The War of Northern The War of Northern

AggressionAggression The War of Southern The War of Southern

IndependenceIndependence Mr. Lincoln's WarMr. Lincoln's War The War of SecessionThe War of Secession The WarThe War

The Second American The Second American RevolutionRevolution

The War in Defense The War in Defense of Virginiaof Virginia

The War of the The War of the RebellionRebellion

The War of Southern The War of Southern RebellionRebellion

The War to Save the The War to Save the UnionUnion

The War for AbolitionThe War for Abolition The War of the The War of the

InsurrectionInsurrection

SecessionSecession

Confederate States of Confederate States of AmericaAmerica

South Carolina South Carolina (December 20, 1860) (December 20, 1860)

Mississippi (January 9, Mississippi (January 9, 1861)1861)

Florida (January 10, Florida (January 10, 1861)1861)

Alabama (January 11, Alabama (January 11, 1861)1861)

Georgia (January 19, Georgia (January 19, 1861)1861)

Louisiana (January 26, Louisiana (January 26, 1861)1861)

Texas (February 1, 1861)Texas (February 1, 1861)

Border States that remained part of USA

•Delaware

•Maryland

•Missouri

•Kentucky

•West Virginia

Important BattlesImportant Battles

11stst Manassas (Bull Run) Manassas (Bull Run)– Ended the idea that the war would be over in six weeks at the cost of Ended the idea that the war would be over in six weeks at the cost of

a few hundred livesa few hundred lives ShilohShiloh

– The death of Johnston led to the Lost Cause myth, while Nathan The death of Johnston led to the Lost Cause myth, while Nathan Bedford Forrest, US Grant and William Sherman all distinguished Bedford Forrest, US Grant and William Sherman all distinguished themselvesthemselves

Seven Days Battles Seven Days Battles – ““There stands Jackson like a stone wall!”There stands Jackson like a stone wall!”

AntietamAntietam– A perceived Union victory allowed President Lincoln to Proclaim A perceived Union victory allowed President Lincoln to Proclaim

Emancipation from a position of strengthEmancipation from a position of strength GettysburgGettysburg

– Generally recognized as the turning point of the warGenerally recognized as the turning point of the war March to the SeaMarch to the Sea

– Sherman decided not to kill poor southerners but to instead burn rich Sherman decided not to kill poor southerners but to instead burn rich southern houses. This exercise in total warfare was all the South southern houses. This exercise in total warfare was all the South could take.could take.

ChallengesChallenges

USAUSA Invade and hold territoryInvade and hold territory

– Armies are less willing Armies are less willing to invade than defendto invade than defend

– Fighting on unfamiliar Fighting on unfamiliar territoryterritory

Enforce will on captive Enforce will on captive populationpopulation

Blockade all Southern Blockade all Southern portsports– Winfield Scott’s Winfield Scott’s

“Anaconda Plan,” based “Anaconda Plan,” based on a similar strategy on a similar strategy that he used against that he used against MexicoMexico

CSACSA Defend its territory until Defend its territory until

recognized as a separate recognized as a separate nationnation

Familiar landFamiliar land High proportion of High proportion of

trained military trained military leadershipleadership– Nearly feudal culture Nearly feudal culture

emphasized militarismemphasized militarism– Virginia Military Virginia Military

Academy & CitadelAcademy & Citadel ““King Cotton” was a King Cotton” was a

substantial cash crop, substantial cash crop, but could they still sell to but could they still sell to Europe during the War? Europe during the War?

LeadershipLeadership

CSACSA Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee Joseph E. JohnstonJoseph E. Johnston Thomas J. "Stonewall" Thomas J. "Stonewall"

JacksonJackson James LongstreetJames Longstreet P.G.T. BeauregardP.G.T. Beauregard Braxton BraggBraxton Bragg James Ewell Brown (JEB) James Ewell Brown (JEB)

StuartStuart Nathan Bedford ForrestNathan Bedford Forrest Raphael SemmesRaphael Semmes

USAUSA Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant William Tecumseh William Tecumseh

ShermanSherman George B. McClellanGeorge B. McClellan Henry W. HalleckHenry W. Halleck Joseph HookerJoseph Hooker Ambrose BurnsideAmbrose Burnside Irvin McDowellIrvin McDowell Philip SheridanPhilip Sheridan George Armstrong George Armstrong

CusterCuster David FarragutDavid Farragut

War and SocietyWar and Society

Training TroopsTraining TroopsRaising MoneyRaising MoneyStifling DissentStifling Dissent

While both sides initially called for While both sides initially called for volunteer forces, drafts were instituted volunteer forces, drafts were instituted in 1862.in 1862.

