The world known to The world known to Europeans 500 years agoEuropeans 500 years ago

EuropeansEuropeans Who are the Europeans?Who are the Europeans? Which Countries are part of Europe?Which Countries are part of Europe?

Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Holland, Luxemburg, Britain, Ireland Holland, Luxemburg, Britain, Ireland Scotland, Scandinavia, Austria, Italy, Scotland, Scandinavia, Austria, Italy, Switzerland.Switzerland.

EuropeansEuropeans Knew almost nothing about other Knew almost nothing about other

countries.countries. Knew a little about Asia and the far Knew a little about Asia and the far

easteast (India, China, Japan)(India, China, Japan)

Almost nothing about entire Almost nothing about entire continents.continents.

Africa, Australia, North America, Africa, Australia, North America, South America, Antarctica.South America, Antarctica.

VikingsVikings

Vikings may have been the first Vikings may have been the first Europeans to visit Canada.Europeans to visit Canada.

There was also “There was also “St. Brendan St. Brendan the the navigator”navigator”

St. Brendan St. Brendan the navigator”the navigator” Year 550 Year 550 St. Brendan St. Brendan the navigator the navigator

set out with monks from Irelandset out with monks from Ireland 17 year journey17 year journey

Writing in Many old text about the Writing in Many old text about the voyage.voyage.

Islands on maps West of Iceland Islands on maps West of Iceland Called St Brendan.Called St Brendan.

PPassed by crystals that rose up assed by crystals that rose up to the skyto the sky

RoRose up on the back of sea se up on the back of sea monstersmonsters

They explored until they came to They explored until they came to a great river that divided the a great river that divided the land.land.

Did it happen?Did it happen? 1976 the voyage was recreated, proof 1976 the voyage was recreated, proof

that is was possiblethat is was possible

There is a stone carving discovered in There is a stone carving discovered in west in west in West VirginiaWest Virginia. It dates 500 years . It dates 500 years old and in the old Irish language.old and in the old Irish language.

Viking Sagas include the monks were in Viking Sagas include the monks were in Iceland and Greenland before they Iceland and Greenland before they arrived. arrived.

The earliest proven European explorers were the Vikings.

A Viking Sailing Ship

Much of what we Much of what we know today about know today about their adventures their adventures comes from comes from sagassagas..

Many artifactsMany artifacts

L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland

Viking settlementViking settlement

L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland. L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland. 10001000

Farm Under the Sand, Western Settlement, Greenland

Historians have Historians have come to believe that come to believe that the Vikings were the the Vikings were the first Europeans to first Europeans to reach the Americas, reach the Americas, about 1,000 years about 1,000 years ago.ago.

A Viking named Eric A Viking named Eric the Red and his the Red and his crew set sail from crew set sail from Iceland and landed Iceland and landed on an island that he on an island that he named Vinland.named Vinland.

It was called It was called Vinland because of Vinland because of the abundance of the abundance of green vines found green vines found therethere..

Twenty years later, Twenty years later, Leif Ericson founded Leif Ericson founded the island now the island now called called Newfoundland.Newfoundland.

Fierce battles took Fierce battles took place between the place between the Indians and the Indians and the VikingsVikings

land disputeland disputeTrade disputeTrade dispute

The Vikings The Vikings eventually eventually abandoned abandoned their their settlements in settlements in North North America.America.

VikingsVikings

MayMay b bee the place Icelandic Norseman the place Icelandic Norseman Leifur Eiríksson, referred to as Leifur Eiríksson, referred to as Vinland around the year 1000.Vinland around the year 1000.

The next wave of EuropeansThe next wave of Europeans500 years later500 years later

Technical advances made it Technical advances made it possible for the Europeans to begin possible for the Europeans to begin exploration.exploration.

CompassCompass

MapsMaps

AstrolabeAstrolabe

ShipsShips

CompassCompass A compass is a magnetic device A compass is a magnetic device

using a needle to indicate the using a needle to indicate the direction of the magnetic north.direction of the magnetic north.

Invented by the Chinese seventeen Invented by the Chinese seventeen hundred years ago hundred years ago

MapsMaps Cartography Cartography

the art of the art of making an making an accurate map accurate map made it made it possible to possible to calculate a calculate a journey.journey.

AstrolabeAstrolabe

ShipsShips

CaravelCaravel

Marco PoloMarco Polo

Traveled to ChinaTraveled to China Brought back spices and silks to ItalyBrought back spices and silks to Italy

Marco PoloMarco Polo

Marco Polo was a Venetian Marco Polo was a Venetian explorer and merchant whose explorer and merchant whose account of his travels in Asia account of his travels in Asia was the primary source for the was the primary source for the European image of the Far European image of the Far East until the late 19th century.East until the late 19th century.

