Tipler Mosca Physics for Scientists and Engineers Solutions 5th Ed Part1

1

Chapter 1 Systems of Measurement Conceptual Problems

*1 • Determine the Concept The fundamental physical quantities in the SI system include mass, length, and time. Force, being the product of mass and acceleration, is not a fundamental quantity. correct. is )(c

2 • Picture the Problem We can express and simplify the ratio of m/s to m/s2 to determine the final units.

Express and simplify the ratio of m/s to m/s2: s

smsm

smsm

2

2

=⋅⋅

= and correct. is )(d

3 • Determine the Concept Consulting Table 1-1 we note that the prefix giga means 109. correct. is )(c

4 • Determine the Concept Consulting Table 1-1 we note that the prefix mega means 106. correct. is )(d

*5 • Determine the Concept Consulting Table 1-1 we note that the prefix pico means 10−12. correct. is )(a

6 • Determine the Concept Counting from left to right and ignoring zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit, the last significant figure is the first digit that is in doubt. Applying this criterion, the three zeros after the decimal point are not significant figures, but the last zero is significant. Hence, there are four significant figures in this number.

correct. is )(c

Chapter 1

2

7 • Determine the Concept Counting from left to right, the last significant figure is the first digit that is in doubt. Applying this criterion, there are six significant figures in this number. correct. is )(e

8 • Determine the Concept The advantage is that the length measure is always with you. The disadvantage is that arm lengths are not uniform; if you wish to purchase a board of ″two arm lengths″ it may be longer or shorter than you wish, or else you may have to physically go to the lumberyard to use your own arm as a measure of length.

9 • (a) True. You cannot add ″apples to oranges″ or a length (distance traveled) to a volume (liters of milk). (b) False. The distance traveled is the product of speed (length/time) multiplied by the time of travel (time). (c) True. Multiplying by any conversion factor is equivalent to multiplying by 1. Doing so does not change the value of a quantity; it changes its units.

Estimation and Approximation *10 •• Picture the Problem Because θ is small, we can approximate it by θ ≈ D/rm provided that it is in radian measure. We can solve this relationship for the diameter of the moon.

Express the moon’s diameter D in terms of the angle it subtends at the earth θ and the earth-moon distance rm:

mrD θ=

Find θ in radians: rad00915.0360

rad2524.0 =°

×°=πθ

Substitute and evaluate D: ( )( )

m1051.3

Mm384rad0.009156×=

=D

Systems of Measurement

3

*11 •• Picture the Problem We’ll assume that the sun is made up entirely of hydrogen. Then we can relate the mass of the sun to the number of hydrogen atoms and the mass of each. Express the mass of the sun MS as the product of the number of hydrogen atoms NH and the mass of each atom MH:

HHS MNM =

Solve for NH:

H

SH M

MN =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate NH:

5727

30

H 1019.1kg101.67kg101.99

×=××

= −N

12 •• Picture the Problem Let P represent the population of the United States, r the rate of consumption and N the number of aluminum cans used annually. The population of the United States is roughly 3×108 people. Let’s assume that, on average, each person drinks one can of soft drink every day. The mass of a soft-drink can is approximately 1.8 ×10−2 kg. (a) Express the number of cans N used annually in terms of the daily rate of consumption of soft drinks r and the population P:

trPN ∆=

Substitute numerical values and approximate N:

( )

( )

cans10

yd24.365y1

people103dperson

can1

11

8

≈

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×

×⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⋅

=N

(b) Express the total mass of aluminum used per year for soft drink cans M as a function of the number of cans consumed and the mass m per can:

NmM =

Chapter 1

4

Substitute numerical values and evaluate M:

( )( )kg/y102

kg/can108.1cans/y109

211

×≈

×= −M

(c) Express the value of the aluminum as the product of M and the value at recycling centers:

( )( )( )

dollars/ybillion 2

y/102$kg/y102kg/1$

kg/1$ Value

9

9

=

×=

×=

= M

13 •• Picture the Problem We can estimate the number of words in Encyclopedia Britannica by counting the number of volumes, estimating the average number of pages per volume, estimating the number of words per page, and finding the product of these measurements and estimates. Doing so in Encyclopedia Britannica leads to an estimate of approximately 200 million for the number of words. If we assume an average word length of five letters, then our estimate of the number of letters in Encyclopedia Britannica becomes 109. (a) Relate the area available for one letter s2 and the number of letters N to be written on the pinhead to the area of the pinhead:

22

4dNs π

= where d is the diameter of the

pinhead.

Solve for s to obtain:

Nds

4

2π=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate s:

( )

( ) m10104

incm54.2in

89

2

161

−≈⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

=π

s

(b) Express the number of atoms per letter n in terms of s and the atomic spacing in a metal datomic:

atomicdsn =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate n:

atoms20atoms/m105m10

10

8

≈×

= −

−

n

*14 •• Picture the Problem The population of the United States is roughly 3 × 108 people. Assuming that the average family has four people, with an average of two cars per


5

family, there are about 1.5 × 108 cars in the United States. If we double that number to include trucks, cabs, etc., we have 3 × 108 vehicles. Let’s assume that each vehicle uses, on average, about 12 gallons of gasoline per week. (a) Find the daily consumption of gasoline G:

( )( )gal/d106

gal/d2vehicles1038

8

×=

×=G

Assuming a price per gallon P = $1.50, find the daily cost C of gasoline:

( )( )dollars/dbillion $1d/109$

gal/50.1$gal/d1068

8

≈×=

×== GPC

(b) Relate the number of barrels N of crude oil required annually to the yearly consumption of gasoline Y and the number of gallons of gasoline n that can be made from one barrel of crude oil:

ntG

nYN ∆==

Substitute numerical values and estimate N:

( ) ( )

barrels/y10

gal/barrel 19.4d/y24.365gal/d106

10

8

≈

×=N

15 •• Picture the Problem We’ll assume a population of 300 million (fairly accurate as of September, 2002) and a life expectancy of 76 y. We’ll also assume that a diaper has a volume of about half a liter. In (c) we’ll assume the disposal site is a rectangular hole in the ground and use the formula for the volume of such an opening to estimate the surface area required. (a) Express the total number N of disposable diapers used in the United States per year in terms of the number of children n in diapers and the number of diapers D used by each child in 2.5 y:

nDN =

Use the daily consumption, the number of days in a year, and the estimated length of time a child is in diapers to estimate the number of diapers D required per child:

ilddiapers/ch103

y5.2y

d24.365d

diapers3

3×≈

××=D

Chapter 1

6

Use the assumed life expectancy to estimate the number of children n in diapers:

( )

children10

children10300y76y5.2

7

6

≈

×⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=n

Substitute to obtain:

( )( )

diapers103

ilddiapers/ch103children10

10

3

7

×≈

××

=N

(b) Express the required landfill volume V in terms of the volume of diapers to be buried:

diaper oneNVV =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate V:

( )( )37

10

m105.1

L/diaper5.0diapers103

×≈

×=V

(c) Express the required volume in terms of the volume of a rectangular parallelepiped:

AhV =

Solve and evaluate h:

2637

m105.1m10

m105.1×=

×==

hVA

Use a conversion factor to express this area in square miles:

2

2

226

mi6.0

km2.590mi1m105.1

≈

××=A

16 ••• Picture the Problem The number of bits that can be stored on the disk can be found from the product of the capacity of the disk and the number of bits per byte. In part (b) we’ll need to estimate (i) the number of bits required for the alphabet, (ii) the average number of letters per word, (iii) an average number of words per line, (iv) an average number of lines per page, and (v) a book length in pages.

(a) Express the number of bits Nbits as a function of the number of bits per byte and the capacity of the hard disk Nbytes:

( )( )( )

bits1060.1

bits/byte8bytes102

bits/byte8

10

9

bytesbits

×=

×=

= NN


7

(b) Assume an average of 8 letters/word and 8 bits/character to estimate the number of bytes required per word:

wordbytes8

wordbits64

wordcharacters8

characterbits8

=

=×

Assume 10 words/line and 60 lines/page:

pagebytes4800

wordbytes8

pagewords600 =×

Assume a book length of 300 pages and approximate the number bytes required:

bytes1044.1pagebytes4800pages300 6×=×

Divide the number of bytes per disk by our estimated number of bytes required per book to obtain an estimate of the number of books the 2-gigabyte hard disk can hold:

books1400

bytes/book1044.1bytes102

6

9

books

≈

××

=N

*17 •• Picture the Problem Assume that, on average, four cars go through each toll station per minute. Let R represent the yearly revenue from the tolls. We can estimate the yearly revenue from the number of lanes N, the number of cars per minute n, and the $6 toll per car C.

M177$car

6$yd24.365

dh24

hmin60

mincars 4lanes14 =×××××== NnCR

Units 18 • Picture the Problem We can use the metric prefixes listed in Table 1-1 and the abbreviations on page EP-1 to express each of these quantities.

(a)

MW1

watts10watts000,000,1 6

=

=

(c) m3meter103 6 µ=× −

(b) mg2g102gram002.0 3 =×= −

(d) ks30s1003seconds000,30 3 =×=

Chapter 1

8

19 • Picture the Problem We can use the definitions of the metric prefixes listed in Table 1-1 to express each of these quantities without prefixes.

(a)

W0.000040W1040W40 6 =×= −µ (c)

W000,000,3W103MW3 6 =×=

(b) s40.00000000s104ns4 9 =×= −

(d) m000,52m1025km25 3 =×=

*20 • Picture the Problem We can use the definitions of the metric prefixes listed in Table 1-1 to express each of these quantities without abbreviations.

(a) picoboo1boo10 12 =− (e) megaphone1phone106 =

(b) gigalow1low109 = (f) nanogoat1goat10 9 =−

(c) microphone1phone10 6 =− (g) terabull1bull1012 =

(d) attoboy1boy10 18 =−

21 •• Picture the Problem We can determine the SI units of each term on the right-hand side of the equations from the units of the physical quantity on the left-hand side.

(a) Because x is in meters, C1 and C2t must be in meters:

m/sin is m;in is 21 CC

(b) Because x is in meters, ½C1t2 must be in meters:

21 m/sin is C

(c) Because v2 is in m2/s2, 2C1x must be in m2/s2:

21 m/sin is C

(d) The argument of trigonometric function must be dimensionless; i.e. without units. Therefore, because x

121 sin is m;in is −CC


9

is in meters: (e) The argument of an exponential function must be dimensionless; i.e. without units. Therefore, because v is in m/s:

121 sin is m/s;in is −CC

22 •• Picture the Problem We can determine the US customary units of each term on the right-hand side of the equations from the units of the physical quantity on the left-hand side.

(a) Because x is in feet, C1 and C2t must be in feet:

ft/sin is ft;in is 21 CC

(b) Because x is in feet, ½C1t2 must be in feet:

21 ft/sin is C

(c) Because v2 is in ft2/s2, 2C1x must be in ft2/s2:

21 ft/sin is C

(d) The argument of trigonometric function must be dimensionless; i.e. without units. Therefore, because x is in feet:

121 sin is ft;in is −CC

(e) The argument of an exponential function must be dimensionless; i.e. without units. Therefore, because v is in ft/s:

121 sin is ft/s;in is −CC

Conversion of Units 23 • Picture the Problem We can use the formula for the circumference of a circle to find the radius of the earth and the conversion factor 1 mi = 1.61 km to convert distances in meters into distances in miles.

(a) The Pole-Equator distance is one-fourth of the circumference:

m104 7×=c

Chapter 1

10

(b) Use the formula for the circumference of a circle to obtain:

m1037.62

m1042

67

×=×

==−

ππcR

(c) Use the conversion factors 1 km = 1000 m and 1 mi = 1.61 km:

mi102.48

km1.61mi1

m10km 1m104

4

37

×=

×××=c

and

mi1096.3

km1.61mi1

m10km1m1037.6

3

36

×=

×××=R

24 • Picture the Problem We can use the conversion factor 1 mi = 1.61 km to convert speeds in km/h into mi/h.

Find the speed of the plane in km/s: ( )

km/h2450

hs3600

m10km1

sm680

m/s680m/s3402

3

=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

==v

Convert v into mi/h:

mi/h1520

km1.61mi1

hkm2450

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=v

*25 • Picture the Problem We’ll first express his height in inches and then use the conversion factor 1 in = 2.54 cm.

Express the player’s height into inches:

in82.5in10.5ftin12ft6 =+×=h

Convert h into cm: cm210

incm2.54in2.58 =×=h

26 • Picture the Problem We can use the conversion factors 1 mi = 1.61 km, 1 in = 2.54 cm, and 1 m = 1.094 yd to complete these conversions.


11

(a) h

mi62.1km1.61

mi1h

km100h

km100 =×=

(b) in23.6

cm2.54in1cm60cm60 =×=

(c) m91.4

yd1.094m1yd100yd100 =×=

27 • Picture the Problem We can use the conversion factor 1.609 km = 5280 ft to convert the length of the main span of the Golden Gate Bridge into kilometers. Convert 4200 ft into km: km1.28

ft5280km1.609ft4200ft4200 =×=

*28 • Picture the Problem Let v be the speed of an object in mi/h. We can use the conversion factor 1 mi = 1.61 km to convert this speed to km/h.

Multiply v mi/h by 1.61 km/mi to convert v to km/h:

km/h61.1mi

km1.61h

mih

mi vvv =×=

29 • Picture the Problem Use the conversion factors 1 h = 3600 s, 1.609 km = 1 mi, and 1 mi = 5280 ft to make these conversions.

(a) sh

km36.0s3600

h1hkm10296.1

hkm10296.1 2

52

5

⋅=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ×=×

(b) 2

32

25

25

sm10.0

kmm10

s3600h1

hkm10296.1

hkm10296.1 =⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ×=×

(c) sft0.88

s3600h1

mi1ft5280

hmi60

hmi60 =⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

(d) sm8.26

s3600h1

kmm10

mi1km1.609

hmi60

hmi60

3

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

Chapter 1

12

30 • Picture the Problem We can use the conversion factor 1 L = 1.057 qt to convert gallons into liters and then use this gallons-to-liters conversion factor to convert barrels into cubic meters.

(a) ( ) L784.3qt057.1

L1gal

qt4gal1gal1 =⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

(b) ( ) 333

m1589.0L

m10gal

L3.784barrel

gal42barrel1barrel1 =⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

−

31 • Picture the Problem We can use the conversion factor given in the problem statement and the fact that 1 mi = 1.609 km to express the number of square meters in one acre.

Multiply by 1 twice, properly chosen, to convert one acre into square miles, and then into square meters:

( )

2

22

m4050

mim1609

acres640mi1acre1acre1

=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

32 •• Picture the Problem The volume of a right circular cylinder is the area of its base multiplied by its height. Let d represent the diameter and h the height of the right circular cylinder; use conversion factors to express the volume V in the given units.

(a) Express the volume of the cylinder: hdV 2

41 π=


( ) ( )

( ) ( )

3

22

41

241

ft504.0

in12ft1ft2in6.8

ft2in6.8

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

=

π

πV

(b) Use the fact that 1 m = 3.281 ft to convert the volume in cubic feet into cubic meters:

( )3

33

m0.0143

ft3.281m1ft0.504

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=V

(c) Because 1 L = 10−3 m3: ( ) L14.3

m10L1

0.0143m 333 =⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

−V


13

*33 •• Picture the Problem We can treat the SI units as though they are algebraic quantities to simplify each of these combinations of physical quantities and constants.

(a) Express and simplify the units of v2/x:

( )22

22

sm

smm

msm

=⋅

=

(b) Express and simplify the units of ax :

ssm/s

m 22 ==

(c) Noting that the constant factor 21 has no units, express and simplify

the units of 221 at :

( ) ( ) mssms

sm 2

22

2 =⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

Dimensions of Physical Quantities 34 • Picture the Problem We can use the facts that each term in an equation must have the same dimensions and that the arguments of a trigonometric or exponential function must be dimensionless to determine the dimensions of the constants.

(a) x = C1 + C2 t

TTLLL

(d) x = C1 cos C2 t

TT

LL 1

(b) 2

121 tCx =

22 T

TLL

(e) v = C1 exp( −C2 t)

TTT

LTL 1

(c) xCv 1

2 2=

LTL

TL

22

2

35 •• Picture the Problem Because the exponent of the exponential function must be dimensionlthe dimension of λ must be .1−T

Chapter 1

14

*36 •• Picture the Problem We can solve Newton’s law of gravitation for G and substitute the dimensions of the variables. Treating them as algebraic quantities will allow us to express the dimensions in their simplest form. Finally, we can substitute the SI units for the dimensions to find the units of G.

Solve Newton’s law of gravitation for G to obtain:

21

2

mmFrG =

Substitute the dimensions of the variables:

2

3

2

22

MTL

M

LTML

G =×

=

Use the SI units for L, M, and T:

2

3

skgm are of Units⋅

G

37 •• Picture the Problem Let m represent the mass of the object, v its speed, and r the radius of the circle in which it moves. We can express the force as the product of m, v, and r (each raised to a power) and then use the dimensions of force F, mass m, speed v, and radius r to obtain three equations in the assumed powers. Solving these equations simultaneously will give us the dependence of F on m, v, and r. Express the force in terms of powers of the variables:

cba rvmF =

Substitute the dimensions of the physical quantities:

cb

a LTLMMLT ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=−2

Simplify to obtain:

bcba TLMMLT −+− =2

Equate the exponents to obtain: a = 1, b + c = 1, and −b = −2

Solve this system of equations to obtain:

a = 1, b = 2, and c = −1

Substitute in equation (1): r

vmrmvF2

12 == −


15

38 •• Picture the Problem We note from Table 1-2 that the dimensions of power are ML2/T3. The dimensions of mass, acceleration, and speed are M, L/T2, and L/T respectively.

Express the dimensions of mav: [ ] 3

2

2 TML

TL

TLMmav =××=

From Table 1-2: [ ] 3

2

TMLP =

power. of dimensions thehas speed andon,accelerati mass, ofproduct that thesee weresults, theseComparing

39 •• Picture the Problem The dimensions of mass and velocity are M and L/T, respectively. We note from Table 1-2 that the dimensions of force are ML/T2.

Express the dimensions of momentum: [ ]

TML

TLMmv =×=

From Table 1-2: [ ] 2T

MLF =

Express the dimensions of force multiplied by time:

[ ]T

MLTTMLFt =×= 2

by time. multiplied force of dimensions thehas momentum that see weresults, theseComparing

40 •• Picture the Problem Let X represent the physical quantity of interest. Then we can express the dimensional relationship between F, X, and P and solve this relationship for the dimensions of X.

Express the relationship of X to force and power dimensionally:

[ ][ ] [ ]PXF =

Solve for [ ]X : [ ] [ ][ ]FPX =

Chapter 1

16

Substitute the dimensions of force and power and simplify to obtain: [ ]

TL

TMLT

ML

X ==

2

3

2

Because the dimensions of velocity are L/T, we can conclude that:

[ ] [ ][ ]vFP =

Remarks: While it is true that P = Fv, dimensional analysis does not reveal the presence of dimensionless constants. For example, if πFvP = , the analysis shown above would fail to establish the factor of π. *41 •• Picture the Problem We can find the dimensions of C by solving the drag force equation for C and substituting the dimensions of force, area, and velocity. Solve the drag force equation for the constant C: 2

air

AvFC =

Express this equation dimensionally:

[ ] [ ][ ][ ]2

air

vAFC =

Substitute the dimensions of force, area, and velocity and simplify to obtain:

[ ] 322

2

LM

TLL

TML

C =

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

=

42 •• Picture the Problem We can express the period of a planet as the product of these factors (each raised to a power) and then perform dimensional analysis to determine the values of the exponents.

Express the period T of a planet as the product of cba MGr Sand,, :

cba MGCrT S= (1)

where C is a dimensionless constant.

Solve the law of gravitation for the constant G:

21

2

mmFrG =

Express this equation dimensionally: [ ] [ ][ ]

[ ][ ]21

2

mmrFG =


17

Substitute the dimensions of F, r, and m: [ ]

( )2

32

2

MTL

MM

LTML

G =×

×=

Noting that the dimension of time is represented by the same letter as is the period of a planet, substitute the dimensions in equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ( )cb

a MMT

LLT ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= 2

3

Introduce the product of M 0 and L0 in the left hand side of the equation and simplify to obtain:

bbabc TLMTLM 23100 −+−=

Equate the exponents on the two sides of the equation to obtain:

0 = c – b, 0 = a + 3b, and 1 = –2b

Solve these equations simultaneously to obtain:

21

21

23 and,, −=−== cba

Substitute in equation (1): 23

S

21S

2123 rGMCMGCrT == −−

Scientific Notation and Significant Figures *43 • Picture the Problem We can use the rules governing scientific notation to express each of these numbers as a decimal number.

(a) 000,30103 4 =× (c) 000004.0104 6 =× −

(b) 0062.0102.6 3 =× − (d) 000,2171017.2 5 =×

44 • Picture the Problem We can use the rules governing scientific notation to express each of these measurements in scientific notation.

(a) W103.1GW3.1 9×= (c) s102.3fs3.2 15−×=

Chapter 1

18

(b) m10m1010pm10 1112 −− =×= (d) s104s4 6−×=µ

45 • Picture the Problem Apply the general rules concerning the multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction of measurements to evaluate each of the given expressions.

(a) The number of significant figures in each factor is three; therefore the result has three significant figures:

( )( ) 54 1014.11099.914.1 ×=×

(b) Express both terms with the same power of 10. Because the first measurement has only two digits after the decimal point, the result can have only two digits after the decimal point:

( ) ( )( )

8

8

98

1025.2

10531.078.21031.51078.2

−

−

−−

×=

×−=

×−×

(c) We’ll assume that 12 is exact. Hence, the answer will have three significant figures:

33 1027.8

1056.412

×=× −

π

(d) Proceed as in (b): ( )

2

2

1027.6

6275996.271099.56.27

×=

=+=×+


(a) Note that both factors have four significant figures.

( )( ) 510144.13.5699.200 ×=

(b) Express the first factor in scientific notation and note that both factors have three significant figures.

( )( )( )( )

2

77

7

1020.3

103.621013.5103.62000000513.0

×=

××=

×−


19

(c) Express both terms in scientific notation and note that the second has only three significant figures. Hence the result will have only three significant figures.

( )( ) ( )( )

4

4

44

4

1062.8

1078.5841.21078.510841.2

1078.528401

×=

×+=

×+×=

×+

(d) Because the divisor has three significant figures, the result will have three significant figures.

43 1052.1

1017.425.63

×=× −

*47 • Picture the Problem Let N represent the required number of membranes and express N in terms of the thickness of each cell membrane.

Express N in terms of the thickness of a single membrane:

nm7in1

=N

Convert the units into SI units and simplify to obtain:

6

9

104

m10nm1

cm100m1

incm2.54

nm7in1

×=

×××= −N


(a) Both factors and the result have three significant figures:

( )( ) 324 1022.11010.61000.2 ×=×× −

(b) Because the second factor has three significant figures, the result will have three significant figures:

( )( ) 65 1026.11000.4141592.3 ×=×

(c) Both factors and the result have three significant figures:

58

3

1000.21016.11032.2 −×=

××

(d) Write both terms using the same power of 10. Note that the result will have only three significant figures:

( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

3

3

33

23

1042.5

10278.014.510278.01014.5

1078.21014.5

×=

×+=

×+×=

×+×

Chapter 1

20

(e) Follow the same procedure used in (d):

( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

22

52

1099.1

10000000999.01099.11099.91099.1

×=

×+×=

×+× −

*49 • Picture the Problem Apply the general rules concerning the multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction of measurements to evaluate each of the given expressions. (a) The second factor and the result have three significant figures:

( ) 32 1069.12.23141592654.3 ×=×

(b) We’ll assume that 2 is exact. Therefore, the result will have two significant figures:

8.476.0141592654.32 =××

(c) We’ll assume that 4/3 is exact. Therefore the result will have two significant figures:

( ) 6.51.134 3 =×π

(d) Because 2.0 has two significant figures, the result has two significant figures:

( ) 10141592654.3

0.2 5

=

General Problems 50 • Picture the Problem We can use the conversion factor 1 mi = 1.61 km to convert 100 km/h into mi/h.

Multiply 100 km/h by 1 mi/1.61 km to obtain:

mi/h1.62

km1.61mi1

hkm100

hkm100

=

×=

*51 • Picture the Problem We can use a series of conversion factors to convert 1 billion seconds into years.

Multiply 1 billion seconds by the appropriate conversion factors to convert into years:


21

y31.7days365.24

y1h24

day1s3600

h1s10s10 99 =×××=

52 • Picture the Problem In both the examples cited we can equate expressions for the physical quantities, expressed in different units, and then divide both sides of the equation by one of the expressions to obtain the desired conversion factor.

(a) Divide both sides of the equation expressing the speed of light in the two systems of measurement by 186,000 mi/s to obtain: km/mi61.1

m10km1

mim1061.1

m/mi1061.1mi/h101.86

m/s1031

33

35

8

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ×=

×=××

=

(b) Find the volume of 1.00 kg of water:

Volume of 1.00 kg = 103 g is 103 cm3

Express 103 cm3 in ft3: ( )

3

333

ft0.0353

in12ft1

cm2.54in1cm10

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

Relate the weight of 1 ft3 of water to the volume occupied by 1 kg of water:

33 ftlb62.4

ft0.0353kg1.00

=

Divide both sides of the equation by the left-hand side to obtain: lb/kg20.2

ft0.0353kg1.00ftlb62.4

13

3==

53 •• Picture the Problem We can use the given information to equate the ratios of the number of uranium atoms in 8 g of pure uranium and of 1 atom to its mass.

Express the proportion relating the number of uranium atoms NU in 8 g of pure uranium to the mass of 1 atom:

kg104.0atom1

g8 26U

−×=

N

Chapter 1

22

Solve for and evaluate NU: ( )

23

26U

100.2

kg104.0atom1g8

×=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×

= −N

54 •• Picture the Problem We can relate the weight of the water to its weight per unit volume and the volume it occupies.

Express the weight w of water falling on the acre in terms of the weight of one cubic foot of water, the depth d of the water, and the area A over which the rain falls:

Adw ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= 3ft

lb4.62

Find the area A in ft2: ( )

24

22

ft104.356

mift5280

acre640mi1acre1

×=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=A

Substitute numerical values and evaluate w:

( )( ) lb1017.3in12ft1in1.4ft104.356

ftlb4.62 524

3 ×=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=w

55 •• Picture the Problem We can use the definition of density and the formula for the volume of a sphere to find the density of iron. Once we know the density of iron, we can use these same relationships to find what the radius of the earth would be if it had the same mass per unit volume as iron.

(a) Using its definition, express the density of iron:

Vm

=ρ

Assuming it to be spherical, express the volume of an iron nucleus as a function of its radius:

334 rV π=

Substitute to obtain: 34

3r

mπ

ρ = (1)


23

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ρ:

( )( )

317

315

26

kg/m1041.1

m104.54kg103.93

×=

×

×=

−

−

πρ

(b) Because equation (1) relates the density of any spherical object to its mass and radius, we can solve for r to obtain:

343πρmr =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate r:

( )( ) m216

kg/m1041.14kg1098.53

3317

24

=××

=π

r

56 •• Picture the Problem Apply the general rules concerning the multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction of measurements to evaluate each of the given expressions.

(a) Because all of the factors have two significant figures, the result will have two significant figures:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

2

12

65

12

5

108.1

104.2105.7106.5

104.20000075.0106.5

×=

×××

=

××

−

−−

−

−

(b) Because the factor with the fewest significant figures in the first term has two significant figures, the result will have two significant figures. Because its last significant figure is in the tenth’s position, the difference between the first and second term will have its last significant figure in the tenth’s position:

( )( )( )4.306.48.7

06.4102.8104.62.14 97

=−=

−×× −

(c) Because all of the factors have two significant figures, the result will have two significant figures:

( ) ( )( )

82111

3426

109.2106.3

106.3101.6×=

×

××−

−

Chapter 1

24

(d) Because the factor with the fewest significant figures has two significant figures, the result will have two significant figures.

( )( )( )

( )( ) ( )

45.0

10490108.12104.6

10490108.12000064.0

2113

315

2113

31

=

××

×=

××

−−

−

−−

*57 •• Picture the Problem We can use the relationship between an angle θ, measured in radians, subtended at the center of a circle, the radius R of the circle, and the length L of the arc to answer these questions concerning the astronomical units of measure.

(a) Relate the angle θ subtended by an arc of length S to the distance R:

RS

=θ (1)

Solve for and evaluate S: ( )( )

parsec1085.4

360rad2

min601

s60min1s1parsec1

6−×=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

°⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ °×

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

=

π

RS θ

(b) Solve equation (1) for and evaluate R:

( )

m1009.3

360rad2

min601

s60min1s1

m10496.1

16

11

×=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

°⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ °⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×

=

=

π

SRθ

(c) Relate the distance D light travels in a given interval of time ∆t to its speed c and evaluate D for ∆t = 1 y:

( )

m1047.9

ys103.156y1

sm103

15

78

×=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ×=

∆= tcD


25

(d) Use the definition of 1 AU and the result from part (c) to obtain: ( )

AU106.33

m101.496AU1m109.47y1

4

1115

×=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×

×=⋅c

(e) Combine the results of parts (b) and (c) to obtain:

( )

y25.3

m109.47y1

m1008.3parsec1

15

16

⋅=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×⋅

×

×=

c

c

58 •• Picture the Problem Let Ne and Np represent the number of electrons and the number of protons, respectively and ρ the critical average density of the universe. We can relate these quantities to the masses of the electron and proton using the definition of density.

(a) Using its definition, relate the required density ρ to the electron density Ne/V:

VmN

Vm ee==ρ

Solve for Ne/V:

e

e

mVN ρ

= (1)

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ne/V: 33

31

327e

melectrons/1059.6

nkg/electro109.11kg/m106

×=

××

= −

−

VN

(b) Express and evaluate the ratio of the masses of an electron and a proton:

427

31

p

e 1046.5kg101.67kg109.11 −

−

−

×=××

=mm

Rewrite equation (1) in terms of protons:

p

p

mVN ρ

= (2)

Divide equation (2) by equation (1) to obtain:

p

e

e

p

mm

VNVN

= or ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

VN

mm

VN e

p

ep

Chapter 1

26

Substitute numerical values and use the result from part (a) to evaluate Np/V:

( )( )

3

33

4p

protons/m59.3

protons/m1059.6

1046.5

=

××

×= −

VN

*59 •• Picture the Problem We can use the definition of density to relate the mass of the water in the cylinder to its volume and the formula for the volume of a cylinder to express the volume of water used in the detector’s cylinder. To convert our answer in kg to lb, we can use the fact that 1 kg weighs about 2.205 lb. Relate the mass of water contained in the cylinder to its density and volume:

Vm ρ=

Express the volume of a cylinder in terms of its diameter d and height h:

hdhAV 2base 4

π==

Substitute to obtain: hdm 2

4πρ=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate m:

( ) ( ) ( )

kg1002.5

m4.41m3.394

kg/m10

7

233

×=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=πm

Convert 5.02 × 107 kg to tons:

ton104.55lb2000

ton1kg

lb2.205kg1002.5

3

7

×=

×××=m

tons.55,000 tocloser is weight actual The ve.conservati is claimton 50,000 The −

60 ••• Picture the Problem We’ll solve this problem two ways. First, we’ll substitute two of the ordered pairs in the given equation to obtain two equations in C and n that we can solve simultaneously. Then we’ll use a spreadsheet program to create a graph of log T as a function of log m and use its curve-fitting capability to find n and C. Finally, we can identify the data points that deviate the most from a straight-line plot by examination of the graph.


27

1st Solution for (a)

(a) To estimate C and n, we can apply the relation T = Cm n to two arbitrarily selected data points. We’ll use the 1st and 6th ordered pairs. This will produce simultaneous equations that can be solved for C and n.

nCmT 11 =

and nCmT 66 =

Divide the second equation by the first to obtain:

nn

mm

CmCm

TT

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛==

1

621

6

1

6

Substitute numerical values and solve for n to obtain:

n

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

kg0.1kg1

s0.56s75.1

or n10125.3 = ⇒ 4948.0=n

and so a ″judicial″ guess is that n = 0.5.

Substituting this value into the second equation gives:

5.055 CmT =

so ( ) 5.0kg1Cs75.1 =

Solving for C gives:

0.5s/kg75.1=C

2nd Solution for (a)

Take the logarithm (we’ll arbitrarily use base 10) of both sides of T = Cmn and simplify to obtain:

( ) ( )Cmn

mCCmT nn

loglogloglogloglog

+=+==

which, we note, is of the form bmxy += .

Hence a graph of log T vs. log m should be linear with a slope of n and a log T-intercept log C.

The graph of log T vs. log m shown below was created using a spreadsheet program. The equation shown on the graph was obtained using Excel’s ″Add Trendline″ function. (Excel’s ″Add Trendline″ function uses regression analysis to generate the trendline.)

Chapter 1

28

log T = 0.4987log m + 0.2479

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2

log m

log

T

Comparing the equation on the graph generated by the Add Trendline function to log T( ) = n log m + log C , we observe:

499.0=n

and 212479.0 s/kg77.110 ==C

or ( ) 499.021s/kg77.1 mT =

(b) From the graph we see that the data points that deviate the most from a straight-line plot are: s 2.22 kg, 1.50

and s, 0.471 kg, 0.02

==

==

Tm

Tm

(b) graph. on the plotted points thefit tobest thengrepresenti

line thefrommost thedeviate s) 1.05 kg, (0.4 and s) 0.471 kg, (0.02 pairs data theusing generated points that thesee graph we theFrom

Remarks: Still another way to find n and C is to use your graphing calculator to perform regression analysis on the given set of data for log T versus log m. The slope yields n and the y-intercept yields log C. 61 ••• Picture the Problem We can plot log T versus log r and find the slope of the best-fit line to determine the exponent n. We can then use any of the ordered pairs to evaluate C. Once we know n and C, we can solve T = Crn for r as a function of T.


29

(a) Take the logarithm (we’ll arbitrarily use base 10) of both sides of T = Crn and simplify to obtain:

( ) ( )Crn

rCCrT nn

loglogloglogloglog

+=+==

Note that this equation is of the form bmxy += . Hence a graph of log T vs.

log r should be linear with a slope of n and a log T -intercept log C.

The graph of log T versus log r shown below was created using a spreadsheet program. The equation shown on the graph was obtained using Excel’s ″Add Trendline″ function. (Excel’s ″Add Trendline″ function uses regression analysis to generate the trendline.)

y = 1.5036x + 1.2311

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

-1.1 -1.0 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2

log r

log

T

From the regression analysis we observe that:

50.1=n

and

( ) 232311.1 Gmy/0.1710 ==C

or ( )( ) 50.123Gmy/0.17 rT = (1)

(b) Solve equation (1) for the radius of the planet’s orbit:

( )

32

23Gm/y0.17 ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

Tr

Substitute numerical values and evaluate r: ( )

Gm510.0Gmy/0.17

y20.632

23 =⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=r

Chapter 1

30

*62 ••• Picture the Problem We can express the relationship between the period T of the pendulum, its length L, and the acceleration of gravity g as ba gCLT =

and perform dimensional analysis to find the values of a and b and, hence, the function relating these variables. Once we’ve performed the experiment called for in part (b), we can determine an experimental value for C.

(a) Express T as the product of L and g raised to powers a and b:

ba gCLT = (1)

where C is a dimensionless constant.

Write this equation in dimensional form:

[ ] [ ] [ ]ba gLT =

Noting that the symbols for the dimension of the period and length of the pendulum are the same as those representing the physical quantities, substitute the dimensions to obtain:

ba

TLLT ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= 2

Because L does not appear on the left-hand side of the equation, we can write this equation as:

bba TLTL 210 −+=

Equate the exponents to obtain:

12and0 =−=+ bba

Solve these equations simultaneously to find a and b:

21

21 and −== ba

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: g

LCgCLT == − 2121 (2)

(b) If you use pendulums of lengths 1 m and 0.5 m; the periods should be about:

( )

( ) s4.1m5.0

and

s2m1

=

=

T

T

(c) Solve equation (2) for C:

LgTC =


31

Evaluate C with L = 1 m and T = 2 s: ( ) π226.6

m1m/s9.81s2

2

≈==C

Substitute in equation (2) to obtain:

gLT π2=

63 ••• Picture the Problem The weight of the earth’s atmosphere per unit area is known as the atmospheric pressure. We can use this definition to express the weight w of the earth’s atmosphere as the product of the atmospheric pressure and the surface area of the earth.

Using its definition, relate atmospheric pressure to the weight of the earth’s atmosphere:

AwP =

Solve for w: PAw =

Relate the surface area of the earth to its radius R:

24 RA π=


PRw 24π=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate w:

( ) lb1016.1inlb14.7

min39.37

kmm10km63704 19

2

2232 ×=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= πw

Chapter 1

32

33

Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension Conceptual Problems 1 • Determine the Concept The "average velocity" is being requested as opposed to "average speed".

The average velocity is defined as the change in position or displacement divided by the change in time.

tyv

∆∆

=av

The change in position for any "round trip" is zero by definition. So the average velocity for any round trip must also be zero.

00av =

∆=

∆∆

=tt

yv

*2 • Determine the Concept The important concept here is that "average speed" is being requested as opposed to "average velocity". Under all circumstances, including constant acceleration, the definition of the average speed is the ratio of the total distance traveled (H + H) to the total time elapsed, in this case 2H/T. correct. is )(d

Remarks: Because this motion involves a round trip, if the question asked for "average velocity," the answer would be zero. 3 • Determine the Concept Flying with the wind, the speed of the plane relative to the ground (vPG) is the sum of the speed of the wind relative to the ground (vWG) and the speed of the plane relative to the air (vPG = vWG + vPA). Flying into or against the wind the speed relative to the ground is the difference between the wind speed and the true air speed of the plane (vg = vw – vt). Because the ground speed landing against the wind is smaller than the ground speed landing with the wind, it is safer to land against the wind. 4 • Determine the Concept The important concept here is that a = dv/dt, where a is the acceleration and v is the velocity. Thus, the acceleration is positive if dv is positive; the acceleration is negative if dv is negative. (a) Let’s take the direction a car is moving to be the positive direction:

Because the car is moving in the direction we’ve chosen to be positive, its velocity is positive (dx > 0). If the car is braking, then its velocity is decreasing (dv < 0) and its acceleration (dv/dt) is negative.

(b) Consider a car that is moving to Because the car is moving in the direction

Chapter 2

34

the right but choose the positive direction to be to the left:

opposite to that we’ve chosen to be positive, its velocity is negative (dx < 0). If the car is braking, then its velocity is increasing (dv > 0) and its acceleration (dv/dt) is positive.

*5 • Determine the Concept The important concept is that when both the acceleration and the velocity are in the same direction, the speed increases. On the other hand, when the acceleration and the velocity are in opposite directions, the speed decreases.

(a) . be

must nt displacemeyour negative, remainsity your veloc Becausenegative

(b) reached. is wall theuntil walking,of speed theslowgradually steps five

last theDuring direction. negative theas your trip ofdirection theDefine

(c) A graph of v as a function of t that is consistent with the conditions stated in the problem is shown below:

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

t (s)

v (m

/s)

6 • Determine the Concept True. We can use the definition of average velocity to express the displacement ∆x as ∆x = vav∆t. Note that, if the acceleration is constant, the average velocity is also given by vav = (vi + vf)/2.

7 • Determine the Concept Acceleration is the slope of the velocity versus time curve, a = dv/dt; while velocity is the slope of the position versus time curve, v = dx/dt. The speed of an object is the magnitude of its velocity.

Motion in One Dimension

35

(a) True. Zero acceleration implies that the velocity is constant. If the velocity is constant (including zero), the speed must also be constant. (b) True in one dimension. Remarks: The answer to (b) would be False in more than one dimension. In one dimension, if the speed remains constant, then the object cannot speed up, slow down, or reverse direction. Thus, if the speed remains constant, the velocity remains constant, which implies that the acceleration remains zero. (In more than one-dimensional motion, an object can change direction while maintaining constant speed. This constitutes a change in the direction of the velocity.) Consider a ball moving in a circle at a constant rotation rate. The speed (magnitude of the velocity) is constant while the velocity is tangent to the circle and always changing. The acceleration is always pointing inward and is certainly NOT zero. *8 •• Determine the Concept Velocity is the slope of the position versus time curve and acceleration is the slope of the velocity versus time curve. See the graphs below.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 5 10 15 20 25

time (s)

posi

tion

(m)

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 5 10 15 20 25

time (s)

acce

lera

tion

(m/s2 )

Chapter 2

36

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 5 10 15 20 25

time (s)

velo

city

(m/s

)

9 • Determine the Concept False. The average velocity is defined (for any acceleration) as the change in position (the displacement) divided by the change in time txv ∆∆=av . It is always valid. If the acceleration remains constant the average velocity is also given by

2fi

avvvv +

=

Consider an engine piston moving up and down as an example of non-constant velocity. For one complete cycle, vf = vi and xi = xf so vav = ∆x/∆t is zero. The formula involving the mean of vf and vi cannot be applied because the acceleration is not constant, and yields an incorrect nonzero value of vi. 10 • Determine the Concept This can occur if the rocks have different initial speeds. Ignoring air resistance, the acceleration is constant. Choose a coordinate system in which the origin is at the point of release and upward is the positive direction. From the constant-acceleration equation

221

00 attvyy ++=

we see that the only way two objects can have the same acceleration (–g in this case) and cover the same distance, ∆y = y – y0, in different times would be if the initial velocities of the two rocks were different. Actually, the answer would be the same whether or not the acceleration is constant. It is just easier to see for the special case of constant acceleration. *11 •• Determine the Concept Neglecting air resistance, the balls are in free fall, each with the same free-fall acceleration, which is a constant. At the time the second ball is released, the first ball is already moving. Thus, during any time interval their velocities will increase by exactly the same amount. What can be said about the speeds of the two balls? The first ball will always be moving faster than the second ball. This being the case, what happens to the separation of the two balls while they are both


37

falling? Their separation increases. correct. is )(a

12 •• Determine the Concept The slope of an x(t) curve at any point in time represents the speed at that instant. The way the slope changes as time increases gives the sign of the acceleration. If the slope becomes less negative or more positive as time increases (as you move to the right on the time axis), then the acceleration is positive. If the slope becomes less positive or more negative, then the acceleration is negative. The slope of the slope of an x(t) curve at any point in time represents the acceleration at that instant. The slope of curve (a) is negative and becomes more negative as time increases.

Therefore, the velocity is negative and the acceleration is negative.

The slope of curve (b) is positive and constant and so the velocity is positive and constant.

Therefore, the acceleration is zero.

The slope of curve (c) is positive and decreasing.

Therefore, the velocity is positive and the acceleration is negative.

The slope of curve (d) is positive and increasing.

Therefore, the velocity and acceleration are positive. We need more information to conclude that a is constant.

The slope of curve (e) is zero. Therefore, the velocity and acceleration are zero.

on.accelerati positiveconstanth motion wit showsbest )(d

*13 • Determine the Concept The slope of a v(t) curve at any point in time represents the acceleration at that instant. Only one curve has a constant and positive slope.

( ) correct. is b

14 • Determine the Concept No. The word average implies an interval of time rather than an instant in time; therefore, the statement makes no sense. *15 • Determine the Concept Note that the ″average velocity″ is being requested as opposed to the ″average speed.″

Chapter 2

38

Yes. In any roundtrip, A to B, and back to A, the average velocity is zero.

( )

( )

0

0BAAB

BAABABAav

=∆

=∆

∆−+∆=

∆∆+∆

=∆∆

=→→

ttxxt

xxtxv

On the other hand, the average velocity between A and B is not generally zero.

( ) 0ABBAav ≠

∆∆

=→ txv

Remarks: Consider an object launched up in the air. Its average velocity on the way up is NOT zero. Neither is it zero on the way down. However, over the round trip, it is zero. 16 • Determine the Concept An object is farthest from the origin when it is farthest from the time axis. In one-dimensional motion starting from the origin, the point located farthest from the time axis in a distance-versus-time plot is the farthest from its starting point. Because the object’s initial position is at x = 0, point B represents the instant that the object is farthest from x = 0. correct. is )(b

17 • Determine the Concept No. If the velocity is constant, a graph of position as a function of time is linear with a constant slope equal to the velocity. 18 • Determine the Concept Yes. The average velocity in a time interval is defined as the displacement divided by the elapsed time txv ∆∆=av . The fact that vav = 0 for some time interval, ∆t, implies that the displacement ∆x over this interval is also zero. Because the instantaneous velocity is defined as ( )txv t ∆∆= →∆ /lim 0 , it follows that v must also be zero. As an example, in the following graph of x versus t, over the interval between t = 0 and t ≈ 21 s, ∆x = 0. Consequently, vav = 0 for this interval. Note that the instantaneous velocity is zero only at t ≈ 10 s.


39

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 5 10 15 20

t (s)

x (m

)

19 •• Determine the Concept In the one-dimensional motion shown in the figure, the velocity is a minimum when the slope of a position-versus-time plot goes to zero (i.e., the curve becomes horizontal). At these points, the slope of the position-versus-time curve is zero; therefore, the speed is zero. correct. is )(b

*20 •• Determine the Concept In one-dimensional motion, the velocity is the slope of a position-versus-time plot and can be either positive or negative. On the other hand, the speed is the magnitude of the velocity and can only be positive. We’ll use v to denote velocity and the word “speed” for how fast the object is moving.

(a) curve a: ( ) ( )12 tvtv < curve b: ( ) ( )12 tvtv = curve c: ( ) ( )12 tvtv > curve d: ( ) ( )12 tvtv <

(b) curve a: ( ) ( )12 speedspeed tt < curve b: ( ) ( )12 speedspeed tt = curve c: ( ) ( )12 speedspeed tt < curve d: ( ) ( )12 speedspeed tt >

21 • Determine the Concept Acceleration is the slope of the velocity-versus-time curve, a = dv/dt, while velocity is the slope of the position-versus-time curve, v = dx/dt.

(a) False. Zero acceleration implies that the velocity is not changing. The velocity could be any constant (including zero). But, if the velocity is constant and nonzero, the particle must be moving.

(b) True. Again, zero acceleration implies that the velocity remains constant. This means that the x-versus-t curve has a constant slope (i.e., a straight line). Note: This does not necessarily mean a zero-slope line.

Chapter 2

40

22 • Determine the Concept Yes. If the velocity is changing the acceleration is not zero. The velocity is zero and the acceleration is nonzero any time an object is momentarily at rest. If the acceleration were also zero, the velocity would never change; therefore, the object would have to remain at rest. Remarks: It is important conceptually to note that when both the acceleration and the velocity have the same sign, the speed increases. On the other hand, when the acceleration and the velocity have opposite signs, the speed decreases.

23 • Determine the Concept In the absence of air resistance, the ball will experience a constant acceleration. Choose a coordinate system in which the origin is at the point of release and the upward direction is positive. The graph shows the velocity of a ball that has been thrown straight upward with an initial speed of 30 m/s as a function of time. Note that the slope of this graph, the acceleration, is the same at every point, including the point at which v = 0 (at the top of its flight). Thus, 0flight of top =v and ga −=flight of top .

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

t (s)

v (m

/s)

The acceleration is the slope (–g).

24 • Determine the Concept The "average speed" is being requested as opposed to "average velocity." We can use the definition of average speed as distance traveled divided by the elapsed time and expression for the average speed of an object when it is experiencing constant acceleration to express vav in terms of v0. The average speed is defined as the total distance traveled divided by the change in time:

TH

THH

v

2timetotal

traveleddistancetotalav

=+

=

=


41

Find the average speed for the upward flight of the object: T

Hvv21

0upav, 2

0=

+=

Solve for H to obtain:

TvH 041=

Find the average speed for the downward flight of the object: T

Hvv21

0downav, 2

0=

+=

Solve for H to obtain:

TvH 041=

Substitute in our expression for vav to obtain:

( )2

2 0041

avv

TTvv ==

Because 00 ≠v , the average speed is not zero.

Remarks: 1) Because this motion involves a roundtrip, if the question asked for ″average velocity″, the answer would be zero. 2) Another easy way to obtain this result is take the absolute value of the velocity of the object to obtain a graph of its speed as a function of time. A simple geometric argument leads to the result we obtained above. 25 • Determine the Concept In the absence of air resistance, the bowling ball will experience constant acceleration. Choose a coordinate system with the origin at the point of release and upward as the positive direction. Whether the ball is moving upward and slowing down, is momentarily at the top of its trajectory, or is moving downward with ever increasing velocity, its acceleration is constant and equal to the acceleration due to gravity. correct. is )(b

26 • Determine the Concept Both objects experience the same constant acceleration. Choose a coordinate system in which downward is the positive direction and use a constant-acceleration equation to express the position of each object as a function of time. Using constant-acceleration equations, express the positions of both objects as functions of time:

221

0A0,A gttvxx ++= and

221

0B,0B gttvxx ++= where v0 = 0.

Express the separation of the two objects by evaluating xB − xA:

m10A.0B,0AB =−=− xxxx

and correct. is )(d

*27 •• Determine the Concept Because the Porsche accelerates uniformly, we need to look for a graph that represents constant acceleration. We are told that the Porsche has a constant acceleration that is positive (the velocity is increasing); therefore we must look for a velocity-versus-time curve with a positive constant slope and a nonzero intercept.

Chapter 2

42

( ) correct. is c

*28 •• Determine the Concept In the absence of air resistance, the object experiences constant acceleration. Choose a coordinate system in which the downward direction is positive. Express the distance D that an object, released from rest, falls in time t:

221 gtD =

Because the distance fallen varies with the square of the time, during the first two seconds it falls four times the distance it falls during the first second.

( ) correct. is a

29 •• Determine the Concept In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the ball is constant. Choose a coordinate system in which the point of release is the origin and upward is the positive y direction. The displacement of the ball halfway to its highest point is:

2maxyy ∆

=∆

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the ball’s initial and final velocities to its displacement and solve for the displacement:

ygvyavv ∆−=∆+= 22 20

20

2

Substitute v0 = 0 to determine the maximum displacement of the ball:

( ) gv

gvy

22

20

20

max =−

−=∆

Express the velocity of the ball at half its maximum height:

22

222

20

202

0max20

max20

20

2

vg

vgvygv

ygvygvv

=−=∆−=

∆−=∆−=

Solve for v:

00 707.022 vvv ≈=

and ( ) correct. is c

30 • Determine the Concept As long as the acceleration remains constant the following constant-acceleration equations hold. If the acceleration is not constant, they do not, in general, give correct results except by coincidence.

221

00 attvxx ++= atvv += 0 xavv ∆+= 220

2 2

fiav

vvv +=


43

(a) False. From the first equation, we see that (a) is true if and only if the acceleration is constant. (b) False. Consider a rock thrown straight up into the air. At the "top" of its flight, the velocity is zero but it is changing (otherwise the velocity would remain zero and the rock would hover); therefore the acceleration is not zero. (c) True. The definition of average velocity, txv ∆∆=av , requires that this always be true. *31 • Determine the Concept Because the acceleration of the object is constant, the constant-acceleration equations can be used to describe its motion. The special expression for

average velocity for constant acceleration is2

fiav

vvv += . ( ) correct. is c

32 • Determine the Concept The constant slope of the x-versus-t graph tells us that the velocity is constant and the acceleration is zero. A linear position versus time curve implies a constant velocity. The negative slope indicates a constant negative velocity. The fact that the velocity is constant implies that the acceleration is also constant and zero. ( ) correct. is e

33 •• Determine the Concept The velocity is the slope of the tangent to the curve, and the acceleration is the rate of change of this slope. Velocity is the slope of the position-versus-time curve. A parabolic x(t) curve opening upward implies an increasing velocity. The acceleration is positive. ( ) correct. is a

34 •• Determine the Concept The acceleration is the slope of the tangent to the velocity as a function of time curve. For constant acceleration, a velocity-versus- time curve must be a straight line whose slope is the acceleration. Zero acceleration means that slope of v(t) must also be zero. ( ) correct. is c

35 •• Determine the Concept The acceleration is the slope of the tangent to the velocity as a function of time curve. For constant acceleration, a velocity-versus- time curve must be a straight line whose slope is the acceleration. The acceleration and therefore the slope can be positive, negative, or zero. ( ) correct. is d

36 •• Determine the Concept The velocity is positive if the curve is above the v = 0 line (the t axis), and the acceleration is negative if the tangent to the curve has a negative slope. Only graphs (a), (c), and (e) have positive v. Of these, only graph (e) has a negative slope. ( ) correct. is e

Chapter 2

44

37 •• Determine the Concept The velocity is positive if the curve is above the v = 0 line (the t axis), and the acceleration is negative if the tangent to the curve has a negative slope. Only graphs (b) and (d) have negative v. Of these, only graph (d) has a negative slope.

( ) correct. is d

38 •• Determine the Concept A linear velocity-versus-time curve implies constant acceleration. The displacement from time t = 0 can be determined by integrating v-versus-t — that is, by finding the area under the curve. The initial velocity at t = 0 can be read directly from the graph of v-versus-t as the v-intercept; i.e., v(0). The acceleration of the object is the slope of v(t) . The average velocity of the object is given by drawing a horizontal line that has the same area under it as the area under the curve. Because all of these quantities can be determined ( ) correct. is e

*39 •• Determine the Concept The velocity is the slope of a position versus time curve and the acceleration is the rate at which the velocity, and thus the slope, changes.

Velocity

(a) Negative at t0 and t1. (b) Positive at t3, t4, t6, and t7. (c) Zero at t2 and t5.

Acceleration The acceleration is positive at points where the slope increases as you move toward the right.

(a) Negative at t4. (b) Positive at t2 and t6. (c) Zero at t0, t1, t3, t5, and t7.

40 •• Determine the Concept Acceleration is the slope of a velocity-versus-time curve. (a) Acceleration is zero and constant while velocity is not zero.

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

t

v


45

(b) Acceleration is constant but not zero.

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

t

v

(c) Velocity and acceleration are both positive.

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

t

v

(d) Velocity and acceleration are both negative.

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

t

v

Chapter 2

46

(e) Velocity is positive and acceleration is negative.

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

t

v

(f) Velocity is negative and acceleration is positive.

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

t

v


47

(g) Velocity is momentarily zero at the intercept with the t axis but the acceleration is not zero.

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

t

v

41 •• Determine the Concept Velocity is the slope and acceleration is the slope of the slope of a position-versus-time curve. Acceleration is the slope of a velocity- versus-time curve.

(a) For constant velocity, x-versus-t must be a straight line; v-versus-t must be a horizontal straight line; and a-versus-t must be a straight horizontal line at a = 0.

(a), (f), and (i) are the correct answers.

(b) For velocity to reverse its direction x-versus-t must have a slope that changes sign and v-versus-t must cross the time axis. The acceleration cannot remain zero at all times.

(c) and (d) are the correct answers.

(c) For constant acceleration, x-versus-t must be a straight line or a parabola, v-versus-t must be a straight line, and a-versus-t must be a horizontal straight line.

(a), (d), (e), (f), (h), and (i) are the correct answers.

(d) For non-constant acceleration, x-versus-t must not be a straight line or a parabola; v-versus-t must not be a straight line, or a-versus-t must not be a horizontal straight line.

(b), (c), and (g) are the correct answers.

Chapter 2

48

For two graphs to be mutually consistent, the curves must be consistent with the definitions of velocity and acceleration.

Graphs (a) and (i) are mutually consistent. Graphs (d) and (h) are mutually consistent. Graphs (f) and (i) are also mutually consistent.

