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THEME AREA 5: Sociobiology of Racial Dispari8es in Preterm Birth Theme Leaders: James M. Greenberg, MD, Perinatal Ins-tute and Department of Pediatrics, Cincinna- Children’s Hospital Medical Center Jay D. Iams, MD, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center Jennifer Malat, PhD, Dept. of Sociology, University of Cincinna- College of Arts and Sciences Brian D. Mercer, MD, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

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THEME  AREA  5:  Sociobiology  of  Racial  Dispari8es  in  Preterm  Birth    

 

Theme  Leaders:    

James  M.  Greenberg,  MD,  Perinatal  Ins-tute  and  Department  of  Pediatrics,  Cincinna-  Children’s  Hospital  Medical  Center    Jay  D.  Iams,  MD,  Dept.  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology,  The  Ohio  State  University,  Wexner  Medical  Center    Jennifer  Malat,  PhD,  Dept.  of  Sociology,  University  of  Cincinna-  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences    Brian  D.  Mercer,  MD,  Dept.  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology,  Case  Western  Reserve  University  School  of  Medicine  

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THEME  AREA  5:  Sociobiology  of  Racial  Dispari8es  in  Preterm  Birth    

 

Theme  Leaders:  James  Greenberg  MD,  Jay  D.  Iams,  MD,  Jennifer  Malat  PhD,  Brian  D.  Mercer,  MD  

   Co-­‐Inves8gators  and  Collabora8ng  Faculty:  

Danielle  BesseK,  PhD,  Dept.  of  Sociology,  UC  College  of  Arts    &  Sciences  Farrah  Jacquez,  PhD,  Dept.  of  Psychology,  UC  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  Lin  Liu,  PhD,  Department  of  Geography,  UC  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  Eric  Hall,  PhD,  Perinatal  Ins-tute  and  Division  of  Biomedical  Informa-cs,  CCHMC  Ardythe  Morrow,  PhD,  Div.  Biostat  &  Epidemiology,  and  Perinatal  Ins-tute,  CCHMC  Elizabeth  Kelly,  MD,  Dept.  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology,  UCCOM  Michael  MarcoKe,  MD,  Dept.  of  Obstetrics  &  Gynecology,  Good  Samaritan  Hospital  Louis  Muglia,  MD  PhD,  Perinatal  Ins-tute,  CCHMC  Lisa  Chris-an,  PhD,  Depts.  of  Psychology  and  Obstetrics  &  Gynecology,  OSUWMC  Courtney  Lynch,  PhD,  MPH  Dept.  of  Obstetrics  &  Gynecology,  OSUWMC  Mark  Klebanoff  MD,  MPH,  Center  for  Perinatal  Research,  Na-onwide  Children’s  Hospital  Honor  M.  Wolfe,  MD  Dept.  of  Obstetrics  &  Gynecology  Case  Western  Reserve  University  

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Racial  Dispari-es  in  Preterm  Birth  

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Chronic  Hypertension  of  Pregnancy  

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What  have  we  learned?  •  As  many  as  50%  of  preterm  births  in  the  US  are  unexplained.  

•  Racial  dispari-es  are  persistent,  profound  and  are  not  explained  by  economic  or  educa-onal  disparity.  

•  Any  effort  to  reduce  the  incidence  of  preterm  birth  must  address  racial  disparity.  

•  Racism  is  typically  considered  in  isola-on  from  other  causes  of  preterm  birth.  

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Gaps  in  Knowledge  

•  How  can  the  rela-on  of  racism  to  preterm  birth  be  measured?  – Exposure  to  racism,  discrimina-on  and  stress  – Percep-on  of  racism,  discrimina-on  and  stress  – Physiologic  effects  of  racism,  discrimina-on  and  stress  • What  modulates  these  effects  ?  

–  Individually  –  In  communi-es  

•  Do  we  know  what  &  when  to  measure?  

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Gaps  in  Knowledge  

•  How  and  when  do  racial  discrimina-on  and  stress  influence  the  physiology  of  normal  and  preterm  parturi-on?  