When William Sherman first mentioned in 1861 When William Sherman first mentioned in 1861 that he was of the opinion that the war would that he was of the opinion that the war would be protracted and cost hundreds of thousands be protracted and cost hundreds of thousands of lives, he was deemed insane and reassigned of lives, he was deemed insane and reassigned to an insignificant postto an insignificant post

Raising Troops in the Raising Troops in the CSACSA Males 18-35Males 18-35 Clergy, civil servants, militia Clergy, civil servants, militia

officers are exemptofficers are exempt Males on plantations that had Males on plantations that had

>20 slaves were exempt to stifle >20 slaves were exempt to stifle slave revolts and encourage more slave revolts and encourage more agricultureagriculture

Replacements could be hiredReplacements could be hired

Raising Troops in the Raising Troops in the USAUSA Males 20-45 Males 20-45 Exceptions: those who are sole support Exceptions: those who are sole support

for widowers, orphans, or indigent for widowers, orphans, or indigent parents parents

Could hire a replacement or pay $300 Could hire a replacement or pay $300 to avoid serviceto avoid service– Unsure of the legal status of the President Unsure of the legal status of the President

with regard to a draft, President Lincoln with regard to a draft, President Lincoln paid a substitutepaid a substitute

A Rich Man’s War, A A Rich Man’s War, A Poor Man’s FightPoor Man’s Fight The draft was easier to avoid for the The draft was easier to avoid for the

rich in either the North or the Southrich in either the North or the South Resistance to the draftResistance to the draft

– Southerners could escape to remote areasSoutherners could escape to remote areas– Northerners could run away to western Northerners could run away to western

territoriesterritories– Draft Riot in NYC after first draw led to Draft Riot in NYC after first draw led to

over 100 deaths and many burned over 100 deaths and many burned buildingsbuildings

Summary: Draft did not raise many Summary: Draft did not raise many soldiers directly; sometimes men would soldiers directly; sometimes men would volunteer because of stigma with draftvolunteer because of stigma with draft

Conscription is an example of a novel Conscription is an example of a novel exercise of government powerexercise of government power– All three previous wars were fought by All three previous wars were fought by

volunteers, volunteers, – Government is asking men to put lives on Government is asking men to put lives on

line for the nation--never been done beforeline for the nation--never been done before

Raising Money - CSARaising Money - CSA

Borrowed from both domestic and Borrowed from both domestic and foreign sources at firstforeign sources at first

War Bonds paid for between 30-35% of War Bonds paid for between 30-35% of the war.the war.– If you have seen Gone With The Wind, If you have seen Gone With The Wind,

these are what Gerald O'Hara has done to these are what Gerald O'Hara has done to "invest in the future of the Confederacy." "invest in the future of the Confederacy." These were sold primarily to banks instead These were sold primarily to banks instead of individualsof individuals

Impress slaves to build fortifications Impress slaves to build fortifications and do government work like build and do government work like build fortifications, etc.fortifications, etc.

Raising Money - CSARaising Money - CSA

Printed paper money. Printed paper money. – By 1864, it took C$46 to buy what used to cost one By 1864, it took C$46 to buy what used to cost one

Confederate dollar in 1861. By the end of the war, Confederate dollar in 1861. By the end of the war, that had risen to C$92 to one 1861 C$.that had risen to C$92 to one 1861 C$.

TaxesTaxes– New, but inefficientNew, but inefficient– Property, income, sales, and profit taxes by the Property, income, sales, and profit taxes by the

end of 1861 end of 1861 – All Confederate taxes combined only raised about All Confederate taxes combined only raised about

5% of what the CSA needed to prosecute the war5% of what the CSA needed to prosecute the war– Concept of State’s Rights was damagedConcept of State’s Rights was damaged

Raising Money - USARaising Money - USA

Not as drastic as the South; a Mfg Not as drastic as the South; a Mfg economy is better suited for economy is better suited for emergency expenditures than an emergency expenditures than an agrarianagrarian– Still required an extension of Still required an extension of

government powergovernment power TaxesTaxes

– Revenue taxes and income taxRevenue taxes and income tax

Printing $Printing $

1861, over 7000 local banks issuing 1861, over 7000 local banks issuing local money. local money.