Reasons for explorationReasons for exploration

Great profit in the trade of Great profit in the trade of goods to the far east. India goods to the far east. India and Chinaand China

Spices silks, jewellery, jade, Spices silks, jewellery, jade, cottoncotton

Traveled by landTraveled by land

The route was longThe route was longSeveral monthsSeveral months

DangerousDangerousMountains and desertsMountains and desertsbanditsbandits

1515thth century century

Ottoman Turks took control of the Ottoman Turks took control of the middle east and Travel was near middle east and Travel was near impossible.impossible.

Luxury goods became very Luxury goods became very expensive, but few traders would expensive, but few traders would take the riskstake the risks

Europeans began looking for another Europeans began looking for another way to reach the far east.way to reach the far east.

PortugalPortugal

Late 15Late 15thth century century Efforts to sail around AfricaEfforts to sail around Africa 1487 Bartholomeu Diaz sailed to the 1487 Bartholomeu Diaz sailed to the

Cape of Good HopeCape of Good Hope 1497 Vasco da Gama sailed around 1497 Vasco da Gama sailed around

Africa to IndiaAfrica to India15,000% profit15,000% profit

The Earth is roundThe Earth is round

1492 Cirstoforo Columbus sailed for 1492 Cirstoforo Columbus sailed for Spain Spain

Plan was to reach the East by sailing Plan was to reach the East by sailing west.west.

After sailing for several weeks He After sailing for several weeks He came to the Caribbean islandscame to the Caribbean islands

Basque cod fishermen and whalers, Basque cod fishermen and whalers, just a few years after Columbus, just a few years after Columbus, Newfoundland Newfoundland

Basque whalers may have begun Basque whalers may have begun fishing the Grand Banks as early as fishing the Grand Banks as early as the 15th century.the 15th century.

John CabotJohn Cabot

Giovanni CabotoGiovanni Caboto (1450 – 1499), (1450 – 1499), John CabotJohn Cabot, Italian explorer , Italian explorer North AmericanNorth American mainland, in 1497mainland, in 1497

Lost on his second tripLost on his second trip

Jacques CartierJacques Cartier

First voyage, 1534First voyage, 1534 HHopope wase was to discover a western to discover a westernnn passage passage

to Asia. to Asia. He explored He explored the the NewfoundlandNewfoundland coast coast TThe Gulf of St. Lawrence. he Gulf of St. Lawrence. His first impression of the country was His first impression of the country was

"I'm rather inclined to believe that this is "I'm rather inclined to believe that this is the land God gave to Cain". the land God gave to Cain".

HHis crew slaughteredis crew slaughtered 1000 birds, most of 1000 birds, most of them great auks, which are now extinct. them great auks, which are now extinct.

Cartier's first encounter with Aboriginal Cartier's first encounter with Aboriginal people, most likely the Mi'kmaq, was people, most likely the Mi'kmaq, was brief, and some trading occurred. brief, and some trading occurred.

On his second encounter Cartier panicked On his second encounter Cartier panicked as forty Mi'kmaq canoes surrounded one as forty Mi'kmaq canoes surrounded one of his long boats. Despite the Mi'kmaq of his long boats. Despite the Mi'kmaq signs of peace Cartier ordered his men to signs of peace Cartier ordered his men to shoot two cannons over their heads. The shoot two cannons over their heads. The Mi'kmaq paddled away. Mi'kmaq paddled away.

CartierCartier His third encounter took place at Gaspe His third encounter took place at Gaspe

with the Iroquoiswith the Iroquois he planted a 9 metre cross bearing the he planted a 9 metre cross bearing the

words "Long Live the King of France" and words "Long Live the King of France" and took possession of the territory in the took possession of the territory in the name of King. name of King.

The change in The change in mood was a mood was a clear indication clear indication that the that the Iroquois Iroquois understood understood Cartier's actionsCartier's actions

During this trip he captured During this trip he captured DomagayaDomagaya and and TaignoagnyTaignoagny, the sons , the sons of Chief Donnacona, and took them of Chief Donnacona, and took them back to France. He also began to back to France. He also began to build diplomatic relations with the build diplomatic relations with the natives. Cartier returned to France in natives. Cartier returned to France in September 1534.September 1534.

