The West and the Changing World

Chapters 15, 16 and 17

1200-1400 Middle East

1200

Dominated by 2 empires

1. Byzantine Empire

2. Islamic Caliphates (Abbasid)

1400

Mongols conquer Abbasids

Eventually leads to rise of Ottoman

Byzantine almost done

Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople (1453)

Shift in power by the 1400’s

Mongol Empire falls (1300’s)

1. Muslim society starts to change

2. China rises

3. Western Europe starts to rise

Italy Spain* Portugal* (*Regional monarchies)

Changes in the Americas and Polynesia also take place

Cultural change in the ME

Sufis increase

Scholarship focused on

1. religion and legal traditions

2. piety over indulgence

3. decrease in science

Philosophers

1. Al-Ghazali (one of most influential ever)

Incoherence of the Philosophers

Can’t discover religious truth through reason (influence orthodox)

2. Ibn Rushd (mostly influential in Europe)

Incoherence of the Incoherence

Shift in society and economy

Caliphates starts to decline (1100)

Landlords start to seize large estates

1. How did that effect the peasants?

2. Agriculture decreases WHY?

Decreases (gradual and not totally complete)

1. Taxes

2. Trading

3. Monetary system (WHY?)

Eventually see the rise of the Ottomans

Mongols Encouraged

1. trade (goods and ideas)

2. travel

Both help W Europe HOW?

Mongols fall disrupts trade. Trade moves to the sea

2 societies see opportunity

1. China (1405-1433)

2. W Europe (after Chinese decline start to dominate)

Chinese Trade Rebellions drive out Mongols

Ming Dynasty (lasts till 1644)

Reestablish the Tang dynasty structure

Differ from Tang in expansion

Begin state sponsored trade (1405)

Huge merchant marine

India first

Reach ME and Africa

Expeditions led by Zhenghe

Zhenghe Muslim from W China

Eunuch

Why are these 2 aspects important?

Trade (exps ostriches, lions, giraffes)

Trade abruptly stops

1. Costs are seen as too high

2. Bureaucrats oppose the trade (jealousy)

China stays trading near China

W Europe rises up to fill the void

Rise of the West Surprising in some ways

1. Awed by other empires

2. Church is having problems WHY?

3. Warrior aristocrats start to enjoy luxuries

4. Famine

WHY?

5. Plague (1348-1375)

How does it reach Europe?

Plague Results 1. 1/3rd of the population dies

2. Civil unrest WHY?

3. Some turn to religion but overall…

Religion decreases in most areas WHY?

4. Workers conditions start to get better WHY?

Standard of living goes up even though…

5. Prices go up WHY?

6. Feudalism declines WHY?

7. Clothing styles change for upper class WHY?

Dynamism in Europe

Dynamism

What is it?

Why did it happen?

1. 100 years War (1337-1453)

Britain vs France

Increase military innovation (gunpowder for weapons)

2.Gov becomes more stable/effective

3. Growth of cities

Why is this important?

Dynamism 4. Spain and Portugal drive out Muslims

5. New Ideas (metallurgy)

Mongols

6. World market problems

Europe goods aren’t as good (Asian goods worth more)

Made up for in gold (need to find more)

7. Muslim threat (Ottoman Empire)

Want to trade with India etc HOW?

8. Renaissance

100 Years War 1. Dispute over land

2. Dispute over succession

France should have won easily but took a while

Aided by Joan of Arc

Battle of Orleans

Eventually captured and burned at the stake (age 19)

Heresy and wearing men’s clothing

Aftermath England

Switched from continental control to naval power

Military advancements

Feudalism declines – professional standing armies

War of the Roses in England

War of the Roses 1455-1487

Between 2 royal houses of the Plantagenet

York (White Rose) vs Lancaster (Red Rose)

Causes

1. Economic problems from 100 years war

2. mental illness of Henry VI

Henry Tudor defeats Richard III (starts House of Tudor)

Becomes Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York (unites houses)

Give birth to Henry who becomes Henry VIII

Henry VIII’s daughter Elizabeth (Anne Boleyn)

Becomes Elizabeth I (Virgin Queen)

Daily Life Urban population (what is urban?)

1. Nobility (Patricians)

2. Merchants (Wool processors, boat making, banking (guilds) (Burghers)

3. Middle class (shopkeepers, professionals)

4. Workers

WHAT WOULD LIFE HAD BEEN LIKE AT THIS TIME?

Marriage and family (nuclear family)

People wait to get married and have fewer kids WHY?

Quote from a merchant “Those that are lazy in a way that does harm to the city,

and who can offer no just reason for their condition, should either be forced to work or expelled from the (city). The city would thus rid itself of that most harmful part of the poorest class”

Do you agree?

Is it the responsibility of the government to provide for the less fortunate?

Humanism Basis for the Renaissance

Study of classical Greek and Roman lit

Grammar, Moral philosophy and history

People are basically good

Problems can be solved with reason instead of just religion (doesn’t reject it)

Start by using Latin but switch to the VERNACULAR

WHY?

Renaissance Where does it start? When?

Why does it start where it does?

Rebirth of learning

Writing

Codes of behavior (chivalry)

Visual Arts (cityscapes, portraits, nature, perspective)

Music

Architecture (Gothic to classical)

Northern Renaissance

Italian Renaissance declines

1. Invasions by France and Spain

2. New Atlantic trade routes

Northern Renaissance happens later in France, Netherlands, Germany, England, Poland

Major difference

N Renaissance focused more on religion

Writers Petrarch (1304-1374)

Father of Humanism

Felt people could reach heights of the past

Coined term Dark Ages

Boccaccio (1313-1375)

Decameron (100 tales)

Written in the vernacular

Machiavelli Father of modern political theory

Wrote The Prince

Guide on how to rule

Rulers were to govern the state for good but must be ready to do evil when necessary. Justified by wickedness of the people

The ends justify the means

“Since love and fear can hardly exist together, if we must choose between them, it is far safer to be feared than loved.”

Do you believe that?

Gutenberg Bible

Printed with moveable type

Why was this important?

Art (De Medici)

Painters

Cimabue

Giotto

Apprentice

Move toward people and nature

Da Vinci (1450-1519)

Michelangelo (1475-1514)

Donatello

Raphael

Boticeeli

Brunelleschi’s Dome

Brunelleschi Linear Perspective

Reformation

Catholic Church in controversy (1517)

Greed and corruption

Indulgences were sold

Argument

Good deeds vs justification by faith alone (Luther)

Martin Luther

Posted 95 theses

Intended to fix the church

Martin Luther Eventually led to a split in the church

Lutheranism (1st protestants)

Keep baptism and the Eucharist (communion)

Clergy can marry

Publish Bible in vernacular

German rulers in Holy Roman Empire converted WHY?

State could control church not the papacy

Didn’t challenge moneymaking (banking)

Why was this important?

What does the division of the church lead to?

Why?

John Calvin Led the Protestant Church in Switzerland

Similar to Luther except:

Predestination

Calvinism

English Reformation Henry VIII (Tudor) wanted an

annulment

Wanted a male heir

Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn

Catholic Church denied this

Broke from Catholic Church

Forms the Church of England (Anglican)

Makes himself the supreme head of the church

English Reformation

Henry dies

Edward becomes King at 9 (Protestant)

King Edward dies at 16

Queen Mary (Bloody Mary)

Tries to restore Catholicism

Dies

Queen Elizabeth (Virgin Queen)

Protestant again

Legacy of Reformation

Educational reforms

Children should have an education (taxes)

Reformed clergy marrying

Kept belief in women being submissive

Anti-Semitism remained strong

Ghettos were established

Wars fought between Christians in the name of GOD

Counter-Reformation

Catholic Church gets stronger

1. Jesuits (religious order established)

Spread Catholic faith

2. Reform papacy corruption

3. Council of Trent (18 years)

Strengthened Catholic doctrine

Calvinist and Catholic conflict

Ends in 1598 (France)

Edict of Nantes

Huguenots (French protestants)

Allowed freedom to worship

Louis XIV overturns

Causes 400,000 Huguenots to flee to US, Prussia, England, Holland

Hurts French economy HOW?

30 Years War Catholics (Holy Roman Empire)

vs Protestants

Most Countries involved eventually (except England)

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Results

Decline of Catholicism in Central Europe

Decline in Holy Roman Empire (Germany devastated 100 years)

Decline of Spanish Empire in Europe

Netherlands free

Rise of France

England Revolution Queen Elizabeth dies (End of Tudors)

James I takes over (Stuart line)

Thought he got rule b/c God wanted him to

Divine Right of Kings

Parliament disagreed

Tensions rise btwn Parliament and King

WAR Charles I (Cavaliers) vs Parliament (Roundheads)

Parliament wins (Oliver Cromwell)

Charles I executed

Monarchy abolished

Become a commonwealth

Cromwell dies and return to monarchy

Charles II (Restoration Period)

James II becomes king after his death

Parliament not happy

Glorious Revolution English nobles ask Dutch to invade

Agree and win with little bloodshed

William and Mary become Co-rulers

Accept Bill of Rights

Laid groundwork for constitutional monarchy

Exploration

Why explore? 1. Fascination/Fame

Read accounts of Marco Polo (China)

2. Economics

Spices in East (especially black pepper)

Metals

3. “Gold, glory, God”

Convert natives

How? 1. Improve ships

Faster (lowered cost of shipping)

Bigger (store more cargo)

Deep-draft round hulled (carry heavy arms)

2. Cartography

Better maps

3. Better tools

Astrolabe (plot latitude)

Compass

4. Better education

Knew more about:

1. currents

2. wind patterns

Who? Portuguese

Claim Brazil

Henry the Navigator (1430’s)

Responsible for the Age of Discoveries (financed trips)

Start western expansion and conquest

Vasco da Gama (1497)

1st European to reach India by sea SPICES

English

Early on try to find a NW passage to India

Henry Cabot (Italian) 1497

1st European encounter with NA mainland

Henry Hudson (1607)

NY area Canada

Who? Spain

Defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1571 at the Battle of the Lepanto

Effectively ended Muslim challenge to trade

Columbus (Italian) 1492

Ist European to reach NA

Magellan (1519)

1st to circumnavigate the globe

Claimed the Philippines

Amerigo Vespucci (Italian)

Realized America was a separate continent

Spanish Conquistadors How are they able to conquer massive empires?

Cortes

550 men 16 horses

Ransom Atahualpa for gold

Pizarro

180 men

1. Firearms, canons, swords

2. gods

3. Disease

Smallpox and measles

killed over 50% of the population

Dutch and British Differences with Iberian Peninsula

1. Improved ships (faster)

2. Exploration financed by merchant groups/trading companies

Pretty much self-governing

Dutch East India

British East India

Where? Dutch

New Netherland (New York)

English

East coast

French

Canada

Louisiana

Spanish

Florida

Southwest

How did exploration change the world?

1. Destroyed cultures

2. Increase slave trade

3. World economy increased

Columbian Exchange (Imports and exports)

Mercantilism (belief gold is sign of prosperity)

Export goods limit imports (encourage the internal economy)

Encouraged colonization

4. Increase infrastructure

Roads, Canals, Bridges

Why is this important?

5. Population increases with increase in food (potato and corn)

Slave Trade

Dependence on producing unprocessed goods cheaply

Coercive labor system

Triangular Trade

Europe-Africa-America

Middle Passage

To America

Crops

Tobacco

Molasses

Sugar

Raw cotton

Slave Trade Why did Africans participate in this?

How did slavery affect history and geography?

1. African (black) populations increase in NA

2. Took away young and strong

3. Increase warfare

4. Made coastal areas in Africa stronger (weapons)

5. Brought culture to US

6. Trade shifted from Muslims to Europeans

Columbian Exchange

• Goods traded with the New World

• To Europe To New World– Potato Rice

Smallpox– Tomato Wheat

Chicken pox– Corn Coffee Measles– Tobacco Bananas– Peanuts Olives– Turkeys Horses– Llamas Cattle– Alpacas Sheep– Syphilis Pigs– Polio Chickens

Latin America Gets name from Spanish and Portuguese languages

Social class

1. Peninsulares (born in Europe)

2. Creoles (Europeans born in America)

3. Native Americans and slaves

Work in mines and on plantations

Encomienda (pay taxes and provide labor get protection)

How does this affect this area?

Mestizo

European and NA mixed

Mulatto

European and African mixed

7 Years War AKA French and Indian War (1756-1763)

Britain (allies) win

France loses control in India (British)

Britain gets area East of Mississippi

Britain gets Florida

Polynesia Ethnocentrism

600’s-1400

Migration and conquest that spread from the Society Islands

Eventually reach Hawaii

Animal husbandry with pigs (imports of swine)

Warlike regional kingdoms

Social class structure

New Zealand

Maori

Problems Warfare

Plaque

Famine

Creates social tension

Witchcraft trials (16th and 17th centuries mostly)

Resentment of the poor

Uncertainties of religion

50,000-80,000 killed (Germany and France mostly)

Scientific Revolution

Copernicus

Heliocentric

Kepler

Planetary motion (orbit in ellipse)

Newton

Principia Mathematica (Laws of motion)

Developed calculus

Scientific Revolution

Descartes

Father of modern philosophy

Argued that human wisdom could explain nature

“I think, therefore I am”

Galileo

Astronomer (first to work with a telescope)

Published Copernicus’s findings (Condemned by the church)

William Harvey

1st to demonstrate the function of the heart and circulation of blood

Enlightenment Age of Reason

Paris was a major center

Adam Smith

Wealth of Nations

Free market (Laissez-faire)

Rousseau

People are born good and should be treated equal

Believed gov should work for the common good not the wealthy few

Montesquieu

Separation of powers

Influenced the American Revolution

Women’s rights

Mary Wollstonecraft (1792)

Women’s rights activist

Women are not inferior just not as educated

Enlightenment Leaders

Prussia

Frederick II

Establish elementary education

Abolished torture

Supported religious freedom except for Jews

Russia

Catherine the Great

Allowed Jews to worship in her empire

How does that affect them?

Enlightenment Ideals 1. Ability to reason makes humans unique

2. Reason can solve problems and improve life

3. Reason can free people from ignorance, superstition and unfair government

4. Natural world is governed by laws that can be discovered

5. Human behavior is governed by natural laws

6. Governments should reflect natural laws and encourage education and debate

France Louis XIV (Sun King)

Bourbon Dynasty

Absolute control

Fought wars

Built Versailles

Left France in bad shape