Specie (gold and silver) was low during Specie (gold and silver) was low during the war, the war,

People were initially untrusting of People were initially untrusting of paper money, remembering the paper paper money, remembering the paper money during the Revolution. ("Not money during the Revolution. ("Not worth a Continental...") worth a Continental...")

1862, the Treasury Act began issuance 1862, the Treasury Act began issuance of "Greenbacks," the precursor of of "Greenbacks," the precursor of modern money.modern money.

Printing $Printing $

Inflation- not nearly as bad the SouthInflation- not nearly as bad the South Convincing the public to accept money Convincing the public to accept money

that did not jinglethat did not jingle– The US took the step of making the money The US took the step of making the money

Legal Tender, which the CSA did not.Legal Tender, which the CSA did not.– Issued the paper money at the same time Issued the paper money at the same time

as the new taxes were imposed and made as the new taxes were imposed and made the new money valid for payment of taxes.the new money valid for payment of taxes.

Buy War Bonds!Buy War Bonds!

Actively sold bonds to individual citizens Actively sold bonds to individual citizens instead of banks. instead of banks.

Followed Alexander Hamilton's advice Followed Alexander Hamilton's advice on how to make citizens loyal to a nation on how to make citizens loyal to a nation by giving them a personal financial by giving them a personal financial stake in it. stake in it.

Over a million Northerners bought war Over a million Northerners bought war bonds. bonds.

Bond sales raised over $1.5 billion in the Bond sales raised over $1.5 billion in the last 3 years of the war; compare that to last 3 years of the war; compare that to an operating cost of $63 million for the an operating cost of $63 million for the entire US in 1860.entire US in 1860.

National Banking Acts, National Banking Acts, 1863 & 18641863 & 1864 Allowed businesspeople who Allowed businesspeople who

bought certain amount in bonds to bought certain amount in bonds to organize banks under federal organize banks under federal charter and issue bank notes charter and issue bank notes backed by the federal government backed by the federal government securities--so instead of having securities--so instead of having bank issuing notes not backed by bank issuing notes not backed by gold, have a uniform money systemgold, have a uniform money system

Increased Government Increased Government Power & Economic Power & Economic ChangesChanges More people become involved in governmentMore people become involved in government Northern economy invigorated by war effortNorthern economy invigorated by war effort

– production of coal, iron, copper and leather greater than production of coal, iron, copper and leather greater than beforebefore

– this demand encourages the standardization and this demand encourages the standardization and mechanization of production--establishes postwar model mechanization of production--establishes postwar model for industryfor industry

Agriculture in South declines, but in the North stays Agriculture in South declines, but in the North stays fairly stablefairly stable

– demand peaks as work force declines, use of horse-demand peaks as work force declines, use of horse-drawn harvesters and mowers increasesdrawn harvesters and mowers increases

DissentDissent

Civil liberties take a hit in some way in Civil liberties take a hit in some way in wartimewartime

mid-1861: Lincoln suspends writ of mid-1861: Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpushabeas corpus– Constitutional protection against unlawful Constitutional protection against unlawful

imprisonmentimprisonment around 15000 people are arrested for around 15000 people are arrested for

disloyal activities, espionage, sabotage disloyal activities, espionage, sabotage or other actions detrimental to Union or other actions detrimental to Union causecause– lot of newspapers shut down, toolot of newspapers shut down, too

DissentDissent

Clement Vallandigham Clement Vallandigham – Copperheads--Peace DemocratsCopperheads--Peace Democrats– In 1863 Vallandigham is campaigning for In 1863 Vallandigham is campaigning for

Dem nomination of Governor of OhioDem nomination of Governor of Ohio calls war a failure, demands repudiation of calls war a failure, demands repudiation of

Emancipation Proclamation, called for Emancipation Proclamation, called for negotiated peace with Confederacynegotiated peace with Confederacy