•  If  stress  during  pregnancy  is  important  to  pregnancy  outcome,  why  doesn’t  stress  reduc-on  in  pregnancy  improve  outcomes?  

•  What  differen-ates  African  American  women  who  do  and  do  not  deliver  preterm?  

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Regional  Epidemiology  

•  Incidence  of  preterm  birth  in  Cincinna-  varies  by  neighborhood  and  is  concordant  with  racial  and  economic  dispari-es.  Dis-nct  aKributable  risk  profiles  characterize  specific  high  prevalence  neighborhoods.  

South  AP,  Jones  DE,  Hall  ES,  Huo  S,  Meinzen-­‐Derr  J,  Liu  L,  Greenberg  JM,  Mat.  Child  Health  J,  2012  

Geospa8al  Analysis  of  Preterm  Birth  in  Hamilton  County  

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Franklin  and  Cuyahoga  Coun-es  

Legend0% - 11%

11.01% - 14.5%

14.51% - 100%

Proportion of Premature Births (<37 wks) to All Births, Singeltons only

Franklin County

Hall,  Liu,  and  Greenberg,  unpublished  2011  

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Preterm  Birth  Maps  with  Racial  Disparity  

Hamilton  County/Cincinna-   Cuyahoga  County/Cleveland   Franklin  County/Columbus  

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Perspec-ves  •  Racial  dispari-es  are  obvious  •  Stress  consistently  tracks  with  preterm  birth  •  Support  during  pregnancy  directed  toward  large  popula-ons  has  not  been  shown  to  be  effec-ve  

•  Do  we  have  the  right  popula-on?    •  Can  measurement  of  stress  and  resilience  during  pregnancy  help  us  understand  racial  disparity?  

•  High  recurrence  rates    •  Highest  incidence  communi-es:  25%  preterm  birth  rate  

•  Most  African  American  births  are  >  37  weeks!  

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Theory  

•  The  Racial  Disparity  of  US  Preterm  Birth  results  from  the  net  impact  of  nega-ve  stressors  moderated  by  individual  resilience  characteris-cs  

•  Stress/resilience  is  mediated  through  a  suscep-ble  gene-c/epigene-c  phenotype  to  generate  preterm  birth  

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Aim  1  

•  Cohort  Assembly  – Use  criteria  relevant  to  public  policy  and  known  epidemiology  

•  Geography  •  Income  

•  Seeking  pregnancy  tes-ng  and  subsequent  PNC  – African-­‐American  and  European-­‐American  – Biosample  collec-on  – Resource  for  all  MOD  centers  

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•  Bio-­‐sample  collec-on  •  Stress/resilience  instrument  •  Stress  biomarkers  •  Medical  History  

LONGITUDINAL  PREGNANCY  COHORT  

Cincinna8   Columbus   Cleveland  

9,500   7,500   7,000  

Service  Popula8on-­‐Deliveries  Eligibility  Criteria  •  Singleton  pregnancy  •  African-­‐American  or  White  •  Low  income  •  High-­‐Incidence  Geography  

E1  Up  to  20  weeks  

T2  25  +/-­‐  1week  

T3  32  +/-­‐  1week   Delivery  

•  Outcome  •  Placenta  •  Medical  History  

Biosamples:  Blood  PBMC  for  telomere  length  assay,  DNA  polymorphisms,  plasma  for  progesterone,  estradiol,  cor-sol.  Rectal  swab  for  microbiome,  Urine  for  heavy  metal,  toxicants.  

•  Life  course  measurement  •  Bio-­‐sample  collec-on  •  Stress/resilience  instrument  •  Stress  biomarkers  •  Medical  History  

•  Bio-­‐sample  collec-on  •  Stress/resilience  instrument  •  Stress  biomarkers  •  Medical  History  

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Aim  1  

•  Quan-ta-ve  measurement  of  stress  and  resilience  by  race  –  Chronic  stress:  race,  environment,  unemployment,  poverty  

– Acute  stress:  physical  abuse,  loss  of  job,  change  in  employment  status,  death  or  injury  of  immediate  family  member  or  close  friend  

