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MOST POPULAR 1. Founding Fathers 2. Design 3. Sherlock Holmes 4. What's New 5. PrintNPlay 6. Ludographies 7. Rome in Crisis 8. Rule Sets 9. Special Features 10. Books Spotlight on Games > Military Games > Background Timeline of Carthaginian History Mon Dec 8 22:15:50 UTC 2008 Contents: The Se&lement Period (814& ndash; 480 BC) The Early Republic (480 – 272 BC) The Late Republic (265 – 146 BC) Games on Carthage Also ... The Settlement Period (814-480 BC) 814 Elissa (Dido), sister of the King of Tyre, and her supporters flee to found Carthage. 800? First Phoenician presence on Sardinia. 770 Phoenicians found Gadir, gateway to Spanish silver. 700 500 Greeks colonize Sicily, Southern Italy, Southern Provence, Andalusia and Cyrenaica, encircling Carthaginian territory. 654 Carthage founds colony in the Balearic Islands at Ibiza. 600 Carthage fails to prevent Phocaean Greek colony at Massilia (Marseilles). 580 Greeks a&empt to drive Phoenicians out of Sicily. 574 Nebuchadnezzar and the neoBabylonians take Tyre. Carthage is on its own more than ever. 550 Carthage allies with the Etruscans against the Greeks. 550 Carthaginian force led by Malchus defeats Greeks in Sicily, but is vanquished in Sardinia. Malchus is banished, marches on Carthage, is caught and executed. 550? Carthage founds colonies along coast of Africa, Algeria, Hadrumetum, Leptis. 539 Cyrus the Great of Persia conquers Asian Phoenicia. 535 Carthage and the Etruscans destroy Phocaean (Greek) colony in Corsica and close SardiniaCorsica off to the Greeks. 510 Carthaginians expel Dorieus, a Spartan prince, from Tripolitania. Rome throws off her Etruscan rulers and establishes an independent republic. 507 First treaty with Rome The two sides agree to respect the others sphere of influence. 498 Hippocrates and Theron seize control in Greek Syracuse and a&empt to drive Phoenicians off western part of the island.

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MOST POPULAR1. Founding Fathers2. Design3. Sherlock Holmes4. What's New5. PrintNPlay6. Ludographies7. Rome in Crisis8. Rule Sets9. Special Features

10. Books

Spotlight on Games > Military Games > Background

Timeline of Carthaginian History  Mon Dec 8 22:15:50 UTC 2008

Contents:

The  Se&lement  Period  (814&  ndash;  480  BC)The  Early  Republic  (480  –  272  BC)The  Late  Republic  (265  –  146  BC)Games  on  CarthageAlso  ...

The Settlement Period (814-480 BC)814 Elissa  (Dido),  sister  of  the  King  of  Tyre,  and  her  supporters  flee

to  found  Carthage.800? First  Phoenician  presence  on  Sardinia.770 Phoenicians  found  Gadir,  gateway  to  Spanish  silver.700-­‐‑500

Greeks  colonize  Sicily,  Southern  Italy,  Southern  Provence,Andalusia  and  Cyrenaica,  encircling  Carthaginian  territory.

654 Carthage  founds  colony  in  the  Balearic  Islands  at  Ibiza.600 Carthage  fails  to  prevent  Phocaean  Greek  colony  at  Massilia

(Marseilles).580 Greeks  a&empt  to  drive  Phoenicians  out  of  Sicily.574 Nebuchadnezzar  and  the  neo-­‐‑Babylonians  take  Tyre.  Carthage

is  on  its  own  more  than  ever.550 Carthage  allies  with  the  Etruscans  against  the  Greeks.550 Carthaginian  force  led  by  Malchus  defeats  Greeks  in  Sicily,  but

is  vanquished  in  Sardinia.  Malchus  is  banished,  marches  onCarthage,  is  caught  and  executed.

550? Carthage  founds  colonies  along  coast  of  Africa,  Algeria,Hadrumetum,  Leptis.

539 Cyrus  the  Great  of  Persia  conquers  Asian  Phoenicia.535 Carthage  and  the  Etruscans  destroy  Phocaean  (Greek)  colony  in

Corsica  and  close  Sardinia-­‐‑Corsica  off  to  the  Greeks.510 Carthaginians  expel  Dorieus,  a  Spartan  prince,  from

Tripolitania.  Rome  throws  off  her  Etruscan  rulers  andestablishes  an  independent  republic.

507 First  treaty  with  Rome  The  two  sides  agree  to  respect  the  other'ʹssphere  of  influence.

498 Hippocrates  and  Theron  seize  control  in  Greek  Syracuse  anda&empt  to  drive  Phoenicians  off  western  part  of  the  island.

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480 Alliance  with  Persia  fails  to  destroy  Greeks.  Superior  Athenianforces  cut  off  the  fleet  and  then  are  able  to  defeat  the  land  forcesat  Himera.  In  Carthage,  revolution  overthrows  the  Magodynasty  and  establishes  the  Court  of  104  Magistrates.

The Early Republic (480 – 272 BC)480 Sicilian  Greeks  at  Himera  defeat  a  Carthaginian  force  under

Hamilcar  the  Magonid  by  cu&ing  off  access  to  the  East.Hamilcar  commits  suicide  on  the  ba&lefield.

479-­‐‑450

Re-­‐‑buffed  in  Sicily,  Carthage  focuses  on  Africa,  conquering  mostof  what  is  now  Tunisia,  also  founding  new  and  strengtheningold  colonies  in  North  Africa.  Mago'ʹs  expedition  crosses  theSahara.

410 Phoenicians  in  Hispania  join  with  Celtiberians  to  secede  fromCarthage,  denying  the  state  important  silver  and  copperrevenues.  They  also  cut  off  the  overland  tin  trade  fromCornwall.

410 Himilco  leads  expeditions  to  the  Atlantic.  Hanno  leadsexpeditions  to  Morocco  and  Senegal.

409 Carthage  a&empts  to  conquer  Sicily.  Hannibal,  grandson  ofHamilcar,  takes  the  fortified  towns  of  Selinus  and  Himera  by  useof  siege  towers.

405 Hannibal  Mago  and  hundreds  of  troops  die  in  epidemic  outsidethe  fortified  town  of  Acragas.  His  relative  Himilco  takes  overcommand,  but  is  defeated  by  a  force  out  of  Syracuse,  and  hassupply  disrupted  in  naval  action.  Syracusan  forces  strengthenthe  garrison.

405 A  Carthaginian  squadron  breaks  through  the  Greek  blockade  –the  besieged  escape  under  cover  of  night.  Punic  forces  collectspoils.

405 Himilco  takes  the  town  of  Gela  on  the  southwest  coast,defeating  the  Syracusan  force,  then  takes  the  town  of  Camarina.

405 Himilco  marches  on  Syracuse.  The  army  is  laid  low  by  epidemic.Himilco  seeks  peace.  Syracuse  grants  control  of  most  of  Sicilyand  must  pay  tribute  to  Carthage.  Treaty  confirms  Dionysius  Ias  dictator  (tyrannos)  of  Syracuse.  First  Sicilian  War  concludes.

398 Dionysius  sacks  Motya  –  Carthaginians  permanently  relocatemain  Sicilian  base  to  the  fortified  town  of  Lilybaeum.

397 Himilco  drives  Dionysius  back  to  Syracuse  and  resumes  siege.In  naval  action,  sinks  or  boards  100  Syracusan  naval  vessels  andtakes  20,000  prisoners.

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396 Epidemic  lays  Punic  forces  low  for  a  third  time  in  Sicily.Dionysius  capitalizes  and  defeats  Himilco  in  pitched  ba&le.  Hesurvives,  but  upon  return  to  Carthage,  starves  himself  to  death.Fighting  continues.

