THE WATER FORMS

BY

JOVILYN MANALIGOD

CHRISTIAN RABAGO

BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

WATER FORMS ARE COMPOSE OF:

MARINE WATER

COASTAL AND OCEANIC WATER

SUBSURFACE WATER

WELLS, SPRINGS, HOT SPRINGS, GEYSERS AND

AQUIFERS

FRESH SURFACE WATER

RIVERS, STREAMS, LAKES, SWAMPS, GULFS,

BAYS, STRAITS, CANALS AND WATERFALLS

TERMINOLOGY:

HYDROLOGY – IS THE STUDY OF THE WATER OF THE EARTH IN THEIR SEVERAL STATES ( SOLID, LIQUID AND VAPOR ) AND THE DIVERSE PATHS THAT LNK TOGETHER THE OCEANS, ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE AND SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER IN THE CONTINENT.

THE HYDROSPHERE – THE TOTAL VOLUME OF WATER AT OR NEAR THE EARTH’S SURFACE IS APPROXIMATELY 1, 500, 000, 000 CUBIC KILOMETERS ( 350, 000, 000 CUBIC MILES ) OF WHICH ALMOST 99% IS CONTAINED IN THE DISCONTINOUS OCEANIC WATER LAYER.

OCEANOLOGY - THE STUDY OF THE OCEANS AND SEAS.

POTAMOLOGY - THE STUDY OF RIVERS.

LIMNOLOGY - THE STUDY OF INLAND WATERS SUCH AS LAKES AND PONDS, RIVERS, STREAMS, SPRINGS, AND WETLANDS.

MARINE WATER

( COASTAL AND OCEANIC )

OCEANS

An ocean is a body of saline water that

composes much of a planet's

hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is

one of the major conventional

divisions of the World Ocean, which

occupies two-thirds of the planet's

surface.

SAMPLE IMAGE:

THE OCEAN OF THE WORLD

PACIFIC OCEAN

- THE LARGEST OF ALL THE OCEANS IS THE PACIFIC. IT INCLUDES

THREE-EIGHTS OF THE TOTAL AREA OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE. IT IS THE

DEEPEST OF THE OCEANS; IT HAS AN AVERAGE DEPTH OF ABOUT 14, 000

FEET. IT HAS AN AREA OF ROUGHLY 64, 000, 000 SQUARE MILES FILLS THE

MONSTROUS OVAL BETWEEN THE AMERICAN AND THE EASTERN COASTS

OF ASIA AND AUSTRALIA.

- PACIFIC OCEAN (Location) – THE PACIFIC OCEAN BOUNDS ASIA AND

AUSTRALIA TO THE WEST, THE AMERICAS TO THE EAST, THE ARCTIC TO

THE NORTH AND ANTARTICA TO THE SOUTH.

ATLANTIC OCEAN

- NEXT IN SIZE IS THE ATLANTIC, WHICH TAKES IN ONE-QUARTER OF THE AREA THE SEA. THE ATLANTIC

ALSO RANKS SECOND IN DEPTH, WITH AN AVERAGE OF ABOUT 13, 000 FEET. FILLING THE GAP

BETWEEN THE EAST COASTS OF THE AMERICA AND THE WESTERN COASTS OF EUROPE AND AFRICA IS

THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. IT HAS AN AREA OF ABOUT 31, 830, 000 SQUARE MILES.

INDIAN OCEAN- THE INDIAN OCEAN IS THE THIRD IN SIZE WITH ABOUT ONE-EIGHT OF THE TOTAL AREA OF

THE EARTH’S SURFACE. IT IS BORDERED BY AFRICA AND ASIA. IT EXTENTDS ONLY A SHORT

DISTANCE ACROSS THE EQUATOR INTO THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. IT HAS A FEW ISLANDS

AND ADJACENT SEAS AND HAS AN AVERAGE DEPTH OF 3, 890 METERS AND HAS AN AREA OF

73, 556, 000 km². IT LIES BETWEEN AFRICA, ASIA, AND AUSTRALIA. IT IS NEARLY AS LARGE AS

THE ATLANTIC OCEAN.