–  Resilience:  Psychosocial  measures  

•  Test  the  u-lity  of  telomere  length  as  a  novel  biomarker  capable  of  integra-ng  stress  and  resilience  

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Aim  2    •  Psychosocial  stress,  modified  by  resilience  is  mediated  through  gene-c  variants  that  predict  the  risk  of  preterm  birth  

•  Experimental  ques-ons:  •  Can  cumula-ve  stress  derived  from  psychosocial,  community,  environmental,  behavioral,  and  biomedical  perspec-ves  be  quan-fied  and  adjusted  for  individual  resilience  metrics  to  predict  preterm  birth?  

•  Are  women  of  low  resilience  at  increased  risk  for  preterm  birth  accoun-ng  for  differences  in  stress?  Does  this  vary  by  race?  

•  Do  low  resilience  women  report  a  different  number  of  adverse  pregnancy  events  than  high  resilience  women?  

•  Does  low  resilience  predict  increased  risk  for  medical  complica-ons  during  pregnancy?  

•  How  does  gene-c  suscep-bility  moderate  stress  and  resilience  to  affect  the  outcome  of  preterm  birth?  

•  Prototypic  gene-c  markers:  CRHR1  and  FKBP5  

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Suscep8ble  gene8c  variants  

Preterm  Birth  

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Aim  3  

•  The  maternal  physiologic  stress  response  phenotype  moderates  the  dura-on  of  gesta-on  and  therefore  may  contribute  to,  or  diminish  the  risk  of  preterm  birth.  –   180  postpartum  women  recruited  from  original  cohort  

– Preterm/term  – African-­‐American/European-­‐American  

– High/Low  psychosocial  resilience  

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Racial  Disparity  

Nega8ve  “Hits”  (Aims  1  and  2)  

•  Stressors  (chronic,  acute)  •  Health  behaviors  

–  Smoking    –  Substance  abuse  –  Nutri-on  –  Exercise  

•  Chronic  biomedical  –  Diabetes  –  Previous  preterm  

•  Acute  biomedical  –  UTI  –  Preeclampsia  

Resilience  (Aims  1  and  2)  

•  Psychosocial    •  Posi-ve  emo-ons  

–  Ac-ve  coping    –  Meaning  –  Cogni-ve  flexibility  –  Social  support  (network)  

•  Physiologic  (Aim  3)  –  Trier  (TSST)  –  Impedance  cardiography  

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     Race  

Psychosocial  Stress  

Psychosocial  Resilience  

Physiologic  Stress/  resilience  

Dura-on  of  pregnancy  

Aim  1   Aim  1  

Aim  2  Aim  2  

Aim  3  

Telomere  Length  

Biosample  collec-on  

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Sociobiology  of  Racial  Dispari-es  in  Preterm  

Birth  

Theme 5 Interactions

Themes  1  Evolu8on  &  2  Gene8cs      -­‐    compara-ve  analysis  of  fetal    growth,  maternal  habitus,  stress  across  species    -­‐  longitudinal  cohorts,  biophysical    measures,  human  samples  to  test    effects  of  gene  variants  

Theme  4  Progesterone  receptor    -­‐  compara-ve  analysis  of  short    cervix  and  stress/resilience    -­‐longitudinal  cohort  to  inform    future  interven-onal  studies  

Theme  3  Developmental  Biology      -­‐  analyze  rela-onship  of  fetal  growth/    matura-on  with  decidual  senescence    -­‐  explore  role  of  stress  and  nutrient    deficiency  in  sensi-zed  mouse    model  

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Theme  5  Innova-on  and  Deliverables  

•  An  opportunity  to  reduce  racial  disparity  – Link  psychological  stress  with  physiologic  responses  

– Define  individual  suscep-bility  on  the  basis  of  their  unique  responses:  “one  size  does  not  fit  all”  

– Stra-fy  risk  to  target  appropriate  interven-ons  – Provide  carefully  phenotyped  cohort  to  inform  future  gene-c,  epigen-c,  microbiome,  and  environmental  studies  across  March  of  Dimes    Prematurity  Research  Centers