Estimation and Approximation 42 • Picture the Problem Assume that your heart beats at a constant rate. It does not, but the average is pretty stable. (a) We will use an average pulse rate of 70 bpm for a seated (resting) adult. One’s pulse rate is defined as the number of heartbeats per unit time:

Timeheartbeats of #rate Pulse =

and Timerate Pulse heartbeats of # ×=

The time required to drive 1 mi at 60 mph is (1/60) h or 1 min:

( )( )beats 70

min1beats/min 70 heartbeats of #

=

=

(b) Express the number of heartbeats during a lifetime in terms of the pulse rate and the life span of an individual:

TimeratePulseheartbeatsof# ×=

Assuming a 95-y life span, calculate the time in minutes:

( )( )( )( ) min1000.5hmin/60h/d24d/y25.365y95Time 7×==

Substitute numerical values and evaluate the number of heartbeats:

( )( ) beats1050.3min1000.5min/beats70heartbeatsof# 97 ×=×=

*43 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, Carlos’ acceleration is constant. Because all the motion is downward, let’s use a coordinate system in which downward is positive and the origin is at the point at which the fall began. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate Carlos’ final velocity to his initial velocity, acceleration, and distance fallen and solve for his final velocity:

yavv ∆+= 220

2 and, because v0 = 0 and a = g,

ygv ∆= 2

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v:

( )( ) m/s2.54m150m/s81.92 2 ==v


49

(b) While his acceleration by the snow is not constant, solve the same constant- acceleration equation to get an estimate of his average acceleration:

yvva

∆−

=2

20

2

Substitute numerical values and evaluate a: ( )

( )g

a

123

m/s1020.1m22.12

m/s54 2322

−=

×−=−

=

Remarks: The final velocity we obtained in part (a), approximately 121 mph, is about the same as the terminal velocity for an "average" man. This solution is probably only good to about 20% accuracy. 44 •• Picture the Problem Because we’re assuming that the accelerations of the skydiver and the mouse are constant to one-half their terminal velocities, we can use constant-acceleration equations to find the times required for them to reach their ″upper-bound″ velocities and their distances of fall. Let’s use a coordinate system in which downward is the positive y direction. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the upper-bound velocity to the free-fall acceleration and the time required to reach this velocity:

tgvv ∆+= 0boundupper or, because v0 = 0,

tgv ∆=boundupper

Solve for ∆t:

gv

t boundupper=∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆t:

s55.2m/s9.81m/s52

2 ==∆t

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the skydiver’s distance of fall to the elapsed time ∆t:

( )221

0 tatvy ∆+∆=∆ or, because v0 = 0 and a = g,

( )221 tgy ∆=∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆y:

( ) ( ) m31.9s2.55m/s9.81 2221 ==∆y

(b) Proceed as in (a) with vupper bound = 0.5 m/s to obtain: s0510.0

m/s9.81m/s5.0

2 ==∆t

and ( )( ) cm27.1s0510.0m/s9.81 22

21 ==∆y

Chapter 2

50

45 •• Picture the Problem This is a constant-acceleration problem. Choose a coordinate system in which the direction Greene is running is the positive x direction. During the first 3 s of the race his acceleration is positive and during the rest of the race it is zero. The pictorial representation summarizes what we know about Greene’s race.

Express the total distance covered by Greene in terms of the distances covered in the two phases of his race:

1201m100 xx ∆+∆=

Express the distance he runs getting to his maximum velocity:

( ) ( )2212

010121

01001 s3atatvx =∆+∆=∆

Express the distance covered during the rest of the race at the constant maximum velocity:

( )( )

( )( )s79.6s31201

212122

112max12

atta

tatvx

=∆∆=

∆+∆=∆

Substitute for these displacements and solve for a:

( ) ( )( )s79.6s3s3m100 221 aa +=

and 2m/s02.4=a

*46 •• Determine the Concept This is a constant-acceleration problem with a = −g if we take upward to be the positive direction. At the maximum height the ball will reach, its speed will be near zero and when the ball has just been tossed in the air its speed is near its maximum value. What conclusion can you draw from the image of the ball near its maximum height?

Because the ball is moving slowly its blur is relatively short (i.e., there is less blurring).

To estimate the initial speed of the ball:


51

a) Estimate how far the ball being tossed moves in 1/30 s:

The ball moves about 3 ball diameters in 1/30 s.

b) Estimate the diameter of a tennis ball:

The diameter of a tennis ball is approximately 5 cm.

c) Now one can calculate the approximate distance the ball moved in 1/30 s:

( )( )cm 15

rcm/diamete 5diameters 3 traveledDistance

=×

=

d) Calculate the average speed of the tennis ball over this distance:

m/s4.50

cm/s 450s

301cm 15speed Average

=

==

e) Because the time interval is very short, the average speed of the ball is a good approximation to its initial speed:

∴ v0 = 4.5 m/s

f) Finally, use the constant-acceleration equation

yavv ∆+= 220

2 to solve for and evaluate ∆y:

( )( ) m03.1

m/s81.92m/s5.4

2 2

220 =

−−

=−

=∆avy

Remarks: This maximum height is in good agreement with the height of the higher ball in the photograph.

*47 •• Picture the Problem The average speed of a nerve impulse is approximately 120 m/s. Assume an average height of 1.7 m and use the definition of average speed to estimate the travel time for the nerve impulse.

Using the definition of average speed, express the travel time for the nerve impulse:

avvxt ∆

=∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆t: ms14.2

m/s120m1.7

==∆t

Speed, Displacement, and Velocity

48 • Picture the Problem Think of the electron as traveling in a straight line at constant speed and use the definition of average speed.

Chapter 2

52

(a) Using its definition, express the average speed of the electron:

ts

∆∆

=

=flight of time

traveleddistancespeed Average

Solve for and evaluate the time of flight:

ns00.4s104

sm104m16.0

speed Average9

7

=×=

×=

∆=∆

−

st

(b) Calculate the time of flight for an electron in a 16-cm long current carrying wire similarly.

min7.66s104

sm104m16.0

speed Average3

5

=×=

×=

∆=∆ −

st

*49 • Picture the Problem In this problem the runner is traveling in a straight line but not at constant speed - first she runs, then she walks. Let’s choose a coordinate system in which her initial direction of motion is taken as the positive x direction.

(a) Using the definition of average velocity, calculate the average velocity for the first 9 min:

min/km278.0min9

km5.2av ==

∆∆

=txv

(b) Using the definition of average velocity, calculate her average speed for the 30 min spent walking:

min/km0833.0

min30km5.2

av

−=

−=

∆∆

=txv

(c) Express her average velocity for the whole trip: 00tripround

av =∆

=∆

∆=

ttx

v

(d) Finally, express her average speed for the whole trip:

min/km128.0

min9min30)km5.2(2

timeelapsedtraveleddistancespeed Average

=

+=

=

50 • Picture the Problem The car is traveling in a straight line but not at constant speed. Let the direction of motion be the positive x direction. (a) Express the total displacement of the car for the entire trip: 21total xxx ∆+∆=∆


53

Find the displacement for each leg of the trip:

( )( )km200

h5.2km/h8011,1

=

=∆=∆ tvx av

and ( )( )

km0.60h5.1km/h4022,2

=

=∆=∆ tvx av

Add the individual displacements to get the total displacement:

km260

km0.60km20021total

=

+=∆+∆=∆ xxx

(b) As long as the car continues to move in the same direction, the average velocity for the total trip is given by: hkm0.65

h5.1h5.2km260

total

total

=

+=

∆∆

≡txvav

51 • Picture the Problem However unlikely it may seem, imagine that both jets are flying in a straight line at constant speed. (a) The time of flight is the ratio of the distance traveled to the speed of the supersonic jet.

( )( )h25.2

s/h3600km/s340.02km5500

speedsupersonic

Atlanticsupersonic

=

=

=st

(b) The time of flight is the ratio of the distance traveled to the speed of the subsonic jet.

( )( )h99.4

s/h3600km/s340.09.0km5500

speedsubsonic

Atlanticsubsonic

=

=

=st

(c) Adding 2 h on both the front and the back of the supersonic trip, we obtain the average speed of the supersonic flight. hkm880

h00.4h25.2km5500speed supersonic av,

=

+=

(d) Adding 2 h on both the front and the back of the subsonic trip, we obtain the average speed of the subsonic flight. hkm611

h00.4h00.5km5500speed subsonic av,

=

+=

Chapter 2

54

*52 • Picture the Problem In free space, light travels in a straight line at constant speed, c. (a) Using the definition of average speed, solve for and evaluate the time required for light to travel from the sun to the earth:

ts

=speedaverage

and

min33.8s500

m/s103m101.5

speedaverage 8

11

==

××

==st

(b) Proceed as in (a) this time using the moon-earth distance:

s28.1m/s103

m1084.38

8

=×

×=t

(c) One light-year is the distance light travels in a vacuum in one year: ( )( )

mi1089.5

kmmi/1.611km109.48

km1048.9m1048.9year-light1

12

12

1215

×=

×=

×=×=

53 • Picture the Problem In free space, light travels in a straight line at constant speed, c. (a) Using the definition of average speed (equal here to the assumed constant speed of light), solve for the time required to travel the distance to Proxima Centauri:

y4.33 s1037.1

sm103m101.4

light of speed traveleddistance

8

8

16

=×=

××

==t

(b) Traveling at 10-4c, the delivery time (ttotal) will be the sum of the time for the order to reach Hoboken and the time for the pizza to be delivered to Proxima Centauri:

( )( )

y1033.4y1033.4y33.4

sm10310km101.433.4

6

6

84

13delivered be order toHoboken sent to be order tototal

×≈

×+=

××

+=

+=

−y

ttt

pay. tohavenot doesGregor y,1000y10 4.33 Since 6 >>×

54 • Picture the Problem The time for the second 50 km is equal to the time for the entire journey less the time for the first 50 km. We can use this time to determine the average speed for the second 50 km interval from the definition of average speed. Using the definition of average speed, find the time required for the total journey:

h2hkm50

km100speed average

distance totaltotal ===t


55

Find the time required for the first 50 km:

h25.1hkm40

km50km501st ==t

Find the time remaining to travel the last 50 km: h0.75

h1.25h2km 50st 1totalkm 50 2nd

=−=−= ttt

Finally, use the time remaining to travel the last 50 km to determine the average speed over this distance:

hkm7.66h75.0

km50time

traveleddistancespeed Average

km 50 2nd

km 50 2nd

km 50 2nd

==

=

*55 •• Picture the Problem Note that both the arrow and the sound travel a distance d. We can use the relationship between distance traveled, the speed of sound, the speed of the arrow, and the elapsed time to find the distance separating the archer and the target. Express the elapsed time between the archer firing the arrow and hearing it strike the target:

soundarrows1 ttt ∆+∆==∆

Express the transit times for the arrow and the sound in terms of the distance, d, and their speeds:

m/s40arrowarrow

dv

dt ==∆

and

m/s340soundsound

dv

dt ==∆

Substitute these two relationships in the expression obtained in step 1 and solve for d:

s1m/s340m/s40

=+dd

and m8.35=d

56 •• Picture the Problem Assume both runners travel parallel paths in a straight line along the track. (a) Using the definition of average speed, find the time for Marcia:

( )

( ) s5.14sm61.15

m 100speed sJohn'15.1run distance

speed sMarcia'run distance

Marcia

==

=

=t

Chapter 2

56

Find the distance covered by John in 14.5 s and the difference between that distance and 100 m:

( )( ) m 0.87s 14.5sm6John ==x and Marcia wins by

m 13.0 m 87 m 100 =−

(b) Using the definition of average speed, find the time required by John to complete the 100-m run:

s 7.16sm6

m 100speedsJohn'

rundistanceJohn ===t

Marsha wins by 16.7 s – 14.5 s = 2.2 s Alternatively, the time required by John to travel the last 13.0 m is (13 m)/(6 m/s) = s 17.2

57 • Picture the Problem The average velocity in a time interval is defined as the displacement divided by the time elapsed; that is txv ∆∆= /av .

(a) ∆xa = 0 0av =v

(b) ∆xb = 1 m and ∆tb = 3 s m/s333.0av =v

(c) ∆xc = –6 m and ∆tc = 3 s m/s00.2av −=v

(d) ∆xd = 3 m and ∆td = 3 s m/s00.1av =v

58 •• Picture the Problem In free space, light travels in a straight line at constant speed c. We can use Hubble’s law to find the speed of the two planets. (a) Using Hubble’s law, calculate the speed of the first galaxy:

( )( )m/s1090.7

s1058.1m1054

11822a

×=

××= −−v

(b) Using Hubble’s law, calculate the speed of the second galaxy:

( )( )m/s1016.3

s1058.1m1027

11825b

×=

××= −−v

(c) Using the relationship between distance, speed, and time for both galaxies, determine how long ago they were both located at the same place as the earth: yearsbillion 1.20

y1020.1s1033.6

1

917

=

×=×=

===HrH

rvrt


57

*59 •• Picture the Problem Ignoring the time intervals during which members of this relay time get up to their running speeds, their accelerations are zero and their average speed can be found from its definition. Using its definition, relate the average speed to the total distance traveled and the elapsed time: timeelapsed

traveleddistanceav =v

Express the time required for each animal to travel a distance L:

sailfishsailfish

falconfalcon

cheetahcheetah

and

,

,

vLt

vLt

vLt

=

=

=

Express the total time, ∆t: ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛++=∆

sailfishfalconcheetah

111vvv

Lt

Use the total distance traveled by the relay team and the elapsed time to calculate the average speed:

km/h122

km/h1051

km/h1611

km/h1131

3av =

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛++

=L

Lv

Calculate the average of the three speeds:

avspeedsthree 03.1km/h1263

km/h105km/h161km/h113Average v==++

=

60 •• Picture the Problem Perhaps the easiest way to solve this problem is to think in terms of the relative velocity of one car relative to the other. Solve this problem from the reference frame of car A. In this frame, car A remains at rest. Find the velocity of car B relative to car A:

vrel = vB – vA = (110 – 80) km/h = 30 km/h

Find the time before car B reaches car A:

h1.5km/h30km45

rel

==∆

=∆v

xt

Find the distance traveled, relative to the road, by car A in 1.5 h:

( )( ) km120km/h80h1.5 ==d

Chapter 2

58

*61 •• Picture the Problem One way to solve this problem is by using a graphing calculator to plot the positions of each car as a function of time. Plotting these positions as functions of time allows us to visualize the motion of the two cars relative to the (fixed) ground. More importantly, it allows us to see the motion of the two cars relative to each other. We can, for example, tell how far apart the cars are at any given time by determining the length of a vertical line segment from one curve to the other. (a) Letting the origin of our coordinate system be at the intersection, the position of the slower car, x1(t), is given by:

x1(t) = 20t where x1 is in meters if t is in seconds.

Because the faster car is also moving at a constant speed, we know that the position of this car is given by a function of the form:

x2(t) = 30t + b

We know that when t = 5 s, this second car is at the intersection (i.e., x2(5 s) = 0). Using this information, you can convince yourself that:

b = −150 m

Thus, the position of the faster car is given by:

( ) 150302 −= ttx

One can use a graphing calculator, graphing paper, or a spreadsheet to obtain the graphs of x1(t) (the solid line) and x2(t) (the dashed line) shown below:

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

t (s)

x (m

)

(b) Use the time coordinate of the intersection of the two lines to determine the time at which the second car overtakes the first:

From the intersection of the two lines, one can see that the second car will "overtake" (catch up to) the first car at s 15 =t .


59

(c) Use the position coordinate of the intersection of the two lines to determine the distance from the intersection at which the second car catches up to the first car:

From the intersection of the two lines, one can see that the distance from the intersection is m 300 .

(d) Draw a vertical line from t = 5 s to the red line and then read the position coordinate of the intersection of this line and the red line to determine the position of the first car when the second car went through the intersection:

From the graph, when the second car passes the intersection, the first car was

ahead m 100 .

62 • Picture the Problem Sally’s velocity relative to the ground (vSG) is the sum of her velocity relative to the moving belt (vSB) and the velocity of the belt relative to the ground (vBG). Joe’s velocity relative to the ground is the same as the velocity of the belt relative to the ground. Let D be the length of the moving sidewalk. Express D in terms of vBG (Joe’s speed relative to the ground):

( ) BGmin2 vD =

Solve for vBG:

min2BGDv =

Express D in terms of vBG + vSG (Sally’s speed relative to the ground):

( )( )

( ) ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

+=

SG

SGBG

min2min1

min1

vD

vvD

Solve for vSG: min2min2min1SG

DDDv =−=

Express D in terms of vBG + 2vSB (Sally’s speed for a fast walk relative to the ground):

( )

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=+=

min23

min22

min22

f

fSBBGf

Dt

DDtvvtD

Solve for tf as time for Sally's fast walk: s0.40

3min2

f ==t

Chapter 2

60

63 •• Picture the Problem The speed of Margaret’s boat relative to the riverbank ( BRv ) is the

sum or difference of the speed of her boat relative to the water ( BWv ) and the speed of

the water relative to the riverbank ( RvW ), depending on whether she is heading with or against the current. Let D be the distance to the marina. Express the total time for the trip:

21tot ttt +=

Express the times of travel with the motor running in terms of D, RvW

and BWv :

h4WRBW

1 =−

=vv

Dt

and

WRBW2 vv

Dt+

=

Express the time required to drift distance D and solve for WRv :

h8

and

h8

WR

WR3

Dv

vDt

=

==

From t1 = 4 h, find BWv : h8

3h8h4h4 WRBW

DDDvDv =+=+=

Solve for t2: h2

h8h83

WRBW2 =

+=

+= DD

Dvv

Dt

Add t1 and t2 to find the total time: h621tot =+= ttt

Acceleration 64 • Picture the Problem In part (a), we can apply the definition of average acceleration to find aav. In part (b), we can find the change in the car’s velocity in one second and add this change to its velocity at the beginning of the interval to find its speed one second later. (a) Apply the definition of average acceleration:

shkm8.70

s3.7km/h48.3km/h80.5

av

⋅=

−=

∆∆

=tva


61

Convert to m/s2:

2

3av

m/s42.2

s3600h1

shm108.70

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⋅×=a

(b) Express the speed of the car at the end of 4.7 s:

( ) ( )s1

s1

km/h5.80

s7.3s7.4

v

vvv

∆+=

∆+=

Find the change in the speed of the car in 1 s: ( )

km/h8.70

s1sh

km8.70av

=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⋅=∆=∆ tav

Substitute and evaluate v(4.7 s): ( )

km/h2.89

km/h7.8km/h5.80s7.4

=

+=v

65 • Picture the Problem Average acceleration is defined as aav = ∆v/∆t. The average acceleration is defined as the change in velocity divided by the change in time:

( ) ( )( ) ( )

2

av

m/s00.2

s5s8m/s5m/s1

−=

−−−

=∆∆

=tva

66 •• Picture the Problem The important concept here is the difference between average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration. (a) The average acceleration is defined as the change in velocity divided by the change in time:

aav = ∆v/∆t

Determine v at t = 3 s, t = 4 s, and t = 5 s:

v(3 s) = 17 m/s v(4 s) = 25 m/s v(5 s) = 33 m/s

Find aav for the two 1-s intervals:

aav(3 s to 4 s) = (25 m/s – 17 m/s)/(1 s) = 8 m/s2 and aav(4 s to 5 s) = (33 m/s – 25 m/s)/(1 s) = 8 m/s2

The instantaneous acceleration is defined as the time derivative of the velocity or the slope of the velocity- versus-time curve:

2m/s00.8==dtdva

Chapter 2

62

(b) The given function was used to plot the following spreadsheet-graph of v-versus-t:

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1 2 3 4 5

t (s)

v (m

/s)

67 •• Picture the Problem We can closely approximate the instantaneous velocity by the average velocity in the limit as the time interval of the average becomes small. This is important because all we can ever obtain from any measurement is the average velocity, vav, which we use to approximate the instantaneous velocity v. (a) Find x(4 s) and x(3 s):

x(4 s) = (4)2 – 5(4) + 1 = –3 m and x(3 s) = (3)2 – 5(3) + 1 = −5 m

Find ∆x:

∆x = x(4 s) – x(3 s) = (–3 m) – (–5 m)

= m2

Use the definition of average velocity: vav = ∆x/∆t = (2 m)/(1 s) = m/s 2

(b) Find x(t + ∆t):

x(t + ∆t) = (t + ∆t)2 − 5(t + ∆t) + 1 = (t2 + 2t∆t + (∆t)2) –

5(t + ∆t) + 1

Express x(t + ∆t) – x(t) = ∆x: ( ) ( )252 tttx ∆+∆−=∆

where ∆x is in meters if t is in seconds.

(c) From (b) find ∆x/∆t as ∆t → 0: ( ) ( )

ttt

ttttx

∆+−=∆

∆+∆−=

∆∆

52

52 2

and


63

( ) 52/lim 0 −=∆∆= →∆ ttxv t

where v is in m/s if t is in seconds.

Alternatively, we can take the derivative of x(t) with respect to time to obtain the instantaneous velocity.

( ) ( ) ( )522

12

−=+=

++==

tbat

btatdtddttdxtv

*68 •• Picture the Problem The instantaneous velocity is dtdx and the acceleration is dtdv . Using the definitions of instantaneous velocity and acceleration, determine v and a:

[ ] BAtCBtAtdtd

dtdxv −=+−== 22

and

[ ] ABAtdtd

drdva 22 =−==

Substitute numerical values for A and B and evaluate v and a:

( )( ) m/s6m/s 16

m/s 6m/s822

2

−=

−=

t

tv

and

( ) 22 m/s 0.16m/s 82 ==a

69 •• Picture the Problem We can use the definition of average acceleration (aav = ∆v/∆t) to find aav for the three intervals of constant acceleration shown on the graph.

(a) Using the definition of average acceleration, find aav for the interval AB:

2AB av, m/s33.3

s3m/s5m/s15

=−

=a

Find aav for the interval BC: 0

s3m/s15m/s15

BC av, =−

=a

Find aav for the interval CE:

2CE av, m/s50.7

s415m/sm/s15

−=−−

=a

(b) Use the formulas for the areas of trapezoids and triangles to find the area under the graph of v as a function of t.

Chapter 2

64

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )( )

m0.75

s) m/s)(2 15()sm/s)(215(s) m/s)(3 (15s3m/s15m/s5 21

21

21

EDDCCBBA

=

−++++=∆+∆+∆+∆=∆ →→→→ xxxxx

(c) The graph of displacement, x, as a function of time, t, is shown in the following figure. In the region from B to C the velocity is constant so the x- versus-t curve is a straight line.

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2 4 6 8 10

t (s)

x (m

)

(d) Reading directly from the figure, we can find the time when the particle is moving the slowest. 0. , thereforeaxis; timethe

crossesgraph thes, 8 D,point At =

=v

t

Constant Acceleration and Free-Fall *70 • Picture the Problem Because the acceleration is constant (–g) we can use a constant-acceleration equation to find the height of the projectile. Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the height of the object as a function of its initial velocity, the acceleration due to gravity, and its displacement:

yavv ∆+= 220

2

Solve for ∆ymax = h:

Because v(h) = 0,

( ) 22

20

20

gv

gvh =

−−

=

From this expression for h we see that the maximum height attained is proportional to the square of the launch speed:

20vh ∝


65

Therefore, doubling the initial speed gives four times the height:

( )00

42

42

2 20

20

2v vhg

vg

vh =⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛==

and ( ) correct. is a

71 • Picture the Problem Because the acceleration of the car is constant we can use constant-acceleration equations to describe its motion. (a) Uing a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity to the acceleration and the time:

( )( )sm0.80

s10sm80 20

=

+=+= atvv

(b) sing a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement to the acceleration and the time:

200 2

tatvxxx +=−=∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆x: ( ) ( ) m400s10sm8

21 22 ==∆x

(c) Use the definition of vav: m/s40.0

s10m400

av ==∆∆

=txv

Remarks: Because the area under a velocity-versus-time graph is the displacement of the object, we could solve this problem graphically. 72 • Picture the Problem Because the acceleration of the object is constant we can use constant-acceleration equations to describe its motion. Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity to the acceleration and the displacement:

xavv ∆+= 220

2

Solve for and evaluate the displacement:

( )( )

m0.50

sm22sm515

2 2

222220

2

=

−=

−=∆

avvx

*73 • Picture the Problem Because the acceleration of the object is constant we can use constant-acceleration equations to describe its motion. Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity to the acceleration and the displacement:

xavv ∆+= 220

2

Chapter 2

66

Solve for the acceleration: xvva

∆−

=2

20

2

Substitute numerical values and evaluate a:

( )( )

22222

sm6.15m42

sm1015=

−=a

74 • Picture the Problem Because the acceleration of the object is constant we can use constant-acceleration equations to describe its motion. Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity to the acceleration and the displacement:

xavv ∆+= 220

2

Solve for and evaluate v: ( ) ( )( )

m/s00.3

m1sm42sm1 22

=

+=v

Using the definition of average acceleration, solve for the time: s500.0

sm4sm1sm3

2av

=−

=∆

=a

vt

75 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the ball experiences constant acceleration. Choose a coordinate system with the origin at the point of release and the positive direction upward. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement of the ball to the acceleration and the time:

221

0 attvy +=∆

Setting ∆y = 0 (the displacement for a round trip), solve for and evaluate the time required for the ball to return to its starting position:

( ) s08.4m/s9.81m/s2022

20

tripround ===gvt

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the final speed of the ball to its initial speed, the acceleration, and its displacement:

yavv ∆+= 220

2top

or, because vtop = 0 and a = −g, ( )Hg−+= 2v0 2

0

Solve for and evaluate H:

( )( ) m4.20

sm81.92sm20

2 2

220 ===g

vH

(c) Using the same constant-acceleration equation with which we began part (a), express the displacement as a function of time:

221

0 attvy +=∆


67

Substitute numerical values to obtain: ( ) 2

2

2m/s81.9m/s20m15 tt ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

Solve the quadratic equation for the times at which the displacement of the ball is 15 m:

The solutions are s991.0=t (this

corresponds to passing 15 m on the way up) and s09.3=t (this corresponds to

passing 15 m on the way down). 76 •• Picture the Problem This is a multipart constant-acceleration problem using two different constant accelerations. We’ll choose a coordinate system in which downward is the positive direction and apply constant-acceleration equations to find the required times. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the time for the slide to the distance of fall and the acceleration:

212

1100 0 attvhyyy +=−=−=∆

or, because v0 = 0, 212

1 ath =

Solve for t1:

ght 2

1 =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate t1:

( ) s68.9sm81.9

m460221 ==t

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity at the bottom of the mountain to the acceleration and time:

1101 tavv += or, because v0 = 0 and a1 = g,

11 gtv =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v1:

( )( ) sm0.95s68.9sm81.9 21 ==v

(c) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the time required to stop the mass of rock and mud to its average speed and the distance it slides:

avvxt ∆

=∆

Because the acceleration is constant:

220

211f1

avvvvvv =

+=

+=


1

2v

xt ∆=∆

Chapter 2

68


( ) s168sm0.95

m80002==∆t

*77 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the brick experiences constant acceleration and we can use constant-acceleration equations to describe its motion. Constant acceleration implies a parabolic position-versus-time curve. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the position of the brick to its initial position, initial velocity, acceleration, and time into its fall:

( )( ) ( ) 22

221

00

sm91.4sm5m6 tt

tgtvyy

−+=

−++=

The following graph of ( ) ( ) 22sm91.4sm5m6 tty −+= was plotted using a spreadsheet program:

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

t (s)

y (m

)

(b) Relate the greatest height reached by the brick to its height when it falls off the load and the additional height it rises ∆ymax:

max0 ∆yyh +=

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the height reached by the brick to its acceleration and initial velocity:

( ) max20

2top 2 ygvv ∆−+=

or, because vtop = 0, ( ) max

20 20 ygv ∆−+=

Solve for ∆ymax:

gvy2

20

max =∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆ymax:

( )( ) m27.1

sm81.92sm5

2

2

max ==∆y


69

Substitute to obtain: m7.27m1.27m6∆ max0 =+=+= yyhNote: The graph shown above confirms this result.

(c) Using the quadratic formula, solve for t in the equation obtained in part (a):

( )

( )⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ ∆−±⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

∆−⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

−±−=

20

0

200

211

22

24

vyg

gv

g

ygvvt

With ybottom = 0 and yo = 6 m or ∆y = –6 m, we obtain:

s73.1=t and t = –0.708 s. Note: The second solution is nonphysical.

(d) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speed of the brick on impact to its acceleration and displacement, and solve for its speed:

ghv 2=


( )( ) sm9.11m27.7sm81.92 2 ==v

78 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the bolt is constant. Choose a coordinate system in which upward is positive and the origin is at the bottom of the shaft (y = 0). (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the position of the bolt to its initial position, initial velocity, and fall time:

( ) 221

00

bottom 0

tgtvy

y

−++=

=

Solve for the position of the bolt when it came loose:

221

00 gttvy +−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate y0:

( )( ) ( )( )m1.26

s3sm81.9s3sm6 2221

0

=

+−=y

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speed of the bolt to its initial speed, acceleration, and fall time:

atvv += 0

Chapter 2

70

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v :

( )( ) sm4.23s3sm81.9sm6 2 −=−=v and

sm23.4 =v

*79 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the object’s acceleration is constant. Choose a coordinate system in which downward is positive and the origin is at the point of release. In this coordinate system, a = g and y = 120 m at the bottom of the fall. Express the distance fallen in the last second in terms of the object’s position at impact and its position 1 s before impact:

impactbefores1secondlast m120 yy −=∆ (1)

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the object’s position upon impact to its initial position, initial velocity, and fall time:

221

00 gttvyy ++= or, because y0 = 0 and v0 = 0,

2fall2

1 gty =

Solve for the fall time:

gyt 2

fall =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate tfall:

( ) s95.4m/s81.9

m12022fall ==t

We know that, one second before impact, the object has fallen for 3.95 s. Using the same constant-acceleration equation, calculate the object’s position 3.95 s into its fall:

( )( )m4.76

s95.3m/s81.9s) (3.95 2221

=

=y

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: m6.43m4.76m120secondlast =−=∆y 80 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the object is constant. Choose a coordinate system with the origin at the point of release and downward as the positive direction. Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the height to the initial and final velocities and the acceleration; solve for the height:

yavv ∆+= 220

2f

or, because v0 = 0,

gvh2

2f= (1)


71

Using the definition of average velocity, find the average velocity of the object during its final second of fall:

sm38s1m38

2fs1-f

av ==∆∆

=+

=tyvv

v

Express the sum of the final velocity and the velocity 1 s before impact:

( ) sm76sm382fs1-f ==+ vv

From the definition of acceleration, we know that the change in velocity of the object, during 1 s of fall, is 9.81 m/s:

sm81.9s1-ff =−=∆ vvv

Add the equations that express the sum and difference of vf – 1 s and vf and solve for vf:

sm9.422

sm81.9sm76f =

+=v

Substitute in equation (1) and evaluate h:

( )( ) m8.93

sm81.92sm9.42

2

2

==h

*81 • Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the stone is constant. Choose a coordinate system with the origin at the bottom of the trajectory and the upward direction positive. Let 21-fv be the speed one-half second before impact

and fv the speed at impact. Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the final speed of the stone in terms of its initial speed, acceleration, and displacement:

yavv ∆+= 220

2f

Solve for the initial speed of the stone:

ygvv ∆+= 22f0 (1)

Find the average speed in the last half second:

sm90s0.5

m452

second halflast f21-fav

=

=∆

∆=

+=

txvv

v

and ( ) sm180sm902f21-f ==+ vv

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the change in speed of the stone in the last half second in terms of the acceleration and the elapsed time; solve for the change in its speed:

( )( )sm91.4

s5.0sm81.9 2

21-ff

==

∆=−=∆ tgvvv

Chapter 2

72

Add the equations that express the sum and difference of vf – ½ and vf and solve for vf:

sm5.922

sm91.4sm180f =

+=v

Substitute in equation (1) and evaluate v0:

( ) ( ) ( )sm1.68

m200sm81.92sm5.92 220

=

−+=v

Remarks: The stone may be thrown either up or down from the cliff and the results after it passes the cliff on the way down are the same. 82 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the object is constant. Choose a coordinate system in which downward is the positive direction and the object starts from rest. Apply constant-acceleration equations to find the average velocity of the object during its descent. Express the average velocity of the falling object in terms of its initial and final velocities:

2f0

avvvv +

=

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the displacement of the object during the 1st second in terms of its acceleration and the elapsed time:

hgty 0.4 m 91.42

2

second1st ===∆

Solve for the displacement to obtain:

h = 12.3 m

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the final velocity of the object in terms of its initial velocity, acceleration, and displacement:

220

2f ygvv ∆+=

or, because v0 = 0, 2f ygv ∆=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate the final velocity of the object:

( ) ( ) sm5.15m3.12sm81.92 2f ==v

Substitute in the equation for the average velocity to obtain: sm77.7

2sm5.150

av =+

=v

83 •• Picture the Problem This is a three-part constant-acceleration problem. The bus starts from rest and accelerates for a given period of time, and then it travels at a constant velocity for another period of time, and, finally, decelerates uniformly to a stop. The pictorial representation will help us organize the information in the problem and develop our solution strategy.


73

(a) Express the total displacement of the bus during the three intervals of time.

( ) ( )( )ends37

s37s12s120total

→∆+→∆+→∆=∆

xxxx

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the displacement of the bus during its first 12 s of motion in terms of its initial velocity, acceleration, and the elapsed time; solve for its displacement:

( ) 221

0s120 attvx +=→∆ or, because v0 = 0,

( ) m108s120 221 ==→∆ atx

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the velocity of the bus after 12 seconds in terms of its initial velocity, acceleration, and the elapsed time; solve for its velocity at the end of 12 s:

( )( )m/s18

s12m/s5.1 2s1200s12

=

=∆+= → tavv

During the next 25 s, the bus moves with a constant velocity. Using the definition of average velocity, express the displacement of the bus during this interval in terms of its average (constant) velocity and the elapsed time:

( ) ( )( )m450

s25m/s18s37s12 s12

=

=∆=→∆ tvx

Because the bus slows down at the same rate that its velocity increased during the first 12 s of motion, we can conclude that its displacement during this braking period is the same as during its acceleration period and the time to brake to a stop is equal to the time that was required for the bus to accelerate to its cruising speed of 18 m/s. Hence:

( ) m108s49s37 =→∆x

Add the displacements to find the distance the bus traveled:

m 666

m 108 m 450 m 108total

=

++=∆x

Chapter 2

74

(b) Use the definition of average velocity to calculate the average velocity of the bus during this trip:

sm6.13s49m666total

av ==∆

∆=

txv

Remarks: One can also solve this problem graphically. Recall that the area under a velocity as a function-of-time graph equals the displacement of the moving object. *84 •• Picture the Problem While we can solve this problem analytically, there are many physical situations in which it is not easy to do so and one has to rely on numerical methods; for example, see the spreadsheet solution shown below. Because we’re neglecting the height of the release point, the position of the ball as a function of time is given by 2

21

0 gttvy −= . The formulas used to calculate the quantities in the columns are as follows:

Cell Content/Formula Algebraic FormB1 20 v0 B2 9.81 g B5 0 t B6 B5 + 0.1 tt ∆+ C6 $B$1*B6 − 0.5*$B$2*B6^2 2

21

0 gttv − (a)

A B C 1 v0 = 20 m/s 2 g = 9.81 m/s^2 3 t height 4 (s) (m) 5 0.0 0.00 6 0.1 1.95 7 0.2 3.80

44 3.9 3.39 45 4.0 1.52 46 4.1 −0.45

The graph shown below was generated from the data in the previous table. Note that the maximum height reached is a little more than 20 m and the time of flight is about 4 s.


75

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 1 2 3 4

t (s )

heig

ht (m

)

(b) In the spreadsheet, change the value in cell B1 from 20 to 10. The graph should automatically update. With an initial velocity of 10 m/s, the maximum height achieved is approximately 5 m and the time-of-flight is approximately 2 s.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

t (s)

heig

ht (m

)

*85 •• Picture the Problem Because the accelerations of both Al and Bert are constant, constant-acceleration equations can be used to describe their motions. Choose the origin of the coordinate system to be where Al decides to begin his sprint. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate Al's initial velocity, his acceleration, and the time to reach the end of the trail to his

221

0 attvx +=∆

Chapter 2

76

displacement in reaching the end of the trail:

Substitute numerical values to obtain:

2221 )m/s5.0( m/s) (0.75m35 tt +=

Solve for the time required for Al to reach the end of the trail:

s4.10=t

(b) Using constant-acceleration equations, express the positions of Bert and Al as functions of time. At the instant Al turns around at the end of the trail, t = 0. Also, x = 0 at a point 35 m from the end of the trail:

( )and

m/s75.0Bert,0Bert txx +=

( )( )t

txxm/s0.85m35m/s85.00,AlAl

−=

−=

Calculate Bert’s position at t = 0. At that time he has been running for 10.4 s:

( )( ) m80.7s4.10m/s75.0Bert,0 ==x

Because Bert and Al will be at the same location when they meet, equate their position functions and solve for t:

( ) ( )tt m/s85.0m35m/s75.0m80.7 −=+and

s0.17=t

To determine the elapsed time from when Al began his accelerated run, we need to add 10.4 s to this time:

s4.27s4.10s0.17start =+=t

(c) Express Bert’s distance from the end of the trail when he and Al meet:

Al meets he until runsBert

Bert,0 trailof end m35d

xd−

−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate dend of trail: ( )

m5.14

m/s0.75s)17(m80.7m35 trailof end

=

−−=d

86 •• Picture the Problem Generate two curves on one graph with the first curve representing Al's position as a function of time and the second curve representing Bert’s position as a function of time. Al’s position, as he runs toward the end of the trail, is given by

2Al2

10Al tatvx += and Bert’s position by tvxx BertBert0,Bert += . Al’s position, once he’s

reached the end of the trail and is running back toward Bert, is given by ( )s5.10AlAl,0Al −+= tvxx . The coordinates of the intersection of the two curves give the time and place where they meet. A spreadsheet solution is shown below. The formulas used to calculate the quantities in the columns are as follows:

Cell Content/Formula Algebraic Form


77

B1 0.75 v0 B2 0.50 aAl B3 −0.85 t

B10 B9 + 0.25 t + ∆t C10 $B$1*B10 + 0.5*$B$2*B10^2 2

Al21

0 tatv + C52 $C$51 + $B$3*(B52 − $B$51) ( )s5.10AlAl,0 −+ tvx F10 $F$9 + $B$1*B10 tvx BertBert0, +

(b) and (c)

A B C D E F

1 v0 = 0.75 m/s 2 a(Al) = 0.5 m/s^2 3 v(Al) = −0.85 m/s 4 5 t (s) x (m) x (m) 6 7 8 Al Bert 9 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 0.25 0.20 0.19 11 0.50 0.44 0.38

49 10.00 32.50 7.50 50 10.25 33.95 7.69 51 10.50 35.44 *Al reaches 7.88 52 10.75 35.23 end of trail 8.06 53 11.00 35.01 and starts 8.25 54 11.25 34.80 back toward 8.44 55 11.50 34.59 Bert 8.63

56 11.75 34.38 8.81 119 27.50 20.99 20.63 120 27.75 20.78 20.81 121 28.00 20.56 21.00 122 28.25 20.35 21.19 127 29.50 19.29 22.13 128 29.75 19.08 22.31 129 30.00 18.86 22.50

The graph shown below was generated from the spreadsheet; the positions of both Al and Bert were calculated as functions of time. The dashed curve shows Al’s position as a function of time for the two parts of his motion. The solid line that is linear from the origin shows Bert’s position as a function of time.

Chapter 2

78

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

t (s)

Posi

tion

on tr

ail (

m)

AlBert

Note that the spreadsheet and the graph (constructed from the spreadsheet data) confirm the results in Problem 85 by showing Al and Bert meeting at about 14.5 m from the end of the trail after an elapsed time of approximately 28 s. 87 •• Picture the Problem This is a two-part constant-acceleration problem. Choose a coordinate system in which the upward direction is positive. The pictorial representation will help us organize the information in the problem and develop our solution strategy.

(a) Express the highest point the rocket reaches, h, as the sum of its displacements during the first two stages of its flight:

stage2ndstage1st xxh ∆+∆=

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the altitude reached in the first stage in terms of the rocket’s initial velocity, acceleration, and burn time; solve for the first stage altitude:

m 6250s) 25)(m/s (20 22

21

2stagst12

100stage1st

=

=

++= tatvxx e

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the velocity of the rocket at the end of its first stage in terms of its initial velocity, acceleration, and displacement; calculate its end-of-first-stage velocity:

m/s 500 s) 25)(m/s (20 2

stagest10stagest1

==

+= tavv


79

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the final velocity of the rocket during the remainder of its climb in terms of its shut-off velocity, free-fall acceleration, and displacement; solve for its displacement:

stage2ndstagend22shutoff

2pointhighest 2 yavv ∆+=

and, because vhighest point = 0, ( )( )m102742.1

sm81.92sm500

2

4

2

22shutoff

stagend2

×=

=−

−=∆

gvy

Substitute in the expression for the total height to obtain:

km0.19m1027.1m6250 4 =×+=h

(b) Express the total time the rocket is in the air in terms of the three segments of its flight: descentsegment2nd

descentsegment2ndclimbpoweredtotal

s25 tt

tttt

∆+∆+=

∆+∆+∆=∆

Express ∆t2nd segment in terms of the rocket’s displacement and average velocity:

velocityAveragentDisplaceme

segment2nd =∆t

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆t2nd segment:

s 50.97

2m/s5000

m102742.1 4

segment2nd =⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

×=∆t

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the fall distance to the descent time:

( )2descent2

10 tgtvy ∆+=∆

or, because v0 = 0, ( )2

descent21 tgy ∆=∆

Solve for ∆tdescent: g

yt ∆=∆

2descent

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆tdescent:

( )s2.62

m/s9.81m1090.12

2

4

descent =×

=∆t

Substitute and calculate the total time the rocket is in the air: s18min2

s138s62.2s50.97s25

=

=++=∆t

(c) Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the impact velocity of the rocket in terms of its initial downward velocity, acceleration under free-fall, and time of descent; solve for its impact velocity:

descent0impact tgvv ∆+= and, because v0 = 0,

( )( )m/s610

s2.62m/s81.9 2impact

=

=∆= tgv

Chapter 2

80

88 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the flowerpot is constant. Choose a coordinate system in which downward is positive and the origin is at the point from which the flowerpot fell. Let t = time when the pot is at the top of the window, and t + ∆t the time when the pot is at the bottom of the window. To find the distance from the ledge to the top of the window, first find the time ttop that it takes the pot to fall to the top of the window. Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the distance y below the ledge from which the pot fell as a function of time:

221

00

221

00

,0=and = Since

gty

yvgaattvyy

=

=++=

Express the position of the pot as it reaches the top of the window:

2top2

1top gty =

Express the position of the pot as it reaches the bottom of the window:

( )2windowtop2

1bottom ttgy ∆+=

where ∆twindow = t top − tbottom

Subtract ybottom from ytop to obtain an expression for the displacement ∆ywindow of the pot as it passes the window:

( )[ ]( )[ ]2

windowwindowtop21

2top

2windowtop2

1window

2 tttg

tttgy

∆+∆=

−∆+=∆

Solve for ttop: ( )

window

2window

window

top 2g

2

t

ty

t∆

∆−∆

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ttop:

( ) ( )

( ) s839.1s2.02

s2.0m/s9.81m42 2

2

top =−

=t

Substitute this value for ttop to obtain the distance from the ledge to the top of the window:

m 18.4s) )(1.939m/s (9.81 2221

top ==y

*89 •• Picture the Problem The acceleration of the glider on the air track is constant. Its average acceleration is equal to the instantaneous (constant) acceleration. Choose a coordinate system in which the initial direction of the glider’s motion is the positive direction. Using the definition of acceleration, express the average acceleration of the glider in terms of the glider’s velocity change and the elapsed time:

tvaa

∆∆

== av


81

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the average velocity of the glider in terms of the displacement of the glider and the elapsed time:

20

avvv

txv +

=∆∆

=

Solve for and evaluate the initial velocity:

( )

cm/s 0.40

cm/s) 15(s8cm10022

0

=

−−=−∆∆

= vtxv

Substitute this value of v0 and evaluate the average acceleration of the glider:

2cm/s 6.88s 8

cm/s) (40 cm/s 15

−=

−−=a

90 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the rock is constant and its motion can be described using the constant-acceleration equations. Choose a coordinate system in which the downward direction is positive and let the height of the cliff, which equals the displacement of the rock, be represented by h. Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the height h of the cliff in terms of the initial velocity of the rock, acceleration, and time of fall:

221

0 attvy +=∆ or, because v0 = 0, a = g, and ∆y = h,

221 gth =

Using this equation, express the displacement of the rock during the

a) first two-thirds of its fall, and

221

32 gth = (1)

b) its complete fall in terms of the time required for it to fall this distance.

( )221 s1+= tgh (2)

Substitute equation (2) in equation (1) to obtain a quadratic equation in t:

t2 – (4 s)t – 2 s2 = 0

Solve for the positive root:

s45.4=t

Evaluate ∆t = t + 1 s:

∆t = 4.45 s + 1 s = 5.45 s

Substitute numerical values in equation (2) and evaluate h:

( )( ) m146s45.5m/s81.9 2221 ==h

Chapter 2

82

91 ••• Picture the Problem Assume that the acceleration of the car is constant. The total distance the car travels while stopping is the sum of the distances it travels during the driver’s reaction time and the time it travels while braking. Choose a coordinate system in which the positive direction is the direction of motion of the automobile and apply a constant-acceleration equation to obtain a quadratic equation in the car’s initial speed v0. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity of the car to its initial velocity, acceleration, and displacement during braking:

brk20

2 2 xavv ∆+= or, because the final velocity is zero,

brk20 20 xav ∆+=

Solve for the distance traveled during braking: a

vx2

20

brk −=∆

Express the total distance traveled by the car as the sum of the distance traveled during the reaction time and the distance traveled while slowing down:

avtv

xxx

2

20

react0

brkreacttot

−∆=

∆+∆=∆

Rearrange this quadratic equation to obtain:

022 tot0react20 =∆+∆− xavtav

Substitute numerical values and simplify to obtain:

( )( )( ) 0m)4(m/s72

s5.0m/s7220

220

=−+

−− vv

or ( ) 0s/m56m/s7 22

020 =−+ vv

Solve the quadratic equation for the positive root to obtain:

m/s7613558.40 =v

Convert this speed to mi/h:: ( )

mi/h7.10

m/s0.477mi/h1m/s7613558.40

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=v

(b) Find the reaction-time distance:

m 2.38s) m/s)(0.5 (4.76react0react

==∆=∆ tvx

Express and evaluate the ratio of the reaction distance to the total distance: 595.0

m 4m 2.38

tot

react ==∆∆

xx


83

92 •• Picture the Problem Assume that the accelerations of the trains are constant. Choose a coordinate system in which the direction of the motion of the train on the left is the positive direction. Take xo = 0 as the position of the train on the left at t = 0. Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the distance the train on the left will travel before the trains pass to its acceleration and the time-to-passing:

( )( ) 22

22212

L21

L

sm7.0

sm4.1

t

ttax

=

==

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the position of the train on the right to its initial velocity, position, and acceleration:

( ) 2221

2R2

1

sm2.2m40

m40

t

taxR

−=

−=

Equate xL and xR and solve for t:

s71.4and

1.1407.0 22

=

−=

t

tt

Find the position of the train initially on the left, xL, as they pass:

m 15.6s) 71.4)(m/s (1.4 2221

L ==x

Remarks: One can also solve this problem by graphing the functions for xL and xR. The coordinates of the intersection of the two curves give one the time-to-passing and the distance traveled by the train on the left.

93 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the stones is constant. Choose a coordinate system in which the downward direction is positive and the origin is at the point of release of the stones. Using constant-acceleration equations, relate the positions of the two stones to their initial positions, accelerations, and time-of-fall:

221

2

221

1

s)1.6(and

−=

=

tgx

gtx

Express the difference between x1 and x2:

x1 − x2 = 36 m

Substitute for x1 and x2 to obtain: ( )2212

21 s6.1m36 −−= tggt

Chapter 2

84

Solve this equation for the time t at which the stones will be separated by 36 m:

t = 3.09 s

Substitute this result in the expression for x2 and solve for x2:

( )( )m9.10

s1.6s3.09sm81.9 2221

2

=

−=x

*94 •• Picture the Problem The acceleration of the police officer’s car is positive and constant and the acceleration of the speeder’s car is zero. Choose a coordinate system such that the direction of motion of the two vehicles is the positive direction and the origin is at the stop sign. Express the velocity of the car in terms of the distance it will travel until the police officer catches up to it and the time that will elapse during this chase:

car

caughtcar t

dv =

Letting t1 be the time during which she accelerates and t2 the time of travel at v1 = 110 km/h, express the time of travel of the police officer:

21office ttt r +=

Convert 110 km/h into m/s:

( )m/s30.6

s) h/3600 (1m/km) 10(km/h 110 31

==v

Express and evaluate t1: s 94.4

m/s 6.2m/s 6.30

2motorcycle

11 ===

avt

Express and evaluate d1: m 75.6 s) m/s)(4.94 (30.62

1112

11 === tvd

Determine d2:

m1324.4

m 75.6 m 1400 1caught2

=

−=−= ddd

Express and evaluate t2: s 43.3

m/s 30.6m 1324.4

1

22 ===

vdt

Express the time of travel of the car:

tcar = 2.0 s + 4.93 s + 43.3 s = 50.2 s


85

Finally, find the speed of the car:

( )

mi/h62.4

m/s0.447

mi/h1m/s 27.9

m/s 27.9 s 50.2m 1400

car

caughtcar

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

===t

dv

95 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the stone is constant. Choose a coordinate system in which downward is positive and the origin is at the point of release of the stone and apply constant-acceleration equations. Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the height of the cliff in terms of the initial position of the stones, acceleration due to gravity, and time for the first stone to hit the water:

212

1 gth =

Express the displacement of the second stone when it hits the water in terms of its initial velocity, acceleration, and time required for it to hit the water.

222

12022 gttvd +=

where t2 = t1 – 1.6 s.

Because the stones will travel the same distances before hitting the water, equate h and d2 and solve for t.

222

1202

212

1 gttvgt += or

( ) ( )( )( ) ( )2

12

21

121

221

s6.1m/s81.9

s6.1m/s32m/s81.9

−+

−=

t

tt

Solve for t1 to obtain:

s37.21 =t

Substitute for t1 and evaluate h:

m 27.6s) 37.2)(m/s (9.81 2221 ==h

96 ••• Picture the Problem Assume that the acceleration of the passenger train is constant. Let xp = 0 be the location of the passenger train engine at the moment of sighting the freight train’s end; let t = 0 be the instant the passenger train begins to slow (0.4 s after the passenger train engineer sees the freight train ahead). Choose a coordinate system in which the direction of motion of the trains is the positive direction and use constant-acceleration equations to express the positions of the trains in terms of their initial positions, speeds, accelerations, and elapsed time. (a) Using constant-acceleration equations, write expressions for the positions of the front of the passenger train and the rear of the

( )( ) s4.0m/s29 221

p attx −+=

( ) ( ) s)0.4 (t m/s6m360f ++=x where xp and xf are in meters if t is in

Chapter 2

86

freight train, xp and xf, respectively: seconds.

Equate xf = xp to obtain an equation for t:

( ) 0m8.350m/s23221 =+− tat

Find the discriminant ( )AC4B2 −=D of this equation:

( ) ( )m8.3502

4m/s23 2⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−=

aD

The equation must have real roots if it is to describe a collision. The necessary condition for real roots is that the discriminant be greater than or equal to zero:

If (23 m/s)2 – a (701.6 m) ≥ 0, then 2m/s754.0≤a

(b) Express the relative speed of the trains:

fppfrel vvvv −== (1)

Repeat the previous steps with a = 0.754 m/s2 and a 0.8 s reaction time. The quadratic equation that guarantees real roots with the longer reaction time is:

( ) ( )0m6.341

m/s23m/s754.0 2221

=+− tt

Solve for t to obtain the collision times:

t = 25.6 s and t = 35.4 s

Note that at t = 35.4 s, the trains have already collided; therefore this root is not a meaningful solution to our problem.

Note: In the graph shown below, you will see why we keep only the smaller of the two solutions.

Now we can substitute our value for t in the constant-acceleration equation for the passenger train and solve for the distance the train has moved prior to the collision:

xp = (29 m/s)(25.6 s + 0.8 s) – ( 0.377 m/s2)(25.6 s)2

= m518

Find the speeds of the two trains: vp = vop + at = (29 m/s) + (–0.754 m/s2)(25.5 s) = 9.77 m/s and vf = vof = 6 m/s

Substitute in equation (1) and evaluate the relative speed of the trains:

m/s77.3m/s6.00-m/s77.9rel ==v

The graph shows the location of both trains as functions of time. The solid straight line is for the constant velocity freight train; the dashed curves are for the passenger train, with reaction times of 0.4 s for the lower curve and 0.8 s for the upper curve.


87

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 10 20 30 40

t (s)

x (m

)0.4 s reaction time

Freight train

0.8 s reaction time

Remarks: A collision occurs the first time the curve for the passenger train crosses the curve for the freight train. The smaller of two solutions will always give the time of the collision. 97 • Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of an object near the surface of the earth is constant. Choose a coordinate system in which the upward direction is positive and the origin is at the surface of the earth and apply constant-acceleration equations. Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity to the acceleration and displacement:

yavv ∆+= 220

2 or, because v = 0 and a = −g,

ygv ∆−= 20 20

Solve for the height to which the projectile will rise: g

vyh2

20=∆=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate h:

( )( ) km59.4

m/s81.92m/s300

2

2

==h

*98 • Picture the Problem This is a composite of two constant accelerations with the acceleration equal to one constant prior to the elevator hitting the roof, and equal to a different constant after crashing through it. Choose a coordinate system in which the upward direction is positive and apply constant-acceleration equations. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity to the acceleration and displacement:

yavv ∆+= 220

2 or, because v = 0 and a = −g,

ygv ∆−= 20 20

Chapter 2

88

Solve for v0:

ygv ∆= 20


( )( ) m/s443m10m/s81.92 420 ==v

(b) Find the velocity of the elevator just before it crashed through the roof:

vf = 2 × 443 m/s = 886 m/s

Using the same constant-acceleration equation, this time with v0 = 0, solve for the acceleration:

yav ∆= 22


( )( )

g

a

267

m/s1062.2m1502

m/s886 232

=

×==

99 •• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the upward direction is positive. We can use a constant-acceleration equation to find the beetle’s velocity as its feet lose contact with the ground and then use this velocity to calculate the height of its jump. Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the beetle’s maximum height to its launch velocity, velocity at the top of its trajectory, and acceleration once it is airborne; solve for its maximum height:

( )hgv

yavv

−+=

∆+=

2

22launch

fallfree2launch

2pointhighest

Because vhighest point = 0: g

vh2

2launch=

Now, in order to determine the beetle’s launch velocity, relate its time of contact with the ground to its acceleration and push-off distance:

launch20

2launch 2 yavv ∆+=

or, because v0 = 0,

launch2launch 2 yav ∆=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate 2

launchv : ( )( )( )

22

222launch

/sm1.47

m106.0m/s81.94002

=

×= −v

Substitute to find the height to which the beetle can jump: ( ) m40.2

m/s81.92/sm1.47

2 2

222launch ===

gvh


89

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity of the beetle at its maximum height to its launch velocity, free-fall acceleration while in the air, and time-to-maximum height:

heightmax.launchheightmax.

0

orgtvv

atvv

−=

+=

and, because vmax height = 0, heightmax.launch0 gtv −=

Solve for tmax height:

gvt launch

heightmax =

For zero displacement and constant acceleration, the time-of-flight is twice the time-to-maximum height:

( ) s40.1m/s81.9

m/s86.62

22

2

launchheightmax.flight

==

==g

vtt

100 • Picture the Problem Because its acceleration is constant we can use the constant- acceleration equations to describe the motion of the automobile. Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity to the acceleration and displacement:

xavv ∆+= 220

2 or, because v = 0,

xav ∆+= 20 20

Solve for the acceleration a: x

va∆

−=

2

20

Substitute numerical values and evaluate a: ( )( )( )[ ]

( )2

23

sm41.7

m502s 3600h1kmm10hkm98

−=

−=a

Express the ratio of a to g and then solve for a:

755.0sm81.9sm41.72

2

−=−

=ga

and ga 755.0−=

Using the definition of average acceleration, solve for the stopping time:

tva

∆∆

=av ⇒ avavt ∆

=∆


( )( )( )

s67.3

sm7.41s3600h1kmm10hkm98

2

3

=

−−

=∆t

Chapter 2

90

*101 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the puck experiences constant acceleration and we can use constant-acceleration equations to describe its position as a function of time. Choose a coordinate system in which downward is positive, the particle starts from rest (vo = 0), and the starting height is zero (y0 = 0).