Lincoln declares that anyone accused of disloyal Lincoln declares that anyone accused of disloyal activity or discouraging enlistment subject to activity or discouraging enlistment subject to martial law; Vallandigham is exiled to martial law; Vallandigham is exiled to Confederacy but ends up in Canada, runs Confederacy but ends up in Canada, runs campaign from therecampaign from there

The SoldiersThe Soldiers

"Billy Yank""Billy Yank"– Northern soliders had enough food and clothing to be comfortable, Northern soliders had enough food and clothing to be comfortable,

but no picnicbut no picnic– Chances for survival slim if wounded:Chances for survival slim if wounded:

no anesthesia or knowledge of sources of infectionno anesthesia or knowledge of sources of infection many died of shock, gangrene, or loss of bloodmany died of shock, gangrene, or loss of blood

If survived battle still had to contend with disease If survived battle still had to contend with disease from unsanitary camps, or died from exposure or exhaustionfrom unsanitary camps, or died from exposure or exhaustion

"Johnny Reb""Johnny Reb"– All of the above and more--the average soldier lacked shoes, All of the above and more--the average soldier lacked shoes,

adequate clothing and foodadequate clothing and food– Most things a soldier might have in way of shoes, clothing or even Most things a soldier might have in way of shoes, clothing or even

weapons very likely to have been stolen from a body on the weapons very likely to have been stolen from a body on the battlefieldbattlefield

DesertionDesertion– High for both armies High for both armies

200000 Union men (10%) and 104000 Confederates (13%)200000 Union men (10%) and 104000 Confederates (13%)

Black SoldiersBlack Soldiers

As it became difficult to fill ranks in a As it became difficult to fill ranks in a shrinking army, the opposition to recruiting shrinking army, the opposition to recruiting African American soldiers fadedAfrican American soldiers faded– Why not let those benefiting from the war fight?Why not let those benefiting from the war fight?

1863: Lincoln created regiments composed 1863: Lincoln created regiments composed of freed blacks and former slaves freed by of freed blacks and former slaves freed by the Emancipation Proclamationthe Emancipation Proclamation– Placed under white officers and still treated like Placed under white officers and still treated like

second class citizens, but fought bravely second class citizens, but fought bravely neverthelessnevertheless

– Lincoln called them "very important, if not Lincoln called them "very important, if not indispensable" part of Union effortindispensable" part of Union effort

Background to Background to EmancipationEmancipation Lincoln wants to focus the public mind Lincoln wants to focus the public mind

on Union reuniting rather than on "that on Union reuniting rather than on "that peculiar institution"peculiar institution"– The main goal: "to save the Union...not The main goal: "to save the Union...not

either to save or destroy slavery"either to save or destroy slavery" The Republican Platform in 1860 explicitly stated The Republican Platform in 1860 explicitly stated

that slavery would be protected where it existedthat slavery would be protected where it existed A Congressional Resolution, offered by John A Congressional Resolution, offered by John

Crittenden, reaffirmed that position in order to Crittenden, reaffirmed that position in order to placate the Border States and keep them in the placate the Border States and keep them in the Union.Union.

The Republicans in the north were unsure how to The Republicans in the north were unsure how to implement emancipationimplement emancipation– Conservative Republicans wanted to gradually phase out Conservative Republicans wanted to gradually phase out

slavery, with administration handled by the states. slavery, with administration handled by the states. Individual states would ideally be financially responsible Individual states would ideally be financially responsible for the expense of sending all former slaves to exta-US for the expense of sending all former slaves to exta-US coloniescolonies

– Moderates, including Lincoln, started closer to the Moderates, including Lincoln, started closer to the conservative point of view but ended the war closer to conservative point of view but ended the war closer to the radical planthe radical plan

– Radicals called for immediate emancipation of the slavesRadicals called for immediate emancipation of the slaves The "war powers" clause of the constitution gave the north The "war powers" clause of the constitution gave the north

the right to free slaves; if the South was no longer part of the right to free slaves; if the South was no longer part of the Union, it no longer received constitutional protectionthe Union, it no longer received constitutional protection

The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War was The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War was overseen by radicals, who were able to push their agenda of overseen by radicals, who were able to push their agenda of punishing slaveholders. Many moderates eventually came punishing slaveholders. Many moderates eventually came to this point of viewto this point of view

Most Democrats supported a war for Most Democrats supported a war for Union but not for emancipationUnion but not for emancipation– Fear of black competition for jobs and of Fear of black competition for jobs and of

racial intermarriageracial intermarriage– Strongly in favor of colonizationStrongly in favor of colonization– A trial expedition to set up a colony in Haiti A trial expedition to set up a colony in Haiti

in 1862 was a disaster. Poorly planned and in 1862 was a disaster. Poorly planned and severely under-supplied, the survival rate severely under-supplied, the survival rate was approximately 10%, and this ended was approximately 10%, and this ended any further discussion of colonization.any further discussion of colonization.

