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Thermal/Electrical Safety Testing of Batteries
HEL Inc
New Jersey, USA
HEL Italia
Italy
HEL India
Mumbai
HEL AG
Germany
HEL Ltd
London, UK
HEL China
Beijing
Dr Jasbir Singh HEL Ltd, England
Harry Yang, HEL Beijing
英國赫爾公司北京代表處
TEL : 010 8216 8812
HEL KEY APPLICATION AREAS
1 Bench and kilo-lab scale reactors
2 Parallel reactor platforms
3 Hydrogenation and catalytic reactions
4 Crystallisation and particle sizing
5 Process safety and calorimetry
better chemistry - faster
Safety and Calorimetry
Thermal Screening (Tsu) Alternative to traditional DSC/DTA as primary screening
Simultaneous pressure and temperature data available
Reaction calorimetry (SIMULAR) Ideal for experts and research chemists alike
Automatic, real-time heat flow calculation/display
Runaway (“ARC-type”) calorimetry (phi-tec) Safe storage, operation and vent data
Both low and high phi-factor designs
special “battery” testing version
better chemistry - faster
Battery Hazards
Modern batteries contain highly reactive chemicals
Thermal stability problems well reported already
Problems of battery heating involve:
- self-heating due to energy from chemicals
- eventually, decomposition and gas release can occur
- if battery casing allows, gas release continues gently
and eventually self-heating stops.
- Sometimes, gas release occurs suddenly, battery casing
ruptures “explosively” – large amount of gas release
better chemistry - faster
Safety Testing of Batteries .. How? For what?
High Temperature
What temperature battery starts to self heat
Max charging, discharging rates, shorting
Charging/discharging , overcharged, shorted ..
limits before self-heating?
How bad could a battery reaction get?
Test for “worst case”.... Adiabatic Conditions
“Accelerating Rate Calorimeter” (ARC) was the first
commercial adiabatic device. Developed by Dow
Chemical and marketed by CSI.
This device is long dead and ONLY the name is being
used by other companies.
The principles of the original ARC have been
duplicated and technically exceed by HEL for over 15
years.
Adiabatic Testing Background ... “ARC”
better chemistry – faster
PHI-TEC Calorimeter - principle
better chemistry – faster
Computer controlled “oven”
Compact
Easy to use
High quality data
Safety Tested with Explosive chemical
After
detonation
Before
Internals
External
– no affect
better chemistry - faster
Testing with Phi-tec “standard Version
Easy to test the following battery components
anode
cathode
electrolyte
Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI)
Also batteries up to 18650 - fresh or after making / charging /
cycling….
Use “Standard” ph-tec I
Testing Larger Batteries
better chemistry - faster
But what if the Batteries are larger
than 18650?
What about specific batteries for
Military use
Space
EV and HEV
Storage Batteries
or large packs of smaller
batteries?
Battery testing Calorimeter
1.4m total open height
Internal free space
35cm dia x 35cm high
Easy to open, full access
• “Abuse” Testing
Safe operating and transportation limits
• Battery Research and development
- Affect of designs
- Affect of chemistries
- Mechanical Features
- Current/Voltage profiles
APPLICATIONS OF ADIABATIC TESTING
better chemistry - faster
Purpose Battery “Abuse” Testing
High Temperature
What temperature battery starts to self heat
Max charging, discharing rates, shorting
Charging/discharging , overcharged, shorted ..
limits before self-heating?
Temperaturea cycling, physical (penetration) damage
-40 to 80C cycling: effect on mechanical integrity
Tests as defined for example by UN, UL and Sandia National Labs
Thermal Abuse Testing
Sample Temp (°C) Temperature Top (°C) Temperature Side (°C)Temperature Bottom (°C)
Time (minutes)120010008006004002000
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Step-wise heating – up to 200C (400C possible) BTC results from a safe battery
better chemistry - faster
Thermal Abuse Testing
better chemistry – faster
Time (minutes) 400 300 200 100 0
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
200
150
100
50
0
Pre
ss
ure
(ba
ra)
80
60
40
20
0
BTC Data for Battery that fails Test
Search “Onset” Tracking
Batteries from Tests
“Closed Cell” battery Test
better chemistry - faster
Battery sealed in cell, measure pressure generated
Potentially, test to explosion
Rubber ring with
electrode wire
better chemistry - faster
battery is INR18650-13Q Samsung SDI 088
Testing 1865commercial battery to “explosion”
First, mild exotherm
Second exotherm
better chemistry - faster
battery is INR18650-13Q Samsung SDI 088
Battery and Test cell after explosion
battery
Electrical “abuse” - Dynamic Tests with Batteries
better chemistry - faster
Discharging
Charging
Cycling
•Amounts of charge/voltage
• Rates of charging discharging
• Shorting, cycling profiles
Battery Development Unit
better chemistry - faster
2.5cm cable ports
Many spare ports
Test Large (flat) Battery
better chemistry - faster
Phi-Tec BTC: Exotherm during charging
Stop charging
better chemistry - faster
Sample Temperature (°C) Guard Heater Temperature (°C)
Time (minutes)550500450400350300250200150100500
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
70
60
50
40
30
Charging at 3.6V (max 2A) Charging at 4.2V (max 2.5A)
Phi-Tec BTC: Exotherm during discharging
better chemistry - faster
Discharging (resistor shorting across terminals)
Sample Temperature (°C) Guard Heater Temperature (°C)
Time (minutes)120100806040200
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
50
45
40
35
30
Flat Battery after Test
better chemistry - faster
Before after
-Battery to be “punctured” in situ,
at any time
- For example when hot or cold
- Step-wise heating (such as HWS)
can be started after battery has been
penetrated.
Battery Nail “Penetration” Tests
better chemistry - faster
Hot and Cold Temperature Cycling ..
Coolant pipes
Battery Abuse Visualisation
better chemistry - faster
Real-time visualisation and video recording under
high temperature and pressure conditions.
BTC Safety – Mechanical hardware
• Main Chamber designed to
pressure vessel codes
•Relief valve for automatic
venting moderate rates of
excessive pressure rise
better chemistry - faster
Operates regardless of software,
electronics or power failure
Battery Tests – Data/application
better chemistry - faster
Range of tests under safe conditions:
- Safety of final product under normal conditions
- lifecycle or electrochemical efficiency data -
quantitatively
- worst case, adiabatic data to fully quantify all
potential thermal hazards associated with the battery
