thermoplastics elastomers

7/25/2019 thermoplastics elastomers

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EXPERIMENT 2

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER BLENDS

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) is a new polymer which combine the service

properties of elastomer (vulcanized rubber) and also able to be process as

thermoplastic. This combination of properties can be obtained through simultaneous

presence of soft elastic segments (that have high extensibility and low glass transition

temperature, Tg) and hard segments (which have a lower extensibility a high Tg) and

there are susceptible association to cross!lin"ing.

The toughness of a polymer is described as the ability to resist by absorbing

energy #$% and is therefore a very important material property. &uch research in

polymer field aims at improving the toughness of a material and investigates the

mechanisms by which such an improvement can be obtained.'crylonitrile!butadiene!styrene (') is a widely used thermoplastic. *n ',

acrylonitrile causes an improvement in chemical resistance and weatherability,

butadiene has the character of rubber toughness, and styrene offers glossiness and

processability. The compositions of the various components can be controlled to meet

the re+uirements of a variety of applications. owever, the overall mechanical

properties of ' are lower than those of most engineering plastics, and the heat

distortion temperature of general grades of ' is lower than $--/ (Ping, $001,

/hin and wang, $012). *n order to upgrade the use of ', one simple way is to

blend ' resin with other high performance engineering plastics such as

polycarbonate (P/) #3%.

P/ is an important engineering plastic that is widely used since its

development in $045 and first production in $06-. Polycarbonate!consumption was


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$.$ million tons in $002 and increasing. *ts main features are transparency, toughness

and high!temperature stability applied in car!parts (e.g. headlights), glazing, lighting,

housing for electrical e+uipment, pac"aging (e.g. mil" bottles) or as data!carrier (/7).

To reduce the sensitivity to these conditions, P/ is often blended with

acrylonitrile!butadiene!styrene ('). This can only be done in applications where

the transparent character of P/ is not important. P/8' is one of the most

successful commercial polymer blends. 9irst patents date from $06:. This blend

combines the good mechanical and thermal properties of P/ and the ease of

processability, notched impact resistance and the sometimes lower price of

'.P/8' actually is a ternary blend, since ' itself usually consist of styrene!

acrylonitrile (';) and dispersion of polybutadiene (P). The properties of such

ternary blend will depend on the structure properties of the components #$%.

lends of P/ and ' have been commercially available for a number of

years. P/ can contribute towards improvements in strength, dimensional stability,

heat distortion temperature and impact resistance of the blends.


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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE RE$IE%

2.1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS Polymers)

2.1.1 General Introduction


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Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) has grown to become one of

the most widely used thermoplastic in the world because of the wide

range of available properties, ease of processing, and a good balance

between price and performance.

The ABS resins have well-balanced set of properties for molding

close dimensional control articles with an outstanding surface nishing

good impact resistance, and metal plating characteristics. ABS resins

belong to a very versatile family of thermoplastic polymers. ABS is

produced by combining three monomers! acrylonitrile, butadiene and

styrene. The chemical structure of these monomers re"uires each

monomer to be an important component of the ABS resins. Acrylonitrile

contributes heat resistance, chemical resistance, and surface hardness to

the system. The butadiene contributes toughness and impact resistance,

while styrene component contributes processibility, rigidity and strength.

ABS plastics are two-phase systems. Styrene-acrylonitrile (SA#)

forms the continuous matri$ phase. The second phase is composed of

dispersed polybutadiene particles, which has a layer of SA# grafted onto

their surface. The binding matri$ layer of SA# ma%es this polymer&s two

phases compatible '.

2.1.2Chemistry


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nNC n

n

Acr&'onitri'! But(di!n! St&r!n!

' plastics are two!phase systems. tyrene!acrylonitrile (';) forms the

continuous matrix phase. The second phase is composed of dispersed polybutadiene particles,

which has a layer of '; grafted onto their surface. The binding matrix layer of '; ma"es

this polymer=s two phase compatible #5%.

/ommon types of ' polymers have an average composition of 3$ to 32>

acrylonitrile, $3 to 34> butadiene and 4: to 65> styrene. 'crylonitrile primarily offers

chemical resistance and heat stability, butadiene gives toughness and impact strength and the

styrene commonly provide ' with balance of clarity, rigidity and ease of processing (vec

et al., $00-).

tyrene and acrylonitrile can be copolymerized to form '; copolymers, typically at

a 2-85- ratio of ';. ?i"e polystyrene, '; is a clear copolymer, but with the additional

characteristics of higher chemical resistance, better surface hardness and improved toughness

(Pillichody and @elly, $00-). This copolymer is a commercially significant product, with

maAor applications in mar"ets such as battery cases, disposable cigarette lighters and house

wares.

