THE WEST AND THETHE WEST AND THECHANGING WORLD CHANGING WORLD

BALANCEBALANCE

CHAPTER 15: CHAPTER 15: THE END OF THE END OF

POST-CLASSICAL POST-CLASSICAL AGEAGE

END OF THE OLD ORDEREND OF THE OLD ORDER Collapse of Post-Classical statesCollapse of Post-Classical states

• ByzantinesByzantines Following 2Following 2ndnd Crusade, slow decline Crusade, slow decline Conquered 1453 by the Ottoman TurksConquered 1453 by the Ottoman Turks

• Abbassid CaliphateAbbassid Caliphate Weakened by sectionalismWeakened by sectionalism Under control of Turkish clansUnder control of Turkish clans

Mongols and TimurlaneMongols and Timurlane• Conquered all major Eurasian statesConquered all major Eurasian states• Muslim cities destroyedMuslim cities destroyed• New routes and cities arose due to MongolsNew routes and cities arose due to Mongols

SOUTH WEST ASIASOUTH WEST ASIA Muslim religious leaders began to exert controlMuslim religious leaders began to exert control

• Rationalism opposed by religious conservativesRationalism opposed by religious conservatives• Mysticism, Islamic legalist traditions in favor Mysticism, Islamic legalist traditions in favor • Pursuit of science declinesPursuit of science declines

Landlords exercised greater authority Landlords exercised greater authority • Peasants reduced to borderline slavery, serfdomPeasants reduced to borderline slavery, serfdom• Agricultural productivity declinedAgricultural productivity declined• Tax revenueTax revenue

Europeans challenged Arabs Europeans challenged Arabs • Mediterranean, rise of Aragon, Castile, Venice, FranceMediterranean, rise of Aragon, Castile, Venice, France• Merchants began to replace Muslim merchantsMerchants began to replace Muslim merchants

No total collapse of Islamic civilizationNo total collapse of Islamic civilization• Arabs lost power, old Abbassid realm fragmentsArabs lost power, old Abbassid realm fragments• Ottoman Turks rapidly took over most of area Ottoman Turks rapidly took over most of area

INTERNATIONAL POWER INTERNATIONAL POWER VACUUMVACUUM

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire • Sultans did not restore Muslims to same levelSultans did not restore Muslims to same level• Ottomans not center of international tradeOttomans not center of international trade• Science and philosophy stagnated. Science and philosophy stagnated. • Result was power vacuum in Islamic worldResult was power vacuum in Islamic world

Rise of Rivals to OttomansRise of Rivals to Ottomans• IndiaIndia• PersiaPersia• EgyptEgypt

Mongols provided alternative frameworkMongols provided alternative framework• Redirected land trade away from MuslimsRedirected land trade away from Muslims• Land routes turned attention to sea routes. Land routes turned attention to sea routes.

THE CHINESETHE CHINESE Ming dynasty drove out the Mongols in 1368Ming dynasty drove out the Mongols in 1368

• China was best placed to control Eurasian tradeChina was best placed to control Eurasian trade• Ming emperors sought expansionMing emperors sought expansion

Extending the borders of the empire Extending the borders of the empire Reviving the tribute system Reviving the tribute system Initiating state-sponsored maritime expeditions. Initiating state-sponsored maritime expeditions.

• Voyages reached India, the Middle East, and AfricaVoyages reached India, the Middle East, and Africa• Ming emperors ordered the voyages to cease in 1433.Ming emperors ordered the voyages to cease in 1433.• Costs of voyages hurt infrastructure Costs of voyages hurt infrastructure • Scholar-gentry opposed voyagesScholar-gentry opposed voyages

China's decision reflected traditional ConfucianismChina's decision reflected traditional Confucianism• Concentration on internal improvementsConcentration on internal improvements• Cultural isolationCultural isolation• Economic expansion did not depend on foreign tradeEconomic expansion did not depend on foreign trade

China's withdrawal from worldChina's withdrawal from world• Cleared the path for the emergence of EuropeansCleared the path for the emergence of Europeans• China began long stagnation China began long stagnation

HERE COME THE EUROPEANSHERE COME THE EUROPEANS By 15th centuryBy 15th century

• West began to expand its world contactsWest began to expand its world contacts• Important changes taking place in EuropeImportant changes taking place in Europe

Church Under attackChurch Under attack• Great Schism saw up to three rival popesGreat Schism saw up to three rival popes• Wealth led to reformers, who were condemnedWealth led to reformers, who were condemned

Hus in Holy Roman EmpireHus in Holy Roman Empire Wycliffe in EnglandWycliffe in England

Western philosophy and creativity stagnateWestern philosophy and creativity stagnate Political organization of feudalism not effectivePolitical organization of feudalism not effective

• Feudal monarchs acquire new powers, wealthFeudal monarchs acquire new powers, wealth• Introduction of cannons, new weaponryIntroduction of cannons, new weaponry• Death of nobles led to rise of citizen armies under kingsDeath of nobles led to rise of citizen armies under kings