First VoyageFirst Voyage

Discovered the St LawrenceDiscovered the St Lawrence Began trade with the NativesBegan trade with the Natives Planted a cross at GaspePlanted a cross at Gaspe

CartierCartier

Second voyage, 1535-1536Second voyage, 1535-1536 3 ships, 110 men, and the two native 3 ships, 110 men, and the two native

boys. boys. Reaching Reaching the the Iroquoian village of Iroquoian village of

Stadacona (Quebec City), where Chief Stadacona (Quebec City), where Chief Donnacona was reunited with his two Donnacona was reunited with his two sons.sons.

Jacques Cartier left his main ships in a Jacques Cartier left his main ships in a harbour close to Stadacona, and used his harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest ship to continue up-river and smallest ship to continue up-river and visit Hochelaga (now Montreal)visit Hochelaga (now Montreal)

CartierCartier

MMore than a thousand Iroquoians ore than a thousand Iroquoians came to the river edge to greet the came to the river edge to greet the Frenchmen. Frenchmen.

I wasI was too late to return to France. too late to return to France. Cartier and his men prepared for the Cartier and his men prepared for the winterwinter

SicknessSickness "out of 110 that we were, not ten were "out of 110 that we were, not ten were

well enough to help the others, a thing well enough to help the others, a thing pitiful to see". Cartier estimated the pitiful to see". Cartier estimated the number of Indians dead at 50.number of Indians dead at 50.

One of the natives who survived was One of the natives who survived was Domagaya, the chief's son who had been Domagaya, the chief's son who had been taken to Francetaken to France. He showed the men . He showed the men how to make a cider drink to cure the how to make a cider drink to cure the scurvy scurvy

by the end of the winter, 85 Frenchmen by the end of the winter, 85 Frenchmen were still alive.were still alive.

Cartier decided to kidnap Chief Cartier decided to kidnap Chief Donnacona himself, so that he might Donnacona himself, so that he might personally tell the tale of a country personally tell the tale of a country further north, called the "Kingdom of further north, called the "Kingdom of Saguenay", claimed to be full of Saguenay", claimed to be full of goldgold, , rubies and other treasures. rubies and other treasures.

Second VoyageSecond Voyage

Stadacona Stadacona QuebecQuebec Hocholaga MontrealHocholaga Montreal Cure for scurvyCure for scurvy Tales of the Kingdom of Tales of the Kingdom of SaguenaySaguenay Kidnapped DonnaconaKidnapped Donnacona

Third VoyageThird Voyage

Third voyage, 1541-1542Third voyage, 1541-1542 five ships. This time, any thought of five ships. This time, any thought of

finding a passage to the Orient was finding a passage to the Orient was forgotten. The goals were now to find forgotten. The goals were now to find the "Kingdom of Saguenay" and its the "Kingdom of Saguenay" and its riches, and to establish a permanent riches, and to establish a permanent settlement along the St. Lawrence.settlement along the St. Lawrence.

The convicts and other colonists The convicts and other colonists were landed, the cattle that had were landed, the cattle that had survived three months aboard survived three months aboard ship were turned loose, earth ship were turned loose, earth was broken for a kitchen garden, was broken for a kitchen garden, and seeds of cabbage, turnip and and seeds of cabbage, turnip and lettuce were planted. A fortified lettuce were planted. A fortified settlement was thus createdsettlement was thus created

The men also began collecting quartz The men also began collecting quartz crystal ("diamonds") and iron pyrites crystal ("diamonds") and iron pyrites ("gold"). ("gold").

Two of the ships were dispatched Two of the ships were dispatched home with some of these worthless home with some of these worthless minerals.minerals.

Cartier left with the longboats in Cartier left with the longboats in search of "Saguenay" search of "Saguenay"

Having reached Hochelaga, he was Having reached Hochelaga, he was prevented by bad weather and the prevented by bad weather and the numerous rapids from continuing up numerous rapids from continuing up to the Ottawa river.to the Ottawa river.

The Iroquoians no longer made The Iroquoians no longer made friendly visits or peddled fish and friendly visits or peddled fish and game, but prowled about in a sinister game, but prowled about in a sinister manner. manner.

TThe Native Americans attacked and he Native Americans attacked and killed about 35 settlers before the killed about 35 settlers before the Frenchmen could retreat behind their Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. fortifications.

Third voyageThird voyage

GGeneral miseryeneral misery Cartier's Cartier's could notcould not protect his protect his

base or to go in search of base or to go in search of Saguenay. Everyone boarded the Saguenay. Everyone boarded the three remaining ships three remaining ships and and returned toreturned to Europe in October Europe in October 1542. 1542.

This was his last voyage.This was his last voyage.

Third VoyageThird Voyage

Conflict with the nativesConflict with the natives Failed settlementFailed settlement No Valuables No Valuables France lost interest in the colony for France lost interest in the colony for

70 years 70 years