- FIVE FAMOUS ISLAND IN INDIAN OCEANS ARE AS FOLLOW: Réunion, Zanzibar,

Mauritius, Seychelles, and Madagascar

ARCTIC OCEAN- AROUND THE NORTH POLE IS THE ARCTIC OCEAN, A SMALL OCEAN WITH ONLY ONE-

THIRTIETH OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE. IT IS ALMOST COMPLETELY COVERED WITH ICE TO A

DEPTH OF ABOUT 10 FEET. IT IS FOUND IN THE NORTH POLAR REGION. IT SEPERATES

THE EURO-ASIATIC AND THE AMERICAN SHORES AND OPENS SOUTHWARD THROUGH

NARROW CHANNELS TO BOTH THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC OCEANS. ITS AREA IS ABOUT 5,

440, 000 SQUARE MILES.

ANTARCTIC OCEAN

- The waters surrounding the North Pole between North America and Eurasia. The smallest

ocean in the world, it is covered by pack ice throughout the year. The ocean surrounding the North

Pole, north of the Arctic Circle. It has an Area of about 14 100 000 square km (5 440 000 square

miles) covered waters surrounding the North Pole; mostly covered with solid ice or with ice floes

and icebergs. depths of less than 6,650 feet (2,000 metres) below sea level.

THE PHILIPPINES HAS THE LONGEST DISCONTINUOOUS COASTLINE IN THE

WORLD WITH 34, 600 K. M., TWICE LONGER THAN THAT OF THE UNITED

STATES. THE SEACOASTS ARE INDENTED WITH BAYS, HARBORS, AND GULFS.

THERE ARE 61 NATURAL HARBORS, 31 OF THEM DEVELOPED AND USED

EXTENSIVELY, AND 20 LAND-LOCKED STRAITS.

THE FINEST HARBOR IN THE FAR EAST IS MANILA, WITH AN AREA OF 1, 970

KM. AND A COASTLINE OF 192 KM.

THE SEAS

THE PHILIPPINES HAS THE LONGEST DISCONTINUOOUS COASTLINE IN THE WORLD WITH 34, 600

K. M., TWICE LONGER THAN THAT OF THE UNITED STATES. THE SEACOASTS ARE INDENTED WITH

BAYS, HARBORS, AND GULFS. THERE ARE 61 NATURAL HARBORS, 31 OF THEM DEVELOPED AND

USED EXTENSIVELY, AND 20 LAND-LOCKED STRAITS.

THE FINEST HARBOR IN THE FAR EAST IS MANILA, WITH AN AREA OF 1, 970 KM. AND A COASTLINE

OF 192 KM.

THE WORLD'S SEAS INCLUDE:

ANDAMAN SEA - IS THE NORTHEASTERN ARM

OF INDIAN OCEAN, WITH AN AREA OF 308, 000

SQ. MILES (978, 000 SQ. KM. ). IT IS BOUNDED BY

THE IRRAWADY DELTA ( NORTH ), BY PENINSULAR

BURMA, THAILAND, AND MALAYSIA ( EAST ), BY

THE ANDAMAN AND AND NICOBAR ISLANDS ( WEST

), AND BY SUMATRA ( INDONESIA ), AND STRAIT

OF MALACCA ( SOUTH ). THE SEA IS 750 MILES (

1, 200 KM. ) LONG FROM NORTH TO SOUTH AND

400 MILES WIDE.

BALTIC SEA - IS THE WORLD'S LARGEST

BODY OF BRACKISH WATER. IT HAS AN AREA OF

1, 600 SQ. MILES ( 42, 000 SQ. KM. ). IT CURVES

NORTHWARD FROM THE LATITUDE OF DENMARK

ALMOST TO THE ARCTIC CIRCLE, SEPERATING

THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSULA FROM THE MAIN

BODY OF THE EUROPIAN LANDMASS.