Impact of the Black Death, Impact of the Black Death, • Carried off almost one-third of Europe's populationCarried off almost one-third of Europe's population• Hit Italy and France worstHit Italy and France worst• Hit merchants and urban elites including clergy heavilyHit merchants and urban elites including clergy heavily

LATE MEDIEVAL VITALITYLATE MEDIEVAL VITALITY New States AroseNew States Arose

• More powerful and centralized nations aroseMore powerful and centralized nations arose• Developed in aftermath of 100 Years' War.Developed in aftermath of 100 Years' War.• France, England, Castile, Aragon, SwedenFrance, England, Castile, Aragon, Sweden• New forms of military organization New forms of military organization

Made greater centralization possibleMade greater centralization possible Improvements in metallurgical technology Improvements in metallurgical technology Construction and use of guns and munitions. Construction and use of guns and munitions.

Capitalism became more evidentCapitalism became more evident• Arose simultaneously in Netherlands, ItalyArose simultaneously in Netherlands, Italy• Based on cities, non-nobles, banking, trade Based on cities, non-nobles, banking, trade

Increased urbanizationIncreased urbanization• Especially true in Italy, NetherlandsEspecially true in Italy, Netherlands• Often associated with tradeOften associated with trade

WESTERN EUROPE GROWSWESTERN EUROPE GROWS Overall trend between 1000/1700Overall trend between 1000/1700

• Rapid population expansionRapid population expansion• Black Death only slowed trendBlack Death only slowed trend

Europeans acquire Asian technologyEuropeans acquire Asian technology• Western technology equal to EurasianWestern technology equal to Eurasian• Europeans adapt, improve on ideasEuropeans adapt, improve on ideas• Europeans invent new ideas Europeans invent new ideas

Europeans apply technology Europeans apply technology • Adapted science to practicalAdapted science to practical• Used technology in trade, navigation, warUsed technology in trade, navigation, war

RENAISSANCE & SECULARISMRENAISSANCE & SECULARISM Began in Italy Began in Italy

• At the beginning of the 14th centuryAt the beginning of the 14th century• Turned away from the medieval culturalTurned away from the medieval cultural• More secular outlook in art and literatureMore secular outlook in art and literature• Wealth of Italian cities patronized the arts Wealth of Italian cities patronized the arts

Typical political unit of Italian peninsulaTypical political unit of Italian peninsula• City-stateCity-state• Florence, Milan, Venice, Rome and NaplesFlorence, Milan, Venice, Rome and Naples• Cities competed for land, accomplishmentsCities competed for land, accomplishments• Administrative, economic innovationsAdministrative, economic innovations

RENAISSANCE VALUESRENAISSANCE VALUES Age of cultural innovation and individualism. Age of cultural innovation and individualism.

• Artists abandoned medieval formalismArtists abandoned medieval formalism• Concentration in arts, music, literature (humanities) Concentration in arts, music, literature (humanities)

Embrace more realistic and secular stylesEmbrace more realistic and secular styles Classical architectural forms replaced GothicClassical architectural forms replaced Gothic Tended to idealize Greece and RomeTended to idealize Greece and Rome

Initially Renaissance largely limited to ItalyInitially Renaissance largely limited to Italy• Even there its style was not accepted everywhereEven there its style was not accepted everywhere• Spread to France, England, Netherlands, Germany Spread to France, England, Netherlands, Germany

Called Northern RenaissanceCalled Northern Renaissance Bible, Hebrew more important as themesBible, Hebrew more important as themes Science, math, theology of equal importanceScience, math, theology of equal importance

Italian commercial and shipping techniques Italian commercial and shipping techniques • Laid the foundation for Western expansionLaid the foundation for Western expansion

The "Renaissance spirit" The "Renaissance spirit" • Encouraged a sense of innovation and discovery.Encouraged a sense of innovation and discovery.

IBERIAIBERIA Castile, Aragon, Portugal are lead statesCastile, Aragon, Portugal are lead states

• Christian Reconquista began 714Christian Reconquista began 714• Castile, Aragon united by marriage, 1469Castile, Aragon united by marriage, 1469• Drove Muslims out of Iberia by 1492Drove Muslims out of Iberia by 1492

The Church MilitantThe Church Militant• Constant warfare = powerful, trained armiesConstant warfare = powerful, trained armies• Defense, expansion of Christianity a dutyDefense, expansion of Christianity a duty• Church worked closely with Iberian statesChurch worked closely with Iberian states• Encouraged sense of religious missionEncouraged sense of religious mission

Expansion abroad Expansion abroad • Attack MuslimsAttack Muslims• Conquer lands for ChristianityConquer lands for Christianity• Break their trade monopoliesBreak their trade monopolies

EARLY EXPANSIONEARLY EXPANSION Began in the 13th centuryBegan in the 13th century

• Early discoveries = promise of colonialismEarly discoveries = promise of colonialism• Early Explorations Early Explorations

