Time Use Patterns by Immigration Status in Canada Mobinul Huq Department of Economics University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5 CANADA

Time Use Patterns by Immigration Status

in Canada

Mobinul Huq Department of Economics University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5 CANADA Ph: (306) 966-5204 Email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Immigration issues:• Projected labour shortage and immigration

as a solution.• Assimilation of immigrant population in the

host country.

Current economic research focus• In terms of labour market outcomes. • Earnings, labour supply,

employment/unemployment, market valuation of foreign degree and experience.

Non-market activities?

Literature on time use pattern:

• Comparisons by demographic characteristics (Marshall 2006, Apps and Rees 2005, Stobert et al. 2005)

Gender, Age group,..

• Change over time (Fisher et al. 2007) • Cross country comparison (Anxo et al. 2007)

Canadian born versus foreign born/immigrants ?

Data SourceStatistics Canada Time Use survey,2005 (General Social Survey Cycle 19)

Data SelectionAge 25 to 54 Omitted: Non-permanent residents, missing information on marital status, education, urban/rural.

4 groups by gender and place of birth (Canadian born/foreign).

Number of Observations (N)

Male Female

Canadian-born 3904 5869

Immigrant 796 952

Daily Time use

10 one-digit activities: 96 two-digit activities: 186 three-digit activities:

One-digit activities:

0 Employed work

1 Domestic Work

2 Care Giving

3 Shopping & Services

4 Personal Care

5 School and Education

6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities

7 Entertainment (Attending)

8 Sports and Hobbies (participating)

9 Media and Communication

1. Domestic work (Variable name DVDOM) includes:

10. Meal preparation101. Meal preparation102. Baking, Preserving Food, Home Brewing Etc.

11. Meal cleanup12. Indoor cleaning13. Outdoor cleaning14. Laundry15. Mending

151.152.

16. Home Repairs, Maintenance…… (161 to 164)

17. Gardening, Pet Care…… (171 to 173)

18. Other Housework …… (181 to 186)

19. Travel for household work

Time use pattern by immigration status

• Average time spent by different activities:

For example: Average hours of market work by

Canadian born (Ci) versus immigrants (Ii)

• Participation rate by activities:

• Average time spent by participants:

x1000

Total

reportingNumberPRi

ii CIGap

1

2

k

CI

CI

T

k

i ii

ii

s

2880

2

ii

ii

iiws

CI

CI

CIT

1

k

CI

CI

T

k

i ii

ii

AD

2880

2880

iiii

ii

iiWAD

CICI

CI

CIT

Dissimilarity indices compared by Stewart (2006)

Weighted Szalai Index :

Absolute Deviation Index:

Weighted Absolute Deviation Index:

Szalai Index:

One of the issues with unweighted indices: Sensitivity to short duration activities.

Interpretation:

Szalai indices have no obvious interpretation:AD: average proportional difference.

WAD: The percentage of time that must be reallocated for equality.

• Stewart (2006) conclusion:

“Given its robustness and its natural interpretation, the weighted absolute-deviation index, TWAD, clearly dominates other indexes considered.”

2880

2880

iiii

ii

iiWAD

CICI

CI

CITWeighted Absolute Deviation Index:

2

1

k

iii CI

SADH

WAD: The proportion of time that must be reallocated for equality.

Sum of Absolute Deviation Halved (SADH):

SADH: the amount of time that must be reallocated for equality.

SADH= WAD*1440SADH = 15 minutes equivalent to WAD=.01

Dissimilarity by level of disaggregation:

(2x2 Example) SADH: WADOne-digit: 4 hours/day 0.17Two-digit 7 hours/day 0.29

Hypothetical example (one digit)

A B

1. Work 12 16

2. Non-work 12 8

SADH (WAD)4

(0.17)

Hypothetical example (two digit)

A B

11. Market work 6 12

12. Non-market work 6 4

21. Non-work awake 6 1

22. Sleep 6 7

SADH (WAD)

7 (0.29)

Required Reallocation Between one digit activities: 4

Hypothetical example (one digit)

A B

1. Work 1216-

4=12

2. Non-work 128+4=

12

SADH 0


A B

11. Market work 6 12-4=8

12. Non-market work 6 4

21. Non-work awake 6 1+4=5

22. Sleep 6 7

SADH 3

Additional level two reallocation requirement: 3

Within one-digit activity 1: 2Within activity 2: 1 hour.


A B

11. Market work 6 8-2=6

12. Non-market work 6 4+2=6

21. Non-work awake 6 5+1=6

22. Sleep 6 7-1=6

SADH 0

• Base SADH (1-digit): 4 hours/day (between 1-digit activities)

2-digit Marginal SADH: 3 hours/day (between 2-digit activities, within 1-digit activities) Decomposition of Marginal SADH; Within Activity 1: 2 hours/day

Activity 2: 1 hour/day

0 Employed work

1 Domestic Work

2 Care Giving

3 Shopping & Services

4 Personal Care

5 School and Education

6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities

7 Entertainment (Attending)

8 Sports and Hobbies (participating)

9 Media and Communication

Time spend on four broad categories (minutes per person per day).All individuals, including non-participants (zeros)

Men 25 to 54 Women 25 to 54

Canadian- Born Immigrant

Gap (I-C)


Gap(I-C)

Average minutes Per Day (Population)

Market work (0) 369 386 17 258 275 18

Non-market Work (1,2,3,5) 183 185 2 297 314 17

Personal Care (4) 600 609 9 625 622 -4

Discretionary time (6 to 9) 286 258 -28 260 227 -32

SADH Min/day (WAD)

28 (0.019

)

36 (0.025

)

Time spend on one-digit activities (minutes per person per day)All individuals, including non-participants (zeros).


Canadian-

BornImmigrant

Gap (I-C)

Canadian- Born

Immigrant

Gap(I-C)


0 Employed work 369 386 17 258 275 18

1 Domestic Work 97 70 -26 152 146 -6

2 Care Giving 27 32 5 56 65 9

3 Shopping & Services 33 41 8 54 52 -1

4 Personal Care 600 609 9 625 622 -4

5 School and Education 8 26 18 13 23 11

6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities 19 16 -3 22 27 5

7 Entertainment (Attending) 75 63 -12 80 61 -20

8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 65 54 -10 49 51 1

9 Media and Communication 146 141 -6 130 116 -14

SADH Min/day (WAD)

58 (0.04)

43 (0.03)

Top Four ‘Absolute gap’ activity


Canadian

- BornImmigra

ntGap (I-C)

Canadian- Born

Immigrant

Gap(I-C)


Employed work 369 386 17 258 275 18

School and Education 8 26 18 13 23 11

Domestic Work 97 70 -26

Entertainment (Attending) 75 63 -12 80 61 -20

Media and Communication 130 116 -14

Gap within one-digit activities:


Canadian-

Born ImmigrantGap (I-C)


Gap(I-C)


0 Employed work

09 Travel: To and from work 30 37 7 21 26 5

1 Domestic work

11 Meal preparation 23 26 4 41 54 13

16 Home Repairs, Maintenance 22 8 -14 9 4 -6

7 Entertainment

75 Visits, Entertaining Friends/relatives 50 44 -6 57 44 -13

9 Media:

91 Television, Rented Movies 122 111 -11 100 86 -14

Participation rate by ten one-digit activities


Canadian- Born

Immigrant

Gap (I-C)

Canadian- Born

Immigrant

Gap(I-C)

)

0 Employed work 63% 67% 3% 51% 53% 2%

1 Domestic Work 72% 66% -5% 89% 87% -2%

2 Care Giving 25% 27% 2% 38% 41% 2%

3 Shopping & Services 31% 33% 1% 46% 42% -3%

4 Personal Care 100% 100% 0% 100% 100% 0%

5 School and Education 3% 7% 4% 5% 8% 3%

6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities 11% 11% 0% 15% 16% 1%

7 Entertainment (Attending) 40% 32% -8% 46% 39% -8%

8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 42% 42% 1% 41% 38% -3%

9 Media and Communication 82% 83% 1% 81% 79% -2%

Top two activities by Participation rate gap


Canadian- Born

Immigrant

Gap (I-C)

Canadian- Born

Immigrant

Gap(I-C)

School and Education 3% 7% 4% 5% 8% 3%

Entertainment (Attending) 40% 32% -8% 46% 39% -8%

Time spend on one-digit activities (per participant per day)


Canadian-

Born ImmigrantGap (I-C)


Gap(I-C)

Average minutes Per Day per participant

0 Employed work 583 580 -3 508 521 13

1 Domestic Work 135 106 -28 170 168 -3

2 Care Giving 108 120 12 147 160 13

3 Shopping & Services 105 125 20 117 124 6

4 Personal Care 601 609 8 626 622 -4

5 School and Education 255 351 96 232 278 46

6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities 169 139 -30 149 171 22

7 Entertainment (Attending) 189 196 7 173 156 -16

8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 155 129 -26 119 132 13

9 Media and Communication 178 169 -9 161 147 -14

Deviation Men (Canadian born – Immigrant), Minutes per day.All individuals, including non-participants (zeros).

Men 25 to 54

All UrbanUniversity

degreeAge 40 to

54


0 Employed work 17 21 8 23

1 Domestic Work -26 -25 -16 -30

2 Care Giving 5 3 6 11

3 Shopping & Services 8 7 -1 11

4 Personal Care 9 11 13 10

5 School and Education 18 19 22 5

6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities -3 -1 1 -2

7 Entertainment (Attending) -12 -15 -13 -15

8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) -10 -13 -12 -9

9 Media and Communication -6 -61 -9 -4

SADH Min/day (WAD)

58 (0.04)

60 (0.04)

51 (0.035)

60 (0.04)

Deviation for Women (Canadian born – Immigrant), Minutes per day.All individuals, including non-participants (zeros).

Women 25 to 54

All UrbanUniversity

degreeAge 40 to

54


0 Employed work 18 11 26 20

1 Domestic Work -6 0 -5 -9

2 Care Giving 9 8 7 13

3 Shopping & Services -1 -1 -4 4

4 Personal Care -4 -4 -1 -6

5 School and Education 11 11 18 1

6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities 5 5 -3 4

7 Entertainment (Attending) -20 -17 -35 -15

8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 1 2 9 0

9 Media and Communication -14 -16 -14 -12

SADH Min/day (WAD)

45 (0.03)

38 (0.036)

61 (0.042)

42 (0.03)

Gender Gap (Male – Female)

AGE 25 to 54 Age 25 to 54

Can ImmiCan

urbanImm urban Can uni

Imm Uni

Gap in Average minutes Per Day (Population)

0 Employed work 111 111 98 109 98 80

1 Domestic Work -55 -75 -51 -75 -46 -57

2 Care Giving -29 -33 -29 -34 -32 -33

3 Shopping & Services -21 -12 -20 -12 -17 -13

4 Personal Care -25 -13 -26 -11 -16 -2

5 School and Education -5 3 -5 3 -7 -3

6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities -3 -11 -5 -10 -6 -2

7 Entertainment (Attending) -5 3 -1 1 -11 12

8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 15 4 19 3 23 3

9 Media and Communication 16 24 17 28 13 18

SADH Min/day (WAD)

142 (.099)

145 (.01)

134 (.09)

144(.01)

134 (.09)

113 (.078)

• Dissimilarity by level of disaggregation: Male (Canadian Born – Immigrant) SADH: WAD One-digit: 58 min/day 0.04

Two-digit 85 min/day 0.06Three-digit 101 min/day 0.07

• Required time reallocation: • To achieve equality at one-digit level: i) 58 minutes between one-digit

activities• To achieve equality at two-digit level: i) 58 minutes between one-digit

activities plus another ii) 27 minutes between two-digit activities within same one-digit activity.

• To achieve equality at three-digit level: ii) 58 minutes between one-digit activities plus another ii) 27 between two-digit activities within same one-digit activity plus another iii) 16 minutes between three-digit activities within same two-digit activity.

• Dissimilarity by level of disaggregation: Female (Canadian Born– Immigrant) SADH: WAD One-digit: 43 min/day 0.03

Two-digit 73 min/day 0.05Three-digit 85 min/day 0.06

• Required time reallocation: • To achieve equality at one-digit level: i) 43 minutes between one-digit

activities• To achieve equality at two-digit level: i) 43 minutes between one-digit

activities plus another ii) 30 minutes between two-digit activities within same one-digit activity.

• To achieve equality at three-digit level: ii) 43 minutes between one-digit activities plus another ii) 30 between two-digit activities within same one-digit activity plus another iii) 13 minutes between three-digit activities within same two-digit activity.

Male Female1-Digit 58 432-Digit 58+27=85 43+30=733-Digit 85+16=101 73+13=85


Between

2-DigitBetween 3-

DigitBetween

2-DigitBetween 3-Digit

Average minutes Per Day per participant

Total 27 16 30 13

0 Employed work 0.00 3.84 0.0 0.4

1 Domestic Work 3.55 0.62 13.5 0.9

2 Care Giving 1.19 0.50 1.0 0.7

3 Shopping & Services 1.86 0.44 1.7 0.8

4 Personal Care 5.42 0.22 7.0 1.2

5 School and Education 0.00 0.00 1.1 0.0

6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities 2.64 1.89 1.6 2.3

7 Entertainment (Attending) 1.96 1.13 0.3 0.3

8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 5.01 6.98 2.6 6.3

9 Media and Communication 5.63 0.74 1.0 0.3

Conclusions:

On time use pattern by immigration status: Most gap in education.

Within Household work: Home maintenance, outdoor work.

Entertainment. Media:• Gender gap among Canadian born and immigrant groups are

remarkably similar.

• On measures of dissimilarity: Sum of absolute deviation halved (SADH) can be reported.

At the lowest level of disaggregation: the base SADH measure

Then at a higher level of aggregation: the marginal SADH, and its decomposed by a lower level of coding.

Documents

Time Use Patterns by Immigration Status in Canada Mobinul Huq Department of Economics University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5 CANADA