BARRENTS SEA - IS THE OUTLYING PORTION OF THE ARCTIC

OCEAN. IT IS 800 MILES ( 1, 300 KM ) LONG AND 650 MILES WIDE AND

HAS AN AREA OF 542, 000 SQ. MILES ( 1,405, 000 SQ. KM. ).

BERING SEA - IS THE BODY OF WATER IN THE NORTHERNMOST PACIFIC

OCEAN, SEPERATING THE CONTINENTS OF ASIA ( NORTHEASTERN SIBERIA ) AND

NORTH AMERICA ( ALASKA ). THE BERING SEA COVERS 890, 000 SQ. MILES 9 2,

304, 000 SQ. KM. ) AND CONNECTS WITH THE ARCTIC OCEAN BY WAY OF

BERING STRAIT, WHICH IS 53 MILES ( 85 KM. 0 WIDE AT ITS NARROWEST POINT.

CARRIBEAN SEA - IS A SUBOCEANIC BASIN, PART OF ATLANTIC OCEAN,

APPOX. 1, 020, 000 SQ. MILES ( 2, 640, 000 KM. ) IN EXTENT. TO THE SOUTH, IT IS

BOUNDED BY THE NORTHERN COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA, TO THE WEST BY THE

SOASTLINE OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND YUCATAN, TO THE NORTH BY THE GREATER

ANTILLES, AND TO THE EAST BY THE LESSER ANTILLES.

CHINA SEA - IS THE PART OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN BORDERING ON

THE SOUTH ASIAN MAINLAND. IT COVERS AN AREA OF ABOUT 1, 340, 000 SQ.

MILES ( 3, 465, 000 SQ.KM. ) AND CONSIST OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND EAST

CHINA SEA, WHICH CONNECT TO THE FORMOSA STRAIT BETWEEN TAIWAN AND

CHINA MAINLAND.

RED SEA - CONTAINS THE WORLD'S HOTTEST AND SALTIEST SEA WATER. A

NARROW STRIP OF WATER EXTENDING SOUTHEASTWARD FOR 1, 300 MILES ( 2,

100 KM. 0, FROM SUEZ TO THE BAB (STRAIT) EL- MANDEB AND THE GULF OF

ODEN. IT SEPERATES NORTHEAST AFRICA FROM THE ARABIAN PENINSULA. IT HAS

AN AREA OF 169, 000 SQ. MILES ( 438, 000 ) SQ. KM. ) WITH DISTANCES VARYING

FROM 130 TO 250 MILES ( 210-400 KM. ).

SEA OF JAPAN - IS THE MARGINAL SEA OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN WHICH

LIES BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE SOVIET ISLAND OF SAKHALIN (EAST) AND

THE ASIAN MAINLAND OF THE SOVIET UNION AND KOREA (WEST). IT HAS

SURFACE AREA OF 389, 100 SQ. MILES ( 1, 007, 800 SQ. KM. ) AND A MEAN

DEPTH OF 4, 429 FT. ( 1, 350 M. ).

PHILIPPINE SEA -The Philippine Sea is bordered by the Philippines and

Taiwan to the west, Japan to the north, the Marianas to the east and Palau to the

south. Adjacent seas include Celebes Seawhich is separated by Mindanao and

smaller islands to the south, South China Sea which is separated by Philippines,

and East China Sea which is separated by the Ryukyu Islands.

They surround an area measuring 1,800 miles (2,900 km) north-south by

1,500 miles east-west and occupying a total surface area of 40,000 square

miles (1,000,000 square km), about 3 percent of the entire Pacific region.

The basin, with a general depth of 19,700 feet (6,000 m), plunges to its

greatest depths in trenches to the east of the island arcs. The deepest is

the Philippine Trench at 34,578 feet (10,539 m).