SlavesSlaves

working at plantations, etc. as they had done beforeworking at plantations, etc. as they had done before

– do not rebel on huge scale during wartime in the do not rebel on huge scale during wartime in the militarized South, but when Union comes South many flee militarized South, but when Union comes South many flee to Union linesto Union lines

Army does not know what to do: technically these slaves are Army does not know what to do: technically these slaves are still property because slavery is still legalstill property because slavery is still legal

put them to paid workput them to paid work

After Emancipation Proclamation was issued, slaves After Emancipation Proclamation was issued, slaves near disputed areas started moving en masse to near disputed areas started moving en masse to wherever the nearest Union army was encamped. Even wherever the nearest Union army was encamped. Even given the number of older or younger overseers with given the number of older or younger overseers with guns who had not joined the army, this is a large part of guns who had not joined the army, this is a large part of the argument that black slaves freed themselves at any the argument that black slaves freed themselves at any given opportunity rather than wait for someone to come given opportunity rather than wait for someone to come and personally free them.and personally free them.

Four Factors in Four Factors in EmancipationEmancipation Frederick Douglass and others point out Frederick Douglass and others point out

that the reliance on slave labor must be that the reliance on slave labor must be reducedreduced– if slaves knew the government would free if slaves knew the government would free

them they would cease to work and be a them they would cease to work and be a resource/labor system for the Confederacyresource/labor system for the Confederacy

The Possibility of recruiting Black The Possibility of recruiting Black soldierssoldiers– to shore up losses from battle and make up to shore up losses from battle and make up

for declining zeal of white volunteersfor declining zeal of white volunteers

Four Factors in Four Factors in EmancipationEmancipation The Moral War Point of View:The Moral War Point of View:

– If North could turn the war into a war for human If North could turn the war into a war for human freedom and tie the Union to the destruction of freedom and tie the Union to the destruction of slavery, then it would be harder for the slavery, then it would be harder for the Confederacy to get help from EuropeConfederacy to get help from Europe

– After the Proclamation, the focus for many soldiers After the Proclamation, the focus for many soldiers changed from preservation of the Union to freeing changed from preservation of the Union to freeing people in bondage. During Sherman's March to the people in bondage. During Sherman's March to the Sea, there are many instances recorded of Sea, there are many instances recorded of Southern women haranguing Union soldiers Southern women haranguing Union soldiers bitterly, then the soldiers replying that it was bitterly, then the soldiers replying that it was wrong to keep people as slaves. Then they would wrong to keep people as slaves. Then they would burn the plantations down.burn the plantations down.

Four Factors in Four Factors in EmancipationEmancipation un-authorized Military action in 1861-2un-authorized Military action in 1861-2

– Benjamin Butler in May 1861 refused to return runaway Benjamin Butler in May 1861 refused to return runaway slaves that had made it to his army's camp to slaves that had made it to his army's camp to plantations, defining them as "contraband of war." This plantations, defining them as "contraband of war." This was only possible if the war was between two nations was only possible if the war was between two nations and not a simple police action on a rebellious territoryand not a simple police action on a rebellious territory

– Following Butler's example, John C. Fremont declared Following Butler's example, John C. Fremont declared all slaves of rebels in Missouri freeall slaves of rebels in Missouri free

– Because MO was still part of the Union, Lincoln Because MO was still part of the Union, Lincoln rescinded Fremont's orderrescinded Fremont's order

– David Hunter ordered all slaves along the SC, GA, and David Hunter ordered all slaves along the SC, GA, and FL Atlantic coasts to be freed by naval vessels at any FL Atlantic coasts to be freed by naval vessels at any opportunityopportunity

This order was also rescinded by LincolnThis order was also rescinded by Lincoln Lincoln's actions were roundly condemned by Abolitionists.Lincoln's actions were roundly condemned by Abolitionists.