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the position of the falling puck to the acceleration and the time. Evaluate the y-position at successive equal time intervals ∆t, 2∆t, 3∆t, etc:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

etc.

)16(2

42

)9(2

32

)4(2

22

22

224

223

222

221

tgtgy

tgtgy

tgtgy

tgtgy

∆−

=∆−

=

∆−

=∆−

=

∆−

=∆−

=

∆−

=∆−

=

Evaluate the changes in those positions in each time interval:

( )

( )

( )

( )

etc.

72

7

52

5

32

3

20

102

3443

102

2332

102

1221

2110

ytgyyy

ytgyyy

ytgyyy

tgyy

∆=∆⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

=−=∆

∆=∆⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

=−=∆

∆=∆⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

=−=∆

∆⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

=−=∆

102 •• Picture the Problem Because the particle moves with a constant acceleration we can use the constant-acceleration equations to describe its motion. A pictorial representation will help us organize the information in the problem and develop our solution strategy.

Using a constant-acceleration equation, find the position x at t = 6 s. To find x at t = 6 s, we first need to find v0 and x0:

221

00 attvxx ++=


91

Using the information that when t = 4 s, x = 100 m, obtain an equation in x0 and v0:

( )( ) ( )( )22

21

00 s4m/s3s4

m100s4

++=

=

vx

x

or ( ) m76s4 00 =+ vx

Using the information that when t = 6 s, v = 15 m/s, obtain a second equation in x0 and v0:

( ) ( )( )s6m/s3s6 20 += vv

Solve for v0 to obtain:

v0 = −3 m/s

Substitute this value for v0 in the previous equation and solve for x0:

x0 = 88 m

Substitute for x0 and v0 and evaluate x at t = 6 s:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) m124s6m/s3s6m/s3m88s6 2221 =+−+=x

*103 •• Picture the Problem We can use constant-acceleration equations with the final velocity v = 0 to find the acceleration and stopping time of the plane. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the known velocities to the acceleration and displacement:

xavv ∆+= 220

2

Solve for a:

xv

xvva

∆−

=∆−

=22

20

20

2


( )( )

22

sm7.25m702

sm60−=

−=a

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the final and initial speeds of the plane to its acceleration and stopping time:

tavv ∆+= 0

Solve for and evaluate the stopping time: s33.2

m/s7.25sm6002

0 =−

−=

−=∆

avvt

104 •• Picture the Problem This is a multipart constant-acceleration problem using three different constant accelerations (+2 m/s2 for 20 s, then zero for 20 s, and then –3 m/s2 until the automobile stops). The final velocity is zero. The pictorial representation will help us organize the information in the problem and develop our solution strategy.

Chapter 2

92

Add up all the displacements to get the total:

∆x03 = ∆x01 + ∆x12 + ∆x23

Using constant-acceleration formulas, find the first displacement:

m 400=s) 20)(m/s 2(0 2221

21012

11001

+=

+=∆ tatvx

The speed is constant for the second displacement. Find the displacement:

( )and0 vwhere 10110101

12112

tatavttvx

+=+=−=∆

( )m 800=s) s)(20 20)(m/s 2( 2

1210112

=

−=∆ tttax

Find the displacement during the braking interval: and0 and = where

2

310112

232322

23

==∆+=

vtavvxavv

( ) [ ]( )

m267sm32

s) 20(m/s) 2(2

02

2

23

2101

2

23

=−

−=

−=∆

atax

Add the displacements to get the total: km 1.47=

m 146723120103 =∆+∆+∆=∆ xxxx

Remarks: Because the area under the curve of a velocity-versus-time graph equals the displacement of the object experiencing the acceleration, we could solve this problem by plotting the velocity as a function of time and finding the area bounded by it and the time axis. *105 •• Picture the Problem Note: No material body can travel at speeds faster than light. When one is dealing with problems of this sort, the kinematic formulae for displacement, velocity and acceleration are no longer valid, and one must invoke the special theory of relativity to answer questions such as these. For now, ignore such subtleties. Although the formulas you are using (i.e., the constant- acceleration equations) are not quite correct, your answer to part (b) will be wrong by about 1%. (a) This part of the problem is an exercise in the conversion of units. Make use of the fact that 1 c⋅y = 9.47×1015 m and 1 y = 3.16×107 s:

( ) ( )( )

22

27

152 y/y03.1

y1s1016.3

m1047.9y1m/s81.9 ⋅=⎟

⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ ×⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×

⋅= ccg


93

(b) Let t1/2 represent the time it takes to reach the halfway point. Then the total trip time is:

t = 2 t1/2 (1)

Use a constant- acceleration equation to relate the half-distance to Mars ∆x to the initial speed, acceleration, and half-trip time t1/2 :

2212

10 attvx +=∆

Because v0 = 0 and a = g:

axt ∆

=2

2/1

The distance from Earth to Mars at closest approach is 7.8 × 1010 m. Substitute numerical values and evaluate t1/2 :

( ) s1092.8m/s81.9

m109.32 42

10

2/1 ×=×

=t

Substitute for t1/2 in equation (1) to obtain:

( ) d2s1078.1s1092.82 54 ≈×=×=t

Remarks: Our result in part (b) seems remarkably short, considering how far Mars is and how low the acceleration is. 106 • Picture the Problem Because the elevator accelerates uniformly for half the distance and uniformly decelerates for the second half, we can use constant-acceleration equations to describe its motion Let t1/2 = 40 s be the time it takes to reach the halfway mark. Use the constant-acceleration equation that relates the acceleration to the known variables to obtain:

221

0 attvy +=∆ or, because v0 = 0,

221 aty =∆

Solve for a: 2

2/1

2t

ya ∆=


( )( )( )( )

g

a

0228.0

m/s223.0s40

ftm/3.2811ft11732 22

21

=

==

107 •• Picture the Problem Because the acceleration is constant, we can describe the motions of the train using constant-acceleration equations. Find expressions for the distances traveled, separately, by the train and the passenger. When are they equal? Note that the train is accelerating and the passenger runs at a constant minimum velocity (zero acceleration) such that she can just catch the train.

Chapter 2

94

1. Using the subscripts ″train″ and ″p″ to refer to the train and the passenger and the subscript ″c″ to identify ″critical″ conditions, express the position of the train and the passenger:

( )

( ) ( )ttvtx

tatx

∆−=

=

ccp,ccp,

2c

traincctrain,

and

2

Express the critical conditions that must be satisfied if the passenger is to catch the train:

cp,ctrain, vv = and

cp,ctrain, xx =

2. Express the train’s average velocity. 22

0) to(0 ctrain,ctrain,

cavvv

tv =+

=

3. Using the definition of average velocity, express vav in terms of xp,c and tc. c

cp,

c

cp,av 0

0t

xt

xtxv =

++

=∆∆

≡

4. Combine steps 2 and 3 and solve for xp,c. 2

cctrain,cp,

tvx =

5. Combine steps 1 and 4 and solve for tc. ( )

2

or

2

cc

cctrain,ccp,

ttt

tvttv

=∆−

=∆−

and tc = 2 ∆t = 2 (6 s) = 12 s

6. Finally, combine steps 1 and 5 and solve for vtrain, c.

( )( )m/s 80.4

s12m/s4.0 2ctrainctrain,cp,

=

=== tavv

The graph shows the location of both the passenger and the train as a function of time. The parabolic solid curve is the graph of xtrain(t) for the accelerating train. The straight dashed line is passenger's position xp(t) if she arrives at ∆t = 6.0 s after the train departs. When the passenger catches the train, our graph shows that her speed and that of the train must be equal ( cp,ctrain, vv = ). Do you see why?


95

05

101520253035404550

0 4 8 12 16

t (s)

x (m

)

Train

Passenger

108 ••• Picture the Problem Both balls experience constant acceleration once they are in flight. Choose a coordinate system with the origin at the ground and the upward direction positive. When the balls collide they are at the same height above the ground. Using constant-acceleration equations, express the positions of both balls as functions of time. At the ground y = 0.

221

0B

221

A

and

gttvy

gthy

−=

−=

The conditions at collision are that the heights are equal and the velocities are related: BA

BA

2 and

vv

yy

−=

=

Express the velocities of both balls as functions of time:

gtvv

gtv

−=

−=

0B

A

and

Substituting the position and velocity functions into the conditions at collision gives: ( )c0c

2c2

1c0

2c2

1

2 and

gtvgt

gttvgth

−−=−

−=−

where tc is the time of collision.

We now have two equations and two unknowns, tc and v0. Solving the equations for the unknowns gives:

23 and

32

0cghv

ght ==

Substitute the expression for tc into the equation for yA to obtain the height at collision: 3

232

21

Ah

ghghy =⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

Chapter 2

96

Remarks: We can also solve this problem graphically by plotting velocity- versus-time for both balls. Because ball A starts from rest its velocity is given by gtvA −= . Ball B initially moves with an unknown velocity vB0 and its velocity is given by gtvv B0B −= . The graphs of these equations are shown below with T representing the time at which they collide.

The height of the building is the sum of the sum of the distances traveled by the balls. Each of these distances is equal to the magnitude of the area ″under″ the corresponding v-versus-t curve. Thus, the height of the building equals the area of the parallelogram, which is vB0T. The distance that A falls is the area of the lower triangle, which is (1/3) vB0T. Therefore, the ratio of the distance fallen by A to the height of the building is 1/3, so the collision takes place at 2/3 the height of the building. 109 ••• Picture the Problem Both balls are moving with constant acceleration. Take the origin of the coordinate system to be at the ground and the upward direction to be positive. When the balls collide they are at the same height above the ground. The velocities at collision are related by vA = 4vB. Using constant-acceleration equations, express the positions of both balls as functions of time:

221

0B

221

A

y and

gttv

gthy

−=

−=

The conditions at collision are that the heights are equal and the velocities are related: BA

BA

4 and

vv

yy

=

=

Express the velocities of both balls as functions of time:

gtvvgtv −=−= 0BA and


97

Substitute the position and velocity functions into the conditions at collision to obtain: ( )c0c

2c2

1c0

2c2

1

4and

gtvgt

gttvgth

−=−

−=−

where tc is the time of collision.

We now have two equations and two unknowns, tc and v0. Solving the equations for the unknowns gives:

43vand

34

0cgh

ght ==

Substitute the expression for tc into the equation for yA to obtain the height at collision: 33

421

Ah

ghghy =⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

*110 •• Determine the Concept The problem describes two intervals of constant acceleration; one when the train’s velocity is increasing, and a second when it is decreasing. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the half-distance ∆x between stations to the initial speed v0, the acceleration a of the train, and the time-to-midpoint ∆t:

( )221

0 tatvx ∆+∆=∆ or, because v0 = 0,

( )221 tax ∆=∆

Solve for ∆t: a

xt ∆=∆

2

Substitute numerical values and evaluate the time-to-midpoint ∆t:

( ) s0.30m/s1

m45022 ==∆t

Because the train accelerates uniformly and from rest, the first part of its velocity graph will be linear, pass through the origin, and last for 30 s. Because it slows down uniformly and at the same rate for the second half of its journey, this part of its graph will also be linear but with a negative slope. The graph of v as a function of t is shown below.

Chapter 2

98

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

t (s)

v (m

/s)

(b) The graph of x as a function of t is obtained from the graph of v as a function of t by finding the area under the velocity curve. Looking at the velocity graph, note that when the train has been in motion for 10 s, it will have traveled a distance of

( )( ) m50m/s10s1021 =

and that this distance is plotted above 10 s on the following graph.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

t (s)

x (m

)

Selecting additional points from the velocity graph and calculating the areas under the curve will confirm the graph of x as a function of t that is shown. 111 •• Picture the Problem This is a two-stage constant-acceleration problem. Choose a coordinate system in which the direction of the motion of the cars is the positive direction. The pictorial representation summarizes what we know about the motion of the speeder’s car and the patrol car.


99

Convert the speeds of the vehicles and the acceleration of the police car into SI units:

2m/s22.2s3600

h1sh

km8sh

km8 =×⋅

=⋅

,

m/s7.34s3600

h1h

km125h

km125 =×= ,

and

m/s8.52s3600

h1h

km190h

km190 =×=

(a) Express the condition that determines when the police car catches the speeder; i.e., that their displacements will be the same:

∆xP,02 = ∆xS,02

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement of the patrol car to its displacement while accelerating and its displacement once it reaches its maximum velocity:

( )121,PP,01

P,12P,01P,02

ttvxxxx

−+∆=

∆+∆=∆

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement of the speeder to its constant velocity and the time it takes the patrol car to catch it:

( ) 2

02S,02S,02

m/s7.34 ttvx

=

∆=∆

Calculate the time during which the police car is speeding up:

s8.23m/s2.22

0m/s52.82

P,01

0P,1,P

P,01

P,01P,01

=−

=

−=

∆=∆

avv

av

t

Chapter 2

100

Express the displacement of the patrol car: ( )( )

m629s8.23m/s22.20 22

21

201,P01,P2

1P,01P,0P,01

=+=

∆+∆=∆ tatvx

Equate the displacements of the two vehicles: ( )

( ) )s8.23(m/s8.52m629 2

121,PP,01

P,12P,01P,02

−+=

−+∆=

∆+∆=∆

tttvx

xxx

Solve for the time to catch up to obtain:

(34.7 m/s) t2 = 629 m + (52.8 m/s)(t2 – 23.8 s) s7.342 =∴ t

(b) The distance traveled is the displacement, ∆x02,S, of the speeder during the catch:

( )( )km1.20

s34.7m/s34.702S,02S,02

=

=∆=∆ tvx

(c) The graphs of xS and xP are shown below. The straight line (solid) represents xS(t) and the parabola (dashed) represents xP(t).

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 10 20 30 40

t (s)

x (m

)

SpeederOfficer

112 •• Picture the Problem The accelerations of both cars are constant and we can use constant-acceleration equations to describe their motions. Choose a coordinate system in which the direction of motion of the cars is the positive direction, and the origin is at the initial position of the police car. (a) The collision will not occur if, during braking, the displacements of the two cars differ by less than 100 m.

∆xP − ∆xS < 100 m.


101

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speeder’s initial and final speeds to its displacement and acceleration and solve for the displacement:

ss2

s,02s 2 xavv ∆+=

or, because vs = 0,

s

2s,0

s 2av

x−

=∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆xs:

( )( ) m100

m/s62m/s7.34

2

2

S =−

−=∆x

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the patrol car’s initial and final speeds to its displacement and acceleration and solve for the displacement:

pp2

p,02p 2 xavv ∆+=

or, assuming vp = 0,

p

2p,0

p 2av

x−

=∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆xp:

( )( ) m232

m/s62m/s8.52

2

2

P =−

−=∆x

Finally, substitute these displacements into the inequality that determines whether a collision occurs:

232 m − 100 m = 132 m Because this difference is greater than 100 m, collide cars the .

(b) Using constant-acceleration equations, relate the positions of both vehicles to their initial positions, initial velocities, accelerations, and time in motion:

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) 22P

22S

m/s3m/s8.52and

m/s3m/s7.34m100

ttx

ttx

−=

−+=

Equate these expressions and solve for t:

100 m + (34.7 m/s) t – (3 m/s2) t2 = (52.8 m/s) t – (3m/s2) t2 and

s52.5=t

(c) severe. more be andsooner

occur willcollision theaccount, into imereaction t theyou take If

113 •• Picture the Problem Lou’s acceleration is constant during both parts of his trip. Let t1 be the time when the brake is applied; L1 the distance traveled from t = 0 to t = t1. Let tfin be the time when Lou's car comes to rest at a distance L from the starting line. A pictorial representation will help organize the given information and plan the solution.

Chapter 2

102

(a) Express the total length, L, of the course in terms of the distance over which Lou will be accelerating, ∆x01, and the distance over which he will be braking, ∆x12:

L = ∆x01 + ∆x12

Express the final velocity over the first portion of the course in terms of the initial velocity, acceleration, and displacement; solve for the displacement:

010120

21 2 xavv ∆+=

or, because v0 = 0, ∆x01 = L1, and a01 = a,

av

avLx

22

2max

21

101 ===∆

Express the final velocity over the second portion of the course in terms of the initial velocity, acceleration, and displacement; solve for the displacement:

121221

22 2 xavv ∆+=

or, because v2 = 0 and a12 = −2a,

241

21

12L

avx ==∆

Substitute for ∆x01 and ∆x12 to obtain:

123

121

11201 LLLxxL =+=∆+∆= and

LL 32

1 =

(b) Using the fact that the acceleration was constant during both legs of the trip, express Lou’s average velocity over each leg:

2max

12,av01,avvvv ==

Express the time for Lou to reach his maximum velocity as a function of L1 and his maximum velocity:

max

1

av,01

0101

2v

Lv

xt =∆

=∆

and

LLt32

101 =∝∆

Having just shown that the time required for the first segment of the trip is proportional to the length of the segment, use this result to express ∆t01 (= t1) in terms tfin:

fin32 tt =


103

114 •• Picture the Problem There are three intervals of constant acceleration described in this problem. Choose a coordinate system in which the upward direction (shown to the left below) is positive. A pictorial representation will help organize the details of the problem and plan the solution.

(a) The graphs of a(t) (dashed lines) and v(t) (solid lines) are shown below.

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

t (s)

v (m

/s) a

nd a

(m/s

^2)

VelocityAcceleration

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, express her speed in terms of her acceleration and the elapsed time; solve for her speed after 8 s of fall:

( )( )m/s5.78

s8m/s81.90 210101

=

+=

+= tavv

(c) Using the same constant- acceleration equation that you used in part (b), determine the duration of her constant upward acceleration:

121212 tavv ∆+= ( )

s90.4

m/s15m/s78.5m/s5

212

1212

=

−−−=

−=∆

avvt

(d) Find her average speed as she slows from 78.5 m/s to 5 m/s:

m/s8.412

m/s5m/s78.52

21av

=

+=

+=

vvv

Chapter 2

104

Use this value to calculate how far she travels in 4.90 s:

( )m204

s) 90.4(m/s 8.4112av12

==∆=∆ tvy

down.slowingwhilem204travelsShe

(e) Express the total time in terms of the times for each segment of her descent:

231201total tttt ∆+∆+∆=

We know the times for the intervals from 0 to 1 and 1 to 2 so we only need to determine the time for the interval from 2 to 3. We can calculate ∆t23 from her displacement and constant velocity during that segment of her descent.

( )

m0.57

m204s82m/s5.78m575

1201total23

=

−⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−=

∆−∆−∆=∆ yyyy

Add the times to get the total time:

s3.24

m/s5m0.75s9.4s8

231201total

=

++=

++= tttt

(f) Using its definition, calculate her average velocity: m/s18.7

s209m1500

av −=−

=∆∆

=txv

Integration of the Equations of Motion *115 • Picture the Problem The integral of a function is equal to the "area" between the curve for that function and the independent-variable axis. (a) The graph is shown below:

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1 2 3 4 5

t (s)

v (m

/s)


105

The distance is found by determining the area under the curve. You can accomplish this easily because the shape of the area under the curve is a trapezoid.

A = (36 blocks)(2.5 m/block) = m90

or

( ) m90s0s52

m/s3m/s33=−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

=A

Alternatively, we could just count the blocks and fractions thereof.

There are approximately 36 blocks each having an area of (5 m/s)(0.5 s) = 2.5 m.

(b) To find the position function x(t), we integrate the velocity function v(t) over the time interval in question:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )[ ] 'dm/s3'm/s6

'd'

0

2

0

tt

ttvtx

t

t

∫

∫

+=

=

and ( ) ( ) ( )tttx m/s3m/s3 22 +=

Now evaluate x(t) at 0 s and 5 s respectively and subtract to obtain ∆x:

( ) ( )m 90.0

m 0 m 90 s0s5

=

−=−=∆ xxx

116 • Picture the Problem The integral of v(t) over a time interval is the displacement (change in position) during that time interval. The integral of a function is equivalent to the "area" between the curve for that function and the independent-variable axis. Count the grid boxes.

(a) Find the area of the shaded gridbox:

( )( ) boxper m 1s 1m/s 1 ==Area

(b) Find the approximate area under curve for 1 s ≤ t ≤ 2 s:

∆x1 s to 2 s = m 1.2

Find the approximate area under curve for 2 s ≤ t ≤ 3 s:

∆x2 s to 3 s = m 2.3

(c) Sum the displacements to obtain the total in the interval 1 s ≤ t ≤ 3 s:

∆x1 s to 3 s = 1.2 m + 3.2 m = 4.4 m

Using its definition, express and evaluate vav:

m/s2.20s2m4.4

t s 3 tos 1

s 3 tos 1av ==

∆∆

=xv

(d) Because the velocity of the particle is dx/dt, separate the

( )dtdx 3m/s5.0= so

Chapter 2

106

variables and integrate over the interval 1 s ≤ t ≤ 3 s to determine the displacement in this time interval:

( )

( ) m33.43

m/s5.0

''m/s5.0'

s3

s1

33

s3

s1

23s3s1

0

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡ ′=

==∆ ∫∫→

t

dttdxxx

x

This result is a little smaller than the sum of the displacements found in part (b).

Calculate the average velocity over the 2-s interval from 1 s to 3 s: m/s17.2

s2m33.4

s3s1

s3s1s)3s1( av ==

∆∆

=−

−− t

xv

Calculate the initial and final velocities of the particle over the same interval:

( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( ) m/s5.4s3m/s5.0s3

m/s5.0s1m/s5.0s123

23

==

==

v

v

Finally, calculate the average value

of the velocities at t = 1 s and t = 3 s: m/s50.2

2m/s 4.5 m/s 0.5

2s) (3 s) (1

=

+=

+ vv

This average is not equal to the average velocity calculated above.

Remarks: The fact that the average velocity was not equal to the average of the velocities at the beginning and the end of the time interval in part (d) is a consequence of the acceleration not being constant. *117 •• Picture the Problem Because the velocity of the particle varies with the square of the time, the acceleration is not constant. The displacement of the particle is found by integration. Express the velocity of a particle as the derivative of its position function:

( ) ( )dt

tdxtv =

Separate the variables to obtain: ( ) ( )dttvtdx =

Express the integral of x from xo = 0 to x and t from t0 = 0 to t: ( ) ( )∫∫

==

==t

t

tx

t

dttvdxtx0

)(

0 00

'''

Substitute for v(t′) to obtain: ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]

( ) ( )tt

dtttxt

t

m/s5m/s

'm/s5'm/s7

3337

0

23

0

−=

−= ∫=


107

118 •• Picture the Problem The graph is one of constant negative acceleration. Because

vx = v(t) is a linear function of t, we can make use of the slope-intercept form of the equation of a straight line to find the relationship between these variables. We can then differentiate v(t) to obtain a(t) and integrate v(t) to obtain x(t).

Find the acceleration (the slope of the graph) and the velocity at time 0 (the v-intercept) and use the slope-intercept form of the equation of a straight line to express vx(t):

2m/s10−=a

ttvx )m/s 10(m/s50)( 2−+=

Find x(t) by integrating v(t):

( ) ( )[ ]( ) ( ) Cm/s5m/s50

m/s50m/s1022

2

+−=

+−= ∫tt

dtttx

Using the fact that x = 0 when t = 0, evaluate C:

( )( ) ( )( ) C0m/s50m/s500 22 +−= and C = 0

Substitute to obtain: ( ) ( ) ( ) 22m/s5m/s50 tttx −=

Note that this expression is quadratic in t

and that the coefficient of t2 is negative and equal in magnitude to half the constant acceleration.

Remarks: We can check our result for x(t) by evaluating it over the 10-s interval shown and comparing this result with the area bounded by this curve and the time axis. 119 ••• Picture the Problem During any time interval, the integral of a(t) is the change in velocity and the integral of v(t) is the displacement. The integral of a function equals the "area" between the curve for that function and the independent-variable axis.

(a) Find the area of the shaded grid box in Figure 2-37:

Area = (0.5 m/s2)(0.5 s) = boxper m/s 0.250

(b) We start from rest (vo = 0) at t = 0. For the velocities at the other times, count boxes and multiply by the 0.25 m/s per box that we found in part (a):

Examples: v(1 s) = (3.7 boxes)[(0.25 m/s)/box] = m/s 925.0

v(2 s) = (12.9 boxes)[(0.25 m/s)/box] = m/s 3.22

and

Chapter 2

108

v(3 s) = (24.6 boxes)[(0.25 m/s)/box] = m/s 6.15

(c) The graph of v as a function of t is shown below:

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

t (s)

v (m

/s)

Area = (1.0 m/s)(1.0 s) = 1.0 m per box

Count the boxes under the v(t) curve to find the distance traveled:

( ) ( )( ) ( )[ ]

m00.7

box/m0.1boxes7s30s3

=

=→∆= xx

120 •• Picture the Problem The integral of v(t) over a time interval is the displacement (change in position) during that time interval. The integral of a function equals the "area" between the curve for that function and the independent-variable axis. Because acceleration is the slope of a velocity versus time curve, this is a non-constant-acceleration problem. The derivative of a function is equal to the "slope" of the function at that value of the independent variable.

(a) To obtain the data for x(t), we must estimate the accumulated area under the v(t) curve at each time interval: Find the area of a shaded grid box in Figure 2-38:

A = (1 m/s)(0.5 s) = 0.5 m per box.

We start from rest (vo = 0) at to= 0. For the position at the other times, count boxes and multiply by the 0.5 m per box that we found above. Remember to add the offset from the origin, xo = 5 m, and that boxes below the v = 0 line are counted as negative:

Examples:

( ) ( )

m17.9

m5box

m0.5boxes25.8s3

=

+⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=x

( ) ( )

m0.92

m5box

m0.5boxes0.84s5

=

+⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=x


109

( ) ( )

( )

m5.12

m5box

m0.5boxes0.36

boxm0.5boxes0.51s10

=

+⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=x

A graph of x as a function of t follows:

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 2 4 6 8 10

t (s)

x (m

)

(b) To obtain the data for a(t), we must estimate the slope (∆v/∆t) of the v(t) curve at each time. A good way to get reasonably reliable readings from the graph is to enlarge several fold:

Examples:

( ) ( ) ( )

2m/s3.8s0.5

m/s3.0m/s4.9s5.0

s75.0s25.1s1

=−

=

−=

vva

( ) ( ) ( )

2m/s2.4s0.5

m/s4.0m/s7.1s5.0

s75.5s25.6s6

−=−−

=

−=

vva

Chapter 2

110

A graph of a as a function of t follows:

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

0 2 4 6 8 10

t (s)

a (m

/s^2

)

*121 •• Picture the Problem Because the position of the body is not described by a parabolic function, the acceleration is not constant. Select a series of points on the graph of x(t) (e.g., at the extreme values and where the graph crosses the t axis), draw tangent lines at those points, and measure their slopes. In doing this, you are evaluating v = dx/dt at these points. Plot these slopes above the times at which you measured the slopes. Your graph should closely resemble the following graph.

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

t

v

Select a series of points on the graph of v(t) (e.g., at the extreme values and where the graph crosses the t axis), draw tangent lines at those points, and measure their slopes. In doing this, you are evaluating a = dv/dt at these points. Plot these slopes above the times at which you measured the slopes. Your graph should closely resemble the graph shown below.


111

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

0 0.5 1 1.5

t

a

122 •• Picture the Problem Because the acceleration of the rocket varies with time, it is not constant and integration of this function is required to determine the rocket’s velocity and position as functions of time. The conditions on x and v at t = 0 are known as initial conditions. (a) Integrate a(t) to find v(t):

∫ ∫ +=== C )()( 221 btdttbdttatv

where C, the constant of integration, can be determined from the initial conditions.

Integrate v(t) to find x(t):

( ) ( ) [ ] DC

C3

61

221

++=

+== ∫ ∫tbt

dtbtdttvtx

where D is a second constant of integration.

Using the initial conditions, find the constants C and D:

( )

( ) 0D00and

0C00

=⇒=

=⇒=

x

v

( ) 361 bttx =∴

(b) Evaluate v(5 s) and x(5 s) with C = D = 0 and b = 3 m/s2: ( ) ( )( ) m/s5.37s5m/s3

21s5 22 ==v

and

( ) ( )( ) m5.62s5m/s361s5 32 ==x

123 •• Picture the Problem The acceleration is a function of time; therefore it is not constant. The instantaneous velocity can be determined by integration of the acceleration and the average velocity from the displacement of the particle during the given time interval.

Chapter 2

112

(a) Because the acceleration is the derivative of the velocity, integrate the acceleration to find the instantaneous velocity v(t).

( ) ( )( )

( )∫∫==

==⇒=t

t

tv

v

dttadvtvdtdvta

00 00

'''

Calculate the instantaneous velocity using the acceleration given. ( ) ( ) ∫

=

=t

t

dtttv0

3

0

''m/s2.0

and

( ) ( ) 23m/s1.0 ttv =

(b) To calculate the average velocity, we need the displacement: ( ) ( )

( )

( )∫∫==

==⇒≡t

t

tx

x

dttvdxtxdtdxtv

00 00

'''

Because the velocity is the derivative of the displacement, integrate the velocity to find ∆x.

( ) ( ) ( )3

m/s1.0''m/s1.03

3

0

23

0

tdtttxt

t

== ∫=

and

( ) ( )

m 11.2

3s) 2(s 7m/s1.0

s) (2s) (733

3

=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡ −=

−=∆ xxx

Using the definition of the average velocity, calculate vav. m/s 23.2

s 5m 11.2

av ==∆∆

=txv

124 • Determine the Concept Because the acceleration is a function of time, it is not constant. Hence we’ll need to integrate the acceleration function to find the velocity as a function of time and integrate the velocity function to find the position as a function of time. The important concepts here are the definitions of velocity, acceleration, and average velocity. (a) Starting from to = 0, integrate the instantaneous acceleration to obtain the instantaneous velocity as a function of time:

( )∫∫ +=

=

tv

v

dtbtadv

dtdva

00 '''

thatfollowsit

From

0

and 2

21

00 bttavv ++=

(b) Now integrate the instantaneous velocity to obtain the position as a function of time:

dtdxv =From

it follows that


113

( )

∫

∫∫

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ++=

==

t

t

t

t

x

x

dttbtav

dttvdx

0

00

''2

'

'''

209

0

and 3

612

021

00 bttatvxx +++=

(c) The definition of the average velocity is the ratio of the displacement to the total time elapsed:

tbttatv

ttxx

txv

3612

021

0

0

0av

++=

−−

=∆∆

≡

and 2

61

021

0av bttavv ++=

Note that vav is not the same as that due to constant acceleration: ( )

( )

av

241

021

0

221

000

0avonacceleraticonstant

2

2

vbttav

bttavv

vvv

≠++=

+++=

+=

General Problems 125 ••• Picture the Problem The acceleration of the marble is constant. Because the motion is downward, choose a coordinate system with downward as the positive direction. The equation gexp = (1 m)/(∆t)2 originates in the constant-acceleration equation

( )221

0 tatvx ∆+∆=∆ . Because the motion starts from rest, the displacement of the marble is 1 m, the acceleration is the experimental value gexp, and the equation simplifies to gexp = (1 m)/(∆t)2. Express the percent difference between the accepted and experimental values for the acceleration due to gravity:

accepted

expaccepteddifference%g

gg −=

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the velocity of the marble in terms of its initial velocity, acceleration, and displacement:

yavv ∆+= 220

2f

or, because v0 = 0 and a = g, ygv ∆= 22

f

Solve for vf:

ygv ∆= 2f

Let v1 be the velocity the ball has reached when it has fallen 0.5 cm, ( )( ) m/s313.0m005.0m/s81.92 2

1 ==v

Chapter 2

114

and v2 be the velocity the ball has reached when it has fallen 0.5 m to obtain.

and

( )( ) m/s13.3m5.0m/s81.92 22 ==v

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express v2 in terms of v1, g and ∆t:

tgvv ∆+= 12

Solve for ∆t: g

vvt 12 −=∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆t: s2872.0

m/s81.9m/s313.0m/s13.3

2 =−

=∆t

Calculate the experimental value of the acceleration due to gravity from gexp = (1 m)/(∆t)2:

( )2

2exp m/s13.12s2872.0

m1==g

Finally, calculate the percent difference between this experimental result and the value accepted for g at sea level. %6.23

m/s81.9m/s13.12m/s81.9

difference% 2

22

=

−=

*126 ••• Picture the Problem We can obtain an average velocity, vav = ∆x/∆t, over fixed time intervals. The instantaneous velocity, v = dx/dt can only be obtained by differentiation. (a) The graph of x versus t is shown below:

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

t (s)

v (m

/s)

(b) Draw a tangent line at the origin and measure its rise and run. Use this ratio to obtain an approximate value for the slope at the origin:

The tangent line appears to, at least approximately, pass through the point (5, 4). Using the origin as the second point,


115

∆x = 4 cm – 0 = 4 cm and

∆t = 5 s – 0 = 5 s

Therefore, the slope of the tangent line and the velocity of the body as it passes through the origin is approximately:

( ) cm/s800.0s5

cm4runrise0 ==

∆∆

==txv

(c) Calculate the average velocity for the series of time intervals given by completing the table shown below:

t0 t ∆t x0 x ∆x vav=∆x/∆t (s) (s) (s) (cm) (cm) (cm) (m/s) 0 6 6 0 4.34 4.34 0.723 0 3 3 0 2.51 2.51 0.835 0 2 2 0 1.71 1.71 0.857 0 1 1 0 0.871 0.871 0.871 0 0.5 0.5 0 0.437 0.437 0.874 0 0.25 0.25 0 0.219 0.219 0.875

(d) Express the time derivative of the position: tA

dtdx ωω cos=

Substitute numerical values and

evaluate dtdx

at t = 0:

( )( )

cm/s0.875

s0.175m0.05

0cos

1

=

=

==

−

ωω AAdtdx

(e) Compare the average velocities from part (c) with the instantaneous velocity from part (d):

As ∆t, and thus ∆x, becomes small, the value for the average velocity approaches that for the instantaneous velocity obtained in part (d). For ∆t = 0.25 s, they agree to three significant figures.

127 ••• Determine the Concept Because the velocity varies nonlinearly with time, the acceleration of the object is not constant. We can find the acceleration of the object by differentiating its velocity with respect to time and its position function by integrating the velocity function. The important concepts here are the definitions of acceleration and velocity. (a) The acceleration of the object is the derivative of its velocity with respect to time:

( )[ ]

( )tv

tvdtd

dtdva

ωω

ω

cos

sin

max

max

=

==

Chapter 2

116

constant. isit with timely sinusoidal varies Because

nota

(b) Integrate the velocity with respect to time from 0 to t to obtain the change in position of the body:

( )[ ]∫∫ =t

t

x

x

dttvdx00

''sin' max ω

and

( )

( )ω

ωω

ωω

maxmax

0

max0

cos

'cos

vtv

tvxxt

+−

=

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡−

=−

or

( )[ ]tvxx ωω

cos1max0 −+=

Note that, as given in the problem statement, x(0 s) = x0.

128 ••• Picture the Problem Because the acceleration of the particle is a function of its position, it is not constant. Changing the variable of integration in the definition of acceleration will allow us to determine its velocity and position as functions of position. (a) Because a = dv/dt, we must integrate to find v(t). Because a is given as a function of x, we’ll need to change variables in order to carry out the integration. Once we’ve changed variables, we’ll separate them with v on the left side of the equation and x on the right:

( )xdxdvv

dtdx

dxdv

dtdva 2s2 −====

or, upon separating variables,

( )xdxvdv 2s2 −=

Integrate from xo and vo to x and v: ( )∫∫ −

=

=x

x

v

v

dxxdvv00

''s2'' 2

0

and ( )( )2

0222

02 s2 xxvv −=− −

Solve for v to obtain: ( )( )2

0222

0 s2 xxvv −+= −

Now set vo = 0, xo = 1 m, x = 3 m, b =2 s–2 and evaluate the speed: ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]222 m1m3s2 −±= −v

and m/s00.4=v


117

(b) Using the definition of v, separate the variables, and integrate to get an expression for t:

( )dtdxxv =

and

( )∫∫ ′′

=x

x

t

xvxddt

00

'

To evaluate this integral we first must find v(x). Show that the acceleration is always positive and use this to find the sign of v(x).

a = (2 s–2 )x and x0 = 1 m. x0 is positive, so a0 is also positive. v0 is zero and a0 is positive, so the object moves in the direction of increasing x. As x increases the acceleration remains positive, so the velocity also remains positive. Thus,

( )( )20

22s2 xxv −= − .

Substitute ( )( )20

22s2 xx −− for v and evaluate the integral. (It can be found in standard integral tables.)

( )

( )( )

( )

( ) ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜

⎝

⎛ −+=

−′

′=

−′

′=

′′

==

−

−

−

∫

∫

∫∫

0

20

2

2

20

22

20

22

0

lns21

s21

s2

0

0

0

xxxx

xxxd

xxxd

xvxddt't

x

x

x

x

x

x

t

Evaluate this expression with xo = 1 m and x = 3 m to obtain:

s25.1=t

129 ••• Picture the Problem The acceleration of this particle is not constant. Separating variables and integrating will allow us to express the particle’s position as a function of time and the differentiation of this expression will give us the acceleration of the particle as a function of time. (a) Write the definition of velocity: dt

dxv =

We are given that x = bv, where b = 1 s. Substitute for v and separate variables to obtain:

xdxbdt

bx

dtdx

=⇒=

Integrate and solve for x(t): ( ) ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=−⇒

′′

= ∫∫0

0 ln '00

xxbtt

xxdbdt

x

x

t

t

and

Chapter 2

118

( ) ( ) bttextx

/

00−

=

(b) Differentiate twice to obtain v(t) and a(t):

( ) bttex

bdtdxv

/

001 −

==

and ( ) btt

exbdt

dva/

02

01 −==

Substitute the result in part (a) to obtain the desired results:

)(1)(

and

)(1)(

2 txb

ta

txb

tv

=

=

so

)(1)(1)( 2 txb

tvb

ta ==

in time.instant each at same theare and of valuesnumerical theone, is units, SIin expressed , of valuenumerical theBecause

xv,a,b

130 ••• Picture the Problem Because the acceleration of the rock is a function of time, it is not constant. Choose a coordinate system in which downward is positive and the origin at the point of release of the rock. Separate variables in a(t) = dv/dt = ge−bt to obtain:

dtgedv bt−=

Integrate from to = 0, vo = 0 to some later time t and velocity v: [ ]

( ) ( )btbt

tbtt

btv

evebg

eb

gdtgedvv

−−

−−

−=−=

−=== ∫∫

11

''

term

0'

0

'

0

where

bgv =term

Separate variables in

( )btevdtdyv −−== 1term to obtain:

( )dtevdy bt−−= 1term

Integrate from to = 0, yo = 0 to some later time t and position y: ( )∫∫ −−=

tbt

y

tevdy0

'term

0

'd1'


119

( )bt

tbt

eb

vtv

eb

tvy

−

−

−−=

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ +=

1

1'

termterm

0

'term

This last result is very interesting. It says that throughout its free-fall, the object experiences drag; therefore it has not fallen as far at any given time as it would have if it were falling at the constant velocity, vterm. On the other hand, just as the velocity of the object asymptotically approaches vterm, the distance it has covered during its free-fall as a function of time asymptotically approaches the distance it would have fallen if it had fallen with vterm throughout its motion.

( ) tvbvtvty termtermlarge →−→

This should not be surprising because in the expression above, the first term grows linearly with time while the second term approaches a constant and therefore becomes less important with time.

*131 ••• Picture the Problem Because the acceleration of the rock is a function of its velocity, it is not constant. Choose a coordinate system in which downward is positive and the origin is at the point of release of the rock. Rewrite a = g – bv explicitly as a differential equation:

bvgdtdv

−=

Separate the variables, v on the left, t on the right:

dtbvg

dv=

−

Integrate the left-hand side of this equation from 0 to v and the right-hand side from 0 to t:

∫∫ =−

t

00

''

' dtbvg

dvv

and

tg

bvgb

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −− ln1

Solve this expression for v.

( )bte

bgv −−= 1

Finally, differentiate this expression with respect to time to obtain an expression for the acceleration and

btgedtdva −==

Chapter 2

120

complete the proof.

132 ••• Picture the Problem The skydiver’s acceleration is a function of her velocity; therefore it is not constant. Expressing her acceleration as the derivative of her velocity, separating the variables, and then integrating will give her velocity as a function of time. (a) Rewrite a = g – cv2 explicitly as a differential equation:

2cvgdtdv

−=

Separate the variables, with v on the left, and t on the right:

dtcvg

dv=

− 2

Eliminate c by using 2Tvgc = :

gdt

vv

dv

dt

vvg

dv

vvgg

dv

T

TT

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−

=

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−

=−

2

22

2

1

or

1

Integrate the left-hand side of this equation from 0 to v and the right-hand side from 0 to t:

gtdtg

Tvv

dv tv

==

⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜

⎝

⎛−

∫∫00

2 ''1

'

The integral can be found in integral tables:

( ) ( )tvgvv

gtvvv

TT

TT

//tanhor

)/(tanh

1-

1

=

=−

Solve this equation for v to obtain: t

vgvvT

T ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= tanh

Because c has units of m−1, and g has units of m/s2, (cg)−1/2 will have units of time. Let’s represent this expression with the time-scale factor T:

i.e., T = (cg)−1/2


121

The skydiver falls with her terminal velocity when a = 0. Using this definition, relate her terminal velocity to the acceleration due to gravity and the constant c in the acceleration equation:

20 Tcvg −= and

cgvT =

Convince yourself that T is also equal to vT/g and use this relationship to eliminate g and vT in the solution to the differential equation:

( ) ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

Ttvtv T tanh

(b) The following table was generated using a spreadsheet and the equation we derived in part (a) for v(t). The cell formulas and their algebraic forms are:

Cell Content/Formula Algebraic FormD1 56 vT D2 5.71 T B7 B6 + 0.25 t + 0.25 C7 $B$1*TANH(B7/$B$2)

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

TtvT tanh

A B C D E 1 vT = 56 m/s 2 T= 5.71 s 3 4 5 time (s) v (m/s) 6 0.00 0.00 7 0.25 2.45 8 0.50 4.89 9 0.75 7.32

10 1.00 9.71

54 12.00 54.35 55 12.25 54.49 56 12.50 54.61 57 12.75 54.73 58 13.00 54.83 59 13.25 54.93

Chapter 2

122

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

t (s)

v (m

/s)

Note that the velocity increases linearly over time (i.e., with constant acceleration) for about time T, but then it approaches the terminal velocity as the acceleration decreases.

123

Chapter 3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions Conceptual Problems *1 • Determine the Concept The distance traveled along a path can be represented as a sequence of displacements.

Suppose we take a trip along some path and consider the trip as a sequence of many very small displacements. The net displacement is the vector sum of the very small displacements, and the total distance traveled is the sum of the magnitudes of the very small displacements. That is,

total distance = NN 1,3,22,11,0 ... −∆++∆+∆+∆ rrrrrrrr

where N is the number of very small displacements. (For this to be exactly true we have to take the limit as N goes to infinity and each displacement magnitude goes to zero.) Now, using ″the shortest distance between two points is a straight line,″ we have

NNN 1,3,22,11,0,0 ... −∆++∆+∆+∆≤∆ rrrrrrrrrr

,

where N,0r

r∆ is the magnitude of the net displacement.

Hence, we have shown that the magnitude of the displacement of a particle is less than or equal to the distance it travels along its path.

2 • Determine the Concept The displacement of an object is its final position vector minus its initial position vector ( if rrr rrr

−=∆ ). The displacement can be less but never more than the distance traveled. Suppose the path is one complete trip around the earth at the equator. Then, the displacement is 0 but the distance traveled is 2πRe.

Chapter 3

124

3 • Determine the Concept The important distinction here is that average velocity is being requested, as opposed to average speed. The average velocity is defined as the displacement divided by the elapsed time.

00av =

∆=

∆∆

=tt

rvr

r

circuit. completeeach of end theat zero always is velocity average thes,car travel race fast the howmatter no that see weThus zero. is track thearound any tripfor nt displaceme The

What is the correct answer if we were asked for average speed? The average speed is defined as the distance traveled divided by the elapsed time.

tv

∆≡

distancetotalav

zero.not is average theand zeroan greater thbe will traveleddistance total theany track, ofcircuit complete oneFor

4 • False. Vectors are quantities with magnitude and direction that can be added and subtracted like displacements. Consider two vectors that are equal in magnitude and oppositely directed. Their sum is zero, showing by counterexample that the statement is false. 5 • Determine the Concept We can answer this question by expressing the relationship between the magnitude of vector A

r and its

component AS and then using properties of the cosine function.

Express AS in terms of A and θ : AS = A cosθ

Take the absolute value of both sides of this expression:

⎜AS⎜ = ⎜A cosθ ⎜ = A⎜cosθ ⎜

and

⎜cosθ ⎜=AAS

Motion in One and Two Dimensions

125

Using the fact that 0 < ⎟cosθ ⎜≤ 1, substitute for⎟cosθ ⎜to obtain: 10 S ≤<

AA

or AA ≤< S0

vector. theof magnitude theto equalor than less bemust vector a ofcomponent a of magnitude The No.

equal. arecomponent its and vector theof magnitude the then,180 of multiplesor 0 toequal is figure in theshown angle theIf °°θ

*6 • Determine the Concept The diagram shows a vector A

rand its components Ax

and Ay. We can relate the magnitude of Ar

is related to the lengths of its components through the Pythagorean theorem.

Suppose that A

ris equal to zero. Then .0222 =+= yx AAA

But .0022 ==⇒=+ yxyx AAAA

too.zero bemust components its ofeach zero, toequal is vector a If No.

7 • Determine the Concept No. Consider the special case in which AB

rr−= .

If 0then,0 =≠−= CABrrr

and the magnitudes of the components of BArr

and are

larger than the components of .Cr

*8 • Determine the Concept The instantaneous acceleration is the limiting value, as ∆t approaches zero, of .t∆∆vr Thus, the acceleration vector is in the same direction as .vr∆ False. Consider a ball that has been thrown upward near the surface of the earth and is slowing down. The direction of its motion is upward. The diagram shows the ball’s velocity vectors at two instants of time and the determination of .vr∆ Note that because vr∆ is downward so is the acceleration of the ball.

Chapter 3

126

9 • Determine the Concept The instantaneous acceleration is the limiting value, as ∆t approaches zero, of t∆∆vr and is in the same direction as .vr∆ Other than through the definition of ,ar the instantaneous velocity and acceleration vectors are unrelated. Knowing the direction of the velocity at one instant tells one nothing about how the velocity is changing at that instant. correct. is )(e

10 • Determine the Concept The changing velocity of the golf ball during its flight can be understood by recognizing that it has both horizontal and vertical components. The nature of its acceleration near the highest point of its flight can be understood by analyzing the vertical components of its velocity on either side of this point. At the highest point of its flight, the ball is still traveling horizontally even though its vertical velocity is momentarily zero. The figure to the right shows the vertical components of the ball’s velocity just before and just after it has reached its highest point. The change in velocity during this short interval is a non-zero, downward-pointing vector. Because the acceleration is proportional to the change in velocity, it must also be nonzero.

correct. is )(d

Remarks: Note that vx is nonzero and vy is zero, while ax is zero and ay is nonzero. 11 • Determine the Concept The change in the velocity is in the same direction as the acceleration. Choose an x-y coordinate system with east being the positive x direction and north the positive y direction.

Given our choice of coordinate system, the x component of a

ris negative and so vr will

decrease. The y component of ar is positive and so vr will increase toward the north. correct. is )(c

*12 • Determine the Concept The average velocity of a particle, ,avvr is the ratio of the particle’s displacement to the time required for the displacement. (a) We can calculate r

r∆ from the given information and ∆t is known. correct. is )(a

(b) We do not have enough information to calculate vr∆ and cannot compute the


127

particle’s average acceleration. (c) We would need to know how the particle’s velocity varies with time in order to compute its instantaneous velocity. (d) We would need to know how the particle’s velocity varies with time in order to compute its instantaneous acceleration. 13 •• Determine the Concept The velocity vector is always in the direction of motion and, thus, tangent to the path.

(a) path. theo tangent tis motion,

ofdirection in the being always of econsequenc a as vector, velocity The

(b) A sketch showing two velocity vectors for a particle moving along a path is shown to the right.

14 • Determine the Concept An object experiences acceleration whenever either its speed changes or it changes direction. The acceleration of a car moving in a straight path at constant speed is zero. In the other examples, either the magnitude or the direction of the velocity vector is changing and, hence, the car is accelerated. correct. is )(b

*15 • Determine the Concept The velocity vector is defined by ,/ dtdrv

rr= while the

acceleration vector is defined by ./ dtdva rr=

(a) A car moving along a straight road while braking.

(b) A car moving along a straight road while speeding up.

(c) A particle moving around a circular track at constant speed.

16 • Determine the Concept A particle experiences accelerated motion when either its speed or direction of motion changes. A particle moving at constant speed in a circular path is accelerating because the

Chapter 3

128

direction of its velocity vector is changing. If a particle is moving at constant velocity, it is not accelerating. 17 •• Determine the Concept The acceleration vector is in the same direction as the change in velocity vector, .vr∆

(a) The sketch for the dart thrown upward is shown to the right. The acceleration vector is in the direction of the change in the velocity vector .vr∆

(b) The sketch for the falling dart is shown to the right. Again, the acceleration vector is in the direction of the change in the velocity vector .vr∆

(c) The acceleration vector is in the direction of the change in the velocity vector … and hence is downward as shown the right:

*18 •• Determine the Concept The acceleration vector is in the same direction as the change in velocity vector, .vr∆

The drawing is shown to the right.

19 •• Determine the Concept The acceleration vector is in the same direction as the change in velocity vector, .vr∆ The sketch is shown to the right.


129

20 • Determine the Concept We can decide what the pilot should do by considering the speeds of the boat and of the current. Give up. The speed of the stream is equal to the maximum speed of the boat in still water. The best the boat can do is, while facing directly upstream, maintain its position relative to the bank. correct. is )(d

*21 • Determine the Concept True. In the absence of air resistance, both projectiles experience the same downward acceleration. Because both projectiles have initial vertical velocities of zero, their vertical motions must be identical. 22 • Determine the Concept In the absence of air resistance, the horizontal component of the projectile’s velocity is constant for the duration of its flight.

At the highest point, the speed is the horizontal component of the initial velocity. The vertical component is zero at the highest point. correct. is )(e

23 • Determine the Concept In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the ball depends only on the change in its velocity and is independent of its velocity. As the ball moves along its trajectory between points A and C, the vertical component of its velocity decreases and the change in its velocity is a downward pointing vector. Between points C and E, the vertical component of its velocity increases and the change in its velocity is also a downward pointing vector. There is no change in the horizontal component of the velocity. correct. is )(d

24 • Determine the Concept In the absence of air resistance, the horizontal component of the velocity remains constant throughout the flight. The vertical component has its maximum values at launch and impact. (a) The speed is greatest at A and E. (b) The speed is least at point C. (c) The speed is the same at A and E. The horizontal components are equal at these points but the vertical components are oppositely directed. 25 • Determine the Concept Speed is a scalar quantity, whereas acceleration, equal to the rate of change of velocity, is a vector quantity.

(a) False. Consider a ball on the end of a string. The ball can move with constant speed

Chapter 3

130

(a scalar) even though its acceleration (a vector) is always changing direction.

(b) True. From its definition, if the acceleration is zero, the velocity must be constant and so, therefore, must be the speed.

26 • Determine the Concept The average acceleration vector is defined by ./av t∆∆= va rr

The direction of avar is that of

,if vvv rrr−=∆ as shown to the right.

27 • Determine the Concept The velocity of B relative to A is .ABBA vvv rrr

−= The direction of ABBA vvv rrr

−= is shown to the right.

*28 •• (a) The vectors ( )tA

r and ( )tt ∆+A

r are of equal length but point in slightly different

directions. Ar

∆ is shown in the diagram below. Note that Ar

∆ is nearly perpendicular to ( )tAr

. For very small time intervals, Ar

∆ and ( )tAr

are perpendicular to one another.

Therefore, dtd /Ar

is perpendicular to .Ar

(b) If A

rrepresents the position of a particle, the particle must be undergoing circular

motion (i.e., it is at a constant distance from some origin). The velocity vector is tangent to the particle’s trajectory; in the case of a circle, it is perpendicular to the circle’s radius.

(c) Yes, it could in the case of uniform circular motion. The speed of the particle is constant, but its heading is changing constantly. The acceleration vector in this case is


131

always perpendicular to the velocity vector. 29 •• Determine the Concept The velocity vector is in the same direction as the change in the position vector while the acceleration vector is in the same direction as the change in the velocity vector. Choose a coordinate system in which the y direction is north and the x direction is east. (a)

Path Direction of velocity vector

AB north BC northeast CD east DE southeast EF south

(b) Path Direction of acceleration

vector AB north BC southeast CD 0 DE southwest EF north

(c) ere.smaller th ispath

theof radius thesince DEfor larger but ,comparable are magnitudes The

*30 •• Determine the Concept We’ll assume that the cannons are identical and use a constant-acceleration equation to express the displacement of each cannonball as a function of time. Having done so, we can then establish the condition under which they will have the same vertical position at a given time and, hence, collide. The modified diagram shown below shows the displacements of both cannonballs.

Express the displacement of the cannonball from cannon A at any time t after being fired and before any collision:

221

0 tt gvr rrr+=∆

Express the displacement of the cannonball from cannon A at any time t′ after being fired and before any collision:

221

0 tt ′+′′=′∆ gvr rrr

Chapter 3

132

usly.simultaneoguns thefire should they Therefore, times.allat sight of line thebelow

distance same theare balls theand ' usly,simultaneo fired are guns theIf2

21 gt

tt =

Remarks: This is the ″monkey and hunter″ problem in disguise. If you imagine a monkey in the position shown below, and the two guns are fired simultaneously, and the monkey begins to fall when the guns are fired, then the monkey and the two cannonballs will all reach point P at the same time.

31 •• Determine the Concept The droplet leaving the bottle has the same horizontal velocity as the ship. During the time the droplet is in the air, it is also moving horizontally with the same velocity as the rest of the ship. Because of this, it falls into the vessel, which has the same horizontal velocity. Because you have the same horizontal velocity as the ship does, you see the same thing as if the ship were standing still. 32 • Determine the Concept

(a) stone. theof velocity therepresent

could themofeither stone, theofpath theo tangent tare and Because DArr

(b)

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

stone. theofon accelerati therepresent could vector only the

and lar toperpendicu is / Therefore, another. one lar toperpendicu

are and intervals, timesmallFor very . lar toperpendicu

nearly is that Note above. diagram in theshown are and vectors

twoThese circle. thearound moves stone theas directionsdifferent slightlyin point but length equal of be and vectorsLet the

E

AA

AAA

AA

BA

r

rr

rrr

rr

rr

dtd

tt

ttt

∆

∆∆

∆+


133

33 • Determine the Concept True. An object accelerates when its velocity changes; that is, when either its speed or its direction changes. When an object moves in a circle the direction of its motion is continually changing. 34 •• Picture the Problem In the diagram, (a) shows the pendulum just before it reverses direction and (b) shows the pendulum just after it has reversed its direction. The acceleration of the bob is in the direction of the change in the velocity if vvv rrr

−=∆ and is tangent to the pendulum trajectory at the point of reversal of direction. This makes sense because, at an extremum of motion, v = 0, so there is no centripetal acceleration. However, because the velocity is reversing direction, the tangential acceleration is nonzero.