MEDITERRANEAN SEA - IS AN INTERCONTINENTAL

BODY OF WATER LYING BETWEEN SOUTHERN EUROPE ( TO

THE NORTH ), NORTH AFRICA ( TO THE SOUTH ), AND THE

SOUTHWESTERN ASIA ( TO THE EAST ). IT IS LINKED TO

THE ATLANTIC OCEAN BY THE NARROW STRAIT OF

GIBRALTAR IN THE WEST AND CONNECTS WITH THE BLACK

SEA IN THE NORTHEAST VIA THE SEA OF MARMARA. IT IS

ABOUT 2, 500 MILES LONG AND HAS A MAXIMUM WIDTH OF

850 MILES AND A TOTAL AREA ( EXCLUDING THE SEA OF

MARMARA AND THE BLACK SEA ) OF 970, 000 SQ. MILES.

BLACK SEA -The Black Sea lies between

southeastern Europe and Asia Minor. Excluding its

northern arm, the Sea of Azov, the Black Sea

occupies about 168,500 square miles (436,400

square kilometers). It is connected to the Aegean Sea

through the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the

Dardanelles, and has been of critical importance to

regional commerce throughout the ages.

SEA WATER COMPOSITION

GEOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT THE EARTH IN ITS EARLY STAGES WAS WITHOUT OCEANS. ALL THE EARTH'S WATER WAS PROBABLY CHEMICALLY BOUND WITHIN THE ROCKS UNTIL VOLCANISM RELEASED IT. SOME OF TH VOLCANIC ACTIONS ORIGINALLY PRODUCE THE OCEANS ARE STILL GOING ON. THUS, IT IS REASONABLE TO SUPPOSE THAT THE OCEANS ARE STILL GROWING TODAY.

THE COMPOSITION OF SEA WATER TODAY IS NOT THE SAME AS THAT OF THE WATER THAT FILLED THE ORIGINAL OCEANS. WHEN THE WATER WAS FIRST RELEASED FROM THE ORIGINAL ROCKS, IT WAS NOT SALTY. IT ONLY BECAME SALTY AFTER RAIN HAD WASH OVER THE LAND ON ITS WAY TO THE OCEANS BASINS. AS THE LAND WAS FLOODED BY THE DOWNFALL OF RAIN, MINERALS WERE DISSOLVED AND CARRIED INTO THE SEA. SINCE THE OCEANS WERE FORMED, THE SAME PROCESSED HAVE BEEN GOING ON AGAIN AND AGAIN IN AN ENDLESS HYDROLOGIC CYCLE.

THE MOST ABUNDANT AND SOLUBLE IN WATER AND COMMON MINERAL IS THE TABLE SALT ( SODIUM CHLORIDE ) LEADS THE FIRST.

MINERALS FROM THE SEA

THE DISSOLVED MINERALS IN THE SEA WATER ARE USEFUL AND VALUEABLE.

EACH CUBIC MILE OF SEA WATER CONTAINS ABOUT 4 MILLION TONS OF MAGNESIUM. THESE LIGHT METALS ARE USED IN AIRCRAFT AND MANY OTHER APPLICATIONS.

ALMOST ALL OF THE WORLD'S SUPPLY OF MAGNESIUM IS EXTRACTED FROM SEA WATER. THE ELEMENT BROMINE ( USED IN HIGH TEST GASOLINE AND PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM ) AND MANY CHEMICALS ARE OBTAINED FROM SEA WATER.

NATURALLY, THE SEA IS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF ORDINARY SALT. THIS IS AN ESSENTIAL MATERIAL FOR SEVERAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. ***

ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF OCEANS AND SEAS

THE SEA IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED BY SCIENTISTS AS THE PLACE WHERE LIFE BEGAN ON EARTH. WITHOUT THE SEA, LIFE AS IT IS KNOWN TODAY WOULD NOT EXIST. IT ACTS AS A GREAT HEAT RESERVOIR, LEVELLING THE TEMPERATURE EXTREMES THAT WOULD OTHERWISE PREVAIL OVER THE EARTH AND EXPAND THE DESERT AREAS.

THE OCEANS PROVIDE THE LEAST EXPENSIVE FORM OF TRANSPORTATION KNOWN TO MAN, AND THE MARGINS OF THE SEA SERVE AS ONE OF THE MAJOR SITES OF RECREATION.

THE SEA IS A MAJOR SOURCE OF FOOD AND A DUMPING GROUND FOR MANY WASTES. THE SEA IS ALSO A MAJOR POTENTIAL SOURCE OF PROTEIN, MINERALS, AND POWER, ALL OF WHICH ARE REQUIRED IN EVER-INCREASING QUANTITIES BY ALL INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES.

THE SEA IS ALSO USED AS A SOURCE OF :

FOOD AND WATER

FISHING --- MAN CAN GET 60, 000, 000 TONS OF FOOD FROM THE OCEAN ANUALLY BY FISHING.

ENERGY RESOURCES

A. POWER GENERATION--- ENERGY IS EXTRACTED FROM THE TIDES OF THE OCEAN.

B. MINERALS--- BILLIONS OF TONS OF MINERAL CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE SEA.

C. PETROLEUM--- 2, 000, 000, 000, 000 BARRELS OF OIL RESOURCES CAN BE OBTAINED.

BUILDING PRODUCTS

SAND, GRAVEL, AND LIME.

JEWELRY

CORALS AND PEARLS

FERTILIZERS

SEAWEEDS AND DEAD ORGANISM

SUBSURFACE WATER

( WELLS, SPRINGS, HOT SPRINGS,

GEYSERS, AND AQUIFERS )

THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

GROUND WATER - IS FOUND AT MOST A FEW

KILOMETERS FROM THE CRUST.

SUBSURFACE WATER - THESE ARE WATER

THAT OCCUPY PORES SPACES BELOW THE GROUND

SURFACE.

WELLS - IS A HOLE THAT IS DUG OR DRILLED DEEP ENOUGH INTO THE GROUND TO REACH THE WATER TABLE. IT IS FORMED WHEN WATER FLOWS INTO AND FILLS UP THE HOLE. WELLS IN PERMEABLE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS WHERE THE GRADIENT OF WATER IS GOOD WILL USUALLY PROVIDE AN ABUNDANT SUPPLY OF WATER. THE WATER WITHDRAWN IS QUICKLY REPLENISHED BY THE RAPIDLY MOVING GROUND WATER. HOWEVER, IF THE WELL IS TOO SHALLOW, THE WATER TABLE MAY DROP BELOW THE WELL IN DRY PERIODS.

ARTESIAN WELL - IS THE TYPE OF WELL WHEREIN THE WATER IS OBTAINED FROM AN AQUIFER IN A POROUS ROCK LAYER USUALLY CONSISTING OF SANDSTONE OR LOOSE SAND AND GRAVEL.

- IT IS USUALLY DRILLED SEVERAL THOUSAND FEET DEEP IN ORDER TO REACHED THE AQUIFER. HOWEVER, ORDINARY WELLS ARE FREQUENTLY SUNK THIS DEEP IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT CONTACT WITH THE WATER TABLE.****

AQUIFERS - An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing rock. Water-

bearing rocks are permeable, meaning that they have openings that liquids and gases can pass through.Sedimentary rock such as sandstone, as well as sand and gravel, are examples of water-bearing rock. The top of the water level in an aquifer is called the water table.

- An aquifer fills with water from rain or melted snow that drains into the ground.

- Aquifers act as reservoirs for groundwater. Wells drilled into aquifers provide water for drinking, agriculture, and industrialuses.

- There are two types of aquifers. An unconfined aquifer is covered by permeable rock and can receive water from the surface. The water table of an unconfined aquifer rises or falls depending on the amount of water entering and leaving the aquifer. It is only partly filled with water.