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation On September 22, 1862, Lincoln declares On September 22, 1862, Lincoln declares

that all slaves will be "thenceforward and that all slaves will be "thenceforward and forever free"; that date rolls around and forever free"; that date rolls around and technically takes effect on January 1, 1863, technically takes effect on January 1, 1863, but it can only be enforced where the law but it can only be enforced where the law cannot be enforced--The Confederacycannot be enforced--The Confederacy– border states are not covered, and Proclamation border states are not covered, and Proclamation

would mean nothing if North lostwould mean nothing if North lost– Lincoln wanted to issue the Proclamation earlier in Lincoln wanted to issue the Proclamation earlier in

order to prevent European recognition of the CSA, order to prevent European recognition of the CSA, but had to wait until a battlefield victory. That but had to wait until a battlefield victory. That victory was at Antietam, which could have been victory was at Antietam, which could have been defined as a draw had Lee not retreated South. defined as a draw had Lee not retreated South.

Behind the LinesBehind the Lines

Dramatic changes in civilian livesDramatic changes in civilian lives– South: South: – transportation breaks down and transportation breaks down and

blockade takes effect, food shortagesblockade takes effect, food shortages Rails in the South were not of a standard Rails in the South were not of a standard

gauge, so rail transportation was not as gauge, so rail transportation was not as easy as it was in the northeasy as it was in the north

Mobile, there is a food riot: women riot Mobile, there is a food riot: women riot and carry signs that say things like and carry signs that say things like "Bread for Blood" and "Bread or Peace“"Bread for Blood" and "Bread or Peace“

Behind the LinesBehind the Lines

North:North:– experienced inflation: prices rose experienced inflation: prices rose

higher than wageshigher than wages Raphael Semmes runs the blockade, Raphael Semmes runs the blockade,

assumes control of assumes control of CSS SumterCSS Sumter, later , later takes control of takes control of CSS AlabamaCSS Alabama

Commerce raiding from the English-built Commerce raiding from the English-built AlabamaAlabama provoked a lawsuit against provoked a lawsuit against England after the warEngland after the war

Behind the LinesBehind the Lines

Women in North experienced some temporary Women in North experienced some temporary benefitsbenefits– with men at war, traditional gender roles brokenwith men at war, traditional gender roles broken– women join the workforcewomen join the workforce

in War and Treasury Departments as secretaries, copyists, in War and Treasury Departments as secretaries, copyists, clerksclerks

in private sector as teachers, factory workers, clerical in private sector as teachers, factory workers, clerical workersworkers

Big gain in NursingBig gain in Nursing– want to share effort in war, after war a real system put want to share effort in war, after war a real system put

into effect with formal training, nurses from war already into effect with formal training, nurses from war already established nursesestablished nurses

women like Dorthea Dix--superintendent of women nurses women like Dorthea Dix--superintendent of women nurses for Unionfor Union

Clara Barton--starts the Red Cross, 20 years after the warClara Barton--starts the Red Cross, 20 years after the war

AftermathAftermath

The singularity of the Nation - prior to The singularity of the Nation - prior to the Civil War, all references to the the Civil War, all references to the United States were in the plural. "The United States were in the plural. "The United States are protesting our sinking United States are protesting our sinking of their ships." After the war, the US of their ships." After the war, the US became singular, and all references became singular, and all references reflect one government guiding all the reflect one government guiding all the states. "The United States is sending states. "The United States is sending their navy to get us. Hide."their navy to get us. Hide."

AftermathAftermath

Assassination of LincolnAssassination of Lincoln Constitutional AmendmentsConstitutional Amendments

– 13th -Abolishes slavery13th -Abolishes slavery– 14th - defines 'United States citizen' 14th - defines 'United States citizen'

and includes the privileges and and includes the privileges and immunities, due process and equal immunities, due process and equal protection clausesprotection clauses

– 15th - Ensures right of former slaves 15th - Ensures right of former slaves to voteto vote

ReconstructionReconstruction

Military occupation of the South, Military occupation of the South, divided into multiple military districts.divided into multiple military districts.