' polymer systems typically contain between 2- and 0-> ';. *n forming the

continuous phases of ', the '; contributes its characteristics of easy processing, high

strength and rigidity, chemical resistance and good surface hardness and appearance #:%.


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2.1.) Pro*!rti!#

The properties of ' polymers are determined by molecular and morphological

parameters, the matrix composition and molecular mass, the type of rubber, the volume ratio

of the rubber to the continuous phase, the rubber particle size, the grafted rubber structure,

and the additive content are also important #4%.

Table 3.$ summarized the effects, which will occur under some situations. The

properties of this multi!phase system are also affected by conditions at the interface between

the rubber level is extremely important and the maAor trade!offs from the increased rubber

level are shown in 9igure 3.$.

' polymer has low density ($-3- to $-6- "gm !$) and the bul" density of the pellet

is also low, usually 4-- to 6-- "gm !5(Pillichody and @elly, $00-). The material is opa+ue as

a result of the different refractive indices of the two phases. The presence of the polar nitrile

group results in certain affinity of the ' polymer for water or water vapour. 'n increase in

the humidity content will lead to complications in processing and to deteroration in some

properties #:%..

*ncrease molecular

weight of the ';

;arrow molecular

weight distribution

road molecular

weight distribution

*ncrease the content

of elastomers

*ncrease resistance to

surface!active

substances

*mprove dimensional

stability

*ncrease heat and

pressure sensitivity

of the melt

7ecrease heat

deformation

resistance

*mpact strength 7ecrease in *mprove flow *ncrease melt


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increase shrin"age properties viscosity

uppression of creep *ncrease creep

resistance

*mprove the impact

strength

Tensile strength

increase

Tensile strength

increase

'geing resistance

decrease9luidity decrease tiffness increase

Table 2.1 : Effect of molecular characteristics of the elastomer phase and SAN copolymer

forming the matrix (Sec et al.! 1""#$

2.1.).1 M!c+(nic(' Pro*!rti!#

The overall toughness offered by ' materials is the prime mechanical property that

prompts most users to select ' for their applications. The standard measure of impact

strength of used for ' is notched *zod impact strength, as measured by 'T& 7346'.

'lthough ' is notch sensitive, it is much less so than many other polymer, including

Tensile trength *mpact trength

Bigidity /reep strainardness &elt Ciscosity

eat Besistance Thermal

Expansion

&edium igh Cery igh

*mpact *mpact *mpact

*;/BE'*;D BEB ?ECE?

%igure 2.1 : &a'or property tradeoffs for A)S *ith increasing rubber leel.

(+lenn and ,athleen! 1"-$


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polycarbonate and nylon. *n addition to good impact strength at room temperature, '

retains significant impact strength at very low temperature (vec et al., $00-). This has led to

the use of ' in critical low!temperature applications. ' materials can deform in a

ductile manner over board temperature range and at high strain rates.

'nother important characteristic of engineering thermoplastic is their stress!strain

behavior in flexure. 's with tensile properties, the flexural strength at yield and flexural

modulus can be used to determine the resistance of a product to short!term loadings (;obert,

$02$). They also useful in comparing the strength and rigidity of the many ' products #:%.

2.1.).2 T+!r,(' Pro*!rti!#

The critical thermal properties for ' are heat distortion, coefficient of linear

thermal expansion, thermal endurance, thermal conductivity, and specific heat. The most

common measure of heat distortion is the deflection temperature under load as measured by

'T& 76:1. igh!heat ', '8Polycarbonate (P/) alloys, and '8styrene!maleic

anhydride (&') alloys all extend applications of ' into the temperature up to $$-o/ at

$.1 &Pa for short!term exposures (Fen"er and @oln, $015).

*n general, plastics have significantly higher thermal expansion coefficients than

metals. /onse+uently, in applications where parts are constrained, thermal stresses must be

accommodated in part design or expansion may induce failure in the part. This property is

especially important in ' products designed for electroplating (&oh et al., $002).

The thermal properties of ' polymers are characterized mainly by the glass

transition temperature, Tg. 'n increase in temperature of the material leads to a decrease in


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the tensile strength and increase in the ductility and toughness. owever, the modulus of

elasticity in tension decreases (vec et al., $00-) #:%.

2.1.).) R+!o'o-&

9actors influencing melt flow behavior of ' include (&oh et al., $002) G

$. The presence of the grafted rubber domains, their weight fraction, graft to

rubber ratio, particle size distribution

3. The composition, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the

matrix

5. 'dditives, ie, lubricants, stabilizers, fillers, pigments, etc

:. Besidual components from the polymerization process and

4. Hater.

The presence of the grafted rubber increases viscosity the viscosity effect increases

with decreasing shear rates and increasing rubber content. Besidual volatile

components and lubricants can function as diluents to reduce viscosity. *t has been

suggested that their influence on viscosity may depend on whether such materials

preferentially reside in the rubber or matrix phase (Dlenn et al., $014) #:%.

2.1.). C+!,ic(' R!#i#t(nc!

The chemical resistance information has been obtained from numerous sources and it

is primarily based on plastic material test specimens that have been immersed in the chemical

(not combination of chemicals) and on field experience. nder no circumstances is to be

assumed that a mixture of individually acceptable chemicals may be safely used with ' or

any other products.


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The effect of the combination of chemical on the ' components has to be assessed

in conAunction with other factors that have a significant impact upon the lifecycle of the

system i.e. temperature, internal pressure, flexural stresses, cyclic loads etc. 'ny chemical

attac" is increased when temperature or stress are increased or when temperature or stress are

varied. Table 3.3 shows the reference for the chemical solvents that may affect the resistance

#6%.

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE

%!(/ (cid# Dood resistance

Stron- (cid# ?imited resistance

%!(/ ('/('i# Dood resistance

Stron- ('/('i# Dood resistance

A--r!##i"! #oi'# Excellent resistance

M!t(' #('t# Dood resistance

S!( (t!r Excellent resistance

Aro,(tic +&droc(rbon# Poor resistance

Or-(nic #o'"!nt# Poor resistance

T(b'! 2.2 R!!r!nc! C+!,ic(' R!#i#t(nc!

2.1. Proc!##in-

2.1..1 3!n!r(' Proc!##in-

' material can be processed by inAection molding, extrusion, blow molding.

owever, inAection molding and extrusion account more than 05> of all ' material usage.

' polymers process very easily and can be fabricated into very complex parts. '

re+uires significantly lower processing temperatures and is less sensitive to processing

conditions (risimitza"is, $00:) #:%.

2.1..2 E4tru#ion


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'n extruder with minimum ?87 ratio of 3:G$ is recommended to ensure a uniform

mixing and melt temperature over the die. ' screen pac" consisting of a 3-!:- mesh

combination is recommended. ingle or two twin screw are suitable. owever, the latter part

is preferred since it also aids in devolatilization and results in an improved extrudate +uality

(Pillichody and @elly, $00-) #:%.

2.1..) In!ction ,o'din-

' polymers can be processed in all types of inAection molding e+uipment, but

optimum results are obtained with reciprocating screw machines since it provides more

uniform melt and higher available pressure. Processing temperatures range from $22 to

311o/, depending on the specific grade. *nAection pressure of 60 t- $51 &Pa and clamp

pressure of 31$ to :33 "g8cm3of proAected part surface are usually sufficient. crew having a

length to diameter (?87) ratio of 3-G$ is recommended (Dlenn and /athleen, $014).

2.1.5 Ad"(nt(-!# (nd Di#(d"(nt(-!#

ABS, being copolymeri*ed from three di+erent monomers, has high

impact strength and competes well with polypropylene although it is more

e$pensive '. ts good dimensional stability ', it replaces die-cast metal

components and can be electroplated. ABS is e$cellent for vacuum-

forming and blow-moulding for the production of articles such as re

e$tinguishers, bus wheel arches, industrial containers, refrigerators shells

and protective helmets. t has good impact resistance (toughness) and

rigidity properties. Basically, ABS is preferred for its favourable balance of

high gloss, colourability, processability and price.


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The balances of properties which are e$hibited by ABS are not found

in any other plastic material. ABS material can be classied as a

lightweight plastic material due to low creep '.

Besides the advantages, the material has also a number of

limitations. The disadvantages are as follows!

$. ?imited chemical resistance to hydrocarbon and concentrated acids and al"alis.

3. ?ow dielectric strength

5.


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/abinets of TCs, Badios, Hall cloc"s, Tape recorders and

/ar stereos.

4. igh eat Besistant Drades 'utomobile components, ousing for electrical heaters I

dryers

6. Transparent Drades sed in areas where high transparency I good impact

strength is re+uired

2. *mpact &odifier Drades &odifier to PC/ compounding industry, covering all types

of formulations!rigid, semi!flexible, clear and opa+ue

1. Dlass 9illed Drades sed in applications re+uiring a very high flexural

strength, stiffness, maintaining the impact and tensile

strength

0. Extrusion Drades Befrigerator linings and luggage

Table 2./ : A)S +0AE3SE A4453,AT36NS

2.2 Po'&c(rbon(t! 7PC8

2.2.1 3!n!r(' introduction (nd Hi#toric(' B(c/-round

Polycarbonate (P/), was first developed in $045 by ayer in Dermany, and Deneral

Electric in the independently. ?EJ'; is its most popular trade name. P/ is a heterochain

polymer featuring high performance that comprise the family of Kengineering

thermoplasticsL. P/ is an excellent material choice as it is not Aust high!performing but also

can be recycled and be produced in an eco!friendly manner.

' P/ molecule includes a isphenol ' part and a carbonate group. isphenol ' has

two aromatic rings rendering P/ high strength. *t does not crystallize easily due to the

isphenol group. The polymer attains its transparency due to this amorphous structure. The

characteristic high glass transition temperature (Tg M $:4o/) of P/ is caused by the minimal

molecular rotation about the bonds #1%.


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O

O

O

CH3

CH3

n

Bi#*+!no' A C(rbon(t!

2.2.1 C+!,i#tr& (nd M(nu(cturin-

2.2.1.1 C+!,i#tr&

P/ is most often synthesized from isphenol ' and phosgene by a step!growth

polymerization in which /l!ions are eliminated every time the monomers react. This "ind of

step!growth polymerization is often called a condensation process #1%.

$. Polymerization teps

! The isphenol ' group are reacted with proton acceptors such as ;a


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isphenol ' odium 7isphenolate ion of

hydroxide bisphenol '

! The deprotonated isphenol ' reacts with Phosgene and a catalyst at

temperatures between 34 and 54o/. this way, a Polycarbonate monomer is

formed, and the catalyst (often times Pyridine), is eliminated along with

the anion.

O-

CH3

CH3

ClCl

O

+

Cl

O

O

CH3

CH3

+

Phenolate ion end phosgene chloroformate end on bisphenol '

on bisphenol '

! *n order to react more isphenol ' and phosgene into the chain, chloride

anions are always eliminated

+

Cl

O

O

CH3

CH3

O-

O-

CH3

CH3


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/hloroformate end of polymer disphenolate ion of bisphenol '

Cl-

O

O-

CH3

CH3O

O

CH3

CH3

+

Polycarbonate polymer being extended

2.2.1.2 M(nu(cturin- o PC

Polycarbonate is transformed from pellets into the desired shape for its intended

application by melting the polycarbonate and forcing it under pressure into a mold or die to

give it the desired shape depending on the application. This process is repeated thousands of

times.

*n the extrusion process, the molten P/ is passed through a die that gives the material

its final shape. 'fter this, the melt is cooled rapidly. ?ong pipes and sheets are created by this

process.

*n the molding process, the P/ melt is pressed into a mold with defined shape of the

final product. The melt is then cooled inside the mold. This process is ideal for specific parts

such as automotive and computer parts #1%.


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2.2.2 Pro*!rti!#

2.2.2.1 P+ic(' (nd M!c+(nic(' Pro*!rti!#

Polycarbonate is a polymer which, when un!crystallized, has excellent transparency.

Hhen thic", it has a slight yellowish tint. The index of refraction of transparent and colorless

P/ is very high, $.41:. the industrial grades of P/ have molecular weights on the order of

3-,--- to 4-,--- g.mol!$. The relative rigidity of the chain causes high viscosity in the li+uid

state.

Polycarbonate has a vitreous transition temperature of about $4- o/ and conse+uently

it is to be used almost exclusively in the vitreous range (great rigidity). 't ambient

temperature (between TN M 1-o/ and Tg M $4-o/). P/ is ductile, which explains in part its

very good resistance to shoc". Polycarbonate has polymers #0%.

! ?ittle elongation relative to rupture,

! Excellent resistance to shoc" even cold,

! ' wide temperature range for use (up to $54o/) sterilization

possible.

2.2.2.2 C+!,ic(' Pro*!rti!#

P/ absorbs only small +uantities of water (O-.6>) and its mechanical properties are

not affected by it. P/ can be used for ma"ing obAects fre+uently washed with hot or sterilized


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water, but a long period of time in hot water (-6- o/) causes a decomposition resulting in a

drop in shoc" resistance.

P/ is not attac"ed by diluted mineral and organic acids. *t is insoluble in aliphatic

hydrocarbons, ether and alcohol. *t is partially soluble in numerous halogenous hydrocarbons.

P/ is attac"ed by strong bases (ammonia). P/ is fairly stable in the presence of ozone.

tability in C light is not exceptional and P/s turn yellow fairly +uic"ly. uitability for

contact with food and physiological innocuousness. P/ is recognized as being suitable for

ma"ing obAects in contact with food. /ertain grades are approved for medical use. P/s can be

sterilized with steam #0%.

2.2.2.) E'!ctric(' Pro*!rti!#

Polycarbonate has good insulating properties little affected by variations in

temperature or humidity.

2.2.2. T+!r,(' Pro*!rti!#

P/ is practically self!extinguishable. Besistance to fire, rated per ?0:, ranges from

to C-!C3 according to type, wall thic"ness and stabilization.

2.2.2.5 Di,!n#ion(' Pro*!rti!#

Polycarbonate, as all un!crystallized polymer, offers limited retraction when molded

(O-.6>)G


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and sometimes as KalloysL to borrow a term from metallurgy (&odern Plastic &agazine,

$00:). The need for improved balance of properties and the potential ability of polymer

blends to satisfy this need have converged in the development of polymer blending as a maAor

area for rigorous growth in the past several years. Properties of plastics that have most often

been improved by polymer blending include processability, tensile strength, ductility, impact

strength, abrasion resistance, heat deflection temperature, low!temperature flexibility, flame

retardancy, and environmental stress!crac" resistance #:%.

2..1 ABS B'!nd#

' is itself a blend of P and ';, but can be further blended with other materials

and thus the scope of possible applications is broadened. /ommercial blends with ' are

given in Table 3.5 ('dam et al., $005) and some of these will be discussed in more detail

below #:%.

lend @ey Properties 'pplication Drowth Bate

P/8'

eat resistance, low

temperature impact,

processability, ease of flame

retarding

'utomotive, computer housing,

lawn and garden, power tools,

recreational vehicles

0>

PC/8'

*mpact strength and

toughness, flame retardance,

C stability, processability

Electrical components,

appliances, business machine

housings, housewares

$3!$1>

;ylon8'

igh impact, chemical

resistance, low moisture

sensitivity

'utomotive body panels and

underhood components, vacuum

cleaner housing

2>

TP8'

/hemical and abrasion

resistance, low temperature

toughness

'uto bumper fascia

PT8'

Processability, impact

strength, heat and chemical

resistance

?awn and garden e+uipment,

small appliances, fluid

engineering industry

1>

Polysulphone8'Processability, low cost, heat

resistance, can be plated

'ppliances, auto window handles,

faucets, food trays

T(b'! 2. B'!nd# it+ ABS 7Ad(, et al.! 1::)8


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2..2 Po'&c(rbon(t!;ABS B'!nd#

The second class of alloy is produced through blends made with polycarbonate (P/).

;early all P/8' is used in automotive and business machine applications, with a small

amount in lawn and garden e+uipment, power tools and recreational vehicles. P/8'

properties and price are intermediate between those of the more expensive P/ and the less

expensive '. The blends8alloys of P/8' provide heat resistance as well as low

temperature impact strength and processability. ' improve the processability and reduced

cost whereas the P/ provides the heat resistance and toughness and impact, higher tensile

properties and improved ease of flame retarding (onner and ope, $005). These alloys

exhibit excellent toughness, good heat distortion and high rigidity (Dlenn and /athleen,

$014) #:%.

The commercialization of P/ began in $041 the production of the P/8' blends

started on $022. The addition of ' to P/ minimizes its drawbac"s without affecting its

superior mechanical properties, and also generates other useful characteristics, such as

glossiness and low temperature toughness. ' number of patents concerning these blends have

been issued in the past, but the scientific "nowledge about their behaviour is still limited

owing to the complexity of the system. The blends consist, in fact, of four polymeric species

and three phases, their morphology depending on a variety of factorsG molecular

characteristics of the components, ' composition, blend composition, rheological

properties, processing conditions, thermal treatments, etc. P/ and ' are fairly similar in

polarity, and might be compatible with each other the ' grafted rubber (butadiene)

particles chains would remain insoluble, but firmly bonded by their styrene!acrylonitrile side!

chains, producing good physical properties #$-%. 'ssuming this fundamental basis for semi!


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compatibility, it is interesting to determine simultaneously the behavior of the modulus and

the impact strength of the blends versus the P/ content.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLO3 of

P/ blends into '. 9or the modulus of elasticity, the value were decrease to 3$-.05 &Pa as

the increasing amount of P/ blend added into the ' with compatibilizer. Hhen the

addition of '; into the '8P/ blends, it will offers high tensile strength, highest impact

resistance, unfortunately, the modulus of elasticity will decrease. These statement can be

proved in 9igure :.$.$.3.

CHAPTER $

Figure 4.1.$ : Effect of Blend Ratio on Elongation at Break of AB!"# blend


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CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The obAective of the experiment is to analyse the effect of compatibilizer on the

properties of '8P/ blend. ased on the result, both tensile strength and modulus of

elasticity increased with the increasing of P/ content in '8P/ blend. Hith the increasing

of P/ content in '8P/ blends, elongation at brea" for '8P/ blends generally increased.

9urthermore, with the addition of the compatibilizer such as '; will gives an effect on

'8P/ blend. 'lthough the tensile strength and elongation at brea" shows an increment

value, the modulus of elasticity will decrease as the content in the blend will have continuous

phase.

RE@ERENCES


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#$% &.".F. 'nberg ($))1,April*.Fracture of polycarbonate!AB Blends. +niersity of T-ente, Te

/eterlands

#3% 0. ean &-u ($))2,Aug,11*.&echanical 4roperties of 7igh 3mpact A)S84, )lendsEffect of )lend 0atio. 3epartment of "olymer Engineering, Faculty of #emical and/atural Resources Engineering. +niersiti Teknologi %alaysia, 151) +T% kudai,

&oor Baru.

#5% E. Alfredo #ampo. 'ndustrial "olymer.

#:% "% 3r A6man 7assan, "% 3r arir 7asim, #.au en ($))8, %arc*.

&echanical! ,hemical and %lammability 4roperties of A)S849, )lends.&ABATA/

9E&. ";'%ER, FA9. 9E&. 9'%'A 3A/ 9E&. +%BER A;', +T% 9+3A',

&7R.

#4% Acrylonitrile


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CHAPTER TITLE PA3E

TITLE PA3E

LIST O@ TABLES

LIST O@ @I3URES

I INTRODUCTION

$.$*ntroduction

$.3


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5.$ &aterial

5.3 lend Preparation

I$ RESULT AND DISCUSSION

:.$ Besult

:.$.$ Effect of P/ /ontent on Tensile trength and Roung

&odulus

:.$.3 Effect of P/ /ontent of Elongation at rea"

:.$.5 Effect of '; on '8P/ blends

$ CONCLUSION

4.$ /onclusion

RE@ERENCES

LIST O@ TABLES

TABLE No. TITLE PA3E

3.$ Effect of molecular characteristics of the elastomer phase

and '; copolymer forming the matrix (vec et al., $00-)

3.3 Beference /hemical Besistance

3.5 'bs Dradewise 'pplications

3.: lends with ' ('dam et al., $005)5.$ Batio of polymer blend

:.$ Tensile result of different ratio blends

LIST O@ @I3URES

@I3URE No. TITLE PA3E


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3.$ &aAor property trade!offs for ' with increasing rubber

level. (Dlenn and /athleen, $014)

:.$.$ Effect of Blend Ratio on Elongation at Break of AB!"#

blends:.$.$.3 Effect of lend Batio on &odulus of Elasticity '8P/

blends

:.$.3 Effect of lend Batio on Elongation at rea" of '8P/

blend

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thermoplastics elastomers