In contrast, a confined aquifer lies between two layers of less permeable rocks and is filled with water. Water trickles down through cracks in the upper layer of less permeable rock, a nearby water source, such as an underground river or lake, or a nearby unconfined aquifer.

SPRINGS -OCCURS WHENEVER GROUND WATER COMES NATURALLY TO THE SURFACE. SOME SPRINGS ARE DISCHARGED WHERE THE WATER TABLE INTERSECTS THE LAND SURFACE BUT THEY MAY OCCUR WHERE WATER FLOWS OUT FROM A CAVERN OR ALONG FRACTURES, FAULTS, OR ROCK CONTACTS THAT COME TO THE SURFACE.

- MAY OCCUR ON HILLSIDE WHERE THE WATER TABLE INTERSECTS THE LAND SURFACE.

- SPRING WATER CONTAINING DISSOLVED MINERALS COMES FROM WHAT ARE CALLEDMINERAL SPRINGS.***

HOT SPRINGS - ARE FORMED WHEN WATER

GETS HEATED BY NEARBY MAGMA BEFORE COMING OUT

OF THE EARTH.

- WATER MAY ALSO BE HEATED BY MIXING

WITH STEAM AND HOT GASSES FROM BODIES OF MAGMA

ESCAPING INTO THE SURFACE.

- AROUND MOUNT MAKILING IN CALAMBA

AND LOS BANOS AND MAYON VOLCANO IN ALBAY ARE

PLENTY OF HOT SPRINGS.

- THE TEMPERATURE OF THE VARIOUS HOT

SPRINGS RANGES FROM 6 DEGREE TO 9 DEGREE

CELCIUS.***

GEYSERS - A HOT SPRING THAT EMITS STEAM AND HOT

WATER PERIODICALLY IS CALLED GEYSER. THE INTERVAL

BETWEEN ERUPTIONS INDICATES THE TIMES IT TAKES THE

GROUND WATER TO GET HEATED. A COLUMN OF STEAM AND

BOILING WATER MAY BE THROWN UP HIGH. THEN THE GROUND

WATER COLLECTS AGAIN AND THE PROSSESES ARE REPEATED.

SOME GEYSERS ARE LOCATED NEAR ACTIVE VOLCANIC AREAS AND

ERUPT FROM OPEN POOLS; OTHERS ERUPT THROUGH A SMALL

OPENING AND JETS OF WATER AND STEAM RESULT.

SURFACE WATER(LAKES, SWAMPS, RIVERS, STREAMS, STRAITS, GULFS, BAYS, CANALS AND

WATERFALLS)

LAKES - LAKES ARE COMMON ELEMENTS OF THE ANDSCAPE FORMED WHEN A DEPRESSION CALLED A BASIN IS FILLED WITH WATER.

- THEY ALSO SERVE AS RESERVOIRS, PROVIDING WATER FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY AND WATER USED IN INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE.ALSO PROVIDE CHEAP TRANSPORTATION.

- FISHING IN THE LAKE IS A SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD AND A FORM OF RECREATION.

- THERE ARE ABOUT 59 LAKES IN THE COUNTRY. THE SIX LARGEST LAKES ARE: LAGUNA DE BAY WITH AN AREA OF 922, 142 SQ. KM.; LAKE LANAO DEL SUR WITH AN AREA OF 374, 000 SQ. KM; LAKE MAINIT IN SURIGAO DEL NORTE WITH AN AREA OF 150, 220 SQ. KM.; LAKE NAUJAN IN ORIENTAL MINDORO WITH AN AREA OF 69, 930 SQ. KM.; AND LAKE BULUAN IN SULTAN KUDARAT WITH AN AREA OF 59, 570 SQ. KM.

- TAAL LAKE IN BATANGAS IS KNOWN AS THE SMALLEST LAKE IN THE WORLD WITH AN AREA OF 234.2 SQ.KM.***

SWAMPS - BASIN THAT BECOME PARTLY OR

COMPLETELY FILLED WITH FRESH AND DECAYED

VEGETATION SEDIMENT IN WATER ARE CALLED

SWAMPS. THEY USUALLY ARE A STAGE IN THE

CHANGINGOF A LAKE OR POND INTO DRY LAND. THEY

BECOME LAKE DURING RAINY SEASONS AND SWAMPS

DURING DRY MONTHS. ***

RIVERS - A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater,

flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. In some

rare cases a river could flow into the ground and dry up completely

at the end of its course, without reaching another body of water.

Small rivers may be called by several other names, including

stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill.

STREAMS - MUCH RAIN IS ABSORB BY PLANTS AND SOIL. BUT

EXCESS RAIN RUNS OFF INTO LOW-LYING AREAS TO JOIN OR TO FORM

A STREAM.THEY ARE ALSO KEPT SUPPLIED BY WATER THAT

GRADUALLY SEEPS TOWARD THEM UNDER THE SURFACE OF THE

GROUND. A STREAM IS A FLOWING BODY OF WATER OR A SMALL

RIVER.

AMAZON AND GANGES RIVER

CONGO AND INDUS RIVER

NILE AND YELLOW RIVER

THERE ARE ABOUT 132 NAVIGABLE RIVERS AND VALUABLE MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION IN THE COUNTRY.

THE CAGAYAN RIVER A.K.A. RIO GRANDE DE CAGAYAN IS THE LARGEST WITH AN AREA OF 505 KM.

Economic importance of the C.R. The river drains a fertile valley that produces a variety of crops, including rice, corn, bananas, coconut, citrus and tobacco.

There are dams in two of the river's tributaries, the Magat and Chico Rivers, and there are also several mining concessions in the mineral-rich Cordillera Mountains near the headwaters of the two tributary rivers.

The provincial governments along the river have also developed tourism programs that offer activities on the river, particularly whitewater rafting.

OTHER IMPORTANT RIVERS IN LUZON ARE THE PAMPANGA AND AGNO RIVER; AGUSAN AND PULANGI IN MINDANAO. THE PASIG RIVER IS THE OUTLET OF LAGUNA DE BAY AND SITUATED AT ITS MOUTH IS THE CITY OF MANILA.

PAMPANGA AND AGNO RIVER

CAGAYAN AND PASIG RIVER

CLASSIFICATION OF RIVER ACCRDNG TO THEIR

AGE

Youthful river: A river with a steep gradient that has very few tributaries and flows

quickly. Its channels erode deeper rather than wider. Examples include the Brazos, Trinity and

Ebro rivers.

Mature river: A river with a gradient that is less steep than those of youthful rivers and

flows more slowly. A mature river is fed by many tributaries and has more discharge than a

youthful river. Its channels erode wider rather than deeper. Examples include theMississippi,

Saint Lawrence, Danube, Ohio, Thames and Paraná rivers.

Old river: A river with a low gradient and low erosive energy. Old rivers are characterized by

flood plains. Examples include the Yellow,Ganges, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus and Nile rivers.

Rejuvenated river: A river with a gradient that is raised by tectonic uplift.

STRAIT - A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water. It most commonly refers to a channel of water that lies between two land masses, but it may also refer to a navigable channel through a body of water that is otherwise not navigable, for example because it is too shallow, or because it contains an unnavigable reef or archipelago.

GULF - a large bay that is an arm of an ocean or sea.

BAYS -A bay is a large body of water connected to an ocean or sea, formed by an inlet of water due to the surrounding land blocking some waves and often reducing winds. Bays also exist in in-land environments as an inlet to any larger body of water, such as a lake or pond, or the estuary of a river, A large bay may be called a gulf, a sea, a sound, or a bight. A cove is a circular or oval coastal inlet with a narrow entrance; some coves may be referred to as bays. A fjord is a particularly steep bay shaped by glacial activity.