Vivaldi brothers of Genoa explore AtlanticVivaldi brothers of Genoa explore Atlantic In 14th century, Genoese discovered Canary IslandsIn 14th century, Genoese discovered Canary Islands Ships from Barcelona explore Atlantic African coast Ships from Barcelona explore Atlantic African coast

• Development of new technologyDevelopment of new technology More sea-worthy vesselsMore sea-worthy vessels CompassCompass Astrolabe Astrolabe

European discoverers European discoverers • Generally dominated by PortugalGenerally dominated by Portugal

King supported a navyKing supported a navy Built school under Prince Henry, sent out shipsBuilt school under Prince Henry, sent out ships

• Penetrate even farther into the AtlanticPenetrate even farther into the Atlantic• Along the African shoreAlong the African shore

COLONIAL PATTERNSCOLONIAL PATTERNS Colonization followed explorationColonization followed exploration Spanish and Portuguese Spanish and Portuguese

• Settlers established agricultural estatesSettlers established agricultural estates European diseases killed off nativesEuropean diseases killed off natives Europeans tried to enslave nativesEuropeans tried to enslave natives Europeans established feudal model for estates Europeans established feudal model for estates

• Designed to produce commercial crops Designed to produce commercial crops Sugar, cotton, and tobacco became popular cropsSugar, cotton, and tobacco became popular crops Iberian settlers imported African slavesIberian settlers imported African slaves

• Commercial ventures were successfulCommercial ventures were successful• Stimulate further colonizationStimulate further colonization• Plantation model of exploitationPlantation model of exploitation

OUTSIDE THE NETWORKOUTSIDE THE NETWORK Areas not part of this global networkAreas not part of this global network

• The AmericasThe Americas• PolynesiaPolynesia• Most of sub-Saharan Africa Most of sub-Saharan Africa

Remained unaffected by early Remained unaffected by early expansionexpansion• Eventually brought into European systemEventually brought into European system• Some experienced difficulties Some experienced difficulties • Vulnerable to European expansionVulnerable to European expansion

POLITICAL AMERICASPOLITICAL AMERICAS Aztec/Inca empires of the Americas Aztec/Inca empires of the Americas

• In disarray prior to arrival of EuropeansIn disarray prior to arrival of Europeans• Both had internal, external oppositionBoth had internal, external opposition• Aztecs hatedAztecs hated• Incas divided between family, clansIncas divided between family, clans

If Americas had continued in isolationIf Americas had continued in isolation• Other cultures would have risen Other cultures would have risen • Iroquois, Moundbuilders in USIroquois, Moundbuilders in US

Expansion, Migration, and Expansion, Migration, and Conquest in PolynesiaConquest in Polynesia

Between 7Between 7thth and 15 and 15thth centuries centuries• Migrations Migrations

From Society Islands to PolynesiaFrom Society Islands to Polynesia From Polynesia to HawaiiFrom Polynesia to Hawaii

• Settlement of Hawaii and New Zealand Settlement of Hawaii and New Zealand To Hawaiian islandsTo Hawaiian islands

• An agricultural society developedAn agricultural society developed• Hawaii had regional kingdomsHawaii had regional kingdoms

Stratified societies Stratified societies Dominated by priests and noblesDominated by priests and nobles Hawaii lacked metallurgy, system of writingHawaii lacked metallurgy, system of writing

NEW ZEALANDNEW ZEALAND 22NDND migration to New Zealand migration to New Zealand Maori culture of New Zealand Maori culture of New Zealand

• WarlikeWarlike• Dominated by priests and noblesDominated by priests and nobles• Lacked metallurgyLacked metallurgy• Concentrated on use of indigenous speciesConcentrated on use of indigenous species

All of these developments occurred in All of these developments occurred in total isolation from other civilizations.total isolation from other civilizations.

THE CHANGESTHE CHANGES The 15th century was an era of The 15th century was an era of

critical transitions involving world critical transitions involving world trade and the relative power of trade and the relative power of civilizations. civilizations.

As in the 20th century, newly As in the 20th century, newly dynamic civilizations challenged dynamic civilizations challenged those that had previously dominated. those that had previously dominated. Technology played a key role. Technology played a key role.

GLOBAL CONNECTIONSGLOBAL CONNECTIONS This period saw change and continuity in This period saw change and continuity in

global networks. Old trade networks, like global networks. Old trade networks, like Middle Eastern Muslim networks, took Middle Eastern Muslim networks, took place in a new context, such as the Mongol place in a new context, such as the Mongol empire, which emphasized new land-based empire, which emphasized new land-based routes. Mongol decline shifted attention to routes. Mongol decline shifted attention to sea-based routes. New states arose using sea-based routes. New states arose using new or diffused technologies. Social new or diffused technologies. Social structures were changing, too.structures were changing, too.

The key continuity was the interest and The key continuity was the interest and dependence of many regions on dependence of many regions on interregional trade. interregional trade.