35 • Determine the Concept The principle reason is aerodynamic drag. When moving through a fluid, such as the atmosphere, the ball's acceleration will depend strongly on its velocity. Estimation and Approximation *36 •• Picture the Problem During the flight of the ball the acceleration is constant and equal to 9.81 m/s2 directed downward. We can find the flight time from the vertical part of the motion, and then use the horizontal part of the motion to find the horizontal distance. We’ll assume that the release point of the ball is 2 m above your feet. Make a sketch of the motion. Include coordinate axes, initial and final positions, and initial velocity components:

Obviously, how far you throw the ball will depend on how fast you can throw it. A major league baseball pitcher can throw a fastball at 90 mi/h or so. Assume that you can throw a ball at two-thirds that speed to obtain:

m/s8.26mi/h1

m/s0.447mi/h600 =×=v

Chapter 3

134

There is no acceleration in the x direction, so the horizontal motion is one of constant velocity. Express the horizontal position of the ball as a function of time:

tvx x0= (1)

Assuming that the release point of the ball is a distance h above the ground, express the vertical position of the ball as a function of time:

221

0 tatvhy yy ++= (2)

(a) For θ = 0 we have:

( )m/s8.26

0cosm/s8.26cos 000

=°== θvv x

and ( ) 00sinm/s8.26sin 000 =°== θvv y

Substitute in equations (1) and (2) to obtain:

( )tx m/s8.26= and

( ) 2221 m/s81.9m2 ty −+=

Eliminate t between these equations to obtain: ( )

22

2

m/s8.26m/s4.91m2 xy −=

At impact, y = 0 and x = R: ( )

22

2

m/s8.26m/s4.91m20 R−=

Solve for R to obtain:

m1.17=R

(b) Using trigonometry, solve for v0x and v0y:

( )m/s0.19

45cosm/s8.26cos 000

=°== θvv x

and ( )

m/s0.19

45sinm/s8.26sin 000

=

°== θvv y


( )tx m/s0.19= and

( ) ( ) 2221 m/s81.9m/s19.0m2 tty −++=


22

2

m/s0.19m/s4.905m2 xxy −+=


135

At impact, y = 0 and x = R. Hence: ( )

22

2

m/s0.19m/s4.905m20 RR −+=

or ( ) 0m2.147m60.73 22 =−− RR

Solve for R (you can use the ″solver″ or ″graph″ functions of your calculator) to obtain:

m6.75=R

(c) Solve for v0x and v0y: m/s8.2600 == vv x and

00 =yv


( )tx m/s8.26= and

( ) 2221 m/s81.9m14 ty −+=


22

2

m/s8.26m/s4.905m14 xy −=


22

2

m/s8.26m/s4.905m140 R−=

Solve for R to obtain:

m3.45=R

(d) Using trigonometry, solve for v0x and v0y:

v0x = v0 y = 19.0 m / s


( )tx m/s0.19= and

( ) ( ) 2221 m/s81.9m/s19.0m14 tty −++=


22

2

m/s0.19m/s4.905m14 xxy −+=


22

2

m/s0.19m/s4.905m140 RR −+=

Solve for R (you can use the ″solver″ or ″graph″ function of your calculator) to obtain:

m6.85=R

Chapter 3

136

37 •• Picture the Problem We’ll ignore the height of Geoff’s release point above the ground and assume that he launched the brick at an angle of 45°. Because the velocity of the brick at the highest point of its flight is equal to the horizontal component of its initial velocity, we can use constant-acceleration equations to relate this velocity to the brick’s x and y coordinates at impact. The diagram shows an appropriate coordinate system and the brick when it is at point P with coordinates (x, y).

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the x coordinate of the brick as a function of time:

221

00 tatvxx xx ++= or, because x0 = 0 and ax = 0,

tvx x0=

Express the y coordinate of the brick as a function of time:

221

00 tatvyy yy ++=

or, because y0 = 0 and ay = −g, 2

21

0 gttvy y −=

Eliminate the parameter t to obtain: ( ) 220

0 2tan x

vgxy

x

−= θ

Use the brick’s coordinates when it strikes the ground to obtain: ( ) 2

20

0 2tan0 R

vgR

x

−= θ

where R is the range of the brick. Solve for v0x to obtain:

00 tan2 θ

gRv x =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v0x:

( )( ) m/s8.1445tan2

m44.5m/s9.81 2

0 =°

=xv

Note that, at the brick’s highest point, vy = 0.

Vectors, Vector Addition, and Coordinate Systems 38 • Picture the Problem Let the positive y direction be straight up, the positive x direction be to the right, and A

rand B

rbe the position vectors for the minute and hour hands. The


137

pictorial representation below shows the orientation of the hands of the clock for parts (a) through (d).

(a) The position vector for the minute hand at12:00 is:

( ) jA ˆm5.000:12 =r

The position vector for the hour hand at 12:00 is:

( ) jB ˆm25.000:12 =r

(b) At 3:30, the minute hand is positioned along the −y axis, while the hour hand is at an angle of (3.5 h)/12 h × 360° = 105°, measured clockwise from the top. The position vector for the minute hand is:

( ) jA ˆm5.030:3 −=r

Find the x-component of the vector representing the hour hand:

( ) m241.0105sinm25.0 =°=xB

Find the y-component of the vector representing the hour hand:

( ) m0647.0105cosm25.0 −=°=yB

The position vector for the hour hand is:

( ) ( ) jiB ˆm0647.0ˆm241.030:3 −=r

(c) At 6:30, the minute hand is positioned along the −y axis, while the hour hand is at an angle of (6.5 h)/12 h × 360° = 195°, measured clockwise from the top. The position vector for the minute hand is:

( ) jA ˆm5.030:6 −=r


( ) m0647.0195sinm25.0 −=°=xB


( ) m241.0195cosm25.0 −=°=yB


( ) ( ) jiB ˆm241.0ˆm0647.030:6 −−=r

(d) At 7:15, the minute hand is positioned along the +x axis, while the hour hand is at an angle of (7.25 h)/12 h × 360° = 218°, measured clockwise from the top.

Chapter 3

138

The position vector for the minute hand is:

( )iA ˆm5.015:7 =r


( ) m154.0218sinm25.0 −=°=xB


( ) m197.0218cosm25.0 −=°=yB


( ) ( ) jiB ˆm197.0ˆm154.015:7 −−=r

(e) Find A

r − B

r at 12:00: ( ) ( )

( ) j

jjBAˆm25.0

ˆm25.0ˆm5.0

=

−=−rr

Find A

r − B

r at 3:30: ( )

( ) ( )[ ]( ) ( ) ji

ji

jBA

ˆm435.0ˆm241.0

ˆm0647.0ˆm241.0

ˆm5.0

−−=

−−

−=−rr

Find A

r − B

r at 6:30: ( )

( ) ( )[ ]( ) ( ) ji

ji

jBA

ˆm259.0ˆm0647.0

ˆm241.0ˆm0647.0

ˆm5.0

−−=

−−

−=−rr

Find A

r − Br

at 7:15: ( )( ) ( )[ ]

( ) ( ) ji

ji

jBA

ˆm697.0ˆm152.0

ˆm197.0ˆm152.0

ˆm5.0

+=

−−−

=−rr

*39 • Picture the Problem The resultant displacement is the vector sum of the individual displacements. The two displacements of the bear and its resultant displacement are shown to the right:


139

Using the law of cosines, solve for the resultant displacement:

( ) ( )( )( ) °−

+=cos135m12m122

m12m12 222R

and m2.22=R

Using the law of sines, solve for α:

m2.22135sin

m12sin °

=α

∴ α = 22.5° and the angle with the horizontal is 45° − 22.5° = °5.22

40 • Picture the Problem The resultant displacement is the vector sum of the individual displacements. (a) Using the endpoint coordinates for her initial and final positions, draw the student’s initial and final position vectors and construct her displacement vector.

Find the magnitude of her displacement and the angle this displacement makes with the positive x-axis:

.135 @ m 25 isnt displacemeHer °

(b) .135 @ 25 also

isnt displaceme his so ),(in as same theare positions final and initial His

°

a

*41 • Picture the Problem Use the standard rules for vector addition. Remember that changing the sign of a vector reverses its direction.

(a)

(b)

Chapter 3

140

(c)

(d)

(e)

42 • Picture the Problem The figure shows the paths walked by the Scout. The length of path A is 2.4 km; the length of path B is 2.4 km; and the length of path C is 1.5 km:

(a) Express the distance from the campsite to the end of path C:

2.4 km – 1.5 km = km9.0

(b) Determine the angle θ subtended by the arc at the origin (campsite):

°==

==

57.3rad1km2.4km2.4

radiuslengtharc

radiansθ

east.ofnorth rad 1 iscamp fromdirectionHis

(c) Express the total distance as the sum of the three parts of his walk:

dtot = deast + darc + dtoward camp

Substitute the given distances to find the total:

dtot = 2.4 km + 2.4 km + 1.5 km = 6.3 km


141

Express the ratio of the magnitude of his displacement to the total distance he walked and substitute to obtain a numerical value for this ratio: 7

1

km6.3km0.9

walkeddistance Totalntdisplaceme his of Magnitude

=

=

43 • Picture the Problem The direction of a vector is determined by its components.

°−=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −= − 5.32

m/s5.5m/s3.5tan 1θ

The vector is in the fourth quadrant and

correct. is )(b

44 • Picture the Problem The components of the resultant vector can be obtained from the components of the vectors being added. The magnitude of the resultant vector can then be found by using the Pythagorean Theorem. A table such as the one shown to the right is useful in organizing the information in this problem. Let D

r

be the sum of vectors ,Ar

,Br

and .Cr

Vector x-component y-component

Ar

6 −3

Br

−3 4

Cr

2 5

Dr

Determine the components of Dr

by adding the components of ,A

r,Br

and .C

r

Dx = 5 and Dy = 6

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to calculate the magnitude of D

r:

( ) ( ) 81.765 2222 =+=+= yx DDD

and correct. is )(d

45 • Picture the Problem The components of the given vector can be determined using right-triangle trigonometry. Use the trigonometric relationships between the magnitude of a vector and its components to calculate the x- and y-components of each vector.

A θ Ax Ay (a) 10 m 30° 8.66 m 5 m (b) 5 m 45° 3.54 m 3.54 m (c) 7 km 60° 3.50 km 6.06 km (d) 5 km 90° 0 5 km

Chapter 3

142

(e) 15 km/s 150° −13.0 km/s 7.50 km/s (f) 10 m/s 240° −5.00 m/s −8.66 m/s (g) 8 m/s2 270° 0 −8.00 m/s2

*46 • Picture the Problem Vectors can be added and subtracted by adding and subtracting their components. Write A

rin component form:

Ax = (8 m) cos 37° = 6.4 m Ay = (8 m) sin 37° = 4.8 m ∴ ( ) ( ) jiA ˆm8.4ˆm4.6 +=r

(a), (b), (c) Add (or subtract) x- and y-components:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) jiF

jiE

jiD

ˆm8.23ˆm6.17

ˆm8.9ˆm4.3

ˆm8.7ˆm4.0

+−=

−−=

+=

r

r

r

(d) Solve for G

rand add

components to obtain: ( )

( ) ( ) ji

CBAG

ˆm9.2ˆm3.1

221

−=

++−=rrrr

47 •• Picture the Problem The magnitude of each vector can be found from the Pythagorean theorem and their directions found using the inverse tangent function. (a) jiA ˆ3ˆ5 +=

r

83.522 =+= yx AAA

and, because Ar

is in the 1st quadrant,

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 0.31tan 1

x

y

AA

θ

(b) jiB ˆ7ˆ10 −=

r

2.1222 =+= yx BBB

and, because Br

is in the 4th quadrant,

°−=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 0.35tan 1

x

y

BB

θ

(c) kjiC ˆ4ˆ3ˆ2 +−−=

r 39.5222 =++= zyx CCCC

°=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= − 1.42cos 1

CCzθ

where θ is the polar angle measured from the positive z-axis and


143

°=⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎝

⎛ −=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= −− 112

292coscos 11

CCxφ

48 • Picture the Problem The magnitude and direction of a two-dimensional vector can be found by using the Pythagorean Theorem and the definition of the tangent function.

(a) jiA ˆ7ˆ4 −−=r

06.822 =+= yx AAA

and, because Ar

is in the 3rd quadrant,

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 240tan 1

x

y

AA

θ

jiB ˆ2ˆ3 −=

r 61.322 =+= yx BBB

and, because Br


°−=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 7.33tan 1

x

y

BB

θ

jiBAC ˆ9ˆ −−=+=

rrr 06.922 =+= yx CCC

and, because Cr

is in the 3rd quadrant,

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 264tan 1

x

y

CC

θ

(b) Follow the same steps as in (a). A = 12.4 ; θ = °− 0.76

B = 6.32 ; θ = °71.6

C = 3.61 ; θ = °33.7

49 • Picture the Problem The components of these vectors are related to the magnitude of each vector through the Pythagorean Theorem and trigonometric functions. In parts (a) and (b), calculate the rectangular components of each vector and then express the vector in rectangular form.

Chapter 3

144

(a) Express vr

in rectangular form: jiv ˆˆyx vv +=

r

Evaluate vx and vy: vx = (10 m/s) cos 60° = 5 m/s

and vy = (10 m/s) sin 60° = 8.66 m/s

Substitute to obtain: jiv ˆ)m/s66.8(ˆ)m/s5( +=r

(b) Express vr in rectangular form:

jiA ˆˆyx AA +=

r

Evaluate Ax and Ay:

Ax = (5 m) cos 225° = −3.54 m and Ay = (5 m) sin 225° = −3.54 m

Substitute to obtain: ( ) ( ) jiA ˆm54.3ˆm54.3 −+−=r

(c) There is nothing to calculate as we are given the rectangular components:

( ) ( ) jir ˆm6ˆm14 −=r

50 • Picture the Problem While there are infinitely many vectors B that can be constructed such that A = B, the simplest are those which lie along the coordinate axes. Determine the magnitude of :A

r

543 2222 =+=+= yx AAA

Write three vectors of the same magnitude as :A

r

jBiBiB ˆ5andˆ5ˆ5 321 =−==

rrr,,

The vectors are shown to the right:


145

*51 •• Picture the Problem While there are several walking routes the fly could take to get from the origin to point C, its displacement will be the same for all of them. One possible route is shown in the figure.

Express the fly’s displacement D

rduring its trip from

the origin to point C and find its magnitude:

( ) ( ) ( )kji

CBADˆm3ˆm3ˆm3 ++=

++=rrrr

and

( ) ( ) ( )m20.5

m3m3m3 222

=

++=D

*52 • Picture the Problem The diagram shows the locations of the transmitters relative to the ship and defines the distances separating the transmitters from each other and from the ship. We can find the distance between the ship and transmitter B using trigonometry.

Relate the distance between A and B to the distance from the ship to A and the angle θ:

SB

ABtanDD

=θ

Solve for and evaluate the distance from the ship to transmitter B:

km17330tankm100

tanAB

SB =°

==θ

DD

Chapter 3

146

Velocity and Acceleration Vectors 53 • Picture the Problem For constant speed and direction, the instantaneous velocity is identical to the average velocity. Take the origin to be the location of the stationary radar and construct a pictorial representation.

Express the average velocity: t

r∆∆

=r

ravv

Determine the position vectors:

( )

( ) ( ) jir

jr

ˆkm1.14ˆkm1.14

and

ˆkm10

2

1

−+=

−=

r

r

Find the displacement vector: ( ) ( ) ji

rrrˆkm1.4ˆkm1.14

12

−+=

−=∆rrr

Substitute for r

r∆ and ∆t to find the

average velocity. ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ji

jiv

ˆkm/h1.4ˆkm/h1.14

h1

ˆkm1.4ˆkm1.14av

−+=

−+=

r

54 • Picture the Problem The average velocity is the change in position divided by the elapsed time. (a) The average velocity is: t

rv∆∆

=av

Find the position vectors and the displacement vector:

( ) ( ) jir ˆm3ˆm20 +=r

( ) ( ) jir ˆm7ˆm62 +=r

and

( ) ( ) jirrr ˆm4ˆm412 +=−=∆rrr

Find the magnitude of the displacement vector for the interval between t = 0 and t = 2 s:

( ) ( ) m66.5m4m4 2202 =+=∆r


147

Substitute to determine vav: m/s83.2

s2m66.5

av ==v

and

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 0.45

m4m4tan 1θ measured

from the positive x axis.

(b) Repeat (a), this time using the displacement between t = 0 and t = 5 s to obtain:

( ) ( ) jir ˆm14ˆm135 +=r

,

( ) ( ) jirrr ˆm11ˆm110505 +=−=∆rrr

,

( ) ( ) m15.6m11m11 2205 =+=∆r ,

m/s3.11s5m15.6

av ==v ,

and

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 0.45

m11m11tan 1θ measured

from the positive x axis. *55 • Picture the Problem The magnitude of the velocity vector at the end of the 2 s of acceleration will give us its speed at that instant. This is a constant-acceleration problem.

Find the final velocity vector of the particle:

( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) ji

ji

jijiv

ˆm/s0.6ˆm/s0.4

ˆs0.2m/s0.3ˆm/s0.4

ˆˆˆˆ

2

0

+=

+=

+=+= tavvv yxyxr

Find the magnitude of :vr ( ) ( ) m/s7.21m/s6.0m/s4.0 22 =+=v

and correct. is )(b

56 • Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which north coincides with the positive y direction and east with the positive x direction. Expressing the west and north velocity vectors is the first step in determining vr∆ and avar . (a) The magnitudes of

NW and vv rrare 40 m/s and 30 m/s,

respectively. The change in the magnitude of the particle’s velocity during this time is:

m/s10WN

−=

−=∆ vvv

Chapter 3

148

(b) The change in the direction of the velocity is from west to north.

The change in direction is °90

(c) The change in velocity is:

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ji

ijvvvˆm/s30ˆm/s40

ˆm/s40ˆm/s30WN

+=

−−=−=∆rrr

Calculate the magnitude and direction of :vr∆ ( ) ( ) m/s50m/s30m/s40 22 =+=∆v

and

°== −+ 9.36

m/s40m/s30tan 1

axisxθ

(d) Find the average acceleration during this interval:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )ji

jiva

ˆm/s6ˆm/s8

s5

ˆm/s30ˆm/s40

22

av

+=

+=∆∆≡ t

rr

The magnitude of this vector is: ( ) ( ) 22222

av m/s10m/s6m/s8 =+=a

and its direction is

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 9.36

m/s8m/s6tan 2

21θ measured

from the positive x axis. 57 • Picture the Problem The initial and final positions and velocities of the particle are given. We can find the average velocity and average acceleration using their definitions by first calculating the given displacement and velocities using unit vectors .ˆ and ji (a) The average velocity is: t∆∆≡ rv rr

av

The displacement of the particle during this interval of time is:

( ) ( ) jir ˆm80ˆm100 +=∆r

Substitute to find the average velocity:

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ji

jiv

ˆm/s7.26ˆm/s3.33

s3

ˆm80ˆm100av

+=

+=

r

(b) The average acceleration is:

t∆∆= va rrav


149

Find vvv vrr∆and,, 21 :

( ) ( )

( ) ( )( ) ( ) jiv

jiv

jiv

ˆm/s30.5ˆm/s00.9

ˆm/s0.23ˆm/s3.19

and

ˆm/s3.28ˆm/s3.28

2

1

−+−=∆∴

+=

+=

r

r

r

Using ∆t = 3 s, find the average acceleration: ( ) ( )jia ˆm/s77.1ˆm/s00.3 22

av −+−=r

*58 •• Picture the Problem The acceleration is constant so we can use the constant-acceleration equations in vector form to find the velocity at t = 2 s and the position vector at t = 4 s. (a) The velocity of the particle, as a function of time, is given by:

tavv rrr+= 0

Substitute to find the velocity at t = 2 s: [ ]( )

ji

ji

jiv

ˆm/s) 3( m/s) (10

s2ˆ)m/s (3ˆ)m/s (4

ˆm/s) 9(ˆm/s) (222

−+=

++

−+=r

(b) Express the position vector as a function of time:

221

00 tt avrrrrrr

++=

Substitute and simplify: [ ]( )

[ ]( )ji

ji

ji

jir

ˆm) 9( m) (44

s4ˆ)m/s (3 )m/s (4

s4ˆm/s) (-9 m/s) (2

ˆm) (3 m) (4

22221

−+=

++

++

+=r

Find the magnitude and direction of rr

at t = 4 s: ( ) ( ) m9.44m9m44s) (4 22 =−+=r

and, because rr


°−=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −= − 6.11

m44m9tan 1θ

59 •• Picture the Problem The velocity vector is the time-derivative of the position vector and the acceleration vector is the time-derivative of the velocity vector. Differentiate r

rwith respect to time: ( ) ( )[ ]

( ) ji

jirv

ˆ1040ˆ30

ˆ540ˆ30 2

t

tttdtd

dtd

−+=

−+==r

r

Chapter 3

150

where vr has units of m/s if t is in seconds.

Differentiate vr with respect to time: ( )[ ]( )j

jia

ˆm/s10

ˆ1040ˆ30

2−=

−+== tdtd

dtvdrr

60 •• Picture the Problem We can use the constant-acceleration equations in vector form to solve the first part of the problem. In the second part, we can eliminate the parameter t from the constant-acceleration equations and express y as a function of x. (a) Use 0with 00 =+= vavv rrrr t to find :vr

( ) ( )[ ]tjiv ˆm/s4ˆm/s6 22 +=r

Use 221

00 tt avrrrrrr

++= with ( )ir ˆm100 =r

to find :rr

( ) ( )[ ] ( )[ ]jir ˆm/s2ˆm/s3m10 2222 tt ++=r

(b) Obtain the x and y components of the path from the vector equation in (a):

( ) 22m/s3m10 tx += and

( ) 22m/s2 ty = Eliminate the parameter t from these equations and solve for y to obtain:

m3

20 32 −= xy

Use this equation to plot the graph shown below. Note that the path in the xy plane is a straight line.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 10 20 30 40

x (m)

y (m

)


151

61 ••• Picture the Problem The displacements of the boat are shown in the figure. We need to determine each of the displacements in order to calculate the average velocity of the boat during the 30-s trip.

(a) Express the average velocity of the boat:

t∆∆

=rvr

rav

Express its total displacement: ( ) ( )ij

rrrˆˆ

WW2

NN21

WN

−∆+∆=

∆+∆=∆

tvta

rrr

To calculate the displacement we first have to find the speed after the first 20 s:

vW = vN, f = aN∆tN = 60 m/s

so ( ) ( )

( ) ( )ij

ijrˆm600 ˆm600

ˆm/s 60ˆW

2NN2

1

−=

∆−∆=∆ ttar

Substitute to find the average velocity:

( )( )

( )( )ji

jirv

ˆˆm/s20

s30

ˆˆm600av

+−=

+−=

∆∆

=t

rr

(b) The average acceleration is given by:

( ) ( )ii

vvra

ˆm/s2s30

0ˆm/s60 2

ifav

−=−−

=

∆−

=∆∆

=tt

rrrr

(c) The displacement of the boat from the dock at the end of the 30-s trip was one of the intermediate results we obtained in part (a).

( ) ( )( )( )ji

ijrˆˆm600

ˆm600ˆm600

+−=

−+=∆r

Chapter 3

152

*62 ••• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system with the origin at Petoskey, the positive x direction to the east, and the positive y direction to the north. Let t = 0 at 9:00 a.m. and θ be the angle between Robert’s velocity vector and the easterly direction and let ″M″ and ″R″ denote Mary and Robert, respectively. You can express the positions of Mary and Robert as functions of time and then equate their north (y) and east (x) coordinates at the time they rendezvous.

Express Mary’s position as a function of time:

( ) jjr ˆ8ˆMM ttv ==

r

where Mrr

is in miles if t is in hours.

Note that Robert’s initial position coordinates (xi, yi) are:

(xi, yi) = (−13 mi, 22.5 mi)

Express Robert’s position as a function of time:

ji

jirˆ}]sin)1(6{5.22[ˆ}]cos)1(6{13[

ˆ)]1)(sin([ˆ1)]))(cos( [ RiRiR

θθ

θθ

−++−+−=

−++−+=

tt

tvytvxr

where Rrr

is in miles if t is in hours. When Mary and Robert rendezvous, their coordinates will be the same. Equating their north and east coordinates yields:

East: –13 + 6t cosθ – 6 cosθ = 0 (1) North: 22.5 + 6t sinθ – 6 sinθ = 8t (2)

Solve equation (1) for cosθ : ( )16

13cos−

=t

θ (3)

Solve equation (2) for sinθ : ( )16

5.228sin−

−=

ttθ (4)

Square and add equations (3) and (4) to obtain:

( ) ( )

2222

1613

165.2281cossin ⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−

+⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−

−==+

tttθθ

Simplify to obtain a quadratic equation in t:

063928828 2 =+− tt

Solve (you could use your calculator’s ″solver″ function) this

min15h3h24.3 ==t


153

equation for the smallest value of t (both roots are positive) to obtain: Now you can find the distance traveled due north by Mary:

( )( ) mi9.25h24.3mi/h8MM === tvr

Finally, solving equation (3) for θ and substituting 3.24 h for t yields:

( ) ( ) °=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−

= −− 7.14124.36

13cos16

13cos 11

tθ

and so Robert should head east. ofnorth 7.14 °

Remarks: Another solution that does not depend on the components of the vectors utilizes the law of cosines to find the time t at which Mary and Robert meet and then uses the law of sines to find the direction that Robert must head in order to rendezvous with Mary. Relative Velocity 63 •• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which north is the positive y direction and east is the positive x direction. Let θ be the angle between north and the direction of the plane’s heading. The velocity of the plane relative to the ground, PGvr , is the sum of the velocity of the plane relative to the air,

PAvr , and the velocity of the air relative to the ground, AGvr . i.e.,

AGPAPG vvv rrr+=

The pilot must head in such a direction that the east-west component of PGvr is zero in order to make the plane fly due north.

(a) From the diagram one can see that:

vAG cos 45° = vPA sinθ

Solve for and evaluate θ :

north of west 1.13

km/h250km/h6.56sin 1

°=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −θ

(b) Because the plane is headed due north, add the north components of PGvr = (250 km/h) cos 13.1°

+ (80 km/h) sin 45°

Chapter 3

154

AGPA and vv rr to determine the

plane’s ground speed: = km/h300

64 •• Picture the Problem Let SBvr represent the velocity of the swimmer relative to the bank; SWvr the velocity of the swimmer relative to the water; and WBvr the velocity of the water relative to the shore; i.e.,

SBvr = SWvr + WBvr The current of the river causes the swimmer to drift downstream. (a) The triangles shown in the figure are similar right triangles. Set up a proportion between their sides and solve for the speed of the water relative to the bank:

m80m40

SW

WB =vv

and ( ) m/s800.0m/s6.12

1WB ==v

(b) Use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve for the swimmer’s speed relative to the shore:

( ) ( )m/s79.1

m/s8.0m/s6.1 22

2WS

2SWSB

=

+=

+= vvv

(c) The swimmer should head in a direction such that the upstream component of her velocity is equal to the speed of the water relative to the shore:

Use a trigonometric function to evaluate θ: °=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 0.30

m/s1.6m/s0.8sin 1θ


155

*65 ••

Use the diagram to express the condition relating the eastward component of AGvr and the westward component of .PAvr This must be satisfied if the plane is to stay on its northerly course. [Note: this is equivalent to equating the x-components of equation (1).]

(50 km/h) cos 45° = (240 km/h) sinθ

Now solve for θ to obtain:

( )°=⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡ °= − 47.8

km/h240cos45km/h50sin 1θ

Add the north components of PAvr and AGvr to find the velocity of the plane relative to the ground:

vPG + vAGsin45° = vPAcos8.47° and vPG = (240 km/h)cos 8.47° − (50 km/h)sin 45° = 202 km/h

Finally, find the time of flight:

h57.2km/h202km520

travelleddistance

PGflight

==

=v

t

Picture the Problem Let the velocity of the plane relative to the ground be represented by ;PGvr the velocity of the plane relative to the air by ,PAvr and the velocity of the air relative to the ground by

.AGvr Then

AGPAPG vvv rrr+= (1)

Choose a coordinate system with the origin at point A, the positive x direction to the east, and the positive y direction to the north. θ is the angle between north and the direction of the plane’s heading. The pilot must head so that the east-west component of PGvr is zero in order to make the plane fly due north.

Chapter 3

156

66 •• Picture the Problem Let BSvr be the velocity of the boat relative to the shore;

BWvr be the velocity of the boat relative to the water; and WSvr represent the velocity of the water relative to the shore. Independently of whether the boat is going upstream or downstream:

BSvr = BWvr + WSvr

Going upstream, the speed of the boat relative to the shore is reduced by the speed of the water relative to the shore. Going downstream, the speed of the boat relative to the shore is increased by the same amount.

For the upstream leg of the trip:

vBS = vBW − vWS

For the downstream leg of the trip:

vBS = vBW + vWS

Express the total time for the trip in terms of the times for its upstream and downstream legs: WSBWWSBW

downstreamupstreamtotal

vvL

vvL

ttt

++

−=

+=

Multiply both sides of the equation by (vBW − vWS)(vBW + vWS) (the product of the denominators) and rearrange the terms to obtain:

02 2WSBW

total

2BW =−− vv

tLv

Solve the quadratic equation for vBW. (Only the positive root is physically meaningful.)

vBW = km/h18.5

67 •• Picture the Problem Let pgvr be the velocity of the plane relative to the ground;

agvr be the velocity of the air relative to the

ground; and pavr the velocity of the plane

relative to the air. Then, pgvr

= pavr

+

.agvr The wind will affect the flight times differently along these two paths.


157

The velocity of the plane, relative to the ground, on its eastbound leg is equal to its velocity on its westbound leg. Using the diagram, find the velocity of the plane relative to the ground for both directions:

( ) ( ) m/s1.14m/s5m/s15 22

2ag

2papg

=−=

−= vvv

Express the time for the east-west roundtrip in terms of the distances and velocities for the two legs:

s141m/s14.1

m102

circle the of radius

circletheofradius

3

westboundpg,

eastboundpg,

westboundeastboundEWtrip,round

=×

=

+

=

+=

v

v

ttt

Use the distances and velocities for the two legs to express and evaluate the time for the north-south roundtrip:

s150m/s) (5m/s) (15

m10m/s) (5m/s) (15

m10

circletheofradiuscircletheofradius

33

southboundpg,northboundpg,southboundnorthboundNStrip,round

=+

+−

=

+=+=vv

ttt

wind. theacross planeyour fly shouldyou , Because NStrip,roundEWroundtrip, tt <

68 • Picture the Problem This is a relative velocity problem. The given quantities are the direction of the velocity of the plane relative to the ground and the velocity (magnitude and direction) of the air relative to the ground. Asked for is the direction of the velocity of the air relative to the ground. Using ,AGPAPG vvv rrr

+= draw a vector addition diagram and solve for the unknown quantity.

Calculate the heading the pilot must take: °== − 5.11

kts150kts30sin 1θ

Because this is also the angle of the plane's heading clockwise from north, it is also its azimuth or the required true heading:

Az = (011.5°)

Chapter 3

158

*69 •• Picture the Problem The position of B relative to A is the vector from A to B; i.e.,

ABAB rrr rrr−=

The velocity of B relative to A is

dtd ABAB rv rr=

and the acceleration of B relative to A is

dtd ABAB va rr=

Choose a coordinate system with the origin at the intersection, the positive x direction to the east, and the positive y direction to the north.

(a) Find ABAB and,, rrr rrr

:

( )[ ]( )[ ]ir

jrˆm/s20

ˆm/s2m40

A

2221

B

t

t

=

−=r

r

and

( )[ ]( )[ ]j

i

r

ˆm/s2m40

ˆm/s2022

21

ABAB

t

t

rr

−+

−=

−=rrr

Evaluate ABrr at t = 6 s:

jir ˆ m) (4 m) (120)s6(AB +=r

(b) Find dtd ABAB rv rr= :

( ){ }[( ){ } ]

ji

j

irv

ˆ)m/s 2(ˆm/s) 20(

ˆm/s 2m 40

m/s 20

2

2221

ABAB

t

t

tdtd

dtd

−+−=

−+

−==rr

r

Evaluate ABvr at t = 6 s:

( ) ( ) ( ) jiv ˆm/s12ˆm/s20s6AB −−=r

(c) Find dtd ABAB va rr= :

[ ]( )j

jia

ˆm/s2

ˆ )m/s 2( m/s) 20(

2

2AB

−=

−+−= tdtdr

Note that ABar is independent of time. *70 ••• Picture the Problem Let h and h′ represent the heights from which the ball is dropped and to which it rebounds, respectively. Let v and v′ represent the speeds with which the ball strikes the racket and rebounds from it. We can use a constant-acceleration equation to relate the pre- and post-collision speeds of the ball to its drop and rebound heights.


159

(a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the impact speed of the ball to the distance it has fallen:

ghvv 220

2 += or, because v0 = 0,

ghv 2=

Relate the rebound speed of the ball to the height to which it rebounds:

gh'v'v 222 −= or because v = 0,

gh'v' 2=

Divide the second of these equations by the first to obtain:

hh'

ghgh'

vv'

==22

Substitute for h′ and evaluate the ratio of the speeds:

8.064.0==

hh

vv'

⇒ vv' 8.0=

(b) Call the speed of the racket V. In a reference frame where the racket is unmoving, the ball initially has speed V, moving toward the racket. After it "bounces" from the racket, it will have speed 0.8 V, moving away from the racket. In the reference frame where the racket is moving and the ball initially unmoving, we need to add the speed of the racket to the speed of the ball in the racket's rest frame. Therefore, the ball's speed is:

mi/h100

m/s548.18.0

≈

==+= VVVv'

This speed is close to that of a tennis pro’s serve. Note that this result tells us that the ball is moving significantly faster than the racket.

(c) racket. theas

fast as e than twicmore movenever can ball the),(part in result theFrom b

Circular Motion and Centripetal Acceleration 71 • Picture the Problem We can use the definition of centripetal acceleration to express ac in terms of the speed of the tip of the minute hand. We can find the tangential speed of the tip of the minute hand by using the distance it travels each revolution and the time it takes to complete each revolution. Express the acceleration of the tip of the minute hand of the clock as a function of the length of the hand and the speed of its tip:

Rva

2

c =

Use the distance the minute hand travels every hour to express its speed:

TRv π2

=

Chapter 3

160


2

c4

TRa π

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ac:

( )( )

262

2

c m/s1052.1s3600m5.04 −×==

πa

Express the ratio of ac to g:

72

26c 1055.1

m/s9.81m/s101.52 −

−

×=×

=ga

72 • Picture the Problem The diagram shows the centripetal and tangential accelerations experienced by the test tube. The tangential acceleration will be zero when the centrifuge reaches its maximum speed. The centripetal acceleration increases as the tangential speed of the centrifuge increases. We can use the definition of centripetal acceleration to express ac in terms of the speed of the test tube. We can find the tangential speed of the test tube by using the distance it travels each revolution and the time it takes to complete each revolution. The tangential acceleration can be found from the change in the tangential speed as the centrifuge is spinning up.

(a) Express the acceleration of the centrifuge arm as a function of the length of its arm and the speed of the test tube:

Rva

2

c =

Use the distance the test tube travels every revolution to express its speed:

TRv π2

=


2

c4

TRa π

=


( )

25

2

2

c

m/s1070.3

mins60

rev15000min1

m15.04

×=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×

=πa


161

(b) Express the tangential acceleration in terms of the difference between the final and initial tangential speeds:

tTR

tT

R

tvva

∆=

∆

−=

∆−

=π

π202

ift

Substitute numerical values and evaluate aT:

( )

( )

2

t

m/s14.3

s75min

s60rev15000

min1m15.02

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×

=πa

73 • Picture the Problem The diagram includes a pictorial representation of the earth in its orbit about the sun and a force diagram showing the force on an object at the equator that is due to the earth’s rotation,

,RFr

and the force on the object due to the

orbital motion of the earth about the sun, .oF

rBecause these are centripetal forces,

we can calculate the accelerations they require from the speeds and radii associated with the two circular motions.

Express the radial acceleration due to the rotation of the earth: R

va2R

R =

Express the speed of the object on the equator in terms of the radius of the earth R and the period of the earth’s rotation TR:

RR

2T

Rv π=

Substitute for vR in the expression for aR to obtain: 2

R

2

R4

TRa π

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate aR:

( )( )

g

a

3

22

2

32

R

1044.3

m/s1037.3

h1s3600h24

m1063704

−

−

×=

×=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

×=

π

Note that this effect gives rise to the well-known latitude correction for g.

Chapter 3

162

Express the radial acceleration due to the orbital motion of the earth: r

va2o

o =

Express the speed of the object on the equator in terms of the earth-sun distance r and the period of the earth’s motion about the sun To:

oo

2T

rv π=

Substitute for vo in the expression for ao to obtain: 2

o

2

o4T

ra π=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ao:

( )( )

g

a

423

2

112

o

1007.6m/s1095.5

h1s3600

d1h24d365

m10.514

−− ×=×=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

×=

π

74 •• Picture the Problem We can relate the acceleration of the moon toward the earth to its orbital speed and distance from the earth. Its orbital speed can be expressed in terms of its distance from the earth and its orbital period. From tables of astronomical data, we find that the sidereal period of the moon is 27.3 d and that its mean distance from the earth is 3.84×108 m. Express the centripetal acceleration of the moon: r

va2

c =

Express the orbital speed of the moon: T

rv π2=


2

2

c4T

ra π=


( )

g

πa

4

23

2

82

c

1078.2

m/s1072.2h

s3600d

h24d27.3

m103.844

−

−

×=

×=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ××

×=


163

Remarks: Note that moon to earth fromdistance

earthofradiusgac = (ac is just the acceleration

due to the earth’s gravity evaluated at the moon’s position). This is Newton’s famous ″falling apple″ observation. 75 • Picture the Problem We can find the number of revolutions the ball makes in a given period of time from its speed and the radius of the circle along which it moves. Because the ball’s centripetal acceleration is related to its speed, we can use this relationship to express its speed. Express the number of revolutions per minute made by the ball in terms of the circumference c of the circle and the distance x the ball travels in time t:

cxn = (1)

Relate the centripetal acceleration of the ball to its speed and the radius of its circular path:

Rvga

2

c ==

Solve for the speed of the ball:

Rgv =

Express the distance x traveled in time t at speed v:

vtx =


tRgx =

The distance traveled per revolution is the circumference c of the circle:

Rc π2=

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: t

Rg

RtRg

nππ 21

2==

Substitute numerical values and evaluate n: ( ) 1

2

min33.4s60m0.8

m/s9.8121 −==π

n

Remarks: The ball will oscillate at the end of this string as a simple pendulum with a period equal to 1/n. Projectile Motion and Projectile Range 76 • Picture the Problem Neglecting air resistance, the accelerations of the ball are constant and the horizontal and vertical motions of the ball are independent of each other. We can use the horizontal motion to determine the time-of-flight and then use this information to determine the distance the ball drops. Choose a coordinate system in which the origin is at the point of release of the ball, downward is the positive y direction, and the horizontal

Chapter 3

164

direction is the positive x direction. Express the vertical displacement of the ball:

( )221

0 tatvy yy ∆+∆=∆ or, because v0y = 0 and ay = g,

( )221 tgy ∆=∆

Find the time of flight from vx = ∆x/∆t: ( )( )

( )( ) s0.473m/km1000km/h140s/h3600m18.4

==

∆=∆

xvxt

Substitute to find the vertical displacement in 0.473 s:

( )( ) m1.10s0.473m/s9.81 2221 ==∆y

77 • Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the maximum height achieved by a projectile depends on the vertical component of its initial velocity. The vertical component of the projectile’s initial velocity is:

v0y = v0 sinθ0

Use the constant-acceleration equation:

v y2 = v0 y

2 + 2ay∆y

Set vy = 0, a = −g, and ∆y = h to obtain:

( )g

vh2

sin 200 θ

=

*78 •• Picture the Problem Choose the coordinate system shown to the right. Because, in the absence of air resistance, the horizontal and vertical speeds are independent of each other, we can use constant-acceleration equations to relate the impact speed of the projectile to its components.

The horizontal and vertical velocity components are:

v0x = vx= v0cosθ and v0y = v0sinθ

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the vertical

yavv yyy ∆+= 220

2

or, because ay = −g and ∆y = −h,


165

component of the velocity to the vertical displacement of the projectile:

( ) ghvvy 2sin 20

2 += θ

Express the relationship between the magnitude of a velocity vector and its components, substitute for the components, and simplify to obtain:

( )( )

ghv

ghv

vvvvv yyx

2

2cossin

cos

20

2220

220

222

+=

++=

+=+=

θθ

θ

Substitute for v: ( ) ghvv 22.1 2

02

0 +=

Set v = 1.2 v0, h = 40 m and solve for v0:

m/s2.420 =v

Remarks: Note that v is independent of θ. This will be more obvious once conservation of energy has been studied. 79 •• Picture the Problem Example 3-12 shows that the dart will hit the monkey unless the dart hits the ground before reaching the monkey’s line of fall. What initial speed does the dart need in order to just reach the monkey’s line of fall? First, we will calculate the fall time of the monkey, and then we will calculate the horizontal component of the dart’s velocity. Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the monkey’s fall distance to the fall time:

221 gth =

Solve for the time for the monkey to fall to the ground: g

ht 2=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate t:

( ) s51.1m/s9.81

m2.1122 ==t

Let θ be the angle the barrel of the dart gun makes with the horizontal. Then:

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 3.11

m50m10tan 1θ

Use the fact that the horizontal velocity is constant to determine v0:

( ) m/s8.33cos11.3

s1.51m50 cos0 =

°==

θxvv

Chapter 3

166

80 •• Picture the Problem Choose the coordinate system shown in the figure to the right. In the absence of air resistance, the projectile experiences constant acceleration in both the x and y directions. We can use the constant-acceleration equations to express the x and y coordinates of the projectile along its trajectory as functions of time. The elimination of the parameter t will yield an expression for y as a function of x that we can evaluate at (R, 0) and (R/2, h). Solving these equations simultaneously will yield an expression for θ.

Express the position coordinates of the projectile along its flight path in terms of the parameter t:

( )tvx θcos0= and

( ) 221

0 sin gttvy −= θ

Eliminate the parameter t to obtain:

( ) 222

0 cos2tan x

vgxy

θθ −= (1)

Evaluate equation (1) at (R, 0) to

obtain: g

vR θθ cossin2 20=

Evaluate equation (1) at (R/2, h) to obtain:

( )g

vh2sin 2

0 θ=

Equate R and h and solve the resulting equation for θ :

( ) °== − 0.764tan 1θ

Remarks: Note that this result is independent of v0. 81 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the motion of the ball is uniformly accelerated and its horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other. Choose the coordinate system shown in the figure to the right and use constant-acceleration equations to relate the x and y components of the ball’s initial velocity. Use the components of v0 to express θ in terms of v0x and v0y: x

y

vv

0

01tan−=θ (1)


167

Use the Pythagorean relationship between the velocity and its components to express v0:

20

200 yx vvv += (2)

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the vertical speed of the projectile as a function of its initial upward speed and time into the flight:

vy= v0y+ ay t

Because vy = 0 halfway through the flight (at maximum elevation):

v0y = (9.81 m/s2)(1.22 s) = 12.0 m/s

Determine v0x: m/s4.16

s2.44m40

0x ==∆∆

=txv

Substitute in equation (2) and evaluate v0:

( ) ( )m/s3.20

m/s0.12m/s4.16 220

=

+=v

Substitute in equation (1) and evaluate θ :

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 2.36

m/s16.4m/s12.0tan 1θ

*82 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of friction, the acceleration of the ball is constant and we can use the constant- acceleration equations to describe its motion. The figure shows the launch conditions and an appropriate coordinate system. The speeds v, vx, and vy are related through the Pythagorean Theorem.

The squares of the vertical and horizontal components of the object’s velocity are: θ

θ

220

2

220

2

cosand

2sin

vv

ghvv

x

y

=

−=

The relationship between these variables is:

222yx vvv +=

Substitute and simplify to obtain: ghvv 220

2 −=

Note that v is independent of θ ... as was to be shown.

Chapter 3

168

83 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the projectile experiences constant acceleration during its flight and we can use constant-acceleration equations to relate the speeds at half the maximum height and at the maximum height to the launch angle θ of the projectile.

The angle the initial velocity makes with the horizontal is related to the initial velocity components. x

y

vv

0

0tan =θ

Write the equation y,avv yy ∆+= 22

02 for ∆y = h and

vy = 0:

20 20 ghvhy y −=⇒=∆ (1)

Write the equation y,avv yy ∆+= 22

02 for ∆y = h/2:

2

2 2

20

2 hgvvhy yy −=⇒=∆ (2)

We are given vy = (3/4)v0. Square both sides and express this using the components of the velocity. The x component of the velocity remains constant.

( ) 43 2

020

222

0 yxyx vvvv +⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=+ (3)

where we have used vx = v0x .

(Equations 1, 2, and 3 constitute three equations and four unknowns v0x, v0y, vy, and h. To solve for any of these unknowns, we first need a fourth equation. However, to solve for the ratio (v0y/v0x) of two of the unknowns, the three equations are sufficient. That is because dividing both sides of each equation by v0x

2 gives three equations and three unknowns vy/v0x, v0y/v0x, and h/ .2

x0v Solve equation 2 for gh and substitute in equation 1: ( )22

020 2 hyy vvv −= ⇒

2

202 y

y

vv =

Substitute for vy2 in equation 3: ( )2

020

220

20 4

321

yxyx vvvv +⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=+


169

Divide both sides by v0x2 and solve

for v0y/v0x to obtain:

7

and

1169

211

0

0

20

20

20

20

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=+

x

y

x

y

x

y

vv

vv

vv

Using tan θ = v0y/v0x, solve for θ : ( ) °==⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −− 3.697tantan 1

0

01

x

y

vv

θ

84 • Picture the Problem The horizontal speed of the crate, in the absence of air resistance, is constant and equal to the speed of the cargo plane. Choose a coordinate system in which the direction the plane is moving is the positive x direction and downward is the positive y direction and apply the constant-acceleration equations to describe the crate’s displacements at any time during its flight.

(a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the vertical displacement of the crate ∆y to the time of fall ∆t:

( )221

0 tgtvy y ∆+∆=∆ or, because v0y = 0,

( )221 tgy ∆=∆

Solve for ∆t:

gyt ∆

=∆2


( ) s5.49m/s81.9

m101222

3

=×

=∆t

(b) The horizontal distance traveled in 49.5 s is:

( ) ( )

km4.12

s5.49s3600

h1km/h900

0

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

∆=∆= tvxR x

(c) Because the velocity of the plane is constant, it will be directly over the crate when it hits the ground; i.e., the distance to the aircraft will be the elevation of the aircraft.

km0.12=∆y

Chapter 3

170

*85 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the accelerations of both Wiley Coyote and the Roadrunner are constant and we can use constant-acceleration equations to express their coordinates at any time during their leaps across the gorge. By eliminating the parameter t between these equations, we can obtain an expression that relates their y coordinates to their x coordinates and that we can solve for their launch angles.

(a) Using constant-acceleration equations, express the x coordinate of the Roadrunner while it is in flight across the gorge:

221

00 tatvxx xx ++= or, because x0 = 0, ax = 0 and v0x = v0 cosθ0,

( )tvx 00 cosθ=

Using constant-acceleration equations, express the y coordinate of the Roadrunner while it is in flight across the gorge:

221

00 tatvyy yy ++= or, because y0 = 0, ay =−g and v0y = v0 sinθ0,

( ) 221

00 sin gttvy −= θ


022

00 cos2

tan xv

gxyθ

θ −= (1)

Letting R represent the Roadrunner’s range and using the trigonometric identity sin2θ = 2sinθ cosθ, solve for and evaluate its launch speed:

( )( )

m/s0.18

30sinm/s9.81m5.16

2sin

2

00

=

°==

θRgv

(b) Letting R represent Wiley’s range, solve equation (1) for his launch angle:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −

20

10 sin

21

vRgθ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate θ0:

( )( )( )

°=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= −

0.13

m/s.081m/s9.81m14.5sin

21

2

21

0θ


171

86 • Picture the Problem Because, in the absence of air resistance, the vertical and horizontal accelerations of the cannonball are constant, we can use constant-acceleration equations to express the ball’s position and velocity as functions of time and acceleration. The maximum height of the ball and its time-of-flight are related to the components of its launch velocity.

(a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate h to the initial and final speeds of the cannonball:

yavv yy ∆+= 220

2 or, because v = 0 and ay = −g,

ygv y ∆−= 20 20

Find the vertical component of the firing speed:

v0y = v0sinθ = (300 m/s)sin 45° = 212 m/s

Solve for and evaluate h: ( )( ) km29.2

m/s81.92m/s212

2 2

220 ===g

vh y

(b) The total flight time is: ( ) s2.43

m/s9.81m/s21222

2

20

updnup

===

=+=∆

gv

tttt

y

(c) Express the x coordinate of the ball as a function of time:

( ) tvtvx x ∆=∆= θcos00

Evaluate x (= R) when ∆t = 43.2 s: ( )[ ]( )km9.16

s43.2cos45m/s300

=

°=x

87 •• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the origin is at the base of the tower and the x- and y-axes are as shown in the figure to the right. In the absence of air resistance, the horizontal speed of the stone will remain constant during its fall and a constant-acceleration equation can be used to determine the time of fall. The final velocity of the stone will be the vector sum of its x and y components.

Chapter 3

172

(a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the vertical displacement of the stone (the height of the tower) as a function of the fall time:

( )221

0 tatvy yy ∆+∆=∆

or, because v0y = 0 and a = −g, ( )2

21 tgy ∆−=∆

Solve for and evaluate the time of fall:

( ) s21.2m/s81.9

m24222 =

−−=

∆−=∆

gyt

Use the definition of average velocity to find the velocity with which the stone was thrown from the tower:

s/m14.8s2.21

m180 ==

∆∆

≡=txvv xx

(b) Find the y component of the stone’s velocity after 2.21 s:

m/s 21.7 s) m/s2)(2.21 (9.81 0

0

−=−=

−= gtvv yy

Express v in terms of its components:

22yx vvv +=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v: ( ) ( )

m/s2.23

m/s7.21m/s14.8 22

=

−+=v

88 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the projectile is constant and its horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other. We can use constant-acceleration equations to express the horizontal and vertical displacements of the projectile in terms of its time-of-flight. Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the horizontal displacement of the projectile as a function of time:

( )221

0 tatvx xx ∆+∆=∆

or, because v0x = v0cosθ and ax = 0, ( ) tvx ∆=∆ θcos0

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the vertical displacement of the projectile as a function of time:

( )221

0 tatvy yy ∆+∆=∆ or, because v0y = v0sinθ and ay = −g,

( ) ( )221

0 cos tgtvy ∆−∆=∆ θ

Substitute numerical values to obtain the quadratic equation:

( )( )( )( )22

21 m/s81.9

60sinm/s60m200

t

t

∆−

∆°=−

Solve for ∆t:

∆t = 13.6 s


173

Substitute for ∆t and evaluate the horizontal distance traveled by the projectile:

∆x = (60 m/s)(cos60°)(13.6 s) = m408

89 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the cannonball is constant and its horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other. Choose the origin of the coordinate system to be at the base of the cliff and the axes directed as shown and use constant- acceleration equations to describe both the horizontal and vertical displacements of the cannonball.

Express the direction of the velocity vector when the projectile strikes the ground:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −

x

y

vv1tanθ

Express the vertical displacement using a constant-acceleration equation:

( )221

0 tatvy yy ∆+∆=∆ or, because v0y = 0 and ay = −g,

( )221 tgy ∆−=∆

Set ∆x = −∆y (R = −h) to obtain: ( )221 tgtvx x ∆=∆=∆

Solve for vx: tg

txvx ∆=

∆∆

= 21

Find the y component of the projectile as it hits the ground:

xyy vtgtavv 20 −=∆−=∆+=

Substitute and evaluate θ : ( ) °−=−=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −− 4.632tantan 11

x

y

vv

θ

90 • Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the vertical and horizontal motions of the projectile experience constant accelerations and are independent of each other. Use a coordinate system in which up is the positive y direction and horizontal is the positive x direction and use constant-acceleration equations to describe the horizontal and vertical displacements of the projectile as functions of the time into the flight.

Chapter 3

174

(a) Use a constant-acceleration equation to express the horizontal displacement of the projectile as a function of time:

( ) tvtvx x

∆=∆=∆

θcos0

0

Evaluate this expression when ∆t = 6 s:

( )( )( ) m900s6cos60m/s300 =°=∆x

(b) Use a constant-acceleration equation to express the vertical displacement of the projectile as a function of time:

( ) ( )221

0 sin tgtvy ∆−∆=∆ θ

Evaluate this expression when ∆t = 6 s:

( )( )( ) ( )( ) km38.1s6m/s9.81s6sin60m/s300 2221 =−°=∆y

91 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the projectile is constant and the horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other. Choose the coordinate system shown in the figure with the origin at the base of the cliff and the axes oriented as shown and use constant-acceleration equations to find the range of the cannonball. Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the horizontal displacement of the cannonball as a function of time:

( )221


or, because v0x = v0cosθ and ax = 0, ( ) tvx ∆=∆ θcos0

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the vertical displacement of the cannonball as a function of time:

( )221

0 tatvy yy ∆+∆=∆ or, because y = −40 m, a = −g, and v0y = v0sinθ,

( )( )( )( )22

21 m/s81.9

30sinm/s42.2m04

t

t

∆−

∆°=−

Solve the quadratic equation for ∆t:

∆t = 5.73 s

Calculate the range: ( )( )( )m209

s5.73cos30m/s42.2

=

°=∆= xR


175

*92 •• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the origin is at ground level. Let the positive x direction be to the right and the positive y direction be upward. We can apply constant-acceleration equations to obtain parametric equations in time that relate the range to the initial horizontal speed and the height h to the initial upward speed. Eliminating the parameter will leave us with a quadratic equation in R, the solution to which will give us the range of the arrow. In (b), we’ll find the launch speed and angle as viewed by an observer who is at rest on the ground and then use these results to find the arrow’s range when the horse is moving at 12 m/s.

(a) Use constant-acceleration equations to express the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the arrow’s motion:

tvxxxR x00 =−=∆= and

( ) 221

0 tgtvhy y −++= where

θcos00 vv x = and θsin00 vv y =

Solve the x-component equation for time:

θcos00 vR

vRt

x

==

Eliminate time from the y-component equation:

2

000 2

1⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−+=

xxy v

RgvRvhy

and, at (R, 0),

( ) 222

0 cos2tan0 R

vgRh

θθ −+=

Solve for the range to obtain:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛++=

θθ 22

0

20

sin2112sin

2 vgh

gvR

Substitute numerical values and evaluate R:

( )( )

( )( )( ) ( ) m6.81

10sinm/s45m25.2m/s81.921120sin

m/s81.92m/s45

22

2

2

2

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

°++°=R

Chapter 3

176

(b) Express the speed of the arrow in the horizontal direction:

( )m/s56.3

m/s12cos10m/s45archerarrow

=+°=

+= vvvx

Express the vertical speed of the arrow:

( ) m/s7.81sin10m/s45 =°=yv

Express the angle of elevation from the perspective of someone on the ground:

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −− 90.7

m/s56.3m/s7.81tantan 11

x

y

vv

θ

Express the arrow’s speed relative to the ground: ( ) ( )

m/s56.8m/s7.81m/s56.3 22

220

=

+=

+= yx vvv


( )( )

( )( )( ) ( ) m104

9.7sinm/s8.65m2.25m/s9.812115.81sin

m/s9.812m/s8.65

22

2

2

2

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

°++°=R

Remarks: An alternative solution for part (b) is to solve for the range in the reference frame of the archer and then add to it the distance the frame travels, relative to the earth, during the time of flight. 93 • Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other. Choose a coordinate system oriented as shown in the figure to the right and apply constant-acceleration equations to find the time-of-flight and the range of the spud-plug.