393 Carthaginian  force  under  Mago,  nephew  of  Himilco,  try  to  re-­‐‑take  Messana,  but  are  defeated.

392 Mago  defeated  a  second  time.  Truce  signed.384 Carthage  renews  war,  initiating  minor  skirmishes.375 Syracuse  defeats  Carthage  at  Cabala,  killing  Mago  and  10,000

soldiers.  Mago'ʹs  son  Himilco  defeats  Dionysius  near  Himera.Truce  favorable  to  Carthage  concluded.

367 Dionysius  a&acks  Carthaginian  base  at  Lilybaeum,  but  isstopped  when  his  fleet  is  defeated  by  warships  under  Hanno  theGreat.

366 Dionysius  I  dies,  still  at  war  with  Carthage.360 Carthage  crucifies  Hanno  the  Great  following  his  unsuccessful

a&empt  to  usurp  power.350 Carthage  is  the  leading  Western  power.348 Carthage  signs  a  second  treaty  with  Rome.343 Mago  sails  to  Syracuse  to  drive  out  the  usurper,  but  fails  and

commits  suicide  to  avoid  court  martial  upon  his  return.Hasdrubal  and  Hamilcar  make  a  second  a&empt,  losing  a  ba&leat  Segesta.  Hasdrubal  executed.  Gisco,  son  of  Hanno  the  Great,is  authorized  to  make  peace  –  Sicily  divided  along  HalycusRiver.  2nd  Sicilian  War  ends.

340 Power  struggle  in  Syracuse  ends  with  Timoleon  of  Corinthvictorious.

338 Uneasy,  yet  prosperous  peace  in  Sicily.334 Alexander  the  Great  conquers  the  Eastern  World.  Carthage

makes  peace  with  the  Greek  empire.323 Alexander  dies.315 Agathocles  of  Syracuse  takes  Messana.311 Agathocles  lays  siege  to  Acragas  and  crosses  the  Halcyus,

violating  the  peace  treaty.310 Carthaginian  force  under  Hamilcar,  grandson  of  Hanno  the

Great,  defeats  Greek  force  at  Himera.  Siege  of  Syracuse  begins.309 Agathocles  sails  force  of  14,000  to  Africa.  Carthage  meets  with

40,000  foot,  1000  cavalry  and  2000  chariots  under  Bomilcar  andHanno.  Greeks  are  victorious,  Carthage  losing  3000  on  theba&lefield,  but  city  is  impregnable.  Siege  of  Syracuse  continues.

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308 Greeks  form  local  allies  –  Egypt  contributes  10,000.  Greekscontrol  Tunisian  province  and  fighting  continues.

308 Bomilcar  tries  to  make  himself  dictator  in  Carthage.  Is  defeatedand  tortured  to  death.

307 Greek  victory  outside  Syracuse.  Hamilcar  captured  and  killed.307 While  Agathocles  oversees  events  in  Syracuse,  Carthage  defeats

the  Greek  and  allied  forces.  Despite  Syracusan  reinforcement,the  Greek  cause  in  Africa  is  doomed.  Greeks  desert  toCarthaginian  commanders  Hanno  and  Himilco  in  vast  numbers.Treaty  favorable  to  Carthage  concluded.

306 Third  treaty  with  Rome.300 Greek  explorers  Pytheas  and  Euthymenes  visit  the  Atlantic  and

African  coasts,  respectively.289 Agathocles  dies.  Third  Sicilian  War  ends.  Pre-­‐‑war  division  of

Sicily  resumes.279 Pyrrhus  of  Epirus,  relative  of  Alexander  the  Great,  invades

southern  Italy  and  Sicily.  Defeats  Phoenicians  and  forces  themoff  the  island,  leaving  Lilybaeum  as  the  only  remainingstronghold.

279 Agreement  with  Rome  against  Pyrrhus.277? Carthage  sinks  70  of  Pyrrhus'ʹ  110  ships  and  Pyrrhus  gives  up

the  war.276? Carthage  establishes  good  relations  with  the  Lagos  monarchy  in

Egypt.  Trade  between  the  two  empires  thrives.

272 A  woman  hurls  a  tile  from  a  rooftop  as  Pyrrhus  invests  Argos,killing  him  before  he  can  begin  his  planned  second  invasion  ofSicily.

The Late Republic (265 – 146 BC)265 Carthage  and  Rome  support  opposing  warring  sides  in  Sicily.263 First  War  with  Rome  begins  over  Sicily  begins.262 Rome  victorious  at  Messana.  Syracuse  goes  over  to  Romans.  Acragas  falls  to  Romans.261 Carthage  raids  Italian  coast.  Rome  builds  its  first  fleet.  Carthaginian  defeat  at  sea  off

Mylae.  Commander  Hannibal  crucified.  Victory  at  Thermae.257 Another  sea  defeat  and  Romans  land  in  Africa,  take  Tunis.  Carthage,  under  forces  led  by

Hasdrubal  and  Bosfer,  defeats  Rome  before  the  gates,  largely  with  Numidian  cavalry,  ledby  Greek  mercenary  leader  Xanthippus.

256 Hanno  the  Great  II  expands  territory  in  North  Africa.253 Rome  wins  a  brilliant  naval  victory  off  the  Aegates  Islands,  west  of  Sicily,  cu&ing  off

African  supply  bases.  Hasdrubal  defeated  outside  Panormus  and  is  executed  by  his  own

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forces.  Truce  called.

247 Hamilcar  Barca  re-­‐‑organizes  forces  on  Sicily,  but  receives  no  reinforcement.241 War  ends  in  defeat.  Sicily  is  lost,  fleet  destroyed  and  finances  ruined  due  to  crippling

indemnity.241-­‐‑237

Mercenaries  revolt  and  stir  up  poverty-­‐‑stricken  peasants  in  Libya  and  Utica.  Eventuallydefeated  by  Hamilcar.  Rome  obtains  Sardinia-­‐‑Corsica  as  price  of  staying  neutral.  (Thisperiod  is  the  se&ing  of  Flaubert'ʹs  Salammbô.)

237 Hamilcar  Barca  reconquers  the  lost  lands  of  Hispania.229 Hamilcar  dies,  succeeded  by  son-­‐‑in-­‐‑law  Hasdrubal.228 Hasdrubal  founds  Carthago  Nova  (i.e.  New  Carthage,  later  Cartagena).226 Treaty  with  Rome  defines  Ebro  River  as  boundary  between  spheres.221 An  Iberian  murders  Hasdrubal.  He  is  succeeded  by  Hannibal.219 Hannibal  and  brother  Hasdrubal  conquer  the  entire  Iberian  peninsula  up  to  the  Ebro.218 Hannibal  takes  the  town  of  Saguntum,  which  is  south  of  the  Ebro,  but  allied  to  Rome.

Then  he  marches  over  the  Ebro,  into  the  Alps  and  invades  the  Italian  peninsula  with  thehelp  of  Gallic  allies.  Victory  over  Cornelius  Scipio  at  Ticinus.  Victory  at  Trebia  overSempronius  Longus.  Rome  defeats  Hanno  in  Hispania  and  Rome  is  victorious  at  sea  nearLilybaeum  –  Malta  lost  to  Carthage.

217 Hannibal  defeats  Roman  force  under  Flaminius  at  Lake  Trasimene.216 Hannibal  defeats  a  double  Roman  force  at  Cannae  under  Terentius  Varro.  Greek

sovereigns  Philip  V  of  Macedonia  and  Hiero  of  Syracuse  join  Carthage'ʹs  cause,  thoughwithout  commi&ing  deeply.

214 Syracuse  falls  to  Roman  forces  commanded  by  Marcellus.210-­‐‑205

Scipio  with  the  aid  of  Numidian  Prince  Massinissa  conquers  Hispania  for  Rome.  Scipioinvades  Africa,  takes  Tunis.

204 Scipio  allies  with  Libyans,  Moors  and  Numidians  and  Numidian  Prince  Massinissa  to  takethe  war  to  Africa.  Carthage  backs  rival  Numidian  Syphax  who  along  with  HasdrubalGisco  is  defeated  by  Scipio  in  two  successive  ba&les.  Mago  is  defeated  in  northern  Italya&empting  to  reinforce  Hannibal.  A  peace  treaty  is  declared  and  Carthage  consent  thatHannibal  return  to  Africa,  which  he  does.

202 Carthaginan  a&ack  on  Roman  convoy,  which  has  run  aground  re-­‐‑opens  the  war.  Scipiodefeats  Hannibal  at  Zama  to  end  Second  War  with  Rome.  Fleet  reduced  to  ten  triremes,domain  limited  to  eastern  Tunisia,  Massinissa  installed  as  king  of  the  Numidians  at  Cirta(Constantine),  high  indemnities  and  Carthage  denied  permission  to  wage  war.

202-­‐‑150

Trade  with  North  Africa  and  Greece  continues.  Agriculture  improved  to  bring  in  newrevenues.

195 Hannibal  becomes  Suffete  and  proves  a  successful  political  leader.  Forces  state  reform,reducing  corruption  and  introducing  new  methods  of  election.

194 Hannibal  flees  to  escape  his  Roman  enemies.  First  he  goes  to  Tyre,  then  Ephesus  where  hebecomes  a  military  consultant  to  Antiochus  III  of  Syria,  but  his  advice  is  not  really

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Games aboutGreat Powers:  History  of  the  World  Republic  of  Rome  Republic  of  Carthage  Founding  Fathers  Britannia  et  al.  7  Ages

accepted.191 Manius  Acilius  and  the  Romans  rout  Antiochus  at  Thermopylae;  Antiochus'ʹ  forces,

including  Hannibal,  retreat  to  Asia.

190 The  Romans  under  Scipio  Asiaticus  (older  brother  of  Africanus)  pursue  and  defeatAntiochus'ʹ  Seleucid  forces  at  Magnesia  ad  Sipylum  in  Anatolia.  Antiochus  puts  Hannibalin  charge  of  a  fleet,  but  the  Romans  defeat  it  near  the  Eurymedon  River.  When  Antiochusappears  ready  to  surrender,  Hannibal  flees,  probably  first  to  Armenia,  then  temporarily  toCrete,  finally  to  Bithynia,  then  fighting  a  Greek  ally  of  Rome,  Pergamon.  Put  in  command,Hannibal  gains  a  naval  victory  over  Eumenes  –  in  one  ba&le  having  pots  full  of  venomoussnakes  thrown  onto  the  enemy  ships  –  and  wins  two  land  ba&les  as  well.

183 Aiding  their  ally,  the  Romans  continue  to  press  and  at  last  Bithynia  promises  to  deliverHannibal  over  to  them.  Hannibal  flees,  however,  and  at  the  eastern  shore  of  Marmara,takes  poison  and  dies.

150 Carthage  a&acks  Numidians  in  response  to  Massinissa'ʹs  land  grabs.  Numidia  victoriousand  further  indemnities  exacted.

149 Rome  declares  war  in  retaliation  for  treaty  violation.146 Carthage  falls  to  Scipio  Aemilianus.  City  burnt  to  the  ground.  Carthago  delenda

Games on CarthageDownload:

The  Republic  of  CarthagePoleisRome  in  Crisis

Reviews:The  Republic  of  RomeTraders  of  CarthageHannibal:  Rome  vs  CarthageHannibal:  The  Second  Punic  WarAntikeHistory  of  the  WorldMare  NostrumTyrosThe  Punic  Wars

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Also ...Read  the  books  of  two  fabulous  contemporary  writers:

 The  Rise  of  the  Roman  Empire  by  PolybiusEarly  History  of  Rome:  Books  I-­‐‑V  of  the  History  of  Rome  from  Its  Foundation  by  Livy

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(Livius)War  With  Hannibal  by  Livy  (Livius)

Additional  BibliographyTimeline  from  Roman  perspective

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