PERSIAN AND MEXICAN GULF

BAYS

GULF

BAYS

CANALS - Canals and navigations are human-made channels for

water. In the vernacular both are referred to as 'canals'. The main

difference between them is that a navigation parallels a river and

shares its drainage basin, while a canal cuts across a drainage

divide.

TYPES OF CANALS

There are two broad types of canal:

Waterways: canals and navigations used for carrying vessels transporting goods and people. These can be

subdivided into two kinds:

Those connecting existing lakes, rivers, other canals or seas and oceans.

Those connected in a city network: such as the Canal Grande and others of Venice Italy; the gracht of Amsterdam,

and the waterways of Bangkok.

Aqueducts: water supply canals that are used for the conveyance and delivery ofpotable water for human

consumption, municipal uses, hydro power canals andagriculture irrigation.

CONSTRUCTION OF CANALS:

A. HUMAN MADE STREAMS

B. CANALIZATION AND NAVIGATIONS

C. LATERAL CANALS

CANALS

WATERWAYS

AQUEDUCTS

WATERFALLS - A WATERFALL IS ANY STREAM OF WATER DESCENDING

SUDDENLY FROM A HIGHER TO A LOWER LEVEL.IF THE VOLUME OF

WATER IS SMALL, IT IS CALLED A CASCADE;IF IT IS LARGE, IT IS CALLED A

CATARACT.

SUBSIDENCE

Subsidence is the motion of a surface (usually, the Earth's surface)

as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level.

Subsidence frequently causes major problems in karst terrains, where

dissolution of limestone by fluid flow in the subsurface causes the

creation of voids (i.e. caves). If the roof of these voids becomes too

weak, it can collapse and the overlying rock and earth will fall into

the space, causing subsidence at the surface. This type of subsidence

can result in sinkholes which can be many hundreds of meters deep.

Sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form

of collapse of the surface layer. Some are caused by karst processes

TYPES OF SINKHOLE

Solution Sinkholes

Solution sinkholes occur in areas where limestone is exposed at land surface or is covered by thin layers of soil and permeable sand. Solution is most active at the limestone surface and along joints, fractures or other openings in the rock that permit water to move easily into the subsurface. Dissolved limestone and some insoluble residue are carried downward by percolating water along enlarged openings as solution of the limestone progresses. Large voids commonly do not form because subsidence of the soil layer occurs as the limestone surface dissolves. The result is a gradual downward movement of the land surface and development of a depression that collects increasing amounts of surface runoff as its perimeter expands.

This type of sinkhole usually forms as a bowl-shaped

The gently rolling hills and shallow depressions typical of solution-subsidence topography are common over large parts of Florida.

Cover Collapse Sinkholes

Cover-collapse sinkholes occur where a solution cavity develops in the limestone to a size such that the overlying cover material can no longer support its own weight. Collapse is generally abrupt when this occurs and is sometimes catastrophic. Collapse sinkholes provide dramatic local changes in topography. They may occur in any areas of soluble rock; however, they are less likely to occur in areas of deeply buried rocks.

Collapse sinkholes generally occur in areas where the limestone is near land surface and the limestone aquifer is under water-table conditions. Ground-water circulation is most vigorous at and just below the water-table where solution of the limestone is accelerated. Accelerated solution also may occur at certain depths where bedding planes in the limestone or changes in rock composition concentrate the flow of groundwater.

Cover Subsidence Sinkholes

Cover-subsidence sinkholes occur where the cover material is

relatively incohesive and permeable, and individual grains of

sand move downward in sequence to replace grains that have

themselves moved downward to occupy space formerly held by

dissolved limestone. In areas where the sand cover is 50 to 100

feet thick, subsidence sinkholes generally are only are few feet

in diameter and depth.

THANK YOU

FOR LISTENING

:-*