(a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the vertical displacement of the plug:

( )221


( )221 tgy ∆−=∆

Solve for and evaluate the flight time ∆t:

( )

s452.0

m/s9.81m00.122

2

=

−−=

∆−=∆

gyt


177

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the horizontal displacement of the plug:

( )221

0 tatvx xx ∆+∆=∆ or, because ax = 0 and v0x = v0,

tvx ∆=∆ 0


( )( ) m22.6s0.452m/s50 ===∆ Rx

94 •• Picture the Problem An extreme value (i.e., a maximum or a minimum) of a function is determined by setting the appropriate derivative equal to zero. Whether the extremum is a maximum or a minimum can be determined by evaluating the second derivative at the point determined by the first derivative. Evaluate dR/dθ0:

( )[ ] ( )0

20

00

20

0

2cos22sin θθθθ g

vdd

gv

ddR

==

Set dR/dθ0= 0 for extrema and solve for θ0:

( ) 02cos20

20 =θ

gv

and °== − 450cos 1

21

0θ

Determine whether 45° is a maximum or a minimum: ( )[ ]

0

2sin4 45020

452

0

2

0

0

<

−= °=

°=

θθ

θθ

gvd

Rd

∴ R is a maximum at θ0 = 45° 95 • Picture the Problem We can use constant-acceleration equations to express the x and y coordinates of a bullet in flight on the moon as a function of t. Eliminating this parameter will yield an expression for y as a function of x that we can use to find the range of the bullet. The necessity that the centripetal acceleration of an object in orbit at the surface of a body equal the acceleration due to gravity at the surface will allow us to determine the required muzzle velocity for orbital motion.

(a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the x coordinate of a bullet in flight on the moon:

221

00 tatvxx xx ++= or, because x0 = 0, ax = 0 and v0x = v0cosθ0,

( )tvx 00 cosθ=

Chapter 3

178

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the y coordinate of a bullet in flight on the moon:

221

00 tatvyy yy ++= or, because y0 = 0, ay = −gmoon and v0y = v0sinθ0,

( ) 2moon2

100 sin tgtvy −= θ


022

0

moon0 cos2

tan xv

gxyθ

θ −=

When y = 0 and x = R: ( ) 2

022

0

moon0 cos2

tan0 Rv

gRθ

θ −=

and

0moon

20 2sin θ

gvR =


( )

km485

m104.85sin90m/s1.67m/s900 5

2

2

=

×=°=R

This result is probably not very accurate

because it is about 28% of the moon’s radius (1740 km). This being the case, we can no longer assume that the ground is ″flat″ because of the curvature of the moon.

(b) Express the condition that the centripetal acceleration must satisfy for an object in orbit at the surface of the moon:

rv

ga2moonc

=

=

Solve for and evaluate v: ( )( )km/s1.70

m101.74m/s1.67 62moon

=

×== rgv

96 ••• Picture the Problem We can show that ∆R/R = –∆g/g by differentiating R with respect to g and then using a differential approximation. Differentiate the range equation with respect to g:

gR

gv

gv

dgd

dgdR

−=

−=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= 02

20

0

20 2sin2sin θθ


179

Approximate dR/dg by ∆R/∆g: g

RgR

−=∆∆

Separate the variables to obtain: g

gRR ∆

−=∆

i.e., for small changes in gravity ( ggg ∆±≈ ), the fractional change in R is linearly opposite to the fractional change in g.

Remarks: This tells us that as gravity increases, the range will decrease, and vice versa. This is as it must be because R is inversely proportional to g. 97 ••• Picture the Problem We can show that ∆R/R = 2∆v0/ v0 by differentiating R with respect to v0 and then using a differential approximation. Differentiate the range equation with respect to v0:

0

00

0

20

00

2

2sin22sin

vR

gv

gv

dvd

dvdR

=

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= θθ

Approximate dR/dv0 by ∆R/∆v0:

00

2vR

vR

=∆∆

Separate the variables to obtain:

0

02vv

RR ∆

=∆

i.e., for small changes in the launch velocity ( 000 vvv ∆±≈ ), the fractional change in R is twice the fractional change in v0.

Remarks: This tells us that as launch velocity increases, the range will increase twice as fast, and vice versa. 98 ••• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the origin is at the base of the surface from which the projectile is launched. Let the positive x direction be to the right and the positive y direction be upward. We can apply constant-acceleration equations to obtain parametric equations in time that relate the range to the initial horizontal speed and the height h to the initial upward speed. Eliminating the parameter will leave us with a quadratic equation in R, the solution to which is the result we are required to establish. Write the constant-acceleration equations for the horizontal and vertical parts of the projectile’s

tvx x0= and

Chapter 3

180

motion:

( ) 221

0 tgtvhy y −++= where

θcos00 vv x = and θsin00 vv y =

Solve the x-component equation for time: θcos00 v

xvxt

x

==

Using the x-component equation, eliminate time from the y-component equation to obtain:

( ) 222

0 cos2tan x

vgxhy

θθ −+=

When the projectile strikes the ground its coordinates are (R, 0) and our equation becomes:

( ) 222

0 cos2tan0 R

vgRh

θθ −+=

Using the plus sign in the quadratic formula to ensure a physically meaningful root (one that is positive), solve for the range to obtain:

0

20

022

0

2sin2sin

211 θθ g

vv

ghR ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛++=

*99 •• Picture the Problem We can use trigonometry to relate the maximum height of the projectile to its range and the sighting angle at maximum elevation and the range equation to express the range as a function of the launch speed and angle. We can use a constant-acceleration equation to express the maximum height reached by the projectile in terms of its launch angle and speed. Combining these relationships will allow us to conclude that θφ tantan 2

1= . Referring to the figure, relate the maximum height of the projectile to its range and the sighting angle φ:

2tan

Rh

=φ

Express the range of the rocket and use the trigonometric identity

θθθ cossin22sin = to rewrite the expression as:

θθθ cossin2)2sin(22

gv

gvR ==

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the maximum height of a projectile to the vertical component of its launch speed:

ghvv yy 220

2 −= or, because vy = 0 and v0y = v0sinθ,

ghv 2sin220 =θ

Solve for the maximum height h: θ2

2

sin2gvh =


181

Substitute for R and h and simplify to obtain:

θθθ

θφ tan

cossin2

sin2

2tan 2

12

22

==

gv

gv

100 • Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the horizontal and vertical displacements of the projectile are independent of each other and describable by constant-acceleration equations. Choose the origin at the firing location and with the coordinate axes as shown in the figure and use constant-acceleration equations to relate the vertical displacement to vertical component of the initial velocity and the horizontal velocity to the horizontal displacement and the time of flight.

(a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the vertical displacement of the projectile as a function of its time of flight:

( )221

0 tatvy yy ∆+∆=∆ or, because ay = −g,

( )221

0 tgtvy y ∆−∆=∆

Solve for v0y: ( )t

tgyv y ∆∆+∆

=2

21

0

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v0y:

( )( )

m/s121

s20s20m/s9.81m450 22

21

0

=

+=yv

(b) The horizontal velocity remains constant, so: m/s150

s20m3000

0 ==∆∆

==tx

vv xx

*101 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the stone is constant and the horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other. Choose a coordinate system with the origin at the throwing location and the axes oriented as shown in the figure and use constant- acceleration equations to express the x and y coordinates of the stone while it is in flight.

Chapter 3

182

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the x coordinate of the stone in flight:

221

00 tatvxx xx ++= or, because x0 = 0, v0x = v0 and ax = 0,

tvx 0=

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the y coordinate of the stone in flight:

221

00 tatvyy yy ++= or, because y0 = 0, v0y = 0 and ay = g,

221 gty =

Referring to the diagram, express the relationship between θ, y and x at impact:

xy

=θtan

Substitute for x and y and solve for the time to impact:

tvg

tvgt

00

2

22tan ==θ

Solve for t to obtain:

θtan2 0

gvt =

Referring to the diagram, express the relationship between θ, L, y and x at impact:

θθ

tancos yLx ==

Substitute for y to obtain: θcos

2

2

Lg

gt=

Substitute for t and solve for L to obtain: θ

θcostan2 2

0

gvL =

102 ••• Picture the Problem The equation of a particle’s trajectory is derived in the text so we’ll use it as our starting point in this derivation. We can relate the coordinates of the point of impact (x, y) to the angle φ and use this relationship to eliminate y from the equation for the cannonball’s trajectory. We can then solve the resulting equation for x and relate the horizontal component of the point of impact to the cannonball’s range. The equation of the cannonball’s trajectory is given in the text:

2

022

00 cos2)(tan)( x

vgxxy ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

θθ

Relate the x and y components of a point on the ground to the angle φ:

y(x) = (tan φ)x

Express the condition that the cannonball hits the ground:

( ) 2

022

00 cos2)(tantan x

vgxx ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

θθφ


183

Solve for x to obtain:

gvx )tan(tancos2 00

220 φθθ −

=

Relate the range of the cannonball’s flight R to the horizontal distance x:

φcosRx =


gvR )tan(tancos2cos 00

220 φθθφ −

=

Solve for R:

φφθθ

cos)tan(tancos2 00

220

gvR −

=

103 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the rock is constant and the horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other. Choose the coordinate system shown in the figure with the origin at the base of the building and the axes oriented as shown and apply constant-acceleration equations to relate the horizontal and vertical displacements of the rock to its time of flight. Find the horizontal and vertical components of v0:

v0x = v0 cos53° = 0.602v0 v0y = v0 sin53° = 0.799v0

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the horizontal displacement of the projectile:

( ) tvtvx x ∆=∆==∆ 00 602.0m20

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the vertical displacement of the projectile:

( )( ) ( )2

21

0

221

0

799.0

m20

tgtv

tgtvy y

∆−∆=

∆−∆=−=∆

Solve the x-displacement equation for ∆t: 0602.0

m20v

t =∆

Substitute ∆t into the expression for ∆y:

( ) ( )( )220 m/s91.4799.0m20 ttv ∆−∆=−

Solve for v0 to obtain: m/s8.100 =v

Find ∆t at impact: ( ) s08.3

cos53m/s10.8m20

=°

=∆t

Chapter 3

184

Using constant-acceleration equations, find vy and vx at impact:

m/s50.60 == xx vv and

m/s210 −=∆−= tgvv yy

Express the velocity at impact in vector form: jiv ˆm/s) 21.6( m/s) (6.50 −+=

r

104 •• Picture the Problem The ball experiences constant acceleration, except during its collision with the wall, so we can use the constant-acceleration equations in the analysis of its motion. Choose a coordinate system with the origin at the point of release, the positive x axis to the right, and the positive y axis upward. Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the vertical displacement of the ball as a function of ∆t:

( )221

0 tgtvy y ∆−∆=∆

When the ball hits the ground, ∆y = −2 m:

( )( )( )22

21 m/s81.9

m/s10m2

t

t

∆−

∆=−

Solve for the time of flight:

t flight = ∆t = 2.22 s

Find the horizontal distance traveled in this time:

∆x = (10 m/s) (2.22 s) = 22.2 m

The distance from the wall is:

∆x – 4 m = m2.18

Hitting Targets and Related Problems 105 • Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the pebble is constant. Choose the coordinate system shown in the diagram and use constant-acceleration equations to express the coordinates of the pebble in terms of the time into its flight. We can eliminate the parameter t between these equations and solve for the launch velocity of the pebble. We can determine the launch angle from the sighting information and, once the range is known, the time of flight can be found using the horizontal component of the initial velocity.


185

Referring to the diagram, express θ in terms of the given distances:

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 91.6

m40m4.85

tan 1θ

Use a constant-acceleration equation to express the horizontal position of the pebble as a function of time:

221

00 tatvxx xx ++= or, because x0 = 0, v0x = v0cosθ, and ax = 0,

( )tvx θcos0= (1)

Use a constant-acceleration equation to express the vertical position of the pebble as a function of time:

221

00 tatvyy yy ++= or, because y0 = 0, v0y = v0sinθ, and ay = −g,

( ) 221

0 sin gttvy −= θ


220 cos2

tan xv

gxyθ

θ −=

At impact, y = 0 and x = R: ( ) 2

220 cos2

tan0 Rv

gRθ

θ −=

Solve for v0 to obtain:

θ2sin0Rgv =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v0: m/s6.40

8.13sin)m/s m)(9.81 40( 2

0 =°

=v

Substitute in equation (1) to relate R to tflight:

( ) flight0 cos tvR θ=

Solve for and evaluate the time of flight:

( ) s0.992cos6.91m/s40.6m40

flight =°

=t

*106 •• Picture the Problem The acceleration of the ball is constant (zero horizontally and –g vertically) and the vertical and horizontal components are independent of each other. Choose the coordinate system shown in the figure and assume that v and t are unchanged by throwing the ball slightly downward.

Express the horizontal displacement of the ball as a function of time:

( )221


Chapter 3

186

or, because ax = 0, tvx x∆=∆ 0

Solve for the time of flight if the ball were thrown horizontally:

s0.491m/s37.5m18.4

0

==∆

=∆xvx

t

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the distance the ball would drop (vertical displacement) if it were thrown horizontally:

( )221


( )221 tgy ∆−=∆


( )( ) m1.18s0.491m/s9.81 2221 −=−=∆y

The ball must drop an additional 0.62 m before it gets to home plate.

y = (2.5 – 1.18) m = 1.32 m above ground

Calculate the initial downward speed the ball must have to drop 0.62 m in 0.491 s:

m1.26s0.491m0.62

−=−

=yv

Find the angle with horizontal:

°−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −−

92.1


x

y

vv

θ

Remarks: One can readily show that 22yx vv + = 37.5 m/s to within 1%; so the

assumption that v and t are unchanged by throwing the ball downward at an angle of 1.93° is justified. 107 •• Picture the Problem The acceleration of the puck is constant (zero horizontally and –g vertically) and the vertical and horizontal components are independent of each other. Choose a coordinate system with the origin at the point of contact with the puck and the coordinate axes as shown in the figure and use constant-acceleration equations to relate the variables v0y, the time t to reach the wall, v0x, v0, and θ0.

Using a constant-acceleration equation for the motion in the y direction, express v0y as a function of the puck’s displacement ∆y:

yavv yyy ∆+= 220

2

or, because vy= 0 and ay = −g, ygv y ∆−= 20 2

0


187

Solve for and evaluate v0y:

( )( )m/s41.7

m/s81.9m80.222 20

=

=∆= ygv y

Find t from the initial velocity in the y direction:

s0.756m/s9.81m/s7.41

20 ===g

vt y

Use the definition of average velocity to find v0x:

m/s15.9s0.756

m12.00 ==

∆==

txvv xx

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v0: ( ) ( )

m/s5.17

m/s41.7m/s9.15 22

20

200

=

+=

+= yx vvv

Substitute numerical values and evaluate θ :

°=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −−

0.25


0

01

x

y

vv

θ

108 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of Carlos and his bike is constant and we can use constant-acceleration equations to express his x and y coordinates as functions of time. Eliminating the parameter t between these equations will yield y as a function of x … an equation we can use to decide whether he can jump the creek bed as well as to find the minimum speed required to make the jump.

(a) Use a constant-acceleration equation to express Carlos’ horizontal position as a function of time:

221


( )tvx θcos0=

Use a constant-acceleration equation to express Carlos’ vertical position as a function of time:

221

00 tatvyy yy ++=

or, because y0 = 0, v0y = v0sinθ, and ay = −g,

( ) 221

0 sin gttvy −= θ

Chapter 3

188


220 cos2

tan xv

gxyθ

θ −=

Substitute y = 0 and x = R to obtain: ( ) 2

220 cos2

tan0 Rv

gRθ

θ −=

Solve for and evaluate R: ( ) ( )

m30.4

20sinm/s81.9m/s1.112sin 2

2

0

20

=

°== θgvR

brakes! apply the should He

(b) Solve the equation we used in the previous step for v0,min: ( )0

min,0 2sin θRgv =

Letting R = 7 m, evaluate v0,min: ( )( )

km/h51.0m/s2.14sin20

m/s81.9m7 2

min,0

==

°=v

109 ••• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the bullet experiences constant acceleration along its parabolic trajectory. Choose a coordinate system with the origin at the end of the barrel and the coordinate axes oriented as shown in the figure and use constant-acceleration equations to express the x and y coordinates of the bullet as functions of time along its flight path.

Use a constant-acceleration equation to express the bullet’s horizontal position as a function of time:

221


( )tvx θcos0=

Use a constant-acceleration equation to express the bullet’s vertical position as a function of time:

221


( ) 221

0 sin gttvy −= θ


220 cos2

tan xv

gxyθ

θ −=


189

Let y = 0 when x = R to obtain: ( ) 222

0 cos2tan0 R

vgR

θθ −=

Solve for the angle above the horizontal that the rifle must be fired to hit the target:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −

20

121

0 sinvRgθ


( )( )( )

°=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= −

450.0m/s250

m/s81.9m100sin 2

21

21

0θ

Note: A second value for θ0, 89.6° is physically unreasonable.

Referring to the diagram, relate h to θ0 and solve for and evaluate h: m100

tan 0h

=θ

and ( ) ( ) m785.0450.0tanm100 =°=h

General Problems 110 • Picture the Problem The sum and difference of two vectors can be found from the components of the two vectors. The magnitude and direction of a vector can be found from its components.

(a) The table to the right summarizes the components of A

r

and Br

.

Vector x component y component

(m) (m) Ar

0.707 0.707

Br

0.866 −0.500 (b) The table to the right shows the components of S

r.


(m) (m) Ar

0.707 0.707

Br

0.866 −0.500

Sr

1.57 0.207

Determine the magnitude and direction of S

rfrom its components:

m59.122 =+= yx SSS

and, because Sr

is in the 1st

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 50.7tan 1

x

yS S

Sθ

Chapter 3

190

(c) The table to the right shows the components of :D

r


(m) (m) Ar

0.707 0.707

Br

0.866 −0.500

Dr

−0.159 1.21

Determine the magnitude and direction of D

rfrom its components:

m22.122 =+= yx DDD

and, because Dr

is in the 2nd quadrant,

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 5.97tan 1

x

yD D

Dθ

*111 • Picture the Problem A vector quantity can be resolved into its components relative to any coordinate system. In this example, the axes are orthogonal and the components of the vector can be found using trigonometric functions. The x and y components of g

rare

related to g through the sine and cosine functions:

gx = gsin30° = 2m/s91.4

and gy = gcos30° = 2m/s50.8

112 • Picture the Problem The figure shows two arbitrary, co-planar vectors that (as drawn) do not satisfy the condition that A/B = Ax/Bx. Because Ax AA θcos= and

Bx BB θcos= , 1coscos

=B

A

θθ

for the

condition to be satisfied.

∴ A/B = Ax/Bx if and only if A

rand B

r are parallel (θA = θB) or on opposite sides of the

x-axis (θA = –θB). 113 • Picture the Problem We can plot the path of the particle by substituting values for t and evaluating rx and ry coordinates of .rr The velocity vector is the time derivative of the position vector. (a) We can assign values to t in the parametric equations x = (5 m/s)t and y = (10 m/s)t to obtain ordered pairs (x, y) that lie on the path of the particle. The path is shown in the following graph:


191

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

x (m)

y (m

)

(b) Evaluate dtdrr :

( ) ( )[ ]( ) ( ) ji

jirv

ˆm/s10ˆm/s5

ˆm/s10ˆm/s5

+=

+== ttdtd

dtdrr

Use its components to find the magnitude of vr :

m/s2.1122 =+= yx vvv

114 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the hammer experiences constant acceleration as it falls. Choose a coordinate system with the origin and coordinate axes as shown in the figure and use constant-acceleration equations to describe the x and y coordinates of the hammer along its trajectory. We’ll use the equation describing the vertical motion to find the time of flight of the hammer and the equation describing the horizontal motion to determine its range. Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the x coordinate of the hammer as a function of time:

221

00 tatvxx xx ++= or, because x0 = 0, v0x = v0cosθ0, and ax = 0,

( )tvx 00 cosθ=

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the y coordinate of the hammer as a function of time:

221

00 tatvyy yy ++= or, because y0 = h, v0y = v0sinθ, and ay = −g,

( ) 221

0 sin gttvhy −+= θ

Chapter 3

192


( )( )( ) 22

21 m/s81.9

30sinm/s4m10t

ty−

°+=

Substitute the conditions that exist when the hammer hits the ground:

( )( ) 22

21 m/s81.9

30sinm/s4m100t

t−

°−=

Solve for the time of fall to obtain:

t = 1.24 s

Use the x-coordinate equation to find the horizontal distance traveled by the hammer in 1.24 s:

( )( )( )m4.29

s1.24cos30m/s4

=

°=R

115 •• Picture the Problem We’ll model Zacchini’s flight as though there is no air resistance and, hence, the acceleration is constant. Then we can use constant- acceleration equations to express the x and y coordinates of Zacchini’s motion as functions of time. Eliminating the parameter t between these equations will leave us with an equation we can solve forθ. Because the maximum height along a parabolic trajectory occurs (assuming equal launch and landing elevations) occurs at half range, we can use this same expression for y as a function of x to find h.

Use a constant-acceleration equation to express Zacchini’s horizontal position as a function of time:

221


( )tvx θcos0=

Use a constant-acceleration equation to express Zacchini’s vertical position as a function of time:

221


( ) 221

0 sin gttvy −= θ


220 cos2

tan xv

gxyθ

θ −=

Use Zacchini’s coordinates when he lands in a safety net to obtain: ( ) 2

220 cos2

tan0 Rv

gRθ

θ −=


193

Solve for his launch angle θ :

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −

20

121 sin

vRgθ


( )( )( )

°=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= − 3.31

m/s2.42m/s81.9m53sin 2

21

21θ

Use the fact that his maximum height was attained when he was halfway through his flight to obtain:

( )2

220 2cos22

tan ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−=

Rv

gRhθ

θ


( )( )

m06.82m53

3.31cosm/s2.242m/s81.9

2m533.31tan

2

22

2

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

°−°=h

116 •• Picture the Problem Because the acceleration is constant; we can use the constant-acceleration equations in vector form and the definitions of average velocity and average (instantaneous) acceleration to solve this problem. (a) The average velocity is given by:

ji

rrrv

ˆm/s) 2.5(ˆm/s) (3

12av

−+=∆−

=∆∆

=tt

rrrr

The average velocity can also be expressed as: 2

21av

vvvrr

r +=

and 2av1 2 vvv rrr

−=

Substitute numerical values to obtain: jiv ˆm/s) 1(ˆm/s) (11 +=

r

(b) The acceleration of the particle is given by: ji

vvva

ˆ)m/s 3.5(ˆ)m/s 2( 22

12

−+=

∆−

=∆∆

=tt

rrrr

(c) The velocity of the particle as a function of time is:

( ) jiavv ˆ])m/s 3.5(m/s) [(1ˆ])m/s (2m/s) 1[( 221 tttt −+++=+=

rrr

(d) Express the position vector as a function of time:

221

11)( ttt avrr rrrr++=

Chapter 3

194

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ( )trr :

( ) jir ˆ]m/s 1.75m/s) (1m) (3[ˆ])m/s (1m/s) (1m) [(4)( 2222 ttttt −+++++=r

*117 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the steel ball will experience constant acceleration. Choose a coordinate system with its origin at the initial position of the ball, the x direction to the right, and the y direction downward. In this coordinate system y0 = 0 and a = g. Letting (x, y) be a point on the path of the ball, we can use constant-acceleration equations to express both x and y as functions of time and, using the geometry of the staircase, find an expression for the time of flight of the ball. Knowing its time of flight, we can find its range and identify the step it strikes first. The angle of the steps, with respect to the horizontal, is:

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 0.31

m0.3m0.18tan 1θ

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the x coordinate of the steel ball in its flight:

221

00 tatvxx y++= or, because x0 = 0 and ay = 0,

tvx 0=

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the y coordinate of the steel ball in its flight:

221

00 tatvyy yy ++= or, because y0 = 0, v0y = 0, and ay = g,

221 gty =

The equation of the dashed line in the figure is: 02

tanvgt

xy

== θ

Solve for the flight time: θtan2 0

gvt =

Find the x coordinate of the landing position:

θθ

tan2tan

20

gvyx ==

Substitute the angle determined in the first step:

( ) m1.10tan31m/s9.81

m/s322

2

=°=x

step.4th theis m 1.10 with stepfirst The >x


195

118 •• Picture the Problem Ignoring the influence of air resistance, the acceleration of the ball is constant once it has left your hand and we can use constant-acceleration equations to express the x and y coordinates of the ball. Elimination of the parameter t will yield an equation from which we can determine v0. We can then use the y equation to express the time of flight of the ball and the x equation to express its range in terms of x0, v0,θ and the time of flight.

Use a constant-acceleration equation to express the ball’s horizontal position as a function of time:

221


( )tvx θcos0= (1)

Use a constant-acceleration equation to express the ball’s vertical position as a function of time:

221

00 tatvyy yy ++= or, because y0 = x0, v0y = v0sinθ, and ay = −g,

( ) 221

00 sin gttvxy −+= θ (2)


220

0 cos2tan x

vgxxy

θθ −+=

For the throw while standing on level ground we have: ( ) 2

0220

0 cos2tan0 x

vgx

θθ −=

and

( )gv

gv

gvx

20

20

20

0 452sin2sin =°== θ

Solve for v0: 00 gxv =

At impact equation (2) becomes: ( ) 2flight2

1flight00 sin0 gttgxx −+= θ

Solve for the time of flight: ( )2sinsin 20flight ++= θθ

gxt

Chapter 3

196

Substitute in equation (1) to express the range of the ball when thrown from an elevation x0 at an angle θ with the horizontal:

( )( ) ( )

( )2sinsincos

2sinsincos

cos

20

200

flight0

++=

++=

=

θθθ

θθθ

θ

x

gxgx

tgxR

Substitute θ = 0°, 30°, and 45°: ( ) 041.10 xx =°

( ) 073.130 xx =°

and

( ) 062.145 xx =°

119 ••• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system with its origin at the point where the motorcycle becomes airborne and with the positive x direction to the right and the positive y direction upward. With this choice of coordinate system we can relate the x and y coordinates of the motorcycle (which we’re treating as a particle) using Equation 3-21. (a) The path of the motorcycle is given by:

y(x) = (tanθ)x −g

2v02 cos2 θ

⎛

⎝ ⎜ ⎜

⎞

⎠ ⎟ ⎟ x

2

For the jump to be successful, h < y(x). Solving for v0, we find: )tan(2cosmin hx

gxv−

>θθ

(b) Use the values given to obtain: vmin > mph58.0orm/s26.0

(c) In order for our expression for vmin to be real valued; i.e., to predict values for vmin that are physically meaningful, x tanθ − h > 0.

∴ hmax < x tanθ The interpretation is that the bike "falls away" from traveling on a straight-line path due to the free-fall acceleration downwards. No matter what the initial speed of the bike, it must fall a little bit before reaching the other side of the pit.


197

120 ••• Picture the Problem Let the origin be at the position of the boat when it was engulfed by the fog. Take the x and y directions to be east and north, respectively. Let BWvr be the velocity of the boat relative to the water, BSvr be the velocity of the boat relative to the shore, and WSvr be the velocity of the water with respect to the shore. Then

BSvr = BWvr + WSvr .

θ is the angle of WSvr with respect to the x (east) direction.

(a) Find the position vector for the boat at t = 3 h:

( )( ){ }( )( ){ }

( ){ }( ){ }j

i

j

ir

ˆkm4km6.22

ˆkm6.22

ˆkm 4 sin135km32

ˆ135coskm32boat

−+

−=

−°+

°=

t

t

t

tr

Find the coordinates of the boat at t = 3 h:

( )[ ]( )h3cos135coskm/h10 WS θvrx +°= and

( )[ ]( )h3sin135sinkm/h10 WS θvry +°=

Simplify the expressions involving rx and ry and equate these simplified expressions to the x and y components of the position vector of the boat:

3vWS cosθ = −1.41 km/h and 3vWS sinθ = −2.586 km/h

Divide the second of these equations by the first to obtain: km41.1

km586.2tan−

−=θ

or

°°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−

−= − 241.4or 4.61

km1.41km2.586tan 1θ

Because the boat has drifted south, use θ = 241.4° to obtain: ( )

°==

°

−==

4.241atkm/h982.0

4.241cos3km/h41.1

cosWS

θ

θxvv

Chapter 3

198

(b) Letting φ be the angle between east and the proper heading for the boat, express the components of the velocity of the boat with respect to the shore:

vBS,x = (10 km/h) cosφ + (0.982 km/h) cos(241.3°) vBS,y = (10 km/h) sinφ + (0.982 km/h) sin(241.3°)

For the boat to travel northwest:

vBS,x = –vBS,y

Substitute the velocity components, square both sides of the equation, and simplify the expression to obtain the equations:

sinφ + cosφ = 0.133, sin2φ + cos2φ + 2 sinφ cosφ = 0.0177, and 1 + sin(2φ) = 0.0177

Solve for φ:

φ = 129.6° or 140.4°

Because the current pushes south, the boat must head more northerly than 135°:

Using 129.6°, the correct heading is northofwest6.39 ° .

(c) Find vBS:

vBS,x = –6.84 km/h and vBS = vBx /cos135° = 9.68 km/h

To find the time to travel 32 km, divide the distance by the boat’s actual speed:

t = (32 km)/(9.68 km/h) = min18h3h31.3 =

*121 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the projectile is constant and the equation of a projectile for equal initial and final elevations, which was derived from the constant-acceleration equations, is applicable. We can use the equation giving the range of a projectile for equal initial and final elevations to evaluate the ranges of launches that exceed or fall short of 45° by the same amount. Express the range of the projectile as a function of its initial speed and angle of launch:

0

20 2sin θgvR =

Let θ0= 45° ± θ: ( )

( )θ

θ

2cos

290sin

20

20

±=

±°=

gvgvR

Because cos(–θ) = cos(+θ) (the cosine function is an even function):

)(45)(45 θθ −°=+° RR


199

122 •• Picture the Problem In the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of both balls is that due to gravity and the horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other. Choose a coordinate system with the origin at the base of the cliff and the coordinate axes oriented as shown and use constant-acceleration equations to relate the x and y components of the ball’s speed.

Independently of whether a ball is thrown upward at the angle α or downward at β, the vertical motion is described by:

ghv

yavv

y

yy

2

220

20

2

−=

∆+=

The horizontal component of the motion is given by:

vx = v0x

Find v at impact from its components: ghv

ghvvvvv yxyx

2

2

20

20

20

22

−=

−+=+=

Chapter 3

200

201

Chapter 4 Newton’s Laws Conceptual Problems *1 •• Determine the Concept A reference frame in which the law of inertia holds is called an inertial reference frame. If an object with no net force acting on it is at rest or is moving with a constant speed in a straight line (i.e., with constant velocity) relative to the reference frame, then the reference frame is an inertial reference frame. Consider sitting at rest in an accelerating train or plane. The train or plane is not an inertial reference frame even though you are at rest relative to it. In an inertial frame, a dropped ball lands at your feet. You are in a noninertial frame when the driver of the car in which you are riding steps on the gas and you are pushed back into your seat. 2 •• Determine the Concept A reference frame in which the law of inertia holds is called an inertial reference frame. A reference frame with acceleration a relative to the initial frame, and with any velocity relative to the initial frame, is inertial. 3 • Determine the Concept No. If the net force acting on an object is zero, its acceleration is zero. The only conclusion one can draw is that the net force acting on the object is zero. *4 • Determine the Concept An object accelerates when a net force acts on it. The fact that an object is accelerating tells us nothing about its velocity other than that it is always changing. Yes, the object must have an acceleration relative to the inertial frame of reference. According to Newton’s 1st and 2nd laws, an object must accelerate, relative to any inertial reference frame, in the direction of the net force. If there is ″only a single nonzero force,″ then this force is the net force. Yes, the object’s velocity may be momentarily zero. During the period in which the force is acting, the object may be momentarily at rest, but its velocity cannot remain zero because it must continue to accelerate. Thus, its velocity is always changing. 5 • Determine the Concept No. Predicting the direction of the subsequent motion correctly requires knowledge of the initial velocity as well as the acceleration. While the acceleration can be obtained from the net force through Newton’s 2nd law, the velocity can only be obtained by integrating the acceleration. 6 • Determine the Concept An object in an inertial reference frame accelerates if there is a net force acting on it. Because the object is moving at constant velocity, the net force acting on it is zero. correct. is )(c

Chapter 4

202

7 • Determine the Concept The mass of an object is an intrinsic property of the object whereas the weight of an object depends directly on the local gravitational field. Therefore, the mass of the object would not change and localgrav mgw = . Note that if the gravitational field is zero then the gravitational force is also zero. *8 • Determine the Concept If there is a force on her in addition to the gravitational force, she will experience an additional acceleration relative to her space vehicle that is proportional to the net force required producing that acceleration and inversely proportional to her mass. She could do an experiment in which she uses her legs to push off from the wall of her space vehicle and measures her acceleration and the force exerted by the wall. She could calculate her mass from the ratio of the force exerted by the wall to the acceleration it produced. *9 • Determine the Concept One’s apparent weight is the reading of a scale in one’s reference frame. Imagine yourself standing on a scale that, in turn, is on a platform accelerating upward with an acceleration a. The free-body diagram shows the force the gravitational field exerts on you, ,mg

r and

the force the scale exerts on you, .appwr The scale reading (the force the scale exerts on you) is your apparent weight.

Choose the coordinate system shown in the free-body diagram and apply

∑ = aF rrm to the scale:

∑ =−= yy mamgwF app or

ymamgw +=app

So, your apparent weight would be greater than your true weight when observed from a reference frame that is accelerating upward. That is, when the surface on which you are standing has an acceleration a such that ay is positive: 0>ya .

10 •• Determine the Concept Newton's 2nd law tells us that forces produce changes in the velocity of a body. If two observers pass each other, each traveling at a constant velocity, each will experience no net force acting on them, and so each will feel as if he or she is standing still. 11 • Determine the Concept Neither block is accelerating so the net force on each block is zero. Newton’s 3rd law states that objects exert equal and opposite forces on each other.

Newton’s Laws

203

(a) and (b) Draw the free-body diagram for the forces acting on the block of mass m1:

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the block 1:

111n21 amgmFFy =−=∑ or, because a1 = 0,

01n21 =− gmF

Therefore, the magnitude of the force that block 2 exerts on block 1 is given by:

gmF 1n21 =

From Newton’s 3rd law of motion we know that the force that block 1 exerts on block 2 is equal to, but opposite in direction, the force that block 2 exerts on block 1.

gmF 1n12n12n21 =⇒−= FFrr

(c) and (d) Draw the free-body diagram for the forces acting on block 2:

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to block 2:

222n12nT22 amgmFFF y =−−=∑

or, because a2 = 0,

( )gmmgmgmgmFF

21

212nT2nT2

+=+=+=

and the normal force that the table exerts on body 2 is

( )gmmF 21nT2 +=

From Newton’s 3rd law of motion we know that the force that block 2 exerts on the table is equal to, but opposite in direction, the force that the table exerts on block 2.

gmmF )( 21n2Tn2TnT2 +=⇒−= FFrr

Chapter 4

204

*12 • (a) True. By definition, action-reaction force pairs cannot act on the same object. (b) False. Action equals reaction independent of any motion of the two objects.

13 • Determine the Concept Newton’s 3rd law of motion describes the interaction between the man and his less massive son. According to the 3rd law description of the interaction of two objects, these are action-reaction forces and therefore must be equal in magnitude.

correct. is )(b

14 • Determine the Concept According to Newton’s 3rd law the reaction force to a force exerted by object A on object B is the force exerted by object B on object A. The bird’s weight is a gravitational field force exerted by the earth on the bird. Its reaction force is the gravitational force the bird exerts on the earth. correct. is )(b

15 • Determine the Concept We know from Newton’s 3rd law of motion that the reaction to the force that the bat exerts on the ball is the force the ball exerts on the bat and is equal in magnitude but oppositely directed. The action-reaction pair consists of the force with which the bat hits the ball and the force the ball exerts on the bat. These forces are equal in magnitude, act in opposite directions. correct. is )(c

16 • Determine the Concept The statement of Newton’s 3rd law given in the problem is not complete. It is important to remember that the action and reaction forces act on different bodies. The reaction force does not cancel out because it does not act on the same body as the external force.

*17 • Determine the Concept The force diagrams will need to include the ceiling, string, object, and earth if we are to show all of the reaction forces as well as the forces acting on the object. (a) The forces acting on the 2.5-kg object are its weight ,W

rand the

tension ,1Tr

in the string. The reaction

forces are 'Wr

acting on the earth and '1T

racting on the string.

Newton’s Laws

205

(b) The forces acting on the string are its weight, the weight of the object, and ,F

r the force exerted by the

ceiling. The reaction forces are

1Tr

acting on the string and 'Fr

acting on the ceiling.

18 • Determine the Concept Identify the objects in the block’s environment that are exerting forces on the block and then decide in what directions those forces must be acting if the block is sliding down the inclined plane. Because the incline is frictionless, the force the incline exerts on the block must be normal to the surface. The second object capable of exerting a force on the block is the earth and its force; the weight of the block acts directly downward. The magnitude of the normal force is less than that of the weight because it supports only a portion of the weight. .conditions esesatisfy th )( FBDin shown forces The c

19 • Determine the Concept In considering these statements, one needs to decide whether they are consistent with Newton’s laws of motion. A good strategy is to try to think of a counterexample that would render the statement false. (a) True. If there are no forces acting on an object, the net force acting on it must be zero and, hence, the acceleration must be zero. (b) False. Consider an object moving with constant velocity on a frictionless horizontal surface. While the net force acting on it is zero (it is not accelerating), gravitational and normal forces are acting on it. (c) False. Consider an object that has been thrown vertically upward. While it is still rising, the direction of the gravitational force acting on it is downward. (d) False. The mass of an object is an intrinsic property that is independent of its location (the gravitational field in which it happens to be situated). 20 • Determine the Concept In considering these alternatives, one needs to decide which alternatives are consistent with Newton’s 3rd law of motion. According to Newton’s 3rd law, the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by her body on the earth is equal and opposite to the force exerted by the earth on her. correct. is )(a

Chapter 4

206

*21 • Determine the Concept In considering these statements, one needs to decide whether they are consistent with Newton’s laws of motion. In the absence of a net force, an object moves with constant velocity. correct. is )(d

22 • Determine the Concept Draw the free-body diagram for the towel. Because the towel is hung at the center of the line, the magnitudes of 1T

rand 2T

rare the same.

No. To support the towel, the tension in the line must have a vertical component equal to the towel’s weight. Thus θ > 0. 23 • Determine the Concept The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on a person in a descending elevator. The upward force exerted by the scale on the person, ,appwr is the person’s apparent weight.

Apply yy maF =∑ to the person and solve for wapp:

wapp – mg = may or wapp = mg + may = m(g + ay)

weight.apparent sperson' on theeffect no

haselevator theof velocity the

, oft independen is Because app vw

Remarks: Note that a nonconstant velocity will alter the apparent weight. Estimation and Approximation 24 •• Picture the Problem Assuming a stopping distance of 25 m and a mass of 80 kg, use Newton’s 2nd law to determine the force exerted by the seat belt. The force the seat belt exerts on the driver is given by:

Fnet = ma, where m is the mass of the driver.

Newton’s Laws

207

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity of the car to its stopping distance and acceleration:

xavv ∆+= 220


xav ∆=− 220

Solve for a:

xva∆−

=2

20


( )2

23

m/s5.12m252

kmm10

s3600h1

hkm90

−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛××

−=a

Substitute for a and evaluate Fnet: ( )( )

kN00.1

m/s12.5kg80 2net

−=

−=F

Fnet is negative because it is opposite the direction of motion.

*25 ••• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on you and your bicycle as you are either ascending or descending the grade. The magnitude of the normal force acting on you and your bicycle is equal to the component of your weight in the y direction and the magnitude of the tangential force is the x component of your weight. Assume a combined mass (you plus your bicycle) of 80 kg.

(a) Apply ∑ = yy maF to you and your bicycle and solve for Fn:

Fn – mg cosθ = 0, because there is no acceleration in the y direction. ∴ Fn = mg cosθ

Determine θ from the information concerning the grade:

tanθ = 0.08 and θ = tan−1(0.08) = 4.57°

Substitute to determine Fn: Fn = (80 kg)(9.81 m/s2) cos4.57° = N782

Apply ∑ = xx maF to you and your bicycle and solve for Ft, the tangential force exerted by the road on the wheels:

Ft – mg sinθ = 0, because there is no acceleration in the x direction.

Chapter 4

208

Evaluate Ft: Ft = (80 kg)(9.81 m/s2) sin4.57° = N6.62

(b) incline. down the going and

up going same theare forces theon,accelerati no is thereBecause

Newton’s First and Second Laws: Mass, Inertia, and Force 26 • Picture the Problem The acceleration of the particle can be found from the stopping distance by using a constant-acceleration equation. The mass of the particle and its acceleration are related to the net force through Newton’s second law of motion. Choose a coordinate system in which the direction the particle is moving is the positive x direction and apply .net aF rv

m=

Use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the mass of the particle to the net force acting on it and its acceleration:

xaFm net=

Because the force is constant, use a constant-acceleration equation with vx = 0 to determine a:

xavv xxx ∆+= 220

2 and

xva x

x ∆−

=2

20


0

net2

xvxFm ∆

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate m: ( )

kg00.3m/s 25.0

N) (15.0m) (62.522 ==m

and correct. is )(b

27 • Picture the Problem The acceleration of the object is related to its mass and the net force acting on it by .0net maFF == (a) Use Newton’s 2nd law of motion to calculate the acceleration of the object: ( ) 22

0net

m/s6.00m/s32

2

==

==mF

mF

a

Newton’s Laws

209

(b) Let the subscripts 1 and 2 distinguish the two objects. The ratio of the two masses is found from Newton’s 2nd law:

31

m/s9m/s3

2

2

2

1

10

20

1

2 ====aa

aFaF

mm

(c) The acceleration of the two-mass system is the net force divided by the total mass m = m1 + m2:

214

3

1

12

10

21

0net

m/s25.2

3111

==

+=

+=

+==

a

amm

mFmm

Fm

Fa

28 • Picture the Problem The acceleration of an object is related to its mass and the net force acting on it by maF =net . Let m be the mass of the ship, a1 be the acceleration of the ship when the net force acting on it is F1, and a2 be its acceleration when the net force is F1 + F2. Using Newton’s 2nd law, express the net force acting on the ship when its acceleration is a1:

F1 = ma1

Express the net force acting on the ship when its acceleration is a2:

F1 + F2 = ma2

Divide the second of these equations by the first and solve for the ratio F2/F1:

2

1

1

21

mama

FFF

=+

and

11

2

1

2 −=aa

FF

Substitute for the accelerations to determine the ratio of the accelerating forces and solve for F2:

( ) ( )( ) ( ) 31

s10km/h4s10km/h16

1

2 =−=FF

or

12 3FF =

*29 •• Picture the Problem Because the deceleration of the bullet is constant, we can use a constant-acceleration equation to determine its acceleration and Newton’s 2nd law of motion to find the average resistive force that brings it to a stop. Apply aF rr

m=∑ to express the force exerted on the bullet by the wood:

Fwood = ma

Using a constant-acceleration xavv ∆+= 220

2

Chapter 4

210

equation, express the final velocity of the bullet in terms of its acceleration and solve for the acceleration:

and

xv

xvva

∆−

=∆−

=22

20

20

2

Substitute to obtain: x

mvF∆

−=2

20

wood

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fwood:

( ) ( )( )

kN75.3

m06.02m/s500kg108.1 23

wood

−=

×−=

−

F

where the negative sign means that the direction of the force is opposite the velocity.

*30 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation summarizes what we know about the motion. We can find the acceleration of the cart by using a constant-acceleration equation.

The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the cart as it accelerates along the air track. We can determine the net force acting on the cart using Newton’s 2nd law and our knowledge of its acceleration.

(a) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the cart to obtain an expression for the net force F:

maF =

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement of the cart to its acceleration, initial speed, and travel time:

( ) 221


Newton’s Laws

211

( ) 221 tax ∆=∆

Solve for a:

( )22

txa

∆∆

=

Substitute for a in the force equation to obtain: ( ) ( )22

22t

xmtxmF

∆∆

=∆∆

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate F:

( )( )( )

N0514.0s4.55

m1.5kg0.35522 ==F

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement of the cart to its acceleration, initial speed, and travel time:

( ) ' 221


( ) ' 221 tax ∆=∆

Solve for ∆t:

'2a

xt ∆=∆

If we assume that air resistance is negligible, the net force on the cart is still 0.0514 N and its acceleration is:

2m/s0713.0kg0.722N0514.0' ==a


( ) s49.6m/s0.0713m1.52

2 ==∆t

31 • Picture the Problem The acceleration of an object is related to its mass and the net force acting on it according to .net aF rr

m= Let m be the mass of the object and choose a coordinate system in which the direction of 2F0 in (b) is the positive x and the direction of the left-most F0 in (a) is the positive y direction. Because both force and acceleration are vector quantities, find the resultant force in each case and then find the resultant acceleration. (a) Calculate the acceleration of the object from Newton’s 2nd law of motion:

mnetFa

rr=

Express the net force acting on the object:

jijiF ˆˆˆˆ00net FFFF yx +=+=

r

and

Find the magnitude and direction of this net force:

022

net 2FFFF yx =+=

and

Chapter 4

212

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −− 45tantan

0

011

FF

FF

x

yθ

Use this result to calculate the magnitude and direction of the acceleration: ( )

force.each from0.45@m/s24.4

m/s32

22

2

2

00net

°=

=

=== amF

mF a

(b) Calculate the acceleration of the object from Newton’s 2nd law of motion:

r a =

r F net /m

Express the net force acting on the object: ( )

( ) j

i

jiF

ˆ45cos2

ˆ45sin

ˆˆ

00

0

net

°++

°−=

+=

FF

F

FF yx

r

Find the magnitude and direction of this net force:

( ) ( ) 02

002

022

net 80.245cos245sin FFFFFFF yx =°++°−=+=

and

0

0

0011

2 from 6.14

4.7545sin

45cos2tantan

Fr

°=

°−=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛°−°+

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −−

FFF

FF

x

yθ

Use this result to calculate the magnitude and direction of the acceleration: ( )

02

2

00net

2 from 6.14@m/s40.8

m/s380.2

80.280.2

Fr

°=

=

=== amF

mFa

32 • Picture the Problem The acceleration of an object is related to its mass and the net force acting on it according to .net mFa

rr=

Apply mnetFa

rr= to the object to

obtain:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )ji

jiFa

ˆm/s00.2ˆm/s00.4

kg5.1

ˆN3ˆN6

22

net

−=

−==

m

rr

Newton’s Laws

213

Find the magnitude of ar

:

( ) ( )2

2222

22

m/s47.4

m/s00.2m/s00.4

=

+=

+= yx aaa

33 • Picture the Problem The mass of the particle is related to its acceleration and the net force acting on it by Newton’s 2nd law of motion. Because the force is constant, we can use constant-acceleration formulas to calculate the acceleration. Choose a coordinate system in which the positive x direction is the direction of motion of the particle. The mass is related to the net force and the acceleration by Newton’s 2nd law:

x

x

aFm =∑=

aFr

r

Because the force is constant, the acceleration is constant. Use a constant-acceleration equation to find the acceleration:

( )

( )2

02

21

0

2so

,0where,

txa

vtatvx

x

xxx

∆∆

=

=∆+=∆

Substitute this result into the first equation and solve for and evaluate the mass m of the particle:

( ) ( )( )( )

kg0.12

m182s6N12

2

22

=

=∆∆

==xtF

aFm x

x

x

*34 • Picture the Problem The speed of either Al or Bert can be obtained from their accelerations; in turn, they can be obtained from Newtons 2nd law applied to each person. The free-body diagrams to the right show the forces acting on Al and Bert. The forces that Al and Bert exert on each other are action-and-reaction forces. (a) Apply xmaxF =∑ to Bert and solve for his acceleration:

BertBertBertonAl amF =−

2Bert

BertonAlBert

m/s200.0

kg100N20

−=

−=

−=

mF

a

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate Bert’s speed to his initial speed, speed after 1.5 s, and acceleration and solve for his speed at the end of 1.5 s:

v = v0 + a∆t = 0 + (−0.200 m/s2)(1.5 s) = m/s300.0−

Chapter 4

214

(b) From Newton's 3rd law, an equal but oppositely directed force acts on Al while he pushes Bert. Because the ice is frictionless, Al speeds off in the opposite direction. Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the forces acting on Al and solve for his acceleration:

∑ == AlAlAlonBertAl, amFFx and

2Al

Alon Bert Al

m/s250.0kg08N20

=

==m

Fa

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate Al’s speed to his initial speed, speed after 1.5 s, and acceleration; solve for his speed at the end of 1.5 s:

v = v0 + a∆t = 0 + (0.250 m/s2)(1.5 s) = m/s375.0

35 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagrams show the forces acting on the two blocks. We can apply Newton’s second law to the forces acting on the blocks and eliminate F to obtain a relationship between the masses. Additional applications of Newton’s 2nd law to the sum and difference of the masses will lead us to values for the accelerations of these combinations of mass.

(a) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the two blocks:

∑ == 111, amFFx and

∑ == 222, amFFx

Eliminate F between the two equations and solve for m2: 112

2

12

12 4

m/s3m/s12 mmm

aam ===

Express and evaluate the acceleration of an object whose mass is m2 – m1 when the net force acting on it is F: ( ) 22

31

131

11112

m/s00.4m/s12

34

===

=−

=−

=

a

mF

mmF

mmFa

(b) Express and evaluate the acceleration of an object whose mass is m2 + m1 when the net force acting on it is F: ( )

2

251

151

1

1112

m/s40.2

m/s125

4

=

===

+=

+=

amF

mmF

mmFa

Newton’s Laws

215

36 • Picture the Problem Because the velocity is constant, the net force acting on the log must be zero. Choose a coordinate system in which the positive x direction is the direction of motion of the log. The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the log when it is accelerating in the positive x direction.

(a) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the log when it is moving at constant speed:

Fpull – Fres = max = 0

Solve for and evaluate Fres: Fres = Fpull = N250

(b) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the log when it is accelerating to the right:

Fpull – Fres = max

Solve for and evaluate Fpull: Fpull = Fres + max = 250 N + (75 kg) (2 m/s2) = N400

37 • Picture the Problem The acceleration can be found from Newton’s 2nd law. Because both forces are constant, the net force and the acceleration are constant; hence, we can use the constant-acceleration equations to answer questions concerning the motion of the object at various times. (a) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the object to obtain:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )ji

ji

FFFa

ˆm/s50.3ˆm/s50.1

kg4

ˆN14ˆN6

22

21net

−+=

−+=

+==

mm

rrrr

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the velocity of the object as a function of time and solve for its velocity when t = 3 s:

( ) ( )[ ]( )( ) ( ) ji

ji

avv

ˆm/s5.10ˆm/s50.4

s3ˆm/s50.3ˆm/s50.10 22

0

−+=

−++=

+= trrr

(c) Express the position of the object in terms of its average velocity and evaluate this expression at t = 3 s:

( ) ( ) ji

vvr

ˆm8.15ˆm75.6

21

av

−+=

==

tt

r

rr

Chapter 4

216

Mass and Weight *38 • Picture the Problem The mass of the astronaut is independent of gravitational fields and will be the same on the moon or, for that matter, out in deep space. Express the mass of the astronaut in terms of his weight on earth and the gravitational field at the surface of the earth:

kg61.2N/kg9.81

N600

earth

earth ===gwm

and correct. is )(c

39 • Picture the Problem The weight of an object is related to its mass and the gravitational field through w = mg. (a) The weight of the girl is: ( )( )

N530

N/kg9.81kg54

=

== mgw

(b) Convert newtons to pounds:

lb119N/lb4.45N530

==w

40 • Picture the Problem The mass of an object is related to its weight and the gravitational field. Find the weight of the man in newtons:

( )( ) N734N/lb45.4lb165lb165 ==

Calculate the mass of the man from his weight and the gravitational field:

kg8.74N/kg9.81

N734===

gwm

Contact Forces

*41 • Picture the Problem Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the block. kF

ris the force exerted by the spring,

gW rrm= is the weight of the block, and nF

r

is the normal force exerted by the horizontal surface. Because the block is resting on a surface, Fk + Fn = W.

(a) Calculate the force exerted by the spring on the block:

( )( ) N0.60m1.0N/m600 === kxFx

Newton’s Laws

217

(b) Choosing the upward direction to be positive, sum the forces acting on the block and solve for Fn:

∑ =−+⇒= 00 WFF nkFr

and kn FWF −=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fn:

N7.57

N60)N/kg kg)(9.81 (12

=

−=nF

42 • Picture the Problem Let the positive x direction be the direction in which the spring is stretched. We can use Newton’s 2nd law and the expression for the force exerted by a stretched (or compressed) spring to express the acceleration of the box in terms of its mass m, the stiffness constant of the spring k, and the distance the spring is stretched x. Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the box to obtain: m

Fa ∑=

Express the force exerted on the box by the spring:

kxF −=


mkxa −

=


( )( )

2m/s33.5

kg6m0.04N/m800

−=

−=a

where the minus sign tells us that the box’s acceleration is toward its equilibrium position.

Free-Body Diagrams: Static Equilibrium

43 • Picture the Problem Because the traffic light is not accelerating, the net force acting on it must be zero; i.e., 1T

r+ 2T

r+ g

rm = 0.

Construct a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the knot and choose the coordinate system shown:

Chapter 4

218

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the knot:

T1cos30° − T2cos60° = max = 0

Solve for T2 in terms of T1: 112 73.1

60cos30cos TTT =°°

=

12 an greater th is TT∴

44 • Picture the Problem Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the lamp and apply 0=∑ yF . From the FBD, it is clear that T1 supports the full weight mg = 418 N.

Apply 0=∑ yF to the lamp to obtain:

01 =−wT

Solve for T1: mgwT ==1

Substitute numerical values and evaluate T1:

( )( ) N418m/s81.9kg6.42 21 ==T

and correct. is )(b

*45 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagrams for parts (a), (b), and (c) are shown below. In both cases, the block is in equilibrium under the influence of the forces and we can use Newton’s 2nd law of motion and geometry and trigonometry to obtain relationships between θ and the tensions. (a) and (b)

(c)

(a) Referring to the FBD for part (a), use trigonometry to determine θ :

°== − 9.36m0.625

m0.5cos 1θ

Newton’s Laws

219

(b) Noting that T = T′, apply

∑ = yy maF to the 0.500-kg block and solve for the tension T:

0 since0sin2 ==− amgT θ and

θsin2mgT =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate T:

( )( ) N08.42sin36.9

m/s9.81kg0.5 2

=°

=T

(c) The length of each segment is:

m0.4173

m1.25=

Find the distance d:

m0.291520.417mm1

=

−=d

Express θ in terms of d and solve for its value:

°=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −−

7.45m0.417m2915.0cos

m0.417cos 11 dθ

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the 0.250-kg block and solve for the tension T3:

0. since0sin3 ==− amgT θ and

θsin3mgT =


( )( ) N43.3sin45.7

m/s9.81kg0.25 2

3 =°

=T

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the 0.250-kg block and solve for the tension T2:

0. since0cos 23 ==− aTT θ and

θcos32 TT =


( ) N40.27.45cosN43.32 =°=T

By symmetry: T1 = T3 = N43.3

Chapter 4

220

46 • Picture the Problem The suspended body is in equilibrium under the influence of the forces ,hT

r,45T

rand ;g

rm

i.e., hTr

+ 45Tr

+ gr

m = 0 Draw the free-body diagram of the forces acting on the knot just above the 100-N body. Choose a coordinate system with the positive x direction to the right and the positive y direction upward. Apply the conditions for translational equilibrium to determine the tension in the horizontal cord.

If the system is to remain in static equilibrium, the vertical component of T45 must be exactly balanced by, and therefore equal to, the tension in the string suspending the 100-N body:

Tv = T45 sin45° = mg

Express the horizontal component of T45:

Th = T45 cos45°

Because T45 sin45° = T45 cos45°: Th = mg = N100

47 • Picture the Problem The acceleration of any object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it. Choose a coordinate system in which the positive x direction is the same as that of 1F

rand the positive y direction is to the right. Add the two forces to

determine the net force and then use Newton’s 2nd law to find the acceleration of the object. If 3F

rbrings the system into equilibrium, it must be true that 3F

r+ 1F

r+ 2F

r= 0.

