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Timeline of Carthaginian History
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Timeline of Carthaginian History Mon Dec 8 22:15:50 UTC 2008
Contents:
The Se&lement Period (814& ndash; 480 BC)The Early Republic (480 – 272 BC)The Late Republic (265 – 146 BC)Games on CarthageAlso ...
The Settlement Period (814-480 BC)814 Elissa (Dido), sister of the King of Tyre, and her supporters flee
to found Carthage.800? First Phoenician presence on Sardinia.770 Phoenicians found Gadir, gateway to Spanish silver.700-‐‑500
Greeks colonize Sicily, Southern Italy, Southern Provence,Andalusia and Cyrenaica, encircling Carthaginian territory.
654 Carthage founds colony in the Balearic Islands at Ibiza.600 Carthage fails to prevent Phocaean Greek colony at Massilia
(Marseilles).580 Greeks a&empt to drive Phoenicians out of Sicily.574 Nebuchadnezzar and the neo-‐‑Babylonians take Tyre. Carthage
is on its own more than ever.550 Carthage allies with the Etruscans against the Greeks.550 Carthaginian force led by Malchus defeats Greeks in Sicily, but
is vanquished in Sardinia. Malchus is banished, marches onCarthage, is caught and executed.
550? Carthage founds colonies along coast of Africa, Algeria,Hadrumetum, Leptis.
539 Cyrus the Great of Persia conquers Asian Phoenicia.535 Carthage and the Etruscans destroy Phocaean (Greek) colony in
Corsica and close Sardinia-‐‑Corsica off to the Greeks.510 Carthaginians expel Dorieus, a Spartan prince, from
Tripolitania. Rome throws off her Etruscan rulers andestablishes an independent republic.
507 First treaty with Rome The two sides agree to respect the other'ʹssphere of influence.
498 Hippocrates and Theron seize control in Greek Syracuse anda&empt to drive Phoenicians off western part of the island.
480 Alliance with Persia fails to destroy Greeks. Superior Athenianforces cut off the fleet and then are able to defeat the land forcesat Himera. In Carthage, revolution overthrows the Magodynasty and establishes the Court of 104 Magistrates.
The Early Republic (480 – 272 BC)480 Sicilian Greeks at Himera defeat a Carthaginian force under
Hamilcar the Magonid by cu&ing off access to the East.Hamilcar commits suicide on the ba&lefield.
479-‐‑450
Re-‐‑buffed in Sicily, Carthage focuses on Africa, conquering mostof what is now Tunisia, also founding new and strengtheningold colonies in North Africa. Mago'ʹs expedition crosses theSahara.
410 Phoenicians in Hispania join with Celtiberians to secede fromCarthage, denying the state important silver and copperrevenues. They also cut off the overland tin trade fromCornwall.
410 Himilco leads expeditions to the Atlantic. Hanno leadsexpeditions to Morocco and Senegal.
409 Carthage a&empts to conquer Sicily. Hannibal, grandson ofHamilcar, takes the fortified towns of Selinus and Himera by useof siege towers.
405 Hannibal Mago and hundreds of troops die in epidemic outsidethe fortified town of Acragas. His relative Himilco takes overcommand, but is defeated by a force out of Syracuse, and hassupply disrupted in naval action. Syracusan forces strengthenthe garrison.
405 A Carthaginian squadron breaks through the Greek blockade –the besieged escape under cover of night. Punic forces collectspoils.
405 Himilco takes the town of Gela on the southwest coast,defeating the Syracusan force, then takes the town of Camarina.
405 Himilco marches on Syracuse. The army is laid low by epidemic.Himilco seeks peace. Syracuse grants control of most of Sicilyand must pay tribute to Carthage. Treaty confirms Dionysius Ias dictator (tyrannos) of Syracuse. First Sicilian War concludes.
398 Dionysius sacks Motya – Carthaginians permanently relocatemain Sicilian base to the fortified town of Lilybaeum.
397 Himilco drives Dionysius back to Syracuse and resumes siege.In naval action, sinks or boards 100 Syracusan naval vessels andtakes 20,000 prisoners.
396 Epidemic lays Punic forces low for a third time in Sicily.Dionysius capitalizes and defeats Himilco in pitched ba&le. Hesurvives, but upon return to Carthage, starves himself to death.Fighting continues.
393 Carthaginian force under Mago, nephew of Himilco, try to re-‐‑take Messana, but are defeated.
392 Mago defeated a second time. Truce signed.384 Carthage renews war, initiating minor skirmishes.375 Syracuse defeats Carthage at Cabala, killing Mago and 10,000
soldiers. Mago'ʹs son Himilco defeats Dionysius near Himera.Truce favorable to Carthage concluded.
367 Dionysius a&acks Carthaginian base at Lilybaeum, but isstopped when his fleet is defeated by warships under Hanno theGreat.
366 Dionysius I dies, still at war with Carthage.360 Carthage crucifies Hanno the Great following his unsuccessful
a&empt to usurp power.350 Carthage is the leading Western power.348 Carthage signs a second treaty with Rome.343 Mago sails to Syracuse to drive out the usurper, but fails and
commits suicide to avoid court martial upon his return.Hasdrubal and Hamilcar make a second a&empt, losing a ba&leat Segesta. Hasdrubal executed. Gisco, son of Hanno the Great,is authorized to make peace – Sicily divided along HalycusRiver. 2nd Sicilian War ends.
340 Power struggle in Syracuse ends with Timoleon of Corinthvictorious.
338 Uneasy, yet prosperous peace in Sicily.334 Alexander the Great conquers the Eastern World. Carthage
makes peace with the Greek empire.323 Alexander dies.315 Agathocles of Syracuse takes Messana.311 Agathocles lays siege to Acragas and crosses the Halcyus,
violating the peace treaty.310 Carthaginian force under Hamilcar, grandson of Hanno the
Great, defeats Greek force at Himera. Siege of Syracuse begins.309 Agathocles sails force of 14,000 to Africa. Carthage meets with
40,000 foot, 1000 cavalry and 2000 chariots under Bomilcar andHanno. Greeks are victorious, Carthage losing 3000 on theba&lefield, but city is impregnable. Siege of Syracuse continues.
308 Greeks form local allies – Egypt contributes 10,000. Greekscontrol Tunisian province and fighting continues.
308 Bomilcar tries to make himself dictator in Carthage. Is defeatedand tortured to death.
307 Greek victory outside Syracuse. Hamilcar captured and killed.307 While Agathocles oversees events in Syracuse, Carthage defeats
the Greek and allied forces. Despite Syracusan reinforcement,the Greek cause in Africa is doomed. Greeks desert toCarthaginian commanders Hanno and Himilco in vast numbers.Treaty favorable to Carthage concluded.
306 Third treaty with Rome.300 Greek explorers Pytheas and Euthymenes visit the Atlantic and
African coasts, respectively.289 Agathocles dies. Third Sicilian War ends. Pre-‐‑war division of
Sicily resumes.279 Pyrrhus of Epirus, relative of Alexander the Great, invades
southern Italy and Sicily. Defeats Phoenicians and forces themoff the island, leaving Lilybaeum as the only remainingstronghold.
279 Agreement with Rome against Pyrrhus.277? Carthage sinks 70 of Pyrrhus'ʹ 110 ships and Pyrrhus gives up
the war.276? Carthage establishes good relations with the Lagos monarchy in
Egypt. Trade between the two empires thrives.
272 A woman hurls a tile from a rooftop as Pyrrhus invests Argos,killing him before he can begin his planned second invasion ofSicily.
The Late Republic (265 – 146 BC)265 Carthage and Rome support opposing warring sides in Sicily.263 First War with Rome begins over Sicily begins.262 Rome victorious at Messana. Syracuse goes over to Romans. Acragas falls to Romans.261 Carthage raids Italian coast. Rome builds its first fleet. Carthaginian defeat at sea off
Mylae. Commander Hannibal crucified. Victory at Thermae.257 Another sea defeat and Romans land in Africa, take Tunis. Carthage, under forces led by
Hasdrubal and Bosfer, defeats Rome before the gates, largely with Numidian cavalry, ledby Greek mercenary leader Xanthippus.
256 Hanno the Great II expands territory in North Africa.253 Rome wins a brilliant naval victory off the Aegates Islands, west of Sicily, cu&ing off
African supply bases. Hasdrubal defeated outside Panormus and is executed by his own
forces. Truce called.
247 Hamilcar Barca re-‐‑organizes forces on Sicily, but receives no reinforcement.241 War ends in defeat. Sicily is lost, fleet destroyed and finances ruined due to crippling
indemnity.241-‐‑237
Mercenaries revolt and stir up poverty-‐‑stricken peasants in Libya and Utica. Eventuallydefeated by Hamilcar. Rome obtains Sardinia-‐‑Corsica as price of staying neutral. (Thisperiod is the se&ing of Flaubert'ʹs Salammbô.)
237 Hamilcar Barca reconquers the lost lands of Hispania.229 Hamilcar dies, succeeded by son-‐‑in-‐‑law Hasdrubal.228 Hasdrubal founds Carthago Nova (i.e. New Carthage, later Cartagena).226 Treaty with Rome defines Ebro River as boundary between spheres.221 An Iberian murders Hasdrubal. He is succeeded by Hannibal.219 Hannibal and brother Hasdrubal conquer the entire Iberian peninsula up to the Ebro.218 Hannibal takes the town of Saguntum, which is south of the Ebro, but allied to Rome.
Then he marches over the Ebro, into the Alps and invades the Italian peninsula with thehelp of Gallic allies. Victory over Cornelius Scipio at Ticinus. Victory at Trebia overSempronius Longus. Rome defeats Hanno in Hispania and Rome is victorious at sea nearLilybaeum – Malta lost to Carthage.
217 Hannibal defeats Roman force under Flaminius at Lake Trasimene.216 Hannibal defeats a double Roman force at Cannae under Terentius Varro. Greek
sovereigns Philip V of Macedonia and Hiero of Syracuse join Carthage'ʹs cause, thoughwithout commi&ing deeply.
214 Syracuse falls to Roman forces commanded by Marcellus.210-‐‑205
Scipio with the aid of Numidian Prince Massinissa conquers Hispania for Rome. Scipioinvades Africa, takes Tunis.
204 Scipio allies with Libyans, Moors and Numidians and Numidian Prince Massinissa to takethe war to Africa. Carthage backs rival Numidian Syphax who along with HasdrubalGisco is defeated by Scipio in two successive ba&les. Mago is defeated in northern Italya&empting to reinforce Hannibal. A peace treaty is declared and Carthage consent thatHannibal return to Africa, which he does.
202 Carthaginan a&ack on Roman convoy, which has run aground re-‐‑opens the war. Scipiodefeats Hannibal at Zama to end Second War with Rome. Fleet reduced to ten triremes,domain limited to eastern Tunisia, Massinissa installed as king of the Numidians at Cirta(Constantine), high indemnities and Carthage denied permission to wage war.
202-‐‑150
Trade with North Africa and Greece continues. Agriculture improved to bring in newrevenues.
195 Hannibal becomes Suffete and proves a successful political leader. Forces state reform,reducing corruption and introducing new methods of election.
194 Hannibal flees to escape his Roman enemies. First he goes to Tyre, then Ephesus where hebecomes a military consultant to Antiochus III of Syria, but his advice is not really
Games aboutGreat Powers: History of the World Republic of Rome Republic of Carthage Founding Fathers Britannia et al. 7 Ages
accepted.191 Manius Acilius and the Romans rout Antiochus at Thermopylae; Antiochus'ʹ forces,
including Hannibal, retreat to Asia.
190 The Romans under Scipio Asiaticus (older brother of Africanus) pursue and defeatAntiochus'ʹ Seleucid forces at Magnesia ad Sipylum in Anatolia. Antiochus puts Hannibalin charge of a fleet, but the Romans defeat it near the Eurymedon River. When Antiochusappears ready to surrender, Hannibal flees, probably first to Armenia, then temporarily toCrete, finally to Bithynia, then fighting a Greek ally of Rome, Pergamon. Put in command,Hannibal gains a naval victory over Eumenes – in one ba&le having pots full of venomoussnakes thrown onto the enemy ships – and wins two land ba&les as well.
183 Aiding their ally, the Romans continue to press and at last Bithynia promises to deliverHannibal over to them. Hannibal flees, however, and at the eastern shore of Marmara,takes poison and dies.
150 Carthage a&acks Numidians in response to Massinissa'ʹs land grabs. Numidia victoriousand further indemnities exacted.
149 Rome declares war in retaliation for treaty violation.146 Carthage falls to Scipio Aemilianus. City burnt to the ground. Carthago delenda
Games on CarthageDownload:
The Republic of CarthagePoleisRome in Crisis
Reviews:The Republic of RomeTraders of CarthageHannibal: Rome vs CarthageHannibal: The Second Punic WarAntikeHistory of the WorldMare NostrumTyrosThe Punic Wars
Other Society GamesOther War Games
Also ...Read the books of two fabulous contemporary writers:
The Rise of the Roman Empire by PolybiusEarly History of Rome: Books I-‐‑V of the History of Rome from Its Foundation by Livy
(Livius)War With Hannibal by Livy (Livius)
Additional BibliographyTimeline from Roman perspective
Copyright (C) 1994-‐‑2013 Richard M. Heli