(a) Find the components of 1F

rand

:2Fr

{ }{ }

ji

j

iF

iF

ˆ)N26(ˆ)N15(

ˆ30cos)N30(

ˆ30sin)N30(

ˆ)N20(

2

1

+−=

°+

°−=

=r

r

Add 1F

r and 2F

r to find :totF

r

jiF ˆ)N26(ˆ)N5(tot +=

r

Newton’s Laws

221

Apply aF rrm=∑ to find the

acceleration of the object:

ji

Fa

ˆ)m/s60.2(ˆ)m/s500.0( 22

tot

+=

=m

rr

(b) Because the object is in equilibrium under the influence of the three forces, it must be true that:

r F 3 +

r F 1 +

r F 2 = 0

and ( )( ) ( ) ji

FFFˆN0.26ˆN00.5

213

−+−=

+−=rrr

*48 • Picture the Problem The acceleration of the object equals the net force, T

r− g

rm ,

divided by the mass. Choose a coordinate system in which upward is the positive y direction. Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the forces acting on this body to find the acceleration of the object as a function of T.

(a) Apply yy maF =∑ to the object:

T – w = T – mg = may

Solve this equation for a as a function of T: g

mTay −=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ay:

22 m/s81.8m/s81.9kg5N5

−=−=ya

(b) Proceed as in (a) with T = 10 N: a = 2m/s81.7−

(c) Proceed as in (a) with T = 100 N: a = 2m/s2.10

49 •• Picture the Problem The picture is in equilibrium under the influence of the three forces shown in the figure. Due to the symmetry of the support system, the vectors T

rand

'Tr

have the same magnitude T. Choose a coordinate system in which the positive x direction is to the right and the positive y direction is upward. Apply the condition for translational equilibrium to obtain an expression for T as a function of θ and w. (a) Referring to Figure 4-37, apply the condition for translational equilibrium in the vertical direction and solve for T:

0sin2 =−=∑ wTFy θ and

θsin2wT =

Chapter 4

222

Tmin occurs when sinθ is a maximum:

°== − 901sin 1θ

Tmax occurs when sinθ is a minimum. Because the function is undefined when sinθ = 0, we can conclude that:

°→→ 0 as max θTT

(b) Substitute numerical values in the result in (a) and evaluate T:

( )( ) N6.192sin30

m/s81.9kg2 2

=°

=T

Remarks: θ = 90° requires wires of infinite length; therefore it is not possible. As θ gets small, T gets large without limit. *50 ••• Picture the Problem In part (a) we can apply Newton’s 2nd law to obtain the given expression for F. In (b) we can use a symmetry argument to find an expression for tan θ0. In (c) we can use our results obtained in (a) and (b) to express xi and yi. (a) Apply ∑ = 0yF to the balloon:

0sinsin 1i1iii =−+ −− θθ TTF

Solve for F to obtain: ii1i1i sinsin θθ TTF −= −−

(b) By symmetry, each support must balance half of the force acting on the entire arch. Therefore, the vertical component of the force on the support must be NF/2. The horizontal component of the tension must be TH. Express tanθ0 in terms of NF/2 and TH:

HH0 2

2tanT

NFT

NF==θ

By symmetry, θN+1 = − θ0. Therefore, because the tangent function is odd: H

1N0 2tantan

TNF

=−= +θθ

(c) Using TH = Ti cosθi = Ti−1cosθi−1, divide both sides of our result in (a) by TH and simplify to obtain: i1i

ii

ii

1i1i

1i1i

H

tantancossin

cossin

θθθθ

θθ

−=

−=

−

−−

−−

TT

TT

TF

Using this result, express tan θ1:

H01 tantan

TF

−= θθ

Substitute for tan θ0 from (a):

( )HHH

1 22

2tan

TFN

TF

TNF

−=−=θ

Newton’s Laws

223

Generalize this result to obtain: ( )

Hi 2

2tanTFiN −=θ

Express the length of rope between two balloons: 1balloonsbetween +

=N

Ll

Express the horizontal coordinate of the point on the rope where the ith balloon is attached, xi, in terms of xi−1 and the length of rope between two balloons:

1i1ii cos1 −− +

+= θN

Lxx

Sum over all the coordinates to obtain: ∑−

=+=

1i

0i cos

1 jjN

Lx θ

Proceed similarly for the vertical coordinates to obtain:

∑−

=+=

1i

0i sin

1 jjN

Ly θ

(d) A spreadsheet program is shown below. The formulas used to calculate the quantities in the columns are as follows:

Cell Content/Formula Algebraic Form C9 ($B$2-2*B9)/(2*$B$4) ( )

H2i2

TFN −

D9 SIN(ATAN(C9)) ( )i1tansin θ− E9 COS(ATAN(C9)) ( )i

1tancos θ− F10 F9+$B$1/($B$2+1)*E9

1i1i cos1 −− +

+ θN

Lx

G10 G9+$B$1/($B$2+1)*D91i1i cos

1 −− ++ θ

NLy

A B C D E F G 1 L = 10 m 2 N = 10 3 F = 1 N 4 TH= 3.72 N 5 6 7 8 I tan(thetai) sin(thetai) cos(thetai) xi yi 9 0 1.344 0.802 0.597 0.000 0.00010 1 1.075 0.732 0.681 0.543 0.72911 2 0.806 0.628 0.778 1.162 1.39512 3 0.538 0.474 0.881 1.869 1.96613 4 0.269 0.260 0.966 2.670 2.396

Chapter 4

224

14 5 0.000 0.000 1.000 3.548 2.63215 6 −0.269 −0.260 0.966 4.457 2.63216 7 −0.538 −0.474 0.881 5.335 2.39617 8 −0.806 −0.628 0.778 6.136 1.96618 9 −1.075 −0.732 0.681 6.843 1.39519 10 −1.344 −0.802 0.597 7.462 0.72920 11 8.005 0.000

(e) A horizontal component of tension 3.72 N gives a spacing of 8 m. At this spacing, the arch is 2.63 m high, tall enough for someone to walk through.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

x i

y i

51 •• Picture the Problem We know, because the speed of the load is changing in parts (a) and (c), that it is accelerating. We also know that, if the load is accelerating in a particular direction, there must be a net force in that direction. A free-body diagram for part (a) is shown to the right. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion to each part of the problem to relate the tension in the cable to the acceleration of the load. Choose the upward direction to be the positive y direction.

(a) Apply yy maF =∑ to the load and solve for T:

T – mg = ma and

( )gammgmaT yy +=+= (1)


( )( )kN8.11

m/s81.9m/s2kg1000 22

=

+=T

(b) Because the crane is lifting the T = mg = kN81.9

Newton’s Laws

225

load at constant speed, a = 0: (c) Because the acceleration of the load is downward, a is negative. Apply yy maF =∑ to the load:

T – mg = may

Substitute numerical values in equation (1) and evaluate T:

T = (1000 kg)(9.81 m/s2 − 2 m/s2) = kN81.7

52 •• Picture the Problem Draw a free-body diagram for each of the depicted situations and use the conditions for translational equilibrium to find the unknown tensions.

(a)

ΣFx = T1cos60° − 30 N = 0 and T1 = (30 N)/cos60° = N0.60

ΣFy = T1sin60° − T2 = 0 and T2 = T1sin60° = N0.52

∴ m = T2/g = kg30.5

(b)

ΣFx = (80 N)cos60° − T1sin60° = 0 and T1 = (80 N)cos60°/sin60° = N2.46

ΣFy = (80 N)sin60° − T2 − T1cos60° = 0 T2 = (80 N)sin60° − (46.2 N)cos60° = N2.46

m = T2/g = kg .714

(c) ΣFx = −T1cos60° + T3cos60° = 0

and T1 = T3 ΣFy = 2T1sin60° − mg = 0 and T1 = T3 = (58.9 N)/(2sin60°) = N0.34

Chapter 4

226

∴ m = T1/g = kg .463

53 •• Picture the Problem Construct the free-body diagram for that point in the rope at which you exert the force F

rand choose the

coordinate system shown on the FBD. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the rope to relate the tension to F.

(a) Noting that T1 = T2 = T, apply

∑ = yy maF to the car: 2Tsinθ − F = may = 0 because the car’s acceleration is zero.

Solve for and evaluate T: kN82.3

3sin2N400

sin2=

°==

θFT

(b) Proceed as in part (a):

kN30.44sin2N600

=°

=T

Free-Body Diagrams: Inclined Planes and the Normal Force *54 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the box as the man pushes it across the frictionless floor. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion to the box to find its acceleration.

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the box: xmaF =θcos

Solve for ax:

mFax

θcos=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ax:

( ) 2m/s2.10kg20cos35N250

=°

=xa

Newton’s Laws

227

55 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the box as the man pushes it up the frictionless incline. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion to the box to determine the smallest force that will move it up the incline at constant speed.

Apply xx maF =∑ to the box as it moves up the incline with constant speed:

( ) 0sin40cosmin =−−° θθ mgF

Solve for Fmin:

( )θθ−°

=40cossin

minmgF

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fmin:

( )( ) N0.56cos25

m/s9.81kg20 2

min =°

=F

56 • Picture the Problem Forces always occur in equal and opposite pairs. If object A exerts a force, AB,F

ron object B, an equal but opposite force, ABBA ,, FF

rr−= is exerted by object B

on object A. The forces acting on the box are its weight,

,Wr

and the normal reaction force of the inclined plane on the box, .nF

rThe reaction

forces are the forces the box exerts on the inclined plane and the gravitational force the box exerts on the earth. The reaction forces are indicated with primes.

57 • Picture the Problem Because the block whose mass is m is in equilibrium, the sum of the forces nF

r, ,T

r and gmr

must be zero. Construct the free-body diagram for this object, use the coordinate system shown on the free-body diagram, and apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion.

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the block on the incline:

T – mgsin40° = max = 0 because the system is in equilibrium.

Chapter 4

228

Solve for m: °

=40sing

Tm

The tension must equal the weight of the 3.5-kg block because that block is also in equilibrium:

T = (3.5 kg)g and

°=

°=

40sinkg5.3

40sin)kg5.3(

ggm

Because this expression is not included in the list of solution candidates,

correct. is )(d

Remarks: Because the object whose mass is m does not hang vertically, its mass must be greater than 3.5 kg. *58 • Picture the Problem The balance(s) indicate the tension in the string(s). Draw free-body diagrams for each of these systems and apply the condition(s) for equilibrium.

(a)

0=−=∑ mgTFy and

( )( ) N1.98m/s81.9kg10 2 === mgT

(b)

0'=−=∑ TTFx or, because T ′= mg,

( )( ) N1.98m/s81.9kg10

'2 ==

== mgTT

(c)

02 =−=∑ mgTFy and

( )( ) N1.49m/s81.9kg10 221

21

==

= mgT

(d) 030sin =°−=∑ mgTFx and

( )( ) N1.4930sinm/s81.9kg10

30sin2 =°=

°= mgT

Newton’s Laws

229

Remarks: Note that (a) and (b) give the same answers … a rather surprising result until one has learned to draw FBDs and apply the conditions for translational equilibrium. 59 •• Picture the Problem Because the box is held in place (is in equilibrium) by the forces acting on it, we know that

Tr

+ nFr

+ Wr

= 0 Choose a coordinate system in which the positive x direction is in the direction of Tr

and the positive y direction is in the direction of .nF

r Apply Newton’s 2nd law

to the block to obtain expressions for Tr

and .nFr

(a) Apply xx maF =∑ to the box:

0sin =− θmgT

Solve for T:

θsinmgT =


( )( ) N42560sinm/s81.9kg50 2 =°=T

Apply yy maF =∑ to the box: 0cosn =− θmgF

Solve for Fn: θcosn mgF =


( )( )N245

60cosm/s81.9kg50 2n

=

°=F

(b) Using the result for the tension from part (a) to obtain:

mgmgT =°=° 90sin90

and 00sin0 =°=° mgT

Chapter 4

230

60 •• Picture the Problem Draw a free-body diagram for the box. Choose a coordinate system in which the positive x-axis is parallel to the inclined plane and the positive y-axis is in the direction of the normal force the incline exerts on the block. Apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion to both the x and y directions.

(a) Apply yy maF =∑ to the block: ( ) 025sinN10025cosn =°−°−mgF

Solve for Fn:

( ) °+°= 25sinN10025cosn mgF


( )( )( ) N14925sinN100

cos25m/s9.81kg12 2n

=°+

°=F

(b) Apply xx maF =∑ to the block:

( ) mamg =°−° 25sin25cosN100

Solve for a: ( )°−

°= 25sin25cosN100 g

ma


( ) ( )2

2

m/s41.3

25sinm/s81.9kg12

25cosN100

=

°−°

=a

*61 •• Picture the Problem The scale reading (the boy’s apparent weight) is the force the scale exerts on the boy. Draw a free-body diagram for the boy, choosing a coordinate system in which the positive x-axis is parallel to and down the inclined plane and the positive y-axis is in the direction of the normal force the incline exerts on the boy. Apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion in the y direction.

Apply yy maF =∑ to the boy to find Fn. Remember that there is no acceleration in the y direction:

030cosn =°−WF

Newton’s Laws

231

Substitute for W to obtain:

030cosn =°−mgF

Solve for Fn: °= 30cosn mgF


( )( )N552

30cosm/s81.9kg65 2n

=

°=F

62 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram for the block sliding up the incline is shown to the right. Applying Newton’s 2nd law to the forces acting in the x direction will lead us to an expression for ax. Using this expression in a constant-acceleration equation will allow us to express h as a function of v0 and g.

The height h is related to the distance ∆x traveled up the incline:

h = ∆xsinθ

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the final speed of the block to its initial speed, acceleration, and distance traveled:

xavv x∆+= 220


xav x∆+= 20 20

Solve for ∆x to obtain:

xavx

2

20−

=∆

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the block and solve for its acceleration:

xmamg =− θsin and ax = −g sinθ

Substitute these results in the equation for h and simplify:

gv

gvxh

2

sinsin2

sin

20

20

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=∆= θ

θθ

which is independent of the ramp’s angle θ.

Chapter 4

232

Free-Body Diagrams: Elevators 63 • Picture the Problem Because the elevator is descending at constant speed, the object is in equilibrium and T

r+ g

rm = 0. Draw a

free-body diagram of the object and let the upward direction be the positive y direction. Apply Newton’s 2nd law with a = 0. Because the downward speed is constant, the acceleration is zero. Apply yy maF =∑ and solve for T:

T – mg = 0 ⇒ T = mg and

correct. is )(a

64 • Picture the Problem The sketch to the right shows a person standing on a scale in a descending elevator. To its right is a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the person. The force exerted by the scale on the person, ,appwr is the person’s apparent weight. Because the elevator is slowing down while descending, the acceleration is directed upward.

Apply yy maF =∑ to the person:

ymamgw =−app

Solve for wapp: mgmamgw y >+=app

t.your weighan greater th bemust ) (your scale by theyou on exerted force normal the velocity,downward a slow"" to

required ison accelerati upwardan Because higher. be eight willapparent w The

weightapparent

*65 • Picture the Problem The sketch to the right shows a person standing on a scale in the elevator immediately after the cable breaks. To its right is the free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the person. The force exerted by the scale on the person, ,appwr is the person’s apparent weight.

Newton’s Laws

233

From the free-body diagram we can see that agw rrr mm =+app where gr

is the local gravitational field and ar is the acceleration of the reference frame (elevator). When the elevator goes into free fall ( ar = g

r), our equation becomes .app gagw rrrr mmm ==+ This

tells us that appwr = 0. correct. is )(e

66 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the 10-kg block as the elevator accelerates upward. Apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion to the block to find the minimum acceleration of the elevator required to break the cord. Apply yy maF =∑ to the block: T – mg = may

Solve for ay to determine the minimum breaking acceleration: g

mT

mmgTa −=

−=y

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ay:

22y m/s19.5m/s81.9

kg10N150

=−=a

67 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the 2-kg block as the elevator ascends at a constant velocity. Because the acceleration of the elevator is zero, the block is in equilibrium under the influence of Tr

and .gr

m Apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion to the block to determine the scale reading.

(a) Apply yy maF =∑ to the block to obtain:

ymamgT =− (1)

For motion with constant velocity, ay = 0:

0=−mgT and mgT =


( )( ) N6.19m/s81.9kg2 2 ==T

(b) As in part (a), for constant velocity, a = 0:

ymamgT =− and

( )( ) N6.19m/s81.9kg2 2 ==T

Chapter 4

234

(c) Solve equation (1) for T and simplify to obtain:

( )yy agmmamgT +=+= (2)

Because the elevator is ascending and its speed is increasing, we have ay = 3 m/s2. Substitute numerical values and evaluate T:

( )( ) N6.25m/s3m/s81.9kg2 22 =+=T

(d) For 0 < t < 5 s: ay = 0 and

N 19.6s50 =→T

Using its definition, calculate a for 5 s < t < 9 s:

2m/s5.2s4m/s100

−=−

=∆∆

=tva

Substitute in equation (2) and evaluate T:

( )( )N6.14

m/s5.2m/s81.9kg2 22s9s5

=

−=→T

Free-Body Diagrams: Ropes, Tension, and Newton’s Third Law 68 • Picture the Problem Draw a free-body diagram for each object and apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations for the ratio of T1 to T2. Draw the FBD for the box to the left and apply ∑ = xx maF :

T1 = m1a1

Draw the FBD for the box to the right and apply ∑ = xx maF :

T2 − T1 = m2a2

The two boxes have the same acceleration:

a1 = a2

Divide the second equation by the first:

2

1

12

1

mm

TTT

=−

Newton’s Laws

235

Solve for the ratio T1/T2 :

21

1

2

1

mmm

TT

+= and correct. is )(d

69 •• Picture the Problem Call the common acceleration of the boxes a. Assume that box 1 moves upward, box 2 to the right, and box 3 downward and take this direction to be the positive x direction. Draw free-body diagrams for each of the boxes, apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion, and solve the resulting equations simultaneously. (a)

(b)

(c)

(a) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the box whose mass is m1:

T1 – w1 = m1a

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the box whose mass is m2:

T2 – T1 = m2a

Noting that '22 TT = , apply

∑ = xx maF to the box whose mass is m3:

w3 – T2 = m3a

Add the three equations to obtain: w3 − w1 = (m1 + m2 + m3)a

Solve for a:

( )321

13

mmmgmma

++−

=


( )( )

2

2

m/s31.1

kg5.2kg5.3kg5.1m/s81.9kg5.1kg5.2

=

++−

=a

(b) Substitute for the acceleration in the equations obtained above to find the tensions:

T1 = N7.16 and T2 = N3.21

Chapter 4

236

*70 •• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the positive x direction is to the right and the positive y direction is upward. Let 1,2F

rbe the contact force

exerted by m2 on m1 and 2,1Fr

be the force exerted by m1 on m2. These forces are equal and opposite so 1,2F

r= − .2,1F

r The free-

body diagrams for the blocks are shown to the right. Apply Newton’s 2nd law to each block separately and use the fact that their accelerations are equal.

(a) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the first block:

amamFF 1111,2 ==−

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the second block:

amamF 2222,1 == (1)

Add these equations to eliminate F2,1 and F1,2 and solve for a = a1 = a2: 21 mm

Fa+

=

Substitute your value for a into equation (1) and solve for F1,2:

21

21,2 mm

FmF+

=

(b) Substitute numerical values in the equations derived in part (a) and evaluate a and F1,2:

2m/s400.0kg6kg2

N2.3=

+=a

and ( )( ) N40.2

kg6kg2kg6N3.2

1,2 =+

=F

Remarks: Note that our results for the acceleration are the same as if the force F had acted on a single object whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the two blocks. In fact, because the two blocks have the same acceleration, we can consider them to be a single system with mass m1 + m2.

Newton’s Laws

237

71 • Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the positive x direction is to the right and the positive y direction is upward. Let 1,2F

rbe the contact force

exerted by m2 on m1 and 2,1Fr

be the force exerted by m1 on m2. These forces are equal and opposite so 1,2F

r= − .2,1F

r The free-

body diagrams for the blocks are shown. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to each block separately and use the fact that their accelerations are equal.

(a) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the first block:

amamFF 2222,1 ==−

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the second block:

amamF 1111,2 == (1)

Add these equations to eliminate F2,1 and F1,2 and solve for a = a1 = a2: 21 mm

Fa+

=

Substitute your value for a into equation (1) and solve for F2,1:

21

12,1 mm

FmF+

=

(b) Substitute numerical values in the equations derived in part (a) and evaluate a and F2,1:

2m/s400.0kg6kg2

N2.3=

+=a

and ( )( ) N800.0

kg6kg2kg2N3.2

2,1 =+

=F

Remarks: Note that our results for the acceleration are the same as if the force F had acted on a single object whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the two blocks. In fact, because the two blocks have the same acceleration, we can consider them to be a single system with mass m1 + m2. 72 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagrams for the boxes and the ropes are below. Because the vertical forces have no bearing on the problem they have not been included. Let the numeral 1 denote the 100-kg box to the left, the numeral 2 the rope connecting the boxes, the numeral 3 the box to the right and the numeral 4 the rope to which the force Fr

is applied. 4,3Fr

is the tension force exerted by m3 on m4, 3,4Fr

is the tension force

exerted by m4 on m3, 3,2Fr

is the tension force exerted by m2 on m3, 2,3Fr

is the tension

Chapter 4

238

force exerted by m3 on m2, 2,1Fr

is the tension force exerted by m1 on m2, and 1,2Fr

is the

tension force exerted by m2 on m1. The equal and opposite pairs of forces are 1,2Fr

=

− ,2,1Fr

2,3Fr

= − ,3,2Fr

and 3,4Fr

= − .4,3Fr

We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to each box and rope separately and use the fact that their accelerations are equal.

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the box whose mass is m1:

amamF 1111,2 == (1)

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the rope

whose mass is m2:

amamFF 2222,12,3 ==− (2)

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the box whose

mass is m3:

amamFF 3333,23,4 ==− (3)

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the rope

whose mass is m4:

amamFF 4444,3 ==−

Add these equations to eliminate F2,1, F1,2, F3,2, F2,3, F4,3, and F3,4 and solve for F:

( )( )( ) N202m/s1.0kg202 2

4321

==

+++= ammmmF

Use equation (1) to find the tension at point A:

( )( ) N100m/s1.0kg100 21,2 ==F

Use equation (2) to find the tension at point B:

( )( )N101

m/s1.0kg1N100 2

22,12,3

=

+=

+= amFF

Use equation (3) to find the tension at point C:

( )( )N012

m/s1.0kg100N101 2

33,23,4

=

+=

+= amFF

Newton’s Laws

239

73 •• Picture the Problem Because the distribution of mass in the rope is uniform, we can express the mass m′ of a length x of the rope in terms of the total mass of the rope M and its length L. We can then express the total mass that the rope must support at a distance x above the block and use Newton’s 2nd law to find the tension as a function of x. Set up a proportion expressing the mass m′ of a length x of the rope as a function of M and L and solve for m′:

xLMm'

LM

xm'

=⇒=

Express the total mass that the rope must support at a distance x above the block:

xLMmm'm +=+

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the block and a length x of the rope:

axLMm

gxLMmTwT

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +−=−

Solve for T to obtain:

( ) ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ++= x

LMmgaT

*74 •• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system with the positive y direction upward and denote the top link with the numeral 1, the second with the numeral 2, etc.. The free-body diagrams show the forces acting on links 1 and 2. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to each link to obtain a system of simultaneous equations that we can solve for the force each link exerts on the link below it. Note that the net force on each link is the product of its mass and acceleration. (a) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the top link and solve for F:

mamgF 55 =− and

( )agmF += 5

Chapter 4

240


( )( )N16.6

m/s2.5m/s9.81kg0.15 22

=

+=F

(b) Apply ∑ = yy maF to a single link:

( )( )N250.0

m/s2.5kg0.1 2link1link1

=

== amF

(c) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the 1st through 5th links to obtain:

mamgFF =−− 2 , (1) mamgFF =−− 32 , (2) mamgFF =−− 43 , (3) mamgFF =−− 54 , and (4)

mamgF =−5 (5)

Add equations (2) through (5) to obtain:

mamgF 442 =−

Solve for F2 to obtain:

( )gammamgF +=+= 4442

Substitute numerical values and evaluate F2:

( )( )N92.4

m/s2.5m/s9.81kg0.14 222

=

+=F

Substitute for F2 to find F3, and then substitute for F3 to find F4:

N69.33 =F and N46.24 =F

Solve equation (5) for F5: ( )agmF +=5

Substitute numerical values and evaluate F5:

( )( )N23.1

m/s2.5m/s9.81kg0.1 225

=

+=F

75 • Picture the Problem A net force is required to accelerate the object. In this problem the net force is the difference between T

rand ).( gW rr

m= The free-body diagram of the object is shown to the right. Choose a coordinate system in which the upward direction is positive. Apply aF rr

m=∑ to the object to obtain:

Fnet = T – W = T – mg

Solve for the tension in the lower portion of the rope:

T = Fnet + mg = ma + mg = m(a + g)

Newton’s Laws

241

Using its definition, find the acceleration of the object:

a ≡ ∆v/∆t = (3.5 m/s)/(0.7 s) = 5.00 m/s2


T = (40 kg)(5.00 m/s2 + 9.81 m/s2) = 592 N and correct. is )(a

76 • Picture the Problem A net force in the downward direction is required to accelerate the truck downward. The net force is the difference between tW

rand .T

r

A free-body diagram showing these forces acting on the truck is shown to the right. Choose a coordinate system in which the downward direction is positive.

Apply yy maF =∑ to the truck to obtain:

yamgmT tt =−

Solve for the tension in the lower portion of the cable:

( )yy agmamgmT +=+= ttt

Substitute to find the tension in the rope:

( ) gmggmT tt 9.01.0 =−=

and correct. is )(c

77 •• Picture the Problem Because the string does not stretch or become slack, the two objects must have the same speed and therefore the magnitude of the acceleration is the same for each object. Choose a coordinate system in which up the incline is the positive x direction for the object of mass m1 and downward is the positive x direction for the object of mass m2. This idealized pulley acts like a piece of polished pipe; i.e., its only function is to change the direction the tension in the massless string acts. Draw a free-body diagram for each of the two objects, apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion to both objects, and solve the resulting equations simultaneously. (a) Draw the FBD for the object of mass m1:

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the object whose mass is m1:

T – m1gsinθ = m1a

Chapter 4

242

Draw the FBD for the object of mass m2:

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the object whose mass is m2:

m2g − T = m2a

Add the two equations and solve for a:

( )21

12 sinmm

mmga+−

=θ

Substitute for a in either of the equations containing the tension and solve for T:

( )21

21 sin1mm

mgmT++

=θ

(b) Substitute the given values into the expression for a:

2m/s45.2=a

Substitute the given data into the expression for T:

N8.36=T

78 • Picture the Problem The magnitude of the accelerations of Peter and the counterweight are the same. Choose a coordinate system in which up the incline is the positive x direction for the counterweight and downward is the positive x direction for Peter. The pulley changes the direction the tension in the rope acts. Let Peter’s mass be mP. Ignoring the mass of the rope, draw free-body diagrams for the counterweight and Peter, apply Newton’s 2nd law to each of them, and solve the resulting equations simultaneously. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate Peter’s displacement to her acceleration and descent time:

( ) 221


( ) 221 tax ∆=∆

Solve for the common acceleration of Peter and the counterweight: ( )2

2txa

∆∆

=


( )( )

22 m/s32.1

s2.2m2.32

==a

Newton’s Laws

243

Draw the FBD for the counterweight:

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the counterweight:

T – mg sin50° = ma

Draw the FBD for Peter:

Apply ∑ = xx maF to Peter:

mPg – T = mPa

Add the two equations and solve for m:

( )°+

−=

50sinP

gaagmm

Substitute numerical values and evaluate m:

( )( )( )

kg0.48

sin50m/s9.81m/s1.32m/s1.32m/s9.81kg50

22

22

=

°+−

=m

(b) Substitute for m in the force equation for the counterweight and solve for T:

( )°+= 50singamT

(b) Substitute numerical values and evaluate T:

( )[ ( ) ] N424sin50m/s9.81m/s1.32kg48.0 22 =°+=T

79 •• Picture the Problem The magnitude of the accelerations of the two blocks are the same. Choose a coordinate system in which up the incline is the positive x direction for the 8-kg object and downward is the positive x direction for the 10-kg object. The peg changes the direction the tension in the rope acts. Draw free-body diagrams for each object, apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion to both of them, and solve the resulting equations simultaneously.

Chapter 4

244

(a) Draw the FBD for the 3-kg object:

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the 3-kg block:

T – m8g sin40° = m3a

Draw the FBD for the 10-kg object:

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the 10-kg block:

m10g sin50° − T = m10a

Add the two equations and solve for and evaluate a:

( )

2

108

810

m/s37.1

40sin50sin

=

+°−°

=mm

mmga

Substitute for a in the first of the two force equations and solve for T:

amgmT 88 40sin +°=


( ) ( )[]

N4.61

m/s37.140sinm/s81.9kg8

2

2

=

+

°=T

(b) Because the system is in equilibrium, set a = 0, express the force equations in terms of m1 and m2, add the two force equations, and solve for and evaluate the ratio m1/m2:

T – m1g sin40° = 0 m2g sin50°− T = 0 ∴ m2g sin50°– m1g sin40° = 0 and

19.140sin50sin

2

1 =°°

=mm

Newton’s Laws

245

80 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representations shown to the right summarize the information given in this problem. While the mass of the rope is distributed over its length, the rope and the 6-kg block have a common acceleration. Choose a coordinate system in which the direction of the 100-N force is the positive x direction. Because the surface is horizontal and frictionless, the only force that influences our solution is the 100-N force. (a) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the objects shown for part (a):

100 N = (m1 + m2)a

Solve for a to obtain:

21

N100mm

a+

=


2m/s0.10kg10N100==a

(b) Let m represent the mass of a length x of the rope. Assuming that the mass of the rope is uniformly distributed along its length:

m5kg4

rope

2 ==Lm

xm

xm ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

m5kg4

and

Let T represent the tension in the rope at a distance x from the point at which it is attached to the 6-kg block. Apply ∑ = xx maF to the system shown for part (b) and solve for T:

T = (m1 + m)a

( )

( )x

x

N/m8N60

m/s10m5kg4kg6 2

+=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

*81 •• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which upward is the positive y direction and draw the free-body diagram for the frame-plus- painter. Noting that

,TFrr

−= apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion.

(a) Letting mtot = mframe + mpainter, 2T – mtotg = mtota

and

Chapter 4

246

apply ∑ = yy maF to the frame-plus-painter and solve T:

( )2

tot gamT +=


( )( )

N3982

m/s81.9m/s8.0kg75 22

=

+=T

Because F = T: F = N398

(b) Apply ∑ = yy maF with a = 0 to obtain:

2T – mtotg = 0

Solve for T:

gmT tot21=


( )( ) N368m/s81.9kg75 221 ==T

82 ••• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which up the incline is the positive x direction and draw free-body diagrams for each block. Noting that ,1020 aa rr

−= apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion to each block and solve the resulting equations simultaneously. Draw a FBD for the 20-kg block:

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the block to obtain:

T – m20gsin20° = m20a20

Draw a FBD for the 10-kg block. Because all the surfaces, including the surfaces between the blocks, are frictionless, the force the 20-kg block exerts on the 10-kg block must be normal to their surfaces as shown to the right.


T – m10gsin20° = m10a10

Newton’s Laws

247

Because the blocks are connected by a taut string:

a20 = −a10

Substitute for a20 and eliminate T between the two equations to obtain:

220

210

m/s12.1

and

m/s12.1

−=

=

a

a

Substitute for either of the accelerations in the force equations and solve for T:

N8.44=T

83 ••• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the positive x direction is to the right and draw free-body diagrams for each block. Because of the pulley, the string exerts a force of 2T. Apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion to both blocks and solve the resulting equations simultaneously. (a) Noting the effect of the pulley, express the distance the 20-kg block moves in a time ∆t:

( ) cm00.5cm1021

521

20 ==∆=∆ xx

(b) Draw a FBD for the 20-kg block:


2T = m20a20

Draw a FBD for the 5-kg block:


m5g − T = m5a5

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement of the 5-kg block to its acceleration

( )2521

5 tax ∆=∆

Chapter 4

248

and the time during which it is accelerated: Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement of the 20-kg block to its acceleration and the time during which it is accelerated:

( )22021

20 tax ∆=∆

Divide the first of these equations by the second to obtain:

( )( ) 20

52

2021

252

1

20

5

aa

tata

xx

=∆∆

=∆∆

Use the result of part (a) to obtain:

205 2aa =

Let a20 = a. Then a5 = 2a and the force equations become:

2T = m20a and m5g – T = m5(2a)

Eliminate T between the two equations to obtain:

2021

5

520 2 mm

gmaa+

==

Substitute numerical values and evaluate a20 and a5:

( )( )( ) ( )

2

21

2

20 m/s45.2kg20kg52

m/s81.9kg5=

+=a

and ( ) 22

5 m/s91.4m/s45.22 ==a

Substitute for either of the accelerations in either of the force equations and solve for T:

N5.24=T

Free-Body Diagrams: The Atwood’s Machine *84 •• Picture the Problem Assume that m1 > m2. Choose a coordinate system in which the positive y direction is downward for the block whose mass is m1 and upward for the block whose mass is m2 and draw free-body diagrams for each block. Apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion to both blocks and solve the resulting equations simultaneously. Draw a FBD for the block whose mass is m2:

Newton’s Laws

249

Apply ∑ = yy maF to this block:

T – m2g = m2a2

Draw a FBD for the block whose mass is m1:

Apply ∑ = yy maF to this block:

m1g – T = m1a1

Because the blocks are connected by a taut string, let a represent their common acceleration:

a = a1 = a2

Add the two force equations to eliminate T and solve for a:

m1g − m2g = m1a + m2a and

gmmmma

21

21

+−

=

Substitute for a in either of the force equations and solve for T:

21

212mm

gmmT+

=

85 •• Picture the Problem The acceleration can be found from the given displacement during the first second. The ratio of the two masses can then be found from the acceleration using the first of the two equations derived in Problem 89 relating the acceleration of the Atwood’s machine to its masses. Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement of the masses to their acceleration and solve for the acceleration:

( )221

0 tatvy ∆+=∆ or, because v0 = 0,

( )221 tay ∆=∆

Solve for and evaluate a:

( )( )( )

222 m/s600.0

s1m3.022

==∆∆

=tya

Solve for m1 in terms of 2m using the first of the two equations given in Problem 84:

222

2

21 13.1m/s9.21m/s10.41 mm

agagmm ==

−+

=

Find the second mass for m2 or m1 = 1.2 kg:

kg06.1orkg36.1mass2nd =m

Chapter 4

250

86 •• Picture the Problem Let Fnm be the force the block of mass m2 exerts on the pebble of mass m. Because m2 < m1, the block of mass m2 accelerates upward. Draw a free-body diagram for the pebble and apply Newton’s 2nd law and the acceleration equation given in Problem 84.

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the pebble:

Fnm – mg = ma

Solve for Fnm: ( )gamF +=nm

From Problem 84: g

mmmm

a21

21

+−

=

Substitute for a and simplify to obtain: g

mmmmgg

mmmmmF

21

1

21

21nm

2+

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

+−

=

87 •• Picture the Problem Note from the free-body diagrams for Problem 89 that the net force exerted by the accelerating blocks is 2T. Use this information, together with the expression for T given in Problem 84, to derive an expression for F = 2T. From Problem 84 we have:

21

212mm

gmmT+

=

The net force, F, exerted by the Atwood’s machine on the hanger is:

21

21

42

mmgmmTF

+==

If m1 = m2 = m, then: mg

mgmF 2

24 2

== … as expected.

If either m1 or m2 = 0, then: F = 0 … also as expected. 88 ••• Picture the Problem Use a constant-acceleration equation to relate the displacement of the descending (or rising) mass as a function of its acceleration and then use one of the results from Problem 84 to relate a to g. Differentiation of our expression for g will allow us to relate uncertainty in the time measurement to uncertainty in the measured value for g … and to the values of m2 that would yield an experimental value for g that is good to within 5%.

Newton’s Laws

251

(a) Use the result given in Problem 84 to express g in terms of a:

21

21

mmmmag

−+

= (1)

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the displacement, L, as a function of t and solve for the acceleration:

( )221

0 tatvLy ∆+∆==∆ or, because v0 = 0 and ∆t = t,

22tLa = (2)

Substitute this expression for a:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−+

=21

212

2mmmm

tLg

(b) Evaluate dg/dt to obtain:

tg

mmmm

tL

t

mmmmLt

dtdg

222

4

21

212

21

213

−=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−+

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡−

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−+

−= −

Divide both sides of this expression by g and multiply both sides by dt: t

dtg

dg 2−=

(c) We have:

05.0±=g

dgand 025.0±=

tdt

Solve the second of these equations for t to obtain:

s40.025

s1025.0

===dtt

Substitute in equation (2) to obtain: ( )( )

22 m/s375.0

s4m32

==a

Solve equation (1) for m2 to obtain:

12 magagm

+−

=

Evaluate m2 with m1 = 1 kg:

( )

kg926.0

kg1m/s375.0m/s81.9m/s375.0m/s81.9

22

22

2

=+−

=m

Solve equation (1) for m1 to obtain:

agagmm

−+

= 21


( )

kg08.1m/s375.0m/s81.9m/s375.0m/s81.9kg926.0 22

22

1

=−+

=m

Chapter 4

252

Because the masses are interchangeable: kg1.08orkg0.9262 =m

*89 •• Picture the Problem We can reason to this conclusion as follows: In the two extreme cases when the mass on one side or the other is zero, the tension is zero as well, because the mass is in free-fall. By symmetry, the maximum tension must occur when the masses on each side are equal. An alternative approach that is shown below is to treat the problem as an extreme-value problem.

Express m2 in terms of M and m1:

m2 = M − m1

Substitute in the equation from Problem 84 and simplify to obtain:

( )⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

−+−

=Mmmg

mMmmMgmT

21

111

11 22

Differentiate this expression with respect to m1 and set the derivative equal to zero for extreme values:

valuesextremefor0212 1

1

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=

Mmg

dmdT

Solve for m1 to obtain:

Mm 21

1 =

Show that m1 = M/2 is a maximum value by evaluating the second derivative of T with respect to m1 at m1 = M/2:

121

2

oftlyindependen,04 mMg

dmTd

<−=

and we have shown that

. whenmaximum a is

21

21 MmmT

==

Remarks: An alternative solution is to use a graphing calculator to show that T as a function of m1 is concave downward and has its maximum value when m1 = m2 = M/2.

90 ••• Picture the Problem The free-body diagrams show the forces acting on the objects whose masses are m1 and m2. The application of Newton’s 2nd law to these forces and the accelerations the net forces are responsible for will lead us to an expression for the tension in the string as a function of m1 and m2. Examination of this expression as for m2 >> m1 will yield the predicted result.

(a) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the objects whose masses are m1 and m2 to obtain:

2222

1111

andamTgm

amgmT

=−

=−

Newton’s Laws

253

Assume that the role of the pulley is simply to change the direction the tension acts. Then T1 = T2 = T. Because the two objects have a common acceleration, let a = a1 = a2. Eliminate a between the two equations and solve for T to obtain:

gmm

mmT21

212+

=

Divide the numerator and denominator of this fraction by m2:

2

1

1

1

2

mmgmT

+=

Take the limit of this fraction as m2 → ∞ to obtain:

gmT 12=

(b) Imagine the situation when m2 >> m1:

Under these conditions, the object whose mass is m2 is essentially in free- fall, so the object whose mass is m1 is accelerating upward with an acceleration of magnitude g.

Under these conditions, the net force acting on the object whose mass is m1 is m1g and:

T – m1g = m1g ⇒ T = 2m1g. Note that this result agrees with that obtained using more analytical methods.

General Problems 91 • Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the force the tree exerts on the woodpecker’s head is in the negative-x direction and determine the acceleration of the woodpecker’s head from Newton’s 2nd law of motion. The depth of penetration, under the assumption of constant acceleration, can be determined using a constant- acceleration equation. Knowing the acceleration of the woodpecker’s head and the depth of penetration of the tree, we can calculate the time required to bring the head to rest. (a) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the woodpecker’s head to obtain:

2m/s100kg 0.060

N6−=

−=∑=

mFa x

x

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the depth-of-penetration into the bark to the acceleration of the woodpecker’s head:

xavv ∆+= 220


xav ∆+= 20 20

Solve for and evaluate ∆x: ( )( ) cm13.6

m/s1002m/s5.3

2 2

220 =

−−

=−

=∆avx

Chapter 4

254

(c) Use the definition of acceleration to express the time required for the woodpecker’s head to come to rest:

avvt 0−

=∆

or, because v = 0,

avvt 0−

=∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆t: ms0.35

m/s100m/s3.5

20 =

−−

=−

=∆avt

*92 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shown to the right shows the forces acting on an object suspended from the ceiling of a car that is accelerating to the right. Choose the coordinate system shown and use Newton’s laws of motion and constant- acceleration equations in the determination of the influence of the forces on the behavior of the suspended object.

The second free-body diagram shows the forces acting on an object suspended from the ceiling of a car that is braking while it moves to the right.

(a) on.accelerati theof that oppositedirection in the be will

ntdisplaceme sobject' theinertia, of law sNewton' with accordanceIn

(b) Resolve the tension, T, into its components and apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the object:

ΣFx = Tsinθ = ma and ΣFy = Tcosθ − mg = 0

Take the ratio of these two equations to eliminate T and m:

θθ

θθ

tantan

orcossin

gaga

mgma

TT

=⇒=

=

(c) forward. swing ter willaccelerome the

moving, iscar thedirection theopposite ison accelerati theBecause

Newton’s Laws

255

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the velocity of the car in terms of its acceleration and solve for the acceleration:

xavv ∆+= 220


xav ∆+= 20 20

Solve for a:

xva∆−

=2

20


( )( )

22

m/s61.1m602

km/h50−=

−=a

Solve the equation derived in (b) for θ : ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −

ga1tanθ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate θ : °=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= − 32.9

m/s9.81m/s1.61tan 2

21θ

93 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting at the top of the mast. Choose the coordinate system shown and use Newton’s 2nd and 3rd laws of motion to analyze the forces acting on the deck of the sailboat.

Apply∑ = xx maF to the top of the mast:

TFsinθF − TBsinθB = 0

Find the angles that the forestay and backstay make with the vertical:

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

−

−

1.28m12m4.6tan

and

7.16m12m3.6tan

1B

1F

θ

θ

Solve the x-direction equation for TB: ( )

N305

1.28sin7.16sinN500

sinsin

B

FFB

=

°°

==θθTT

Find the downward forces that TB and TF exert on the mast:

∑ =−−= 0coscos BBFFmast θθ TTFFy

Solve for Fmast to obtain: BBFFmast coscos θθ TTF +=

Chapter 4

256

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fmast:

( ) ( ) N7481.28cosN3057.16cosN500mast =°+°=F

The force that the mast exerts on the deck is the sum of its weight and the downward forces exerted on it by the forestay and backstay:

kN55.1

N800N748decktheonmast

=

+=F

94 •• Picture the Problem Let m be the mass of the block and M be the mass of the chain. The free-body diagrams shown below display the forces acting at the locations identified in the problem. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law with ay = 0 to each of the segments of the chain to determine the tensions. (a)

(b)

(c)

(a) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the block and solve for Ta:

ya mamgT =− or, because ay = 0,

mgTa =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ta:

( )( ) N491m/s9.81kg50 2 ==aT

(b) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the block and half the chain and solve for Tb:

yb magMmT =⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +−

2

or, because ay = 0,

gMmTb ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +=

2

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Tb:

( )( ) N589m/s9.81kg10kg50 2 =+=bT

(c) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the block and chain and solve for Tc:

( ) yc magMmT =+− or, because ay = 0,

( )gMmTc +=

Newton’s Laws

257

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Tc:

( )( )N687

m/s9.81kg20kg50 2

=

+=cT

*95 ••• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the box as the man pushes it across a frictionless floor. Because the force is time-dependent, the acceleration will be, too. We can obtain the acceleration as a function of time from the application of Newton’s 2nd law and then find the velocity of the box as a function of time by integration. Finally, we can derive an expression for the displacement of the box as a function of time by integration of the velocity function.

(a) The velocity is related to the acceleration according to: ( )ta

dtdv

= (1)

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the box and solve for its acceleration:

maF = and

( ) ( )ttmFa 3

31 m/s

kg24N/s8

===

Because the box’s acceleration is a function of time, separate variables in equation (1) and integrate to find v as a function of time:

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) 2361

23

31

0

331

0

m/s2

m/s

''m/s''

tt

dttdttatvtt

==

== ∫∫

Evaluate v at t = 3 s: ( ) ( )( ) m/s50.1s3m/ss3 23

61 ==v

(b) Integrate v = dx/dt between 0 and 3 s to find the displacement of the box during this time:

( ) ( )

( ) m50.13'm/s

''m/s''

s3

0

33

61

s3

0

2361

s3

0

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

==∆ ∫∫

t

dttdttvx

(c) The average velocity is given by:

m/s500.0s3m1.5

ave ==∆∆

=txv

(d) Use Newton’s 2nd law to express the average force exerted on the box by the man: t

vmmaF∆∆

== avav

Chapter 4

258

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fav: ( ) N0.12

s3m/s0m/s1.5kg24av =

−=F

96 ••

Picture the Problem The application of Newton’s 2nd law to the glider and the hanging weight will lead to simultaneous equations in their common acceleration a and the tension T in the cord that connects them. Once we know the acceleration of this system, we can use a constant-acceleration equation to predict how long it takes the cart to travel 1 m from rest. Note that the magnitudes of T

rand 'T

rare equal.

(a) The free-body diagrams are shown to the right. m1 represents the mass of the cart and m2 the mass of the hanging weight.

(b) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the cart and the suspended mass:

222

111

andsin

amTgm

amgmT

=−

=− θ

Letting a represent the common accelerations of the two objects, eliminate T between the two equations and solve a:

gmm

mma21

12 sin+

−=

θ


( )

( )2

2

m/s71.1

m/s9.81kg0.270kg0.075sin30kg0.270kg0.075

−=

×

+°−

=a

i.e., the acceleration is down the incline.

Substitute for a in either of the force equations to obtain:

N863.0=T

(c) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement of the cart down the incline to its initial speed and acceleration:

( )221


( )221 tax ∆=∆

Solve for ∆t:

axt ∆

=∆2


( ) s08.1m/s1.71m12

2 ==∆t

Newton’s Laws

259

97 •• Picture the Problem Note that, while the mass of the rope is distributed over its length, the rope and the block have a common acceleration. Because the surface is horizontal and smooth, the only force that influences our solution is F

r. The figure misrepresents

the situation in that each segment of the rope experiences a gravitational force; the combined effect of which is that the rope must sag. (a) Apply totnet / mFa

rr= to the rope-

block system to obtain:

21 mmFa+

=

(b) Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the rope,

substitute the acceleration of the system obtained in (a), and simplify to obtain: F

mmm

mmFmamF

21

2

2122net

+=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

==

(c) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the block, substitute the acceleration of the system obtained in (a), and simplify to obtain: F

mmm

mmFmamT

21

1

2111

+=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

==

(d) The rope sags and so F

rhas both

vertical and horizontal components; with its horizontal component being less than .F

r Consequently, a will be

somewhat smaller.

*98 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the block. Choose the coordinate system shown on the diagram. Because the surface of the wedge is frictionless, the force it exerts on the block must be normal to its surface.

(a) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the block to obtain:

ymawF =−°30sinn or, because ay = 0 and w = mg,

030sinn =−° mgF or

Chapter 4

260

mgF =°30sinn (1)

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the block: xmaF =°30cosn (2)


°= 30cotgax

Solve for and evaluate ax:

( )2

2

m/s0.17

30cotm/s81.930cot

=

°=°= gax

(b) An acceleration of the wedge greater than g cot30° would require that the normal force exerted on the body by the wedge be greater than that given in part (a); i.e., Fn > mg/sin30°.

wedge. theup acceleratedblock woul the

anddirection in the forcenet a be would therecondition, Under this

y

99 •• Picture the Problem Because the system is initially in equilibrium, it follows that T0 = 5mg. When one washer is removed on the left side, the remaining washers will accelerate upward (and those on the right side downward) in response to the net force that results. The free-body diagrams show the forces under this unbalanced condition. Applying Newton’s 2nd law to each collection of washers will allow us to determine both the acceleration of the system and the mass of a single washer.

(a) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the rising masses:

( )ammgT 44 =− (1)

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the descending masses:

( )amTmg 55 =− (2)

Eliminate T between these equations to obtain:

ga 91=

Use this acceleration in equation (1) or equation (2) to obtain:

mgT940

=

Express the difference between T0 and T and solve for m: N3.0

94050 =−=− mgmgTT

and

Newton’s Laws

261

g0.55kg0550.0 ==m

(b) Proceed as in (a) to obtain: T – 3mg = 3ma

and 5mg – T = 5ma

Eliminate T and solve for a: ( ) 2241

41 m/s45.2m/s81.9 === ga

Eliminate a in either of the motion equations and solve for T to obtain: mgT

415

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate T: ( )( )

N03.2

m/s81.9kg0550.04

15 2

=

=T

100 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram represents the Atwood’s machine with N washers moved from the left side to the right side. Application of Newton’s 2nd law to each collection of washers will result in two equations that can be solved simultaneously to relate N, a, and g. The acceleration can then be found from the given data. Apply ∑ = yy maF to the rising washers:

T – (5 – N)mg = (5 – N)ma

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the descending washers:

(5 +N)mg – T = (5 + N)ma

Add these equations to eliminate T:

( ) ( )( ) ( )maNmaN

mgNmgN++−=

−−+55

55

Simplify to obtain:

maNmg 102 =

Solve for N:

N = 5a/g

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the distance the washers fell to their time of fall:

( )221

0 tatvy ∆+∆=∆ or, because v0 = 0,

( )221 tay ∆=∆

Chapter 4

262

Solve for the acceleration:

( )22

tya

∆∆

=


( )( )

22 m/s89.5

s40.0m471.02

==a

Substitute in the expression for N:

3m/s81.9m/s89.55 2

2

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=N

101 •• Picture the Problem Draw the free-body diagram for the block of mass m and apply Newton’s 2nd law to obtain the acceleration of the system and then the tension in the rope connecting the two blocks.

(a) Letting T be the tension in the connecting string, apply

∑ = xx maF to the block of mass m:

T – F1 = ma

Apply ∑ = xx maF to both blocks to determine the acceleration of the system:

F2 – F1 = (m + 2m)a = (3m)a

Substitute and solve for a:

a = (F2 – F1)/3m

Substitute for a in the first equation and solve for T:

T = ( )1231 2FF +

(b) Substitute for F1 and F2 in the equation derived in part (a):

T = (2Ct +2Ct)/3 = 4Ct/3

Evaluate this expression for T = T0 and t = t0 and solve for t0: t0 =

CT

43 0

Newton’s Laws

263

*102 ••• Picture the Problem Because a constant-upward acceleration has the same effect as an increase in the acceleration due to gravity, we can use the result of Problem 89 (for the tension) with a replaced by a + g. The application of Newton’s 2nd law to the object whose mass is m2 will connect the acceleration of this body to tension from Problem 84. In Problem 84 it is given that, when the support pulley is not accelerating, the tension in the rope and the acceleration of the masses are related according to:

gmmmmT

21

212+

=

Replace a with a + g: ( )gammmmT ++

=21

212

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the object whose mass is m2 and solve for a2:

T – m2g = m2a2 and

2

22 m

gmTa −=

Substitute for T and simplify to obtain:

( )21

1212

2mm

amgmma+

+−=

The expression for a1 is the same as for a2 with all subscripts interchanged (note that a positive value for a1 represents acceleration upward):

( )21

2121

2mm

amgmma+

+−=

Chapter 4

264

265

Chapter 5 Applications of Newton’s Laws Conceptual Problems

1 • Determine the Concept Because the objects are speeding up (accelerating), there must be a net force acting on them. The forces acting on an object are the normal force exerted by the floor of the truck, the weight of the object, and the friction force; also exerted by the floor of the truck.

Of these forces, the only one that acts in the direction of the acceleration (chosen to be to the right in the free-body diagram) is the friction force. .accelerate object to

thecauses that force thebemust truck theoffloor theandobject

ebetween thfriction of force The

*2 •

Determine the Concept The forces acting on an object are the normal force exerted by the floor of the truck, the weight of the object, and the friction force; also exerted by the floor of the truck. Of these forces, the only one that acts in the direction of the acceleration (chosen to be to the right in the free-body diagram) is the friction force. Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the object to determine how the critical acceleration depends on its weight.

Taking the positive x direction to be to the right, apply ΣFx = max and solve for ax:

f = µsw = µsmg = max and ax = µsg

same. theare onsaccelerati critical the

and oft independen is Becausew,

max

Chapter 5

266

3 • Determine the Concept The forces acting on the block are the normal force nF

r

exerted by the incline, the weight of the block g

rm exerted by the earth, and the

static friction force sfr

exerted by an external agent. We can use the definition of µs and the conditions for equilibrium to determine the relationship between µs and θ.

Apply xx maF =∑ to the block: fs − mgsinθ = 0 (1)

Apply yy maF =∑ in the y

direction:

Fn − mgcosθ = 0 (2)


n

stanFf

=θ

Substitute for fs (≤ µsFn):

sn

nstan µµθ =≤FF

and correct. is )(d

*4 • Determine the Concept The block is in equilibrium under the influence of ,nF

r,mgr

and ;sfr

i.e.,

nFr

+ gr

m + sfr

= 0

We can apply Newton’s 2nd law in the x direction to determine the relationship between fs and mg.

Apply 0=∑ xF to the block: fs − mgsinθ = 0

Solve for fs: fs = mgsinθ and correct. is )(d

Applications of Newton’s Laws

267

5 •• Picture the Problem The forces acting on the car as it rounds a curve of radius R at maximum speed are shown on the free-body diagram to the right. The centripetal force is the static friction force exerted by the roadway on the tires. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the car to derive an expression for its maximum speed and then compare the speeds under the two friction conditions described.

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the car: ∑ ==

RvmfFx

2max

maxs,

and

∑ =−= 0n mgFFy

From the y equation we have: Fn = mg

Express fs,max in terms of Fn in the x equation and solve for vmax:

gRv smax µ=

or

smax constant µ=v

Express 'vmax for s2

1s µµ =' :

maxmaxs

max %71707.2

constant vvv' ≈==µ

and correct. is )(b

*6 •• Picture the Problem The normal reaction force Fn provides the centripetal force and the force of static friction, µsFn, keeps the cycle from sliding down the wall. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law and the definition of fs,max to derive an expression for vmin.

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the motorcycle: ∑ ==RvmFFx

2

n

and

Chapter 5

268

∑ =−= 0s mgfFy

For the minimum speed: fs = fs,max = µsFn

Substitute for fs, eliminate Fn between the force equations, and solve for vmin:

smin µ

Rgv =

Assume that R = 6 m and µs = 0.8 and solve for vmin:

( )( )

km/h30.9m/s8.580.8

m/s9.81m6 2

min

==

=v

7 •• Determine the Concept As the spring is extended, the force exerted by the spring on the block increases. Once that force is greater than the maximum value of the force of static friction on the block, the block will begin to move. However, as it accelerates, it will shorten the length of the spring, decreasing the force that the spring exerts on the block. As this happens, the force of kinetic friction can then slow the block to a stop, which starts the cycle over again. One interesting application of this to the real world is the bowing of a violin string: The string under tension acts like the spring, while the bow acts as the block, so as the bow is dragged across the string, the string periodically sticks and frees itself from the bow. 8 • True. The velocity of an object moving in a circle is continually changing independently of whether the object’s speed is changing. The change in the velocity vector and the acceleration vector and the net force acting on the object all point toward the center of circle. This center-pointing force is called a centripetal force. 9 • Determine the Concept A particle traveling in a vertical circle experiences a downward gravitational force plus an additional force that constrains it to move along a circular path. Because the net force acting on the particle will vary with location along its trajectory, neither (b), (c), nor (d) can be correct. Because the velocity of a particle moving along a circular path is continually changing, (a) cannot be correct. correct. is )(e

*10 • Determine the Concept We can analyze these demonstrations by drawing force diagrams for each situation. In both diagrams, h denotes ″hand″, g denotes ″gravitational″, m denotes ″magnetic″, and n denotes ″normal″.


269

(a) Demonstration 1:

Demonstration 2:

(b) Because the magnet doesn’t lift the iron in the first demonstration, the force exerted on the iron must be less than its (the iron’s) weight. This is still true when the two are falling, but the motion of the iron is not restrained by the table, and the motion of the magnet is not restrained by the hand. Looking at the second diagram, the net force pulling the magnet down is greater than its weight, implying that its acceleration is greater than g. The opposite is true for the iron: the magnetic force acts upwards, slowing it down, so its acceleration will be less than g. Because of this, the magnet will catch up to the iron piece as they fall. *11 ••• Picture the Problem The free-body diagrams show the forces acting on the two objects some time after block 2 is dropped. Note that, while ,21 TT

rr≠ T1 = T2.

The only force pulling block 2 to the left is the horizontal component of the tension. Because this force is smaller than the magnitude of the tension, the acceleration of block 1, which is identical to block 2, to the right (T1 = T2) will always be greater than the acceleration of block 2 to the left.

wall.the hits 2block beforepulley hit the will1block wall, the to2block of distance

initial theas same theispulley the to1block from distance initial theBecause

12 • True. The terminal speed of an object is given by ( ) ,1 n

t bmgv = where b depends on the

shape and area of the falling object as well as upon the properties of the medium in which the object is falling. 13 • Determine the Concept The terminal speed of a sky diver is given by ( ) ,1 n

t bmgv =

where b depends on the shape and area of the falling object as well as upon the properties of the medium in which the object is falling. The sky diver’s orientation as she falls

Chapter 5

270

determines the surface area she presents to the air molecules that must be pushed aside. correct. is )( d

14 •• Determine the Concept In your frame of reference (the accelerating reference frame of the car), the direction of the force must point toward the center of the circular path along which you are traveling; that is, in the direction of the centripetal force that keeps you moving in a circle. The friction between you and the seat you are sitting on supplies this force. The reason you seem to be "pushed" to the outside of the curve is that your body’s inertia "wants" , in accordance with Newton’s law of inertia, to keep it moving in a straight line–that is, tangent to the curve.

*15 • Determine the Concept The centripetal force that keeps the moon in its orbit around the earth is provided by the gravitational force the earth exerts on the moon. As described by Newton’s 3rd law, this force is equal in magnitude to the force the moon exerts on the earth. correct. is )(d

16 • Determine the Concept The only forces acting on the block are its weight and the force the surface exerts on it. Because the loop-the-loop surface is frictionless, the force it exerts on the block must be perpendicular to its surface. Point A: the weight is downward and the normal force is to the right.

Free-body diagram 3

Point B: the weight is downward, the normal force is upward, and the normal force is greater than the weight so that their difference is the centripetal force.

Free-body diagram 4

Point C: the weight is downward and the normal force is to the left.

Free-body diagram 5

Point D: both the weight and the normal forces are downward.

Free-body diagram 2


271

17 •• Picture the Problem Assume that the drag force on an object is given by the Newtonian formula ,2

21

D vCAF ρ= where A is the projected surface area, v is the object’s speed, ρ is the density of air, and C a dimensionless coefficient. Express the net force acting on the falling object:

maFmgF =−= Dnet

Substitute for FD under terminal speed conditions and solve for the terminal speed:

02T2

1 =− vCAmg ρ or

ρCAmgv 2

T =

Thus, the terminal velocity depends on the ratio of the mass of the object to its surface area.

For a rock, which has a relatively small surface area compared to its mass, the terminal speed will be relatively high; for a lightweight, spread-out object like a feather, the opposite is true. Another issue is that the higher the terminal velocity is, the longer it takes for a falling object to reach terminal velocity. From this, the feather will reach its terminal velocity quickly, and fall at an almost constant speed very soon after being dropped; a rock, if not dropped from a great height, will have almost the same acceleration as if it were in free-fall for the duration of its fall, and thus be continually speeding up as it falls. An interesting point is that the average drag force acting on the rock will be larger than that acting on the feather precisely because the rock’s average speed is larger than the feather's, as the drag force increases as v2. This is another reminder that force is not the same thing as acceleration. Estimation and Approximation *18 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces on the Tercel as it slows from 60 to 55 mph. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to calculate the average force from the rate at which the car’s speed decreases and the rolling force from its definition. The drag force can be inferred from the average and rolling friction forces and the drag coefficient from the defining equation for the drag force. (a) Apply∑ = xx maF to the car to relate the average force acting on it to its average velocity:

tvmmaF

∆∆

== avav

Chapter 5

272

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fav:

( ) N581s3.92

kmm1000

s3600h1

mikm1.609

hmi5

kg1020av =×××

=F

(b) Using its definition, express and evaluate the force of rolling friction:

( )( )( )N200

m/s9.81kg102002.0 2

rollingnrollingrolling

=

=

== mgFf µµ

Assuming that only two forces are acting on the car in the direction of its motion, express their relationship and solve for and evaluate the drag force:

rollingdragav FFF += and

N381N200N815

rollingavdrag

=−=

−= FFF

(c) Convert 57.5 mi/h to m/s:

m/s7.25km

m10s3600

h1mi

km1.609h

mi57.5h

mi5.57

3

=

××

×=

Using the definition of the drag force and its calculated value from (b) and the average speed of the car during this 5 mph interval, solve for C:

221

drag AvCF ρ= ⇒ 2drag2

AvF

Cρ

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate C:

( )( )( )( )

499.0

m/s7.25m1.91kg/m1.21N3812

223

=

=C

19 • Picture the Problem We can use the dimensions of force and velocity to determine the dimensions of the constant b and the dimensions of ρ, r, and v to show that, for n = 2, Newton’s expression is consistent dimensionally with our result from part (b). In parts (d) and (e), we can apply Newton’s 2nd law under terminal velocity conditions to find the terminal velocity of the sky diver near the surface of the earth and at a height of 8 km. (a) Solve the drag force equation for b with n = 1:

vFb d=


273

Substitute the dimensions of Fd and v and simplify to obtain: [ ]

TM

TL

TML

b ==2

and the units of b are kg/s

(b) Solve the drag force equation for b with n = 2:

2d

vFb =

Substitute the dimensions of Fd and v and simplify to obtain: [ ]

LM

TLTML

b =

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

= 2

2

and the units of b are kg/m

(c) Express the dimensions of Newton’s expression:

[ ] [ ] ( )

2

22

322

21

d

TML

TLL

LMvrF

=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛== ρπ

From part (b) we have: [ ] [ ]

2

22

d

TML

TL

LMbvF

=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛==

(d) Letting the downward direction be the positive y direction, apply

∑ = yy maF to the sky diver:

02221 =− tvrmg ρπ

Solve for and evaluate vt: ( )( )( )( )

m/s9.56

m0.3kg/m1.2m/s9.81kg5622

23

2

2

=

==πr

mgvt ρπ

(e) Evaluate vt at a height of 8 km: ( )( )

( )( )m/s9.86

m0.3kg/m514.0m/s9.81kg562

23

2

=

=π

vt

Chapter 5

274

20 •• Picture the Problem From Newton’s 2nd law, the equation describing the motion of falling raindrops and large hailstones is mg – Fd = ma where 222

21

d bvvrF == ρπ is the

drag force. Under terminal speed conditions (a = 0), the drag force is equal to the weight of the falling object. Take the radius of a raindrop rr to be 0.5 mm and the radius of a golf-ball sized hailstone rh to be 2 cm. Using 2

21 rb πρ= , evaluate br and bh: ( )( )

kg/m1071.4

m105.0kg/m2.17

23321

r

−

−

×=

×= πb

and ( )( )

kg/m1054.7

m102kg/m2.14

22321

h

−

−

×=

×= πb

Express the mass of a sphere in terms of its volume and density: 3

4 3ρπρ rVm ==

Using ρr = 103 kg/m3 and ρh = 920 kg/m3, evaluate mr and mh:

( ) ( )

kg1024.53

kg/m10m105.04

7

3333

r

−

−

×=

×=

πm

and ( ) ( )

kg1008.33

kg/m920m1024

2

332

h

−

−

×=

×=

πm

Express the relationship between vt and the weight of a falling object under terminal speed conditions and solve for vt:

bmgvmgbv =⇒= t

2t

Use numerical values to evaluate vt,r and vt,h:

( )( )

m/s30.3

kg/m104.71m/s9.81kg105.24

7

27

rt,

=

××

= −

−

v

and ( )( )

m/s0.20

kg/m1054.7m/s9.81kg1008.3

4

22

ht,

=

××

= −

−

v


275

Friction *21 • Picture the Problem The block is in equilibrium under the influence of nF

r,

,mgr

and ;kfr

i.e.,

nFr

+ gr

m + kfr

= 0

We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to determine the relationship between fk, θ, and mg.

Using its definition, express the coefficient of kinetic friction:

n

kk F

f=µ (1)

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the block: fk − mgsinθ = max = 0 because ax = 0

Solve for fk: fk = mgsinθ

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the block: Fn − mgcosθ = may = 0 because ay = 0

Solve for Fn: Fn = mgcosθ

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: θθθµ tan

cossin

k ==mgmg

and correct. is )(b

22 • Picture the Problem The block is in equilibrium under the influence of nF

r,

,mgr

,appFr

and ;kfr

i.e.,

nFr

+ gr

m + appFr

+ kfr

= 0

We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to determine fk.

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the block: Fapp − fk = max = 0 because ax = 0

Solve for fk: fk = Fapp = 20 N

and correct. is )(e

Chapter 5

276

*23 • Picture the Problem Whether the friction force is that due to static friction or kinetic friction depends on whether the applied tension is greater than the maximum static friction force. We can apply the definition of the maximum static friction to decide whether fs,max or T is greater.

Calculate the maximum static friction force:

fs,max = µsFn = µsw = (0.8)(20 N) = 16 N

(a) Because fs,max > T: f = fs = T = N0.15

(b) Because T > fs,max: f = fk = µkw = (0.6)(20 N) = N0.12

24 • Picture the Problem The block is in equilibrium under the influence of the forces ,T

r ,kfr

and ;gr

m i.e.,

Tr

+ kfr

+ gr

m = 0

We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to determine the relationship between T and fk.

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the block: T cosθ − fk = max = 0 because ax = 0

Solve for fk: fk = T cosθ and correct. is )(b

25 • Picture the Problem Whether the friction force is that due to static friction or kinetic friction depends on whether the applied tension is greater than the maximum static friction force.

Calculate the maximum static fs,max = µsFn = µsw


277

friction force: = (0.6)(100 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 589 N

Because fs,max > Fapp, the box does not move and :

Fapp = f s = N500

26 • Picture the Problem Because the box is moving with constant velocity, its acceleration is zero and it is in equilibrium under the influence of ,appF

r,nF

r ,wr

and

;fr

i.e.,

appFr

+ nFr

+ wr + fr

= 0

We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to determine the relationship between f and mg.

The definition of µk is:

n

kk F

f=µ

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the box: Fn – w = may = 0 because ay = 0

Solve for Fn: Fn = w = 600 N

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the box: ΣFx = Fapp – f = max = 0 because ax = 0

Solve for fk: Fapp = fk = 250 N

Substitute to obtain µk: µk = (250 N)/(600 N) = 417.0

27 • Picture the Problem Assume that the car is traveling to the right and let the positive x direction also be to the right. We can use Newton’s 2nd law of motion and the definition of µs to determine the maximum acceleration of the car. Once we know the car’s maximum acceleration, we can use a constant-acceleration equation to determine the least stopping distance.

Chapter 5

278

(a) Apply∑ = xx maF to the car: −fs,max = −µsFn = max (1)

Apply∑ = yy maF to the car and

solve for Fn:

Fn − w = may = 0 or, because ay = 0, Fn = mg (2)

Substitute (2) in (1) and solve for ax,max: 2

2smaxx,

m/s5.89 =

)m/s (0.6)(9.81 = =

−

ga µ

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the stopping distance of the car to its initial velocity and its acceleration and solve for its displacement:

xavv ∆+= 220

2

or, because v = 0,

avx

2

20−

=∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆x:

( )( ) m4.76

m/s89.52m/s30

2

2

=−−

=∆x

*28 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the drive wheels, the ones we’re assuming support half the weight of the car. We can use the definition of acceleration and apply Newton’s 2nd law to the horizontal and vertical components of the forces to determine the minimum coefficient of friction between the road and the tires.

(a) slip.not do wheels theifgreater be will , Because ks fµµ >

(b) Apply∑ = xx maF to the car: fs = µsFn = max (1)

Apply∑ = yy maF to the car and

solve for Fn:

ymamgF =− 21

n

Because ay = 0, 02

1n =− mgF ⇒ mgF 2

1n =

Find the acceleration of the car: ( )( )

2m/s08.2s12

m/km1000km/h90

=

=∆∆

=tvax


279

Solve equation (1) for µs: ga

mgma xx 2

21s ==µ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ax:

( ) 424.0m/s9.81m/s2.082

2

2

s ==µ

29 • Picture the Problem The block is in equilibrium under the influence of the forces shown on the free-body diagram. We can use Newton’s 2nd law and the definition of µs to solve for fs and Fn.

(a) Apply∑ = yy maF to the block

and solve for fs:

ymamgf =−s

or, because ay = 0, 0s =− mgf

Solve for and evaluate fs:

( )( )N1.49

m/s81.9kg5 2s

=

== mgf

(b) Use the definition of µs to express Fn: s

maxs,n µ

fF =


N1230.4

N1.49n ==F

30 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the book. The normal force is the net force the student exerts in squeezing the book. Let the horizontal direction be the x direction and upward the y direction. Note that the normal force is the same on either side of the book because it is not accelerating in the horizontal direction. The book could be accelerating downward. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to relate the minimum force required to hold the book in place to its mass and to the coefficients of static friction. In part (b), we can proceed similarly to relate the acceleration of the

Chapter 5

280

book to the coefficients of kinetic friction. (a) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the book:

0and

0

'min,2s,2

'min,11,s

min,1min,2

=−+=

=−=

∑

∑

mgFFF

FFF

y

x

µµ

Noting that ,min,2min,1

'' FF = solve the y equation for Fmin: s,21,

min µµ +=

mgF

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fmin:

( )( ) N2080.160.32

m/s9.81kg10.2 2

min =+

=F

(b) Apply ∑ = yy maF with the book accelerating downward, to obtain:

mamgFFF ky =−+=∑ k,21, µµ

Solve for a to obtain: gF

ma kk −

+= 2,, µµ


2

2

m/s27.4

m/s9.81N195kg10.20.090.2

−=

−+

=a

31 • Picture the Problem A free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the car is shown to the right. The friction force that the ground exerts on the tires is the force fs shown acting up the incline. We can use the definition of the coefficient of static friction and Newton’s 2nd law to relate the angle of the incline to the forces acting on the car.

Apply aF rr

m=∑ to the car: 0sins =−=∑ θmgfFx (1)

and 0cosn =−=∑ θmgFFy (2)

Solve equation (1) for fs and equation (2) for Fn:

θsins mgf =

and


281

θcosn mgF =

Use the definition of µs to relate fs and Fn:

θθθµ tan

cossin

n

ss ===

mgmg

Ff

Solve for and evaluate θ : ( ) ( ) °=== −− 57.408.0tantan 1

s1 µθ

*32 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagrams for the two methods are shown to the right. Method 1 results in the box being pushed into the floor, increasing the normal force and the static friction force. Method 2 partially lifts the box,, reducing the normal force and the static friction force. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to obtain expressions that relate the maximum static friction force to the applied force .F

r

(a) s.n , thereforeand, reducesit as preferable is 2 Method fF

(b) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the box: F cosθ − fs = Fcosθ − µsFn = 0

Method 1: Apply ∑ = yy maF to

the block and solve for Fn:

Fn – mg − Fsinθ = 0 ∴ Fn = mg + Fsinθ

Relate fs,max to Fn: fs,max = µsFn = µs(mg + Fsinθ) (1)

Method 2: Apply ∑ = yy maF to

the forces in the y direction and solve for Fn:

Fn – mg + Fsinθ = 0 and Fn = mg − Fsinθ

Relate fs,max to Fn: fs,max = µsFn = µs(mg − Fsinθ) (2)

Express the condition that must be satisfied to move the box by either method:

fs,max = Fcosθ (3)

Method 1: Substitute (1) in (3) and solve for F: θµθ

µsincos s

s1 −

=mgF (4)

Chapter 5

282

Method 2: Substitute (2) in (3) and solve for F: θµθ

µsincos s

s2 +

=mgF (5)

Evaluate equations (4) and (5) with θ = 30°:

( ) N520301 =°F

( ) N252302 =°F

Evaluate (4) and (5) with θ = 0°: ( ) ( ) N29400 s21 ==°=° mgFF µ

33 • Picture the Problem Draw a free-body diagram for each object. In the absence of friction, the 3-kg box will move to the right, and the 2-kg box will move down. The friction force is indicated by f

rwithout

subscript; it is sfr

for (a) and kfr

for (b). For values of µs less than the value found in part (a) required for equilibrium, the system will accelerate and the fall time for a given distance can be found using a constant-acceleration equation. (a) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the 3-kg

box:

T – fs = 0 because ax = 0 (1)

Apply∑ = yy maF to the 3-kg box,

solve for Fn,3, and substitute in (1):

Fn,3 – m3g = 0 because ay = 0 and T – µs m3g = 0 (2)

Apply∑ = xx maF to the 2-kg box:

m2g – T = 0 because ax = 0 (3)

Solve (2) and (3) simultaneously and solve for µs:

667.03

2s ==

mmµ

(b) The time of fall is related to the acceleration, which is constant:

( )221

0 tatvx ∆+∆=∆

or, because v0 =0, ( )2

21 tax ∆=∆

Solve for ∆t:

axt ∆

=∆2

(4)


283

Apply ∑ = xx maF to each box: T – µk m3g = m3a (5) and m2g – T = m2a (6)

Add equations (5) and (6) and solve for a:

( )32

3k2

mmgmma

+−

=µ


( )[ ]( )

2

2

m/s16.2

kg3kg2m/s9.81kg30.3kg2

=

+−

=a

Substitute numerical values in equation (4) and evaluate ∆t:

( ) s36.1m/s2.16m22

2 ==∆t

34 •• Picture the Problem The application of Newton’s 2nd law to the block will allow us to express the coefficient of kinetic friction in terms of the acceleration of the block. We can then use a constant-acceleration equation to determine the block’s acceleration. The pictorial representation summarizes what we know about the motion.

A free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the block is shown to the right.

Apply∑ = xx maF to the block:

– fk = −µkFn = ma (1)

Apply∑ = yy maF to the block and

solve for Fn:

Fn – mg = 0 because ay = 0 and Fn = mg (2)

Chapter 5

284

Substitute (2) in (1) and solve for µk:

µk = −a/g (3)

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the initial and final velocities of the block to its displacement and acceleration:

220

21 xavv ∆+=

or, because v1 = 0, v0 = v, and ∆x = d, 20 2 adv +=

Solve for a to obtain: d

va2

2−=

Substitute for a in equation (3) to obtain: gd

v2

2

k =µ

*35 •• Picture the Problem We can find the speed of the system when it has moved a given distance by using a constant-acceleration equation. Under the influence of the forces shown in the free-body diagrams, the blocks will have a common acceleration a. The application of Newton’s 2nd law to each block, followed by the elimination of the tension T and the use of the definition of fk, will allow us to determine the acceleration of the system.

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speed of the system to its acceleration and displacement; solve for its speed:

220

2 xavv ∆+=

and, because v0 = 0, xav ∆= 2 (1)

Apply aF rrmt =ne to the block whose

mass is m1:

ΣFx = T – fk – m1gsin30° = m1a (2) and ΣFy = Fn,1 – m1gcos30° = 0 (3)

Using fk = µkFn, substitute (3) in (2) to obtain:

T – µk m1g cos30° – m1gsin30° = m1a

Apply∑ = xx maF to the block

whose mass is m2:

m2g – T = m2a

Add the last two equations to eliminate T and solve for a to

( )21

11k2 30sin30cosmm

gmmma+

°−°−=

µ


285

obtain: Substitute numerical values and evaluate a:

2m/s16.1=a

Substitute numerical values in equation (1) and evaluate v:

( )( ) m/s835.0m0.3m/s1.162 2 ==v

and correct. is )(a

36 •• Picture the Problem Under the influence of the forces shown in the free-body diagrams, the blocks are in static equilibrium. While fs can be either up or down the incline, the free-body diagram shows the situation in which motion is impending up the incline. The application of Newton’s 2nd law to each block, followed by the elimination of the tension T and the use of the definition of fs, will allow us to determine the range of values for m2.

(a) Apply aF rr

m=∑ to the block

whose mass is m1:

ΣFx = T ± fs,max – m1gsin30° = 0 (1) and ΣFy = Fn,1 – m1gcos30° = 0 (2)

Using fs,max = µsFn, substitute (2) in (1) to obtain:

amgmgmT s

11

1

30sin30cos

=°−°± µ

(3)


whose mass is m2:

m2g – T = 0 (4)

Add equations (3) and (4) to eliminate T and solve for m2:

( )( ) ( )[ ]°+°±=

°+°±=30sin30cos4.0kg4

30sin30coss12 µmm (5)

Evaluate (5) denoting the value of m2 with the plus sign as m2,+ and the value of m2 with the minus sign as m2,- to determine the range of values of m2 for which the system is in static equilibrium:

kg39.3kg614.0

kg614.0mandkg39.3

2

2,-,2

≤≤∴

==+

m

m

Chapter 5

286

(b) With m2 = 1 kg, the impending motion is down the incline and the static friction force is up the incline. Apply∑ = xx maF to the block

whose mass is m1:

T + fs – m1gsin30° = 0 (6)


whose mass is m2:

m2g – T = 0 (7)

Add equations (6) and (7) and solve for and evaluate fs:

fs = (m1sin30° – m2)g = [(4 kg)sin30° – 1 kg](9.81 m/s2) = N81.9

37 •• Picture the Problem Under the influence of the forces shown in the free-body diagrams, the blocks will have a common acceleration a. The application of Newton’s 2nd law to each block, followed by the elimination of the tension T and the use of the definition of fk, will allow us to determine the acceleration of the system. Finally, we can substitute for the tension in either of the motion equations to determine the acceleration of the masses.

Apply aF rr

m=∑ to the block

whose mass is m1:

ΣFx = T – fk – m1gsin30° = m1a (1) and ΣFy = Fn,1 – m1gcos30° = 0 (2)

Using fk = µkFn, substitute (2) in (1) to obtain:

amgmgmT

11

1k

30sin30cos

=°−°− µ

(3)


whose mass is m2:

m2g – T = m2a (4)

Add equations (3) and (4) to eliminate T and solve for a to obtain:

( )21

11k2 30sin30cosmm

gmmma+

°−°−=

µ

Substituting numerical values and evaluating a yields:

2m/s36.2=a


287

Substitute for a in equation (3) to obtain:

N3.37=T

*38 •• Picture the Problem The truck will stop in the shortest possible distance when its acceleration is a maximum. The maximum acceleration is, in turn, determined by the maximum value of the static friction force. The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the box as the truck brakes to a stop. Assume that the truck is moving in the positive x direction and apply Newton’s 2nd law and the definition of fs,max to find the shortest stopping distance.

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the truck’s stopping distance to its acceleration and initial velocity; solve for the stopping distance: max

20

min

20

2

2

,0since or,2

avx

vxavv

−=∆

=∆+=

Apply aFrr

mt =ne to the block: ΣFx = – fs,max = mamax (1) and ΣFy = Fn – mg = 0 (2)

Using the definition of fs,max, solve equations (1) and (2) simultaneously for a:

fs,max ≡ µsFn and amax = −µsg = − (0.3)(9.81 m/s2) = −2.943 m/s2

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆xmin:

( ) ( ) ( )( ) m16.9

m/s2.9432sh/36001km/m1000km/h80

2

222

min =−

−=∆x

Chapter 5

288

39 •• Picture the Problem We can find the coefficient of friction by applying Newton’s 2nd law and determining the acceleration from the given values of displacement and initial velocity. We can find the displacement and speed of the block by using constant-acceleration equations. During its motion up the incline, the sum of the kinetic friction force and a component of the object’s weight will combine to bring the object to rest. When it is moving down the incline, the difference between the weight component and the friction force will be the net force.

(a) Draw a free-body diagram for the block as it travels up the incline:

Apply aF rr

m=∑ to the block: ΣFx = – fk – mgsin37°= ma (1) and ΣFy = Fn – mg cos37° = 0 (2)

Substitute fk = µkFn and Fn from (2) in (1) and solve for µk:

°−°−=

°−°−

=

37cos37tan

37cos37sin

k

ga

gagµ

(3)

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the final velocity of the block to its initial velocity, acceleration, and displacement:

xavv ∆+= 220

21

Solving for a yields: xvva

∆−

=2

20

21


( ) ( )( )

222

m/s6.10m82

m/s14m/s5.2−=

−=a


289

Substitute for a in (3) to obtain: ( )

599.0

cos37m/s9.81m/s10.637tan 2

2

k

=

°−

−°−=µ

(b) Use the same constant-acceleration equation used above but with v1 = 0 to obtain:

xav ∆+= 20 20

Solve for ∆x to obtain: avx

2

20−

=∆


( )( ) m25.9

m/s10.62m/s14

2

2

=−−

=∆x

(c) When the block slides down the incline, fk is in the positive x direction:

ΣFx = fk – mgsin37°= ma and ΣFy = Fn – mgcos37° = 0

Solve for a as in part (a): ( ) 2k m/s21.137sin37cos −=°−°= µga

Use the same constant-acceleration equation used in part (b) to obtain:

xavv ∆+= 220

2

Set v0 = 0 and solve for v: xav ∆= 2


( )( )m/s73.4

m25.9m/s21.12 2

=

−−=v

40 •• Picture the Problem We can find the stopping distances by applying Newton’s 2nd law to the automobile and then using a constant-acceleration equation. The friction force the road exerts on the tires and the component of the car’s weight along the incline combine to provide the net force that stops the car. The pictorial representation summarizes what we know about the motion of the car. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to determine the acceleration of the car and a constant-acceleration equation to obtain its stopping distance.

Chapter 5

290

(a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the final speed of the car to its initial speed, acceleration, and displacement; solve for its displacement:

max

20

min

1

minmax20

21

2

,0because or,2

avx

vxavv

−=∆

=∆+=

Draw the free-body diagram for the car going up the incline:

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the car: ΣFx = −fs,max – mgsin15° = ma (1) and ΣFy = Fn – mgcos15° = 0 (2)

Substitute fs,max = µsFn and Fn from (2) in (1) and solve for a:

( )2

smax

m/s17.9

15sin15cos

−=

°+°−= µga

Substitute numerical values in the expression for ∆xmin to obtain:

( )( ) m1.49

m/s9.172m/s30

2

2

min =−−

=∆x

(b) Draw the free-body diagram for the car going down the incline:


291

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the car: ΣFx = fs,max – mgsin15° = ma

and ΣFy = Fn – mgcos15° = 0

Proceed as in (a) to obtain amax: ( ) 2smax m/s09.415sin15cos =°−°= µga

Again, proceed as in (a) to obtain the displacement of the car:

( )( ) m110

m/s09.42m/s30

2 2

2

max

20

min ==−

=∆avx

41 •• Picture the Problem The friction force the road exerts on the tires provides the net force that accelerates the car. The pictorial representation summarizes what we know about the motion of the car. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to determine the acceleration of the car and a constant-acceleration equation to calculate how long it takes it to reach 100 km/h.

(a) Because 40% of the car’s weight is on its two drive wheels and the accelerating friction forces act just on these wheels, the free-body diagram shows just the forces acting on the drive wheels.

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the car: ΣFx = fs,max = ma (1)

and ΣFy = Fn – 0.4mg = 0 (2)

Use the definition of fs,max in equation (1) and eliminate Fn between the two equations to obtain:

( )( )2

2s

m/s75.2

m/s81.97.04.04.0

=

== ga µ

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the initial and final

tavv ∆+= 01

Chapter 5

292

velocities of the car to its acceleration and the elapsed time; solve for the time:

or, because v0 = 0 and ∆t = t1,

avt 1

1 =


( )( )( ) s1.10m/s2.75

m/km1000sh/36001km/h10021 ==t

*42 •• Picture the Problem To hold the box in place, the acceleration of the cart and box must be great enough so that the static friction force acting on the box will equal the weight of the box. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to determine the minimum acceleration required.

(a) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the box:

ΣFx = Fn = mamin (1) and ΣFy = fs,max – mg = 0 (2)

Substitute µFn for fs,max in equation (2), eliminate Fn between the two equations and solve for and evaluate amin:

µFn − mg = 0 , µ(mamin ) − mg = 0 and

22

smin m/s4.16

0.6m/s81.9

===µga

(b) Solve equation (2) for fs,max, and substitute numerical values and evaluate fs,max:

fs,max = mg = (2 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = N6.19

(c) If a is twice that required to hold the box in place, fs will still have its maximum value given by:

fs,max = N6.19

(d) . if fallnot box will the, is Because smins µµ gaag ≥

43 •• Picture the Problem Note that the blocks have a common acceleration and that the tension in the string acts on both blocks in accordance with Newton’s third law of motion. Let down the incline be the positive x direction. Draw the free-body diagrams for each block and apply Newton’s second law of motion and the definition of the kinetic friction force to each block to obtain simultaneous


293

equations in ax and T. Draw the free-body diagram for the block whose mass is m1:

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the upper block:

ΣFx = −fk,1 + T1 + m1gsinθ = m1ax (1) and ΣFy = Fn,1 – m1gcosθ = 0 (2)

The relationship between fk,1 and Fn,1 is:

fk,1 = µk,1Fn,1 (3)

Eliminate fk,1 and Fn,1 between (1), (2), and (3) to obtain:

−µk,1m1gcosθ + T1 + m1gsinθ = m1ax (4)

Draw the free-body diagram for the block whose mass is m2:

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the block: ΣFx = − fk,2 – T2 + m2gsinθ = m2ax (5)

and ΣFy = Fn,2 – m2gcosθ = 0 (6)

The relationship between fk,2 and Fn,2 is:

fk,2 = µk,2Fn,2 (7)


−µk,2m2gcosθ – T2 + m2gsinθ = m2ax (8)

Chapter 5

294

Noting that T2 = T1 = T, add equations (4) and (8) to eliminate T and solve for ax:

gmm

mmax ⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡++

−= θµµ

θ cossin21

2k,21k,1

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ax to obtain:

2m/s965.0−=xa where the minus

sign tells us that the acceleration is directed up the incline.

(b) Eliminate ax between equations (4) and (8) and solve for T = T1 = T2 to obtain:

( )21

k,1k,221 cosmm

gmmT

+−

=θµµ


N184.0=T

*44 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the two blocks as they slide down the incline. Down the incline has been chosen as the positive x direction. T is the force transmitted by the stick; it can be either tensile (T > 0) or compressive (T < 0). By applying Newton’s 2nd law to these blocks, we can obtain equations in T and a from which we can eliminate either by solving them simultaneously. Once we have expressed T, the role of the stick will become apparent. (a) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to block 1:

∑

∑

=−=

=−+=

0cosand

sin

1n,1

1k,111

θ

θ

gmFF

amfgmTF

y

x

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to block 2:

∑

∑

=−=

=−−=

0cosand

sin

2n,2

2k,222

θ

θ

gmFF

amfTgmF

y

x

Letting T1 = T2 = T, use the definition of the kinetic friction force to eliminate fk,1 and Fn,1 between the equations for block 1 and fk,2 and Fn,1 between the equations for block 2 to obtain:

θµθ cossin 1111 gmTgmam −+= (1) and

θµθ cossin 2222 gmTgmam −−= (2)


295

Add equations (1) and (2) to eliminate T and solve for a: ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛++

−= θµµ

θ cossin21

2211

mmmmga

(b) Rewrite equations (1) and (2) by dividing both sides of (1) by m1 and both sides of (2) by m2 to obtain.

θµθ cossin 11

gmTga −+= (3)

and

θµθ cossin 22

gmTga −−= (4)

Subtracting (4) from (3) and rearranging yields: ( ) θµµ cos21

21

21 gmm

mmT −⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−

=

( )block.either on force noexert must stick the, therefore this;change

tcan' embetween thstick a Inserting .cossin ofon accelerati same with theincline down the move blocks theand 0 , If 21

θµθµµ

−==

gT

45 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the orientation of the two blocks on the inclined surface. Draw the free-body diagrams for each block and apply Newton’s 2nd law of motion and the definition of the static friction force to each block to obtain simultaneous equations in θc and T. (a) Draw the free-body diagram for the lower block:

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the block: ΣFx = m1gsinθc – fs,1 − T = 0 (1) and ΣFy = Fn,1 – m1gcosθc = 0 (2)

The relationship between fs,1 and Fn,1 is:

fs,1 = µs,1Fn,1 (3)

Chapter 5

296

Eliminate fs,1 and Fn,1 between (1), (2), and (3) to obtain:

m1gsinθc − µs,1m1gcosθc − T = 0 (4)

Draw the free-body diagram for the upper block:

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the block: ΣFx =T + m2gsinθc – fs,2 = 0 (5)

and ΣFy = Fn,2 – m2gcosθc = 0 (6)

The relationship between fs,2 and Fn,2 is:

fs,2 = µs,2Fn,2 (7)

Eliminate fs,2 and Fn,2 between (5), (6), and (7) to obtain:

T + m2gsinθc – µs,2m2gcosθc = 0 (8)

Add equations (4) and (8) to eliminate T and solve for θc:

( )( ) ( )( )

°=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡++

=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡++

=

−

−

0.25

kg0.2kg0.1kg0.10.6kg0.20.4tan

tan

1

21

2s,21s,11c mm

mm µµθ

(b) Because θc is greater than the angle of repose (tan−1(µs,1) = tan−1(0.4) = 21.8°) for the lower block, it would slide if T = 0. Solve equation (4) for T:

( )Cs,1C1 cossin θµθ −= gmT


( )( ) ( )[ ] N118.0cos250.4sin25m/s9.81kg0.2 2 =°−°=T


297

46 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the orientation of the two blocks with a common acceleration on the inclined surface. Draw the free-body diagrams for each block and apply Newton’s 2nd law and the definition of the kinetic friction force to each block to obtain simultaneous equations in a and T.

(a) Draw the free-body diagram for the lower block:

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the lower

block:

ΣFx = m1gsin20° − fk,1 – T = m1a (1) and ΣFy = Fn,1 − m1gcos20° = 0 (2)

Express the relationship between fk,1 and Fn,1:

fk,1 = µk,1Fn,1 (3)


amTgmgm

1

1k,11 20cos20sin=−

°−° µ (4)

Draw the free-body diagram for the upper block:

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the upper

block:

ΣFx = T + m2gsin20° − fk,2 = m2a (5) and ΣFy = Fn,2 – m2gcos20° = 0 (6)

Express the relationship between fk,2 and Fn,2 :

fk,2 = µk,2Fn,2 (7)

Chapter 5

298


amgmgmT

2

2k,22 20cos20sin=

°−°+ µ (8)

Add equations (4) and (8) to eliminate T and solve for a:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛°

++

−°= 20cos20sin21

2211

mmmmga µµ

Substitute the given values and evaluate a:

2m/s944.0=a

(b) Substitute for a in either equation (4) or equation (8) to obtain:

N426.0−=T ; i.e., the rod is under

compression. *47 •• Picture the Problem The vertical component of F

rreduces the normal force;

hence, the static friction force between the surface and the block. The horizontal component is responsible for any tendency to move and equals the static friction force until it exceeds its maximum value. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the box, under equilibrium conditions, to relate F to θ. (a) The static-frictional force opposes the motion of the object, and the maximum value of the static-frictional force is proportional to the normal force FN. The normal force is equal to the weight minus the vertical component FV of the force F. Keeping the magnitude F constant while increasing θ from zero results in a decrease in FV and thus a corresponding decrease in the maximum static-frictional force fmax. The object will begin to move if the horizontal component FH of the force F exceeds fmax. An increase in θ results in a decrease in FH. As θ increases from 0, the decrease in FN is larger than the decrease in FH, so the object is more and more likely to slip. However, as θ approaches 90°, FH approaches zero and no movement will be initiated. If F is large enough and if θ increases from 0, then at some value of θ the block will start to move. (b) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the block:

ΣFx =Fcosθ – fs = 0 (1) and ΣFy = Fn + Fsinθ – mg = 0 (2)

Assuming that fs = fs,max, eliminate fs and Fn between equations (1) and (2) and solve for F:

θµθµ

sincos s

s

+=

mgF


299

Use this function with mg = 240 N to generate the table shown below:

θ (deg) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 F (N) 240 220 210 206 208 218 235

The following graph of F(θ) was plotted using a spreadsheet program.

205

210

215

220

225

230

235

240

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

theta (degrees)

F (N

)

From the graph, we can see that the minimum value for F occurs when θ ≈ 32°. Remarks: An alternative to manually plotting F as a function of θ or using a spreadsheet program is to use a graphing calculator to enter and graph the function. 48 ••• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the block. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law, under equilibrium conditions, to relate F to θ and then set its derivative with respect to θ equal to zero to find the value of θ that minimizes F.


m to the block: ΣFx =Fcosθ – fs = 0 (1) and ΣFy = Fn + Fsinθ – mg = 0 (2)

Chapter 5

300


θµθµ

sincos s

s

+=

mgF (3)

To find θmin, differentiate F with respect to θ and set the derivative equal to zero for extrema of the function:

( ) ( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

extremafor 0sincos

cossinsincos

sincos

sincos

sincos

2s

ss

2s

ss

2s

ss

=+

+−=

+

+−

+

+=

θµθθµθµ

θµθ

θµθθ

µ

θµθ

µθ

θµθ

θmg

ddmgmg

dd

ddF

Solve for θmin to obtain:

s1

min tan µθ −=

(b) Use the reference triangle shown below to substitute for cosθ and sinθ in equation (3):

mg

mg

mgF

2s

s

2s

2s

s

2s

ss2

s

smin

1

11

111

µ

µ

µ

µµ

µ

µµµ

µ

+=

+

+=

++

+

=

(c)

decreased. becan angle theso decrease, willfriction oft coefficien themoving isblock theonce Therefore, .tan

bygiven anglean at applied be should movingblock thekeep apply to should one force minimum that theshows above one the toidentical analysisAn

friction. static oft coefficien than theless isfriction kinetic oft coefficien The

k1

min µθ −=

49 •• Picture the Problem The vertical component of F

rincreases the normal force and the

static friction force between the surface and the block. The horizontal component is responsible for any tendency to move and equals the static friction force until it exceeds its maximum value. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the box, under equilibrium conditions, to relate F to θ.


301

(a) As θ increases from zero, F increases the normal force exerted by the surface and the static friction force. As the horizontal component of F decreases with increasing θ, one would expect F to continue to increase.

(b) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the block:

ΣFx =Fcosθ – fs = 0 (1) and ΣFy = Fn – Fsinθ – mg = 0 (2)


θµθµ

sincos s

s

−=

mgF (3)

Use this function with mg = 240 N to generate the table shown below.

θ (deg) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 F (N) 240 273 327 424 631 1310 very

large The graph of F as a function of θ, plotted using a spreadsheet program, confirms our prediction that F continues to increase with θ.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 10 20 30 40 50

theta (degrees)

F (N

)

(a) From the graph we see that: °= 0minθ

Chapter 5

302

(b) Evaluate equation (3) for θ = 0° to obtain:

mgmgF ss

s

0sin0cosµ

µµ

=°−°

=

(c) .0at angle thekeep shouldYou °

Remarks: An alternative to the use of a spreadsheet program is to use a graphing calculator to enter and graph the function. 50 •• Picture the Problem The forces acting on each of these masses are shown in the free-body diagrams below. m1 represents the mass of the 20-kg mass and m2 that of the 100-kg mass. As described by Newton’s 3rd law, the normal reaction force Fn,1 and the friction force fk,1 (= fk,2) act on both masses but in opposite directions. Newton’s 2nd law and the definition of kinetic friction forces can be used to determine the various forces and the acceleration called for in this problem. (a) Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the 20-kg mass:

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to this mass: ΣFx = fk,1 = m1a1 (1)

and ΣFy = Fn,1 – m1g = 0 (2)

Solve equation (1) for fk,1: fk,1 = m1a1 = (20 kg)(4 m/s2) = N0.80

(b) Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the 100-kg mass:

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the 100-kg

object and evaluate Fnet:

( )( ) N600m/s6kg100 2

22net

==

= amF


303

Express F in terms of Fnet and fk,2: F = Fnet + fk,2 = 600 N + 80 N = N680

(c) When the 20-kg mass falls off, the 680-N force acts just on the 100-kg mass and its acceleration is given by Newton’s 2nd law:

2net m/s80.6kg100N680

===m

Fa

51 •• Picture the Problem The forces acting on each of these blocks are shown in the free-body diagrams to the right. m1 represents the mass of the 60-kg block and m2 that of the 100-kg block. As described by Newton’s 3rd law, the normal reaction force Fn,1 and the friction force fk,1 (= fk,2) act on both objects but in opposite directions. Newton’s 2nd law and the definition of kinetic friction forces can be used to determine the coefficient of kinetic friction and acceleration of the 100-kg block.


m to the 60-kg

block:

ΣFx = F − fk,1 = m1a1 (1) and ΣFy = Fn,1 – m1g = 0 (2)

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the 100-kg

block:

fk,2 = m2a2 (3)

Using equation (2), express the relationship between the kinetic friction forces 1,kf

rand 2,kf

r:

fk,1 = fk,2 = fk = µ kFn,1 = µ km1g (4)

Substitute equation (4) into equation (1) and solve for µ k: gm

amF

1

11k

−=µ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate µ k:

( )( )( )( ) 238.0

m/s9.81kg60m/s3kg60N320

2

2

k =−

=µ

(b) Substitute equation (4) into equation (3) and solve for a2:

2

1k2 m

gma µ=

Chapter 5

304

Substitute numerical values and evaluate a2:

( )( )( )

2

2

2

m/s40.1

kg100m/s9.81kg600.238

=

=a

*52 •• Picture the Problem The accelerations of the truck can be found by applying Newton’s 2nd law of motion. The free-body diagram for the truck climbing the incline with maximum acceleration is shown to the right.


m to the truck

when it is climbing the incline:

ΣFx = fs,max – mgsin12° = ma (1) and ΣFy = Fn – mgcos12° = 0 (2)

Solve equation (2) for Fn and use the definition of fs,max to obtain:

fs,max = µsmgcos12° (3)

Substitute equation (3) into equation (1) and solve for a:

( )°−°= 12sin12cossµga


( ) ( )[ ]2

2

m/s12.6

12sin12cos85.0m/s81.9

=

°−°=a

(b) When the truck is descending the incline with maximum acceleration, the static friction force points down the incline; i.e., its direction is reversed on the FBD. Apply

∑ = xx maF to the truck under

these conditions:

– fs,max – mgsin12° = ma (4)

Substitute equation (3) into equation (4) and solve for a:

( )°+°−= 12sin12cossµga


( ) ( )[ ]2

2

m/s2.10

12sin12cos85.0m/s81.9

−=

°+°−=a


305

53 •• Picture the Problem The forces acting on each of the blocks are shown in the free-body diagrams to the right. m1 represents the mass of the 2-kg block and m2 that of the 4-kg block. As described by Newton’s 3rd law, the normal reaction force Fn,1 and the friction force fs,1 (= fs,2) act on both objects but in opposite directions. Newton’s 2nd law and the definition of the maximum static friction force can be used to determine the maximum force acting on the 4-kg block for which the 2-kg block does not slide.


m to the 2-kg

block:

ΣFx = fs,1,max = m1amax (1) and ΣFy = Fn,1 – m1g = 0 (2)

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the 4-kg block: ΣFx = F – fs,2,max = m2amax (3)

and ΣFy = Fn,2 – Fn,1 - m2g = 0 (4)

Using equation (2), express the relationship between the static friction forces max,1,sf

rand :max,2,sf

r

fs,1,max = fs,2,max = µs m1g (5)

Substitute (5) in (1) and solve for amax:

amax = µsg = (0.3)g = 2.94 m/s2

Solve equation (3) for F = Fmax: gmamF 1smax2max µ+=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fmax:

( )( ) ( )( )( )

N7.17

m/s9.81

kg20.3m/s2.94kg42

2max

=

×

+=F

(b) Use Newton’s 2nd law to express the acceleration of the blocks moving as a unit:

21 mmFa+

=


( ) 221

m/s47.1kg4kg2N7.17

=+

=a

Chapter 5

306

Because the friction forces are an action-reaction pair, the friction force acting on each block is given by:

fs = m1a = (2 kg)(1.47 m/s2) = N94.2

(c) If F = 2Fmax, then m1 slips on m2 and the friction force (now kinetic) is given by:

f = fk = µkm1g

Use∑ = xx maF to relate the

acceleration of the 2-kg block to the net force acting on it and solve for a1:

fk = µkm1g = m1a1 and a1 = µkg = (0.2)g = 2m/s1.96

Use∑ = xx maF to relate the

acceleration of the 4-kg block to the net force acting on it:

F − µkm1g = m2a2

Solve for a2:

2

1k2 m

gmFa µ−=


( ) ( )( )( )

2

2

2

m/s87.7

kg4m/s9.81kg20.2N17.72

=

−=a

54 •• Picture the Problem Let the positive x direction be the direction of motion of these blocks. The forces acting on each of the blocks are shown, for the static friction case, on the free-body diagrams to the right. As described by Newton’s 3rd law, the normal reaction force Fn,1 and the friction force fs,1 (= fs,2) act on both objects but in opposite directions. Newton’s 2nd law and the definition of the maximum static friction force can be used to determine the maximum acceleration of the block whose mass is m1.


m to the 2-kg

block:

ΣFx = fs,1,max = m1amax (1) and


307

ΣFy = Fn,1 – m1g = 0 (2)

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the 4-kg

block:

ΣFx = T – fs,2,max = m2amax (3) and ΣFy = Fn,2 – Fn,1 – m2g = 0 (4)

Using equation (2), express the relationship between the static friction forces max,1,sf

rand max,2,sf

r:

fs,1,max = fs,2,max = µs m1g (5)

Substitute (5) in (1) and solve for amax:

amax = µsg = (0.6)g = 2m/s89.5

(b) Use ∑ = xx maF to express the

acceleration of the blocks moving as a unit:

T = (m1 + m2) amax (6)

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the object

whose mass is m3:

m3g – T = m3 amax (7)

Add equations (6) and (7) to eliminate T and then solve for and evaluate m3:

( ) ( )( )

kg5.22

6.01kg5kg106.0

1 s

21s3

=

−+

=−

+=

µµ mmm

(c) If m3 = 30 kg, then m1 will slide on m2 and the friction force (now kinetic) is given by:

f = fk = µkm1g

Use ∑ = xx maF to relate the

acceleration of the 30-kg block to the net force acting on it:

m3g – T = m3a3 (8)

Noting that a2 = a3 and that the friction force on the body whose mass is m2 is due to kinetic friction, add equations (3) and (8) and solve for and evaluate the common acceleration:

( )

( ) ( )( )[ ]

2

232

1k332

m/s87.6

kg30kg10kg50.4kg30m/s9.81

=

+−

=

+−

==mm

mmgaa µ

With block 1 sliding on block 2, the fk = µkm1g = m1a1 (1′)

Chapter 5

308

friction force acting on each is kinetic and equations (1) and (3) become:

T – fk = T – µkm1g = m2a2 (3′)

Solve equation (1′) for and evaluate a1:

( )( )2

2k1

m/s92.3

m/s81.94.0

=

== ga µ

Solve equation (3′) for T:

gmamT 1k22 µ+=


( )( ) ( )( )( ) N3.88m/s9.81kg50.4m/s6.87kg10 22 =+=T

55 • Picture the Problem Let the direction of motion be the positive x direction. The free-body diagrams show the forces acting on both the block (M) and the counterweight (m). While ,21 TT

rr≠ T1 = T2.

By applying Newton’s 2nd law to these blocks, we can obtain equations in T and a from which we can eliminate the tension. Once we know the acceleration of the block, we can use constant-acceleration equations to determine how far it moves in coming to a momentary stop.


m to the block on the incline:

∑

∑

=−=

=−−=

0cosand

sin

n

k1

θ

θ

MgFF

MafMgTF

y

x

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the counterweight:

maTmgFx =−=∑ 2 (1)

Letting T1 = T2 = T and using the definition of the kinetic friction force, eliminate fk and Fn between the equations for the block on the incline to obtain:

MaMgMgT =−− θµθ cossin k (2)

Eliminate T from equations (1) and (2) by adding them and solve for a:

( ) gMm

Mma k

++−

=θµθ cossin


309


( ) ( )( ) 22 m/s163.0m/s81.9kg1600kg550

10cos15.010sinkg1600kg550=

+°+°−

=a

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speed of the block at the instant the rope breaks to its acceleration and displacement as it slides to a stop. Solve for its displacement:

xavv ∆+= 22i

2f

or, because vf = 0,

avx

2

2i−

=∆ (3)

The block had been accelerating up the incline for 3 s before the rope broke, so it has an initial speed of :

(0.163 m/s2)(3 s) = 0.489 m/s

From equation (2) we can see that, when the rope breaks (T = 0) and:

( )( ) ( )[ ]

2

2

m/s15.310cos15.010sinm/s81.9

cossin

−=

°+°−=

+−= θµθ kga

where the minus sign indicates that the block is being accelerated down the incline, although it is still sliding up the incline.

Substitute in equation (3) and evaluate ∆x:

( )( ) m0380.0

m/s15.32m/s489.0

2

2

=−

−=∆x

(c) When the block is sliding down the incline, the kinetic friction force will be up the incline. Express the block’s acceleration:

( )( ) ( )[ ]

2

2

m/s254.0

10cos15.010sinm/s81.9

cossin

−=

°−°−=

−−= θµθ kga

56 ••• Picture the Problem If the 10-kg block is not to slide on the bracket, the maximum value for F

rmust be equal to the maximum

value of fs and will produce the maximum acceleration of this block and the bracket. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law and the definition of fs,max to first calculate the maximum acceleration and then the maximum value of F. (a) and (b) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the

10-kg block when it is experiencing its maximum acceleration:

ΣFx = fs,max – F = m2a2,max (1) and ΣFy = Fn,2 – m2g = 0 (2)

Chapter 5

310

Express the static friction force acting on the 10-kg block:

fs,max = µsFn,2 (3)

Eliminate fs,max and Fn,2 from equations (1), (2) and (3) to obtain:

µsm2g – F = m2a2,max (4)

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the bracket

to obtain:

2F – µsm2g = m1a1,max (5)

Because a1,max = a2,max, denote this acceleration by amax. Eliminate F from equations (4) and (5) and solve for amax:

21

2smax 2mm

gma+

=µ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate amax:

( )( )( )( )

2

2

max

m/s57.1

kg102kg5m/s9.81kg100.4

=

+=a

Solve equation (4) for F = Fmax: ( )maxs2max22s agmamgmF −=−= µµ


( ) ( )( )[ ]N5.23

m/s1.57m/s9.810.4kg10 22

=

−=F

*57 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the block as it is moving up the incline. By applying Newton’s 2nd law, we can obtain expressions for the accelerations of the block up and down the incline. Adding and subtracting these equations, together with the data found in the notebook, will lead to values for gV and µk.

Apply aF rr

mi i =∑ to the block when

it is moving up the incline:

0cosand

sin

Vn

upVk

=−=

=−−=

∑

∑

θ

θ

mgFF

mamgfF

y

x

Using the definition of fk, eliminate Fn between the two equations to obtain:

θθµ sincos VVkup gga −−= (1)


311

When the block is moving down the incline, fk is in the positive x direction, and its acceleration is:

θθµ sincos VVkdown gga −= (2)

Add equations (1) and (2) to obtain: θsin2 Vdownup gaa −=+ (3)

Solve equation (3) for gV:

θsin2downup

V −

+=

aag (4)

Determine θ from the figure:

°=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= − 8.10

glapp3.82glapp0.73tan 1θ

Substitute the data from the notebook in equation (4) to obtain:

222

V pglapp/plip41.88.10sin2

pglapp/plip1.42pglapp/plip73.1−=

°−+

=g

Subtract equation (1) from equation (2) to obtain:

θµ cos2 Vkupdown gaa =−

Solve for µk:

θµ

cos2 V

updownk g

aa −=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate µk:

( ) 191.08.10cospglapp/plip41.82

pglapp/plip1.73pglapp/plip1.422

22

k =°−

−−=µ

*58 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the block sliding down the incline under the influence of a friction force, its weight, and the normal force exerted on it by the inclined surface. We can find the range of values for m for the two situations described in the problem statement by applying Newton’s 2nd law of motion to, first, the conditions under which the block will not move or slide if pushed, and secondly, if pushed, the block will move up the incline. (a) Assume that the block is sliding down the incline with a constant velocity and with no hanging weight (m = 0) and apply aF rr

m=∑ to ∑

∑

=−=

=+−=

0cosand

0sin

n

k

θ

θ

MgFF

MgfF

y

x

Chapter 5

312

the block: Using fk = µkFn, eliminate Fn between the two equations and solve for the net force acting on the block:

θθµ sincosknet MgMgF +−=

If the block is moving, this net force must be nonnegative and:

( ) 0sincosk ≥+− Mgθθµ

This condition requires that: 325.018tantank =°=≤ θµ

Because µk = 0.2, this condition is satisfied and:

0min =m

To find the maximum value, note that the maximum possible value for the tension in the rope is mg. For the block to move down the incline, the component of the block’s weight parallel to the incline minus the frictional force must be greater than or equal to the tension in the rope:

Mgsinθ – µkMgcosθ ≥ mg

Solve for mmax: ( )θµθ cossin kmax −≤ Mm

Substitute numerical values and evaluate mmax:

( ) ( )[ ]kg9.11

18cos2.018sinkg100max

=°−°≤m

The range of values for m is: kg9.110 ≤≤ m

(b) If the block is being dragged up the incline, the frictional force will point down the incline, and:

Mg sinθ + µkMg cosθ < mg

Solve for and evaluate mmin: mmin > M (sinθ + µk cosθ) = (100 kg)[sin18° + (0.2)cos18°] = kg9.49

If the block is not to move unless pushed:

Mg sinθ + µs Mg cosθ > mg

Solve for and evaluate mmax: mmax < M (sinθ + µs cosθ) = (100 kg)[sin18° + (0.4)cos18°] = kg9.68

The range of values for m is: kg9.68kg9.49 ≤≤ m


313

59 ••• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the 0.5 kg block when the acceleration is a minimum. Note the choice of coordinate system is consistent with the direction of Fr

. Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the block and solve the resulting equations for amin and amax. (a) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the 0.5-kg

block:

ΣFx = Fnsinθ – fscosθ = ma (1) and ΣFy = Fncosθ + fssinθ – mg = 0 (2)

Under minimum acceleration, fs = fs,max. Express the relationship between fs,max and Fn:

fs,max = µsFn (3)

Substitute fs,max for fs in equation (2) and solve for Fn: θµθ sincos s

n +=

mgF

Substitute for Fn in equation (1) and solve for a = amin: θµθ

θµθsincoscossin

s

smin +

−= ga

Substitute numerical values and evaluate amin:

( ) ( )( )

2

2min

m/s627.0sin350.8cos35cos350.8sin35m/s9.81

−=

°+°°−°

=a

Treat the block and incline as a single object to determine Fmin:

Fmin = mtotamin = (2.5 kg)( –0.627 m/s2) = N57.1−

To find the maximum acceleration, reverse the direction of sf

rand apply

∑ = aF rrm to the block:

ΣFx = Fnsinθ + fscosθ = ma (4) and ΣFy = Fncosθ – fssinθ – mg = 0 (5)

Proceed as above to obtain: θµθθµθ

sincoscossin

s

smax −

+= ga

Substitute numerical values and evaluate amax:

( ) ( )( )

2

2max

m/s5.33sin350.8cos35cos350.8sin35m/s9.81

=

°−°°+°

=a

Chapter 5

314

Treat the block and incline as a single object to determine Fmax:

Fmax = mtotamax = (2.5 kg)(33.5 m/s2) = N8.83

(b) Repeat (a) with µs = 0.4 to obtain: N5.37 andN75.5 maxmin == FF

60 • Picture the Problem The kinetic friction force fk is the product of the coefficient of sliding friction µk and the normal force Fn the surface exerts on the sliding object. By applying Newton’s 2nd law in the vertical direction, we can see that, on a horizontal surface, the normal force is the weight of the sliding object. Note that the acceleration of the block is opposite its direction of motion. (a) Relate the force of kinetic friction to µk and the normal force acting on the sliding wooden object:

( ) mgv

Ff 224nkk103.2111.0

−×+== µ

Substitute v = 10 m/s and evaluate fk:

( )( )( )( ) N103

m/s10103.21

m/s9.81kg10011.0224

2

k =×+

=−

f

(b) Substitute v = 20 m/s and evaluate fk:

( )( )( )( )

N5.90

m/s20103.21

m/s9.81kg10011.0224

2

k

=

×+=

−f

61 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the block sliding from left to right and coming to rest when it has traveled a distance ∆x. Note that the direction of the motion is opposite that of the block’s acceleration. The acceleration and stopping distance of the blocks can be found from constant-acceleration equations. Let the direction of motion of the sliding blocks be the positive x direction. Because the surface is horizontal, the normal force acting on the sliding block is the block’s weight.


315

(a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the block’s stopping distance to its initial speed and acceleration; solve for the stopping distance:

xavv ∆+= 220


avx

2

20−

=∆ (1)

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the sliding block, introduce Konecny’s empirical expression, and solve for the block’s acceleration:

( )mmg

mF

mf

mF

a x

91.0

0.91nknet,

4.0

4.0

−=

−=−

==

Evaluate a with m = 10 kg: ( ) ( )( )[ ]

2

0.912

m/s60.2

kg10m/s9.81kg100.4

−=

−=a

Substitute in equation (1) and evaluate the stopping distance when v0 = 10 m/s:

( )( ) m2.19

m/s2.602m/s10

2

2

=−−

=∆x

(b) Proceed as in (a) with m = 100 kg to obtain:

( ) ( )( )[ ]

2

0.912

m/s11.2

kg100m/s9.81kg1000.4

−=

−=a

Find the stopping distance as in (a): ( )

( ) m7.23m/s2.112

m/s102

2

=−−

=∆x

*62 ••• Picture the Problem The kinetic friction force fk is the product of the coefficient of sliding friction µk and the normal force Fn the surface exerts on the sliding object. By applying Newton’s 2nd law in the vertical direction, we can see that, on a horizontal surface, the normal force is the weight of the sliding object. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law in the horizontal (x) direction to relate the block’s acceleration to the net force acting on it. In the spreadsheet program, we’ll find the acceleration of the block from this net force (which is velocity dependent), calculate the increase in the block’s speed from its acceleration and the elapsed time and add this increase to its speed at end of the previous time interval, determine how far it has moved in this time interval, and add this distance to its previous position to find its current position. We’ll also calculate the position of the block x2, under the assumption that µk = 0.11, using a constant-acceleration equation.

Chapter 5

316

The spreadsheet solution is shown below. The formulas used to calculate the quantities in the columns are as follows:

Cell Formula/Content Algebraic Form C9 C8+$B$6 tt ∆+ D9 D8+F9*$B$6 tav ∆+ E9 $B$5−($B$3)*($B$2)*$B$5/

(1+$B$4*D9^2)^2 ( )224k

1034.21 vmgF

−×+−

µ

F9 E10/$B$5 mF /net G9 G9+D10*$B$6 tvx ∆+ K9 0.5*5.922*I10^2 2

21 at

L9 J10-K10 2xx −

A B C D E F G H I J 1 g= 9.81 m/s^2 2 Coeff1= 0.11 3 Coeff2= 2.30E-

04

4 Mass= 10 kg 5 Applied

Force= 70 N

6 Time step=

0.05 s t x x2 x−x2

7 8 9

t v Net

force a x mu=variable mu=constant 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0011 0.05 0.30 59.22 5.92 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.0112 0.10 0.59 59.22 5.92 0.04 0.10 0.04 0.03 0.0113 0.15 0.89 59.22 5.92 0.09 0.15 0.09 0.07 0.0214 0.20 1.18 59.22 5.92 0.15 0.20 0.15 0.12 0.0315 0.25 1.48 59.23 5.92 0.22 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.04

205 9.75 61.06 66.84 6.68 292.37 9.75 292.37 281.48 10.89206 9.80 61.40 66.88 6.69 295.44 9.80 295.44 284.37 11.07


317

207 9.85 61.73 66.91 6.69 298.53 9.85 298.53 287.28 11.25208 9.90 62.07 66.94 6.69 301.63 9.90 301.63 290.21 11.42209 9.95 62.40 66.97 6.70 304.75 9.95 304.75 293.15 11.61210 10.00 62.74 67.00 6.70 307.89 10.00 307.89 296.10 11.79 The displacement of the block as a function of time, for a constant coefficient of friction (µk = 0.11) is shown as a solid line on the graph and for a variable coefficient of friction, is shown as a dotted line. Because the coefficient of friction decreases with increasing particle speed, the particle travels slightly farther when the coefficient of friction is variable.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 2 4 6 8 10

t (s)

x (m

)

mu = variablemu = constant

The velocity of the block, with variable coefficient of kinetic friction, is shown below.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 2 4 6 8 10

t (s)

v (m

/s)

Chapter 5

318

63 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the block as it moves to the right. The kinetic friction force will slow the block and, eventually, bring it to rest. We can relate the coefficient of kinetic friction to the stopping time and distance by applying Newton’s 2nd law and then using constant-acceleration equations. (a) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the block of wood:

0and

n

k

=−=

=−=

∑

∑

mgFF

mafF

y

x

Using the definition of fk, eliminate Fn between the two equations to obtain:

ga kµ−= (1)

Use a constant-acceleration equation to relate the acceleration of the block to its displacement and its stopping time:

( )221

0 tatvx ∆+∆=∆ (2)

Relate the initial speed of the block, v0, to its displacement and stopping distance:

0. since 2

021

0av

=∆=

∆+

=∆=∆

vtv

tvvtvx (3)

Use this result to eliminate v0 in equation (2):

( )221 tax ∆−=∆ (4)

Substitute equation (1) in equation (4) and solve for µk: ( )2

2tgx

k ∆∆

=µ

Substitute for ∆x = 1.37 m and ∆t = 0.97 s to obtain:

( )( )( )

297.0s0.97m/s9.81

m1.37222 ==kµ

(b) Use equation (3) to find v0: ( ) m/s82.2

s0.97m1.3722

0 ==∆∆

=txv


319

*64 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the block as it slides down an incline. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to these forces to obtain the acceleration of the block and then manipulate this expression algebraically to show that a graph of a/cosθ versus tanθ will be linear with a slope equal to the acceleration due to gravity and an intercept whose absolute value is the coefficient of kinetic friction.


m to the block as it slides down the incline:

∑

∑

=−=

=−=

0cosand

sin

n

k

θ

θ

mgFF

mafmgF

y

x

Substitute µkFn for fk and eliminate Fn between the two equations to obtain:

( )θµθ cossin k−= ga

Divide both sides of this equation by cosθ to obtain: ktan

cosµθ

θgga

−=

Note that this equation is of the form y = mx + b:

Thus, if we graph a/cosθ versus tanθ, we should get a straight line with slope g and y-intercept −gµk.

(b) A spreadsheet solution is shown below. The formulas used to calculate the quantities in the columns are as follows:

Cell Formula/Content Algebraic FormC7 θ D7 a E7 TAN(C7*PI()/180)

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ×

180tan πθ

F7 D7/COS(C7*PI()/180)

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ×

180cos πθ

a

C D E F

6 theta a tan(theta) a/cos(theta)7 25 1.691 0.466 1.866 8 27 2.104 0.510 2.362 9 29 2.406 0.554 2.751

Chapter 5

320

10 31 2.888 0.601 3.370 11 33 3.175 0.649 3.786 12 35 3.489 0.700 4.259 13 37 3.781 0.754 4.735 14 39 4.149 0.810 5.338 15 41 4.326 0.869 5.732 16 43 4.718 0.933 6.451 17 45 5.106 1.000 7.220

A graph of a/cosθ versus tanθ is shown below. From the curve fit (Excel’s Trendline

was used), g = 9.77 m/s2 and .268.0m/s9.77m/s2.62

2

2

k ==µ

The percentage error in g from the commonly accepted value of 9.81 m/s2 is

%408.0m/s81.9

m/s77.9m/s81.9100 2

22

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −

y = 9.7681x - 2.6154R2 = 0.9981

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

tan(theta)

a/c

os(th

eta)


321

Motion Along a Curved Path 65 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the stone is superimposed on a sketch of the stone rotating in a horizontal circle. The only forces acting on the stone are the tension in the string and the gravitational force. The centripetal force required to maintain the circular motion is a component of the tension. We’ll solve the problem for the general case in which the angle with the horizontal is θ by applying Newton’s 2nd law of motion to the forces acting on the stone. Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the stone: ΣFx = Tcosθ = mac = mv2/r (1) and ΣFy= Tsinθ – mg = 0 (2)

Use the right triangle in the diagram to relate r, L, and θ :

r = Lcosθ (3)

Eliminate T and r between equations (1), (2) and (3) and solve for v2:

θθ coscot2 gLv = (4)

Express the velocity of the stone in terms of its period:

rev1

2t

rv π= (5)

Eliminate v between equations (4) and (5) and solve for θ : ⎟

⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −

Lgt

2

2rev11

4sin

πθ


( )( )( ) °=⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= − 8.25

m0.854πs1.22m/s9.81sin 2

221θ

and correct. is )(c

Chapter 5

322

66 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the stone is superimposed on a sketch of the stone rotating in a horizontal circle. The only forces acting on the stone are the tension in the string and the gravitational force. The centripetal force required to maintain the circular motion is a component of the tension. We’ll solve the problem for the general case in which the angle with the horizontal is θ by applying Newton’s 2nd law of motion to the forces acting on the stone. Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the stone: ΣFx = Tcosθ = mac = mv2/r (1) and ΣFy= Tsinθ – mg = 0 (2)

Use the right triangle in the diagram to relate r, L, and θ:

r = Lcosθ (3)

Eliminate T and r between equations (1), (2), and (3) and solve for v:

θθ coscotgLv =


( )( )m/s50.4

20cos20cotm0.8m/s9.81 2

=

°°=v

67 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the stone is superimposed on a sketch of the stone rotating in a horizontal circle. The only forces acting on the stone are the tension in the string and the gravitational force. The centripetal force required to maintain the circular motion is a component of the tension. We’ll solve the problem for the general case in which the angle with the vertical is θ by applying Newton’s 2nd law of motion to the forces acting on the stone. (a) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the stone: ΣFx = Tsinθ = mac = mv2/r (1) and


323

ΣFy= Tcosθ – mg = 0 (2)

Eliminate T between equations (1) and (2) and solve for v:

θtanrgv =


( )( )m/s1.41

tan30m/s9.81m0.35 2

=

°=v

(b) Solve equation (2) for T:

θcosmgT =


( )( ) N50.8cos30

m/s9.81kg0.75 2

=°

=T

*68 •• Picture the Problem The sketch shows the forces acting on the pilot when her plane is at the lowest point of its dive. nF

ris the

force the airplane seat exerts on her. We’ll apply Newton’s 2nd law for circular motion to determine Fn and the radius of the circular path followed by the airplane.

(a) Apply yy maF =∑ to the pilot:

Fn − mg = mac

Solve for and evaluate Fn: Fn = mg + mac = m(g + ac) = m(g + 8.5g) = 9.5mg = (9.5) (50 kg) (9.81 m/s2) = kN66.4

(b) Relate her acceleration to her velocity and the radius of the circular arc and solve for the radius:

rvac

2

= ⇒ c

2

avr =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate r :

( )( )( )[ ]( ) m110

m/s9.818.5m/km1000sh/36001km/h345

2

2

==r

Chapter 5

324

69 •• Picture the Problem The diagram shows the forces acting on the pilot when her plane is at the lowest point of its dive.

nFr

is the force the airplane seat exerts on her. We’ll use the definitions of centripetal acceleration and centripetal force and apply Newton’s 2nd law to calculate these quantities and the normal force acting on her.

(a) Her acceleration is centripetal and given by:

upward ,2

c rva =


( )( )( )[ ]

upward,m/s33.8

m300/km10sh/36001km/h180

2

23

c

=

=a

(b) The net force acting on her at the bottom of the circle is the force responsible for her centripetal acceleration:

( )( )upward N,541

m/s33.8kg65 2cnet

=

== maF

(c) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the pilot:

Fn – mg = mac

Solve for Fn: Fn = mg + mac = m(g + ac)


Fn = (65 kg)(9.81 m/s2 + 8.33 m/s2) = upwardkN,18.1

70 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagrams for the two objects are shown to the right. The hole in the table changes the direction the tension in the string (which provides the centripetal force required to keep the object moving in a circular path) acts. The application of Newton’s 2nd law and the definition of centripetal force will lead us to an expression for r as a function of m1, m2, and the time T for one revolution.


325

Apply ∑ = xx maF to both objects

and use the definition of centripetal acceleration to obtain:

m2g – F2 = 0 and F1 = m1ac = m1v2/r

Because F1 = F2 we can eliminate both of them between these equations to obtain:

02

12 =−rvmgm

Express the speed v of the object in terms of the distance it travels each revolution and the time T for one revolution:

Trv π2

=


2

22

12 =−rT

rmgm π

or

042

2

12 =−T

rmgm π

Solve for r:

12

22

4 mgTmr

π=

*71 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagrams show the forces acting on each block. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to relate these forces to each other and to the masses and accelerations of the blocks.

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the block

whose mass is m1: 1

21

121 LvmTT =−

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the block

whose mass is m2: 21

22

22 LLvmT+

=

Relate the speeds of each block to their common period and their distance from the center of the

( )T

LLvTLv 21

21

12and2 +

==ππ

Chapter 5

326

circle: Solve the first force equation for T2, substitute for v2, and simplify to obtain:

( )[ ]2

21222

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+=

TLLmT π

Substitute for T2 and v1 in the first force equation to obtain: ( )[ ]

2

1121212

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛++=

TLmLLmT π

*72 •• Picture the Problem The path of the particle and its position at 1-s intervals are shown. The displacement vectors are also shown. The velocity vectors for the average velocities in the first and second intervals are along 01rr and ,12r

rrespectively,

and are shown in the lower diagram. ∆ vr points toward the center of the circle.

Use the diagram to the right to find ∆r:

∆r = 2rsin22.5°= 2(4 cm) sin22.5° = 3.06 cm

Find the average velocity of the particle along the chords:

vav = ∆r/∆t = (3.06 cm)/(1 s) = 3.06 cm/s

Using the lower diagram and the fact that the angle between

21 and vvrr

is 45°, express ∆v in

terms of v1 (= v2):

∆v = 2v1sin22.5°

Evaluate ∆v using vav as v1: ∆v = 2(3.06 cm/s)sin22.5° = 2.34 cm/s

Now we can determine a = ∆v/∆t: 2cm/s34.2s1cm/s2.34

==a


327

Find the speed v (= v1 = v2 …) of the particle along its circular path:

( ) cm/s14.3s8cm42π2

===T

rv π

Calculate the radial acceleration of the particle:

( ) 222

c cm/s46.2cm4cm/s3.14

===rva

Compare ac and a by taking their ratio:

05.1cm/s34.2cm/s46.2

2

2c ==

aa

or aa 05.1c =

73 •• Picture the Problem The diagram to the right has the free-body diagram for the child superimposed on a pictorial representation of her motion. The force her father exerts is F

rand the angle it makes

with respect to the direction we’ve chosen as the positive y direction is θ. We can infer her speed from the given information concerning the radius of her path and the period of her motion. Applying Newton’s 2nd law as it describes circular motion will allow us to find both the direction and magnitude of F

r.

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the child: ΣFx = Fsinθ = mv2/r and ΣFy = Fcosθ − mg = 0

Eliminate F between these equations and solve for θ : ⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= −

rgv2

1tanθ

Express v in terms of the radius and period of the child’s motion: T

rv π2=

Substitute for v in the expression for θ to obtain: ⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= −

2

21 4tan

gTrπθ

Chapter 5

328


( )( )( )

°=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= − 3.53

s1.5m/s9.81m0.754tan 22

21 πθ

Solve the y equation for F:

θcosmgF =


( )( ) N410cos53.3

m/s9.81kg25 2

=°

=F

74 •• Picture the Problem The diagram to the right has the free-body diagram for the bob of the conical pendulum superimposed on a pictorial representation of its motion. The tension in the string is F

rand the angle it

makes with respect to the direction we’ve chosen as the positive x direction isθ. We can findθ from the y equation and the information provided about the tension. Then, by using the definition of the speed of the bob in its orbit and applying Newton’s 2nd law as it describes circular motion, we can find the period T of the motion.

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the pendulum

bob:

ΣFx = Fcosθ = mv2/r and ΣFy = Fsinθ − mg = 0

Using the given information that F = 6mg, solve the y equation for θ:

°=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= −− 59.9

6sinsin 11

mgmg

Fmgθ

With F = 6mg, solve the x equation for v:

θcos6rgv =

Relate the period T of the motion to the speed of the bob and the radius of the circle in which it moves:

θππcos6

22rg

rv

rT ==

From the diagram, one can see that:

r =Lcosθ


329

Substitute for r in the expression for the period to obtain: g

LT6

2π=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate T: ( ) s579.0

m/s9.816m0.52 2 == πT

75 •• Picture the Problem The static friction force fs is responsible for keeping the coin from sliding on the turntable. Using Newton’s 2nd law of motion, the definition of the period of the coin’s motion, and the definition of the maximum static friction force, we can find the magnitude of the friction force and the value of the coefficient of static friction for the two surfaces.


m to the coin: ∑ ==rvmfF sx

2

and

∑ =−= 0n mgFFy

If T is the period of the coin’s motion, its speed is given by: T

rv π2=

Substitute for v in the force equation and simplify to obtain: 2

24T

mrfsπ

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate fs:

( )( )( )

N395.0s1

m0.1kg(0.14π2

2

==sf

(b) Determine Fn from the y equation:

Fn = mg

If the coin is about to slide at r = 16 cm, fs = fs,max. Solve for µs in terms of fs,max and Fn:

2

22

2

n

max,s

44

gTr

mgT

mr

Ffs π

π

µ ===

Chapter 5

330

Substitute numerical values and evaluate µs:

( )( )( )

644.0s1m/s9.81

m0.164π22

2

s ==µ

76 •• Picture the Problem The forces acting on the tetherball are shown superimposed on a pictorial representation of the motion. The horizontal component of T

ris the

centripetal force. Applying Newton’s 2nd law of motion and solving the resulting equations will yield both the tension in the cord and the speed of the ball. (a) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the tetherball: ∑ =°=rvmTFx

2

20sin

and

∑ =−°= 020cos mgTFy

Solve the y equation for T:

°=

20cosmgT


( )( ) N61.220cos

m/s9.81kg0.25 2

=°

=T

(b) Eliminate T between the force equations and solve for v:

°= 20tanrgv

Note from the diagram that: r = Lsin20°

Substitute for r in the expression for v to obtain:

°°= 20tan20singLv


( )( )m/s21.1

20tan20sinm1.2m/s9.81 2

=

°°=v


331

*77 •• Picture the Problem The diagram includes a pictorial representation of the earth in its orbit about the sun and a force diagram showing the force on an object at the equator that is due to the earth’s rotation, ,RF

r and the force on the object

due to the orbital motion of the earth about the sun, .oF

r Because these are centripetal

forces, we can calculate the accelerations they require from the speeds and radii associated with the two circular motions.

Express the radial acceleration due to the rotation of the earth: R

va2R

R =

Express the speed of the object on the equator in terms of the radius of the earth R and the period of the earth’s rotation TR:

RR

2T

Rv π=

Substitute for vR in the expression for aR to obtain: 2

R

2

R4

TRa π

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate aR:

( )( )

( )

g

a

3

22

2

2

R

1044.3

m/s1037.3

h1s3600h24

m/km1000km63704

−

−

×=

×=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

π

Express the radial acceleration due to the orbital motion of the earth: r

va2o

o =

Express the speed of the object on the equator in terms of the earth-sun distance r and the period of the earth’s motion about the sun To:

oo

2T

rv π=

Chapter 5

332

Substitute for vo in the expression for ao to obtain: 2

o

2

o4T

ra π=


( )( )

g

a

423

2

112

o

1007.6m/s1095.5

h1s3600

d1h24d365

m10.514

−− ×=×=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

×=

π

78 • Picture the Problem The most significant force acting on the earth is the gravitational force exerted by the sun. More distant or less massive objects exert forces on the earth as well, but we can calculate the net force by considering the radial acceleration of the earth in its orbit. Similarly, we can calculate the net force acting on the moon by considering its radial acceleration in its orbit about the earth. (a) Apply ∑ = rr maF to the earth: r

vmF2

earthon =

Express the orbital speed of the earth in terms of the time it takes to make one trip around the sun (i.e., its period) and its average distance from the sun:

Trv π2

=

Substitute for v to obtain: 2

2

earthon4

TmrF π

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fon earth:

( )( ) N1055.3

hs3600

dh24d24.365

m10496.1kg1098.54 222

11242

earthon ×=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ××

××=

πF

(b) Proceed as in (a) to obtain:

( )( ) N1000.2

hs3600

dh24d32.27

m10844.3kg1035.74 202

8222

moonon ×=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ××

××=

πF


333

79 •• Picture the Problem The semicircular wire of radius 10 cm limits the motion of the bead in the same manner as would a 10-cm string attached to the bead and fixed at the center of the semicircle. The horizontal component of the normal force the wire exerts on the bead is the centripetal force. The application of Newton’s 2nd law, the definition of the speed of the bead in its orbit, and the relationship of the frequency of a circular motion to its period will yield the angle at which the bead will remain stationary relative to the rotating wire.

Apply∑ = aF rr

m to the bead: ∑ ==rvmFFx

2

n sinθ

and

∑ =−= 0cosn mgFFy θ

Eliminate Fn from the force equations to obtain: rg

v2

tan =θ

The frequency of the motion is the reciprocal of its period T. Express the speed of the bead as a function of the radius of its path and its period:

Trv π2

=

Using the diagram, relate r to L and θ :

θsinLr =

Substitute for r and v in the expression for tanθ and solve for θ : ⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= −

LgT

2

21

4cos

πθ


( )( )( ) °=⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= − 6.51

m0.14πs0.5m/s9.81cos 2

221θ

Chapter 5

334

80 ••• Picture the Problem Note that the acceleration of the bead has two components, the radial component perpendicular to ,vr and a tangential component due to friction that is opposite to .vr The application of Newton’s 2nd law will result in a differential equation with separable variables. Its integration will lead to an expression for the speed of the bead as a function of time.

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the bead in the

radial and tangential directions: ∑ ==

rvmFFr

2

n

and

∑ ==−=dtdvmmafF tt k

Express fk in terms of µk and Fn:

fk = µkFn

Substitute for Fn and fk in the tangential equation to obtain the differential equation:

2k vrdt

dv µ−=

Separate the variables to obtain: dtrv

dv k2

µ−=

Express the integral of this equation with the limits of integration being from v0 to v on the left-hand side and from 0 to t on the right-hand side:

∫∫ −=tv

v

dt'r

dv'v' 0

k2

0

1 µ

Evaluate these integrals to obtain: t

rvv⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−− k

0

11 µ

Solve this equation for v:

⎟⎟⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜

⎝

⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+

=t

rv

vv0k

0

1

1µ


335

81 ••• Picture the Problem Note that the acceleration of the bead has two components−the radial component perpendicular to ,vr and a tangential component due to friction that is opposite to .vr The application of Newton’s 2nd law will result in a differential equation with separable variables. Its integration will lead to an expression for the speed of the bead as a function of time.

(a) In Problem 81 it was shown that:

⎟⎟⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜

⎝

⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+

=t

rv

vv0k

0

1

1µ

Express the centripetal acceleration of the bead:

2

0

20

2

c

1

1

⎟⎟⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜

⎝

⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+

==t

rvr

vrva

kµ

(b) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the bead: ∑ ==

rvmFFr

2

n

and

∑ ==−=dtdvmmafF tt k

Eliminate Fn and fk to rewrite the radial force equation and solve for at:

ck

2

k arvat µµ −=−=

(c) Express the resultant acceleration in terms of its radial and tangential components:

( )2k

22k

22

1 µ

µ

+=

+−=+=

c

ccct

a

aaaaa

Chapter 5

336

Concepts of Centripetal Force *82 • Picture the Problem The diagram depicts a seat at its highest and lowest points. Let ″t″ denote the top of the loop and ″b″ the bottom of the loop. Applying Newton’s 2nd law to the seat at the top of the loop will establish the value of mv2/r; this can then be used at the bottom of the loop to determine Fn,b. Apply ∑ = rr maF to the seat at the

top of the loop:

mg +Fn,t = 2mg = mar = mv2/r

Apply ∑ = rr maF to the seat at the

bottom of the loop:

Fn,b – mg = mv2/r

Solve for Fn,b and substitute for mv2/r to obtain:

Fn,b = 3mg and correct. is )(d

83 • Picture the Problem The speed of the roller coaster is imbedded in the expression for its radial acceleration. The radial acceleration is determined by the net radial force acting on the passenger. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the net force on the passenger to the speed of the roller coaster. Apply ∑ = radialradial maF to the

passenger:

mg + 0.4mg = mv2/r

Solve for v: grv 4.1=


( )( )m/s8.12

m12.0m/s9.811.4 2

=

=v


337

84 • Picture the Problem The force F the passenger exerts on the armrest of the car door is the radial force required to maintain the passenger’s speed around the curve and is related to that speed through Newton’s 2nd law of motion. Apply ∑ = xx maF to the forces

acting on the passenger: rvmF

2

=

Solve this equation for v:

mrFv =


( )( ) m/s9.15kg70

N220m80==v

and correct. is )(a

*85 ••• Picture the Problem The forces acting on the bicycle are shown in the force diagram. The static friction force is the centripetal force exerted by the surface on the bicycle that allows it to move in a circular path.

sn fFrr

+ makes an angle θ with the vertical

direction. The application of Newton’s 2nd law will allow us to relate this angle to the speed of the bicycle and the coefficient of static friction.


m to the bicycle: r

mvfFx

2

s ==∑

and 0n =−=∑ mgFFy

Relate Fn and fs to θ :

rgv

mgr

mv

Ff 2

2

n

stan ===θ

Chapter 5

338

Solve for v: θtanrgv =


( )( )m/s7.25

tan15m/s9.81m20 2

=

°=v

(b) Relate fs to µs and Fn: mgff s2

1maxs,2

1s µ==

Solve for µs and substitute for fs to obtain:

rgv

mgf 2

ss

22==µ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate µs

( )( )( ) 536.0

m/s9.81m20m/s7.252

2

2

s ==µ

86 •• Picture the Problem The diagram shows the forces acting on the plane as it flies in a horizontal circle of radius R. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the plane and eliminate the lift force in order to obtain an expression for R as a function of v and θ.

Apply aF rr

m=∑ to the plane: RvmFFx

2

lift sin ==∑ θ

and 0coslift =−=∑ mgFFy θ

Eliminate Flift between these equations to obtain:

Rgv2

tan =θ

Solve for R: θtan

2

gvR =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate R: ( ) km2.16

tan40m/s9.81s3600

h1h

km480

2

2

=°

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×

=R


339

87 • Picture the Problem Under the conditions described in the problem statement, the only forces acting on the car are the normal force exerted by the road and the gravitational force exerted by the earth. The horizontal component of the normal force is the centripetal force. The application of Newton’s 2nd law will allow us to express θ in terms of v, r, and g.

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the car:

∑

∑

=−=

==

0cosand

sin

n

2

n

mgFF

rvmFF

y

x

θ

θ

Eliminate Fn from the force equations to obtain: rg

v2

tan =θ

Solve for θ :

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= −

rgv2

1tanθ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate θ:

( )( )( )[ ]( )( ) °=

⎭⎬⎫

⎩⎨⎧

= − 7.21m/s9.81m160

m/km1000s3600h1km/h90tan 2

21θ

*88 •• Picture the Problem Both the normal force and the static friction force contribute to the centripetal force in the situation described in this problem. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to relate fs and Fn and then solve these equations simultaneously to determine each of these quantities.

Chapter 5

340

(a) Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the car:

∑

∑

=−−=

=+=

0sincosand

cossin

n

2

n

mgfFF

rvmfFF

sy

sx

θθ

θθ

Multiply the x equation by sinθ and the y equation by cosθ to obtain:

θθθθ sinsincossin2

2ns r

vmFf =+

and 0coscossincos s

2n =−− θθθθ mgfF

Add these equations to eliminate fs: θθ sincos

2

n rvmmgF =−

Solve for Fn:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

+=

θθ

θθ

sincos

sincos

2

2

n

rvgm

rvmmgF


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

kN8.25

sin10m150

sh/36001m/km1000km/h85cos10m/s9.81kg800222

2n

=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡°+°=F

(b) Solve the y equation for fs:

θθ

sincos mgFf n

s−

=


( ) ( )( ) kN59.1sin10

m/s9.81kg800cos10kN8.25 2

=°

−°=sf

(c) Express µs,min in terms of fs and Fn: n

smins, F

f=µ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate µs,min:

193.0kN8.25kN1.59

mins, ==µ


341

89 •• Picture the Problem Both the normal force and the static friction force contribute to the centripetal force in the situation described in this problem. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to relate fs and Fn and then solve these equations simultaneously to determine each of these quantities.


m to the car:

∑∑

=−−=

=+=

0sincos

cossin

n

2

n

mgfFFrvmfFF

sy

sx

θθ

θθ

Multiply the x equation by sinθ and the y equation by cosθ :

θθθθ sinsincossin2

2ns r

vmFf =+

0coscossincos s2

n =−− θθθθ mgfF

Add these equations to eliminate fs: θθ sincos

2

n rvmmgF =−

Solve for Fn:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

+=

θθ

θθ

sincos

sincos

2

2

n

rvgm

rvmmgF


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

kN832.7

sin10m150

sh/36001m/km1000km/h38cos10m/s9.81kg800222

2n

=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡°+°=F

(b) Solve the y equation for fs:

θθ

θθ

sincot

sincos

mgF

mgFf

n

ns

−=

−=


Chapter 5

342

( ) ( )( ) N777sin10

m/s9.81kg80010cotkN832.72

−=°

−°=sf

The negative sign tells us that fs points upward along the inclined plane rather than as shown in the force diagram. *90 ••• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram to the left is for the car at rest. The static friction force up the incline balances the downward component of the car’s weight and prevents it from sliding. In the free-body diagram to the right, the static friction force points in the opposite direction as the tendency of the moving car is to slide toward the outside of the curve.

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the car that is

at rest:

∑ =−+= 0sincos sny mgfFF θθ (1)

and

∑ =−= 0cossin snx θθ fFF (2)

Substitute fs = fs,max = µsFn in equation (2) and solve for and evaluate the maximum allowable value of θ:

( ) ( ) °=== −− 57.408.0tantan 1s

1 µθ

Apply∑ = aF rrm to the car that is

moving with speed v:

∑ =−−= 0sincos sny mgfFF θθ (3)

∑ =+=rv

mfFF2

snx cossin θθ (4)

Substitute fs = µsFn in equations (3) and (4) and simplify to obtain:

( ) mgF =− θµθ sincos sn (5)

( )rvmcF

2

sn sinos =+ θθµ (6)

Substitute numerical values into (5) 0.9904Fn = mg


343

and (6) to obtain: and

rvmF

2

n1595.0 =

Eliminate Fn and solve for r:

gvr

1610.0

2

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate r:

( )( )

m176

m/s9.810.1610m/km 1000sh/36001km/h60

2

2

=

××=r

91 ••• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram to the left is for the car rounding the curve at the minimum (not sliding down the incline) speed. The static friction force up the incline balances the downward component of the car’s weight and prevents it from sliding. In the free-body diagram to the right, the static friction force points in the opposite direction as the tendency of the car moving with the maximum safe speed is to slide toward the outside of the curve. Application of Newton’s 2nd law and the simultaneous solution of the force equations will yield vmin and vmax.

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to a car traveling

around the curve when the coefficient of static friction is zero:

rvmFF

2min

nx sin∑ == θ

and 0cosny∑ =−= mgFF θ

Divide the first of these equations by the second to obtain:

rgv2

tan =θ or ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= −

rgv2

1tanθ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate the banking angle:

Chapter 5

344

( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) °=⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= − 8.22

m/s81.9m30sh/36001m/km1000km/h40tan 2

2221θ

Apply∑ = aF rr

m to the car

traveling around the curve at minimum speed:

rvmfFF

2min

snx cossin∑ =−= θθ

and 0sincos sny∑ =−+= mgfFF θθ

Substitute fs = fs,max = µsFn in the force equations and simplify to obtain:

( )r

vmF2min

sn sincos =− θθµ

and ( ) mgF =+ θµθ sincos sn

Evaluate these equations for θ = 22.8° and µs = 0.3:

0.1102Fn= rvm

2min

and 1.038Fn = mg

Eliminate Fn between these two equations and solve for vmin:

rgv 106.0min =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vmin:

( )( )km/h20.1m/s59.5

m/s9.81m30106.0 2min

==

=v

Apply∑ = aF rr

m to the car

traveling around the curve at maximum speed:

rvmfFF

2max

snx cossin∑ =+= θθ

and 0sincos sny∑ =−−= mgfFF θθ

Substitute fs = fs,max = µsFn in the force equations and simplify to obtain:

( )r

vmF2max

sn sincos =+ θθµ

and ( ) mgF =− θµθ sincos sn

Evaluate these equations for θ = 22.8° and µs = 0.3:

0.6641Fn= rvm

2max

and 0.8056Fn = mg


345

Eliminate Fn between these two equations and solve for vmax:

rgv 8243.0max =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vmax:

( )( )( )km/h1.65m/s5.61

m/s81.9m308243.0 2max

==

=v

Drag Forces 92 • Picture the Problem We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the particle to obtain its equation of motion. Applying terminal speed conditions will yield an expression for b that we can evaluate using the given numerical values. Apply yy maF =∑ to the particle: ymabvmg =−

When the particle reaches its terminal speed v = vt and ay = 0:

0t =− bvmg

Solve for b to obtain:

t

v

mgb =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate b:

( )( )

kg/s1027.3

m/s103m/s81.9kg10

9

4

213

−

−

−

×=

×=b

93 • Picture the Problem We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the Ping-Pong ball to obtain its equation of motion. Applying terminal speed conditions will yield an expression for b that we can evaluate using the given numerical values. Apply yy maF =∑ to the Ping-

Pong ball:

ymabvmg =− 2

When the Ping-Pong ball reaches its terminal speed v = vt and ay = 0:

02t =− bvmg

Solve for b to obtain: 2t

vmgb =

Chapter 5

346

Substitute numerical values and evaluate b:

( )( )( )

kg/m1079.2

m/s9m/s9.81kg102.3

4

2

23

−

−

×=

×=b

*94 • Picture the Problem Let the upward direction be the positive y direction and apply Newton’s 2nd law to the sky diver. (a) Apply yy maF =∑ to the sky

diver:

ymamgF =−d or, because ay = 0,

mgF =d (1)

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fd:

( )( ) N589m/s81.9kg60 2d ==F

(b) Substitute Fd = b 2

tv in equation

(1) to obtain:

mgbv =2t

Solve for b: 2t

d2t v

Fvmgb ==

Substitute numerical values and evaluate b: ( )

kg/m942.0m/s25

N5892 ==b

95 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the car as it descends the grade with its terminal velocity. The application of Newton’s 2nd law with a = 0 and Fd equal to the given function will allow us to solve for the terminal velocity of the car.

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the car:

xmaFmg =− dsinθ

or, because v = vt and ax = 0, 0sin d =− Fmg θ

Substitute for Fd to obtain: ( ) 0m/sN1.2N100sin 2

t22 =⋅−− vmg θ


347

Solve for vt: 22t m/sN1.2N100sin

⋅−

=θmgv

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vt:

( )( )

km/h88.2m/s5.24

m/sN1.2N1006sinm/s81.9kg800

22

2

t

==

⋅−°

=v

96 ••• Picture the Problem Let the upward direction be the positive y direction and apply Newton’s 2nd law to the particle to obtain an equation from which we can find the particle’s terminal speed. (a) Apply yy maF =∑ to a

pollution particle:

ymarvmg =− πη6

or, because ay = 0, 06 t =− rvmg πη

Solve for vt to obtain: r

mgvπη6t =

Express the mass of a sphere in terms of its volume: ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛==

34 3rVm πρρ

Substitute for m to obtain:

ηρ

92 2

tgrv =


( ) ( )( )( )

cm/s42.2

s/mN101.89m/s9.81kg/m2000m102

25

2325

t

=

⋅×= −

−

v

(b) Use distance equals average speed times the fall time to find the time to fall 100 m at 2.42 cm/s:

h15.1s1013.4cm/s2.42cm10 3

4

=×==t

*97 ••• Picture the Problem The motion of the centrifuge will cause the pollution particles to migrate to the end of the test tube. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law and Stokes’ law to derive an expression for the terminal speed of the sedimentation particles. We can then use this terminal speed to calculate the sedimentation time. We’ll use the 12 cm distance

Chapter 5

348

from the center of the centrifuge as the average radius of the pollution particles as they settle in the test tube. Let R represent the radius of a particle and r the radius of the particle’s circular path in the centrifuge. Express the sedimentation time in terms of the sedimentation speed vt: t

sediment vxt ∆

=∆

Apply ∑ = radialradial maF to a

pollution particle:

ct6 maRv =πη

Express the mass of the particle in terms of its radius R and density ρ:

ρπρ 334 RVm ==

Express the acceleration of the pollution particles due to the motion of the centrifuge in terms of their orbital radius r and period T:

2

2

2

2

c4

2

Tr

rT

r

rva π

π

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

==

Substitute for m and ac and simplify to obtain: 2

33

2

23

34

t 31646

TrR

TrRRv ρππρππη =⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

Solve for vt:

2

22

t 98

TrRv

ηρπ

=

Find the period T of the motion from the number of revolutions the centrifuge makes in 1 second:

s/rev1075.0s/min60min/rev1025.1

min/rev1025.1min/rev800

1

3-

3

3

×=

××=

×==

−

−T


( )( )( )( )( )

m/s08.2s1075s/mN101.89m10m12.0kg/m20008

2325

2532

t

=×⋅×

=−−

−πv

Find the time it takes the particles to move 8 cm as they settle in the test tube:

ms38.5

cm/s208cm8

sediment

=

=∆

=∆vxt


349

In Problem 96 it was shown that the rate of fall of the particles in air is 2.42 cm/s. Find the time required to fall 8 cm in air under the influence of gravity:

s31.3

cm/s42.2cm8

air

=

=∆

=∆vxt

Find the ratio of the two times: ∆tair/∆tsediment ≈ 100

Euler’s Method 98 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the baseball sometime after it has been thrown downward but before it has reached its terminal speed. In order to use Euler’s method, we’ll need to determine how the acceleration of the ball varies with its speed. We can do this by applying Newton’s 2nd law to the ball and using its terminal speed to express the constant in the acceleration equation in terms of the ball’s terminal speed. We can then use

tavv nnn ∆+=+1 to find the speed of the ball at any given time.

Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the ball to obtain: dt

dvmbvmg =− 2

Solve for dv/dt to obtain:

2vmbg

dtdv

−=

When the ball reaches its terminal speed:

2t0 v

mbg −= ⇒ 2

tvg

mb

=

Substitute to obtain: ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−= 2

t

2

1vvg

dtdv

Express the position of the ball to obtain:

tvvxx nnnn ∆

++= +

+ 21

1

Letting an be the acceleration of the ball at time tn, express its speed when t = tn + 1:

tavv nnn ∆+=+1 where

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−= 2

t

2

1vvga n

n

Chapter 5

350

and ∆t is an arbitrarily small interval of time.

A spreadsheet solution is shown below. The formulas used to calculate the quantities in the columns are as follows:

Cell Formula/Content Algebraic Form A10 B9+$B$1 t + ∆t B10 B9+0.5*(C9+C10)*$B$1

tvvxx nnnn ∆

++= +

+ 21

1

C10 C9+D9*$B$1 vn+1 = vn+ an∆t D10 $B$4*(1−C10^2/$B$5^2)

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−= 2

t

2

1vvga n

n

A B C D 1 ∆t= 0.5 s 2 x0= 0 m 3 v0= 9.722 m/s 4 a0= 9.81 m/s^2 5 vt= 41.67 m/s 6 7 t x v a 8 (s) (m) (m/s) (m/s^2) 9 0.0 0 9.7 9.28

10 0.5 6 14.4 8.64 11 1.0 14 18.7 7.84 12 1.5 25 22.6 6.92

28 9.5 317 41.3 0.17 29 10.0 337 41.4 0.13 30 10.5 358 41.5 0.10

38 14.5 524 41.6 0.01 39 15.0 545 41.7 0.01 40 15.5 566 41.7 0.01 41 16.0 587 41.7 0.01 42 16.5 608 41.7 0.00

From the table we can see that the speed of the ball after 10 s is approximately

m/s.4.41 We can estimate the uncertainty in this result by halving ∆t and

recalculating the speed of the ball at t = 10 s. Doing so yields v(10 s) ≈ 41.3 m/s, a difference of about %.02.0

The graph shows the velocity of the ball thrown straight down as a function of time.


351

Ball Throw n Straight Dow n

05

1015202530354045

0 5 10 15 20

t (s)

v (m

/s)

Reset ∆t to 0.5 s and set v0 = 0. Ninety-nine percent of 41.67 m/s is approximately 41.3 m/s. Note that the ball will reach this speed in about s5.10 and that the distance it

travels in this time is about m.322 The following graph shows the distance traveled by

the ball dropped from rest as a function of time.

Ball Dropped From Rest

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

t (s)

x (m

)

*99 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the baseball after it has left your hand. In order to use Euler’s method, we’ll need to determine how the acceleration of the ball varies with its speed. We can do this by applying Newton’s 2nd law to the baseball. We can then use tavv nnn ∆+=+1 and

tvxx nnn ∆+=+1 to find the speed and

Chapter 5

352

position of the ball. Apply ∑ = yy maF to the baseball:

dtdvmmgvbv =−−

where vv = for the upward part of the

flight of the ball and vv −= for the downward part of the flight.

Solve for dv/dt: vv

mbg

dtdv

−−=

Under terminal speed conditions ( tvv −= ):

2t0 v

mbg +−=

and

2tv

gmb

=


⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+−=−−= 2

t2t

1vvv

gvvvgg

dtdv

Letting an be the acceleration of the ball at time tn, express its position and speed when t = tn + 1:

( ) tvvyy nnnn ∆++= −+ 121

1 and


⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+−= 2

t

1vvv

ga nnn



Cell Formula/Content Algebraic Form D11 D10+$B$6 t + ∆t E10 41.7 v0 E11 E10−$B$4*

(1+E10*ABS(E10)/($B$5^2))*$B$6tavv nnn ∆+=+1

F10 0 y0 F11 F10+0.5*(E10+E11)*$B$6 ( ) tvvyy nnnn ∆++= −+ 12

11

G10 0 y0 G11 $E$10*D11−0.5*$B$4*D11^2 2

21

0 gttv −


353

A B C D E F G

4 g= 9.81 m/s^2 5 vt= 41.7 m/s 6 ∆t= 0.1 s 7 8 9 t v y y no drag 10 0.0 41.70 0.00 0.00 11 0.1 39.74 4.07 4.12 12 0.2 37.87 7.95 8.14

40 3.0 3.01 60.13 81.00 41 3.1 2.03 60.39 82.18 42 3.2 1.05 60.54 83.26 43 3.3 0.07 60.60 84.25 44 3.4 −0.91 60.55 85.14 45 3.5 −1.89 60.41 85.93 46 3.6 −2.87 60.17 86.62

78 6.8 −28.34 6.26 56.98 79 6.9 −28.86 3.41 54.44 80 7.0 −29.37 0.49 51.80 81 7.1 −29.87 −2.47 49.06

From the table we can see that, after 3.5 s, the ball reaches a height of about m.4.60 It

reaches its peak a little earlier−at about s,3.3 and its height at t = 3.3 s is m.6.60

The ball hits the ground at about t = s7 −so it spends a little longer coming down than

going up. The solid curve on the following graph shows y(t) when there is no drag on the baseball and the dotted curve shows y(t) under the conditions modeled in this problem.

Chapter 5

354

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

t (s)

y (m

)

x with dragx with no drag

100 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the block in its initial position against the compressed spring, later as the spring accelerates it to the right, and finally when it has reached its maximum speed at xf = 0. In order to use Euler’s method, we’ll need to determine how the acceleration of the block varies with its position. We can do this by applying Newton’s 2nd law to the box. We can then use tavv nnn ∆+=+1 and

tvxx nnn ∆+=+1 to find the speed and position of the block.

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the block: ( ) nn maxk =−m3.0

Solve for an: ( )nn xmka −= m3.0

Express the position and speed of the block when t = tn + 1:

tvxx nnn ∆+=+1 and


( )nn xmka −= m3.0




355

Cell Formula/Content Algebraic FormA10 A9+$B$1 t + ∆t B10 B9+C10*$B$1 tvx nn ∆+ C10 C9+D9*$B$1 tav nn ∆+ D10 ($B$4/$B$5)*(0.3−B10) ( )nx

mk

−3.0

A B C D 1 ∆t= 0.005 s 2 x0= 0 m 3 v0= 0 m/s 4 k = 50 N/m 5 m = 0.8 kg 6 7 t x v a 8 (s) (m) (m/s) (m/s^2) 9 0.000 0.00 0.00 18.75

10 0.005 0.00 0.09 18.72 11 0.010 0.00 0.19 18.69 12 0.015 0.00 0.28 18.63

45 0.180 0.25 2.41 2.85 46 0.185 0.27 2.42 2.10 47 0.190 0.28 2.43 1.34 48 0.195 0.29 2.44 0.58 49 0.200 0.30 2.44 −0.19

From the table we can see that it took about s200.0 for the spring to push the block 30

cm and that it was traveling about m/s44.2 at that time. We can estimate the

uncertainty in this result by halving ∆t and recalculating the speed of the ball at t = 10 s. Doing so yields v(0.200 s) ≈ 2.41 m/s, a difference of about %.2.1

Chapter 5

356

General Problems 101 • Picture the Problem The forces that act on the block as it slides down the incline are shown on the free-body diagram to the right. The acceleration of the block can be determined from the distance-and-time information given in the problem. The application of Newton’s 2nd law to the block will lead to an expression for the coefficient of kinetic friction as a function of the block’s acceleration and the angle of the incline.

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the block: ΣFx = mgsinθ − fk = ma and ΣFy = Fn − mg = 0

Set fk = µkFn, Fn between the two equations, and solve for µk: θ

θµcos

sink g

ag −=

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the distance the block slides to its sliding time:

( ) 0where 02

21

0 =∆+∆=∆ vtatvx

Solve for a: ( )22

txa

∆∆

=


( )( )

22 m/s1775.0

s5.2m2.42

==a

Find µk for a = 0.1775 m/s2 and θ = 28°:

( )( )

511.0

cos28m/s9.81m/s0.1775sin28m/s9.81

2

22

k

=

°−°

=µ


357

102 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the model airplane. The speed of the plane can be calculated from the data concerning the radius of its path and the time it takes to make one revolution. The application of Newton’s 2nd law will give us the tension F in the string.

(a) Express the speed of the airplane in terms of the circumference of the circle in which it is flying and its period:

Trv π2

=


( ) m/s10.7s

1.24

m5.72π==v

(b) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the model

airplane:

rvmF

2

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate F: ( ) ( ) N8.03

m5.7m/s10.7kg0.4

2

==F

*103 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the box. If the student is pushing with a force of 200 N and the box is on the verge of moving, the static friction force must be at its maximum value. In part (b), the motion is impending up the incline; therefore the direction of fs,max is down the incline. (a) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the box: ∑ =−+= 0sins θmgFfFx

and

∑ =−= 0cosn θmgFFy

Chapter 5

358

Substitute fs = fs,max = µsFn, eliminate Fn between the two equations, and solve for µs:

θθµ

costans mg

F−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate µs: ( )

289.0

cos30N800N20030tans

=

°−°=µ

(b) Find fs,max from the x-direction force equation:

Fmgf −= θsinmaxs,

Substitute numerical values and evaluate fs,max:

( )N200

N200sin30N800maxs,

=

−°=f

If the block is on the verge of sliding up the incline, fs,max

must act down the incline. The x-direction force equation becomes:

0sinmaxs, =−+− θmgFf

Solve the x-direction force equation for F:

maxs,sin fmgF += θ


( ) N600N200sin30N800 =+°=F

104 • Picture the Problem The path of the particle is a circle if r is a constant. Once we have shown that it is, we can calculate its value from its components. The direction of the particle’s motion can be determined by examining two positions of the particle at times that are close to each other. (a) and (b) Express the magnitude of rr

in terms of its components:

22yx rrr +=

Evaluate r with rx = −10 m cos ωt and ry = 10 m sinωt:

( )[ ] ( )[ ]( )m0.10

msincos100

sinm10cosm1022

22

=

+=

+−=

tt

ttr

ωω

ωω


359

(c) Evaluate rx and ry at t = 0 s: ( )( ) 00sinm10

m100cosm10=°=

−=°−=

y

x

rr

Evaluate rx and ry at t = ∆t, where ∆t is small:

( ) ( )

( )positiveiswhere

sinm10m10

0cosm10cosm10

yy

tr

tr

y

x

∆∆=

∆=−=

°−≈∆−=

ω

ω

and clockwise ismotion the

(d) Differentiate rr with respect to time to obtain :vr

[ ] ( )[ ] ji

rvˆcos10ˆ)sin10(

/

mtmt

dtd

ωωωω +=

=rr

Use the components of vr to find its speed:

( )[ ] ( )[ ]( ) ( )( )

m/s0.20

s2m10m10

mcos10msin101

22

22

=

==

+=

+=

−ω

ωωωω tt

vvv yx

(e) Relate the period of the particle’s motion to the radius of its path and its speed:

( ) sm/s20

m1022 πππ===

vrT

105 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the crate of books. The kinetic friction force opposes the motion of the crate up the incline. Because the crate is moving at constant speed in a straight line, its acceleration is zero. We can determine F by applying Newton’s 2nd law to the crate, substituting for fk, eliminating the normal force, and solving for the required force.

Apply∑ = aF rr

m to the crate, with

both ax and ay equal to zero, to the crate:

∑ =−−= 0sincos θθ mgfFF kx

and

∑ =−−= 0cossin θθ mgFFF ny

Chapter 5

360

Substitute µsFn for fk and eliminate Fn to obtain:

( )θµθ

θµθsincos

cossin

k

k

−+

=mgF


( )( ) ( )( )( ) kN49.1

sin300.5cos30cos300.5sin30m/s9.81kg100 2

=°−°

°+°=F

106 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the object as it slides down the inclined plane. We can calculate its speed at the bottom of the incline from its acceleration and displacement and find its acceleration from Newton’s 2nd law. Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the initial and final velocities of the object to its acceleration and displacement: solve for the final velocity:

xavv ∆+= 220

2

Because v0 = 0, xav ∆= 2 (1)

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the sliding

object:

∑ =+−= mamgfFx θsink

and


Solve the y equation for Fn and using fk = µkFn, eliminate both Fn and fk from the x equation and solve for a:

( )θµθ cossin k−= ga (2)

Substitute equation (2) in equation (1) and solve for v:

( ) xgv ∆−= θµθ cossin2 k


( ) ( )( )( ) m/s7.16m7230cos35.030sinm/s9.812 2 =°−°=v and correct. is )(d


361

*107 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the brick as it slides down the inclined plane. We’ll apply Newton’s 2nd law to the brick when it is sliding down the incline with constant speed to derive an expression for µk in terms of θ0. We’ll apply Newton’s 2nd law a second time for θ = θ1 and solve the equations simultaneously to obtain an expression for a as a function of θ0 and θ1.

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the brick

when it is sliding with constant speed:

∑ =+−= 0sin 0k θmgfFx

and

∑ =−= 0cos 0n θmgFFy

Solve the y equation for Fn and using fk = µkFn, eliminate both Fn and fk from the x equation and solve for µk:

0k tanθµ =

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the brick when

θ = θ1:

∑ =+−= mamgfFx 1k sinθ

and

∑ =−= 0cos 1n θmgFFy

Solve the y equation for Fn, use fk = µkFn to eliminate both Fn and fk from the x equation, and use the expression for µk obtained above to obtain:

( )101 costansin θθθ −= ga

108 •• Picture the Problem The fact that the object is in static equilibrium under the influence of the three forces means that .0321 =++ FFF

rrr Drawing the corresponding force

triangle will allow us to relate the forces to the angles between them through the law of sines and the law of cosines.

Chapter 5

362

(a) Using the fact that the object is in static equilibrium, redraw the force diagram connecting the forces head-to-tail:

Apply the law of sines to the triangle: ( ) ( ) ( )12

3

13

2

23

1

sinsinsin θπθπθπ −=

−=

−FFF

Use the trigonometric identity sin(π − α) = sinα to obtain:

12

3

13

2

23

1

sinsinsin θθθFFF

==

(b) Apply the law of cosines to the triangle:

( )23322

32

22

1 cos2 θπ −−+= FFFFF

Use the trigonometric identity cos(π − α) = −cosα to obtain: 2332

23

22

21 cos2 θFFFFF ++=

109 •• Picture the Problem We can calculate the acceleration of the passenger from his/her speed that, in turn, is a function of the period of the motion. To determine the longest period of the motion, we focus our attention on the situation at the very top of the ride when the seat belt is exerting no force on the rider. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the period of the motion to the acceleration and speed of the rider.

(a) Because the motion is at constant speed, the acceleration is entirely radial and is given by:

rva

2

c =

Express the speed of the motion of the ride as a function of the radius of the circle and the period of its motion:

Trv π2

=


363

Substitute in the expression for ac to obtain: 2

2

c4T

ra π=


( )( )

22

2

c m/s3.49s2

m54==

πa

(b) Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the

passenger when he/she is at the top of the circular path and solve for ac:

∑ == cr mamgF

and ac = g

Relate the acceleration of the motion to its radius and speed and solve for v:

grvr

vg =⇒=2

Express the period of the motion as a function of the radius of the circle and the speed of the passenger and solve for Tm:

gr

vrT ππ 22

m ==

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Tm: s49.4

m/s9.81m52 2m == πT

Remarks: The rider is ″weightless″ under the conditions described in part (b). *110 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation to the right shows the cart and its load on the inclined plane. The load will not slip provided its maximum acceleration is not exceeded. We can find that maximum acceleration by applying Newton’s 2nd law to the load. We can then apply Newton’s 2nd law to the cart-plus-load system to determine the tension in the rope when the system is experiencing its maximum acceleration.

Chapter 5

364

Draw the free-body diagram for the cart and its load:

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the cart plus

its load:

( ) ( ) max2121 sin ammgmmT +=+− θ (1)

Draw the free-body diagram for the load of mass m2 on top of the cart:

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the load on

top of the cart:

∑ =−= max22maxs, sin amgmfFx θ

and 0cos22,n =−=∑ θgmFFy

Using fs,max = µsFn,2, eliminate Fn,2 between the two equations and solve for the maximum acceleration of the load:

( )θθµ sincossmax −= ga (2)

Substitute equation (2) in equation (1) and solve for T :

( ) θµ coss21 gmmT +=

111 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram for the sled while it is held stationary by the static friction force is shown to the right. We can solve this problem by repeatedly applying Newton’s 2nd law under the conditions specified in each part of the problem.


365

(a) Apply∑ = yy maF to the sled: 0cos1n,1 =− θgmF

Solve for Fn,1:

θcos1n,1 gmF =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fn,1:

( ) N19315cosN200n,1 =°=F

(b) Apply∑ = xx maF to the sled: 0sin1s =− θgmf

Solve for fs:

θsin1s gmf =


( ) N8.5115sinN200s =°=f

(c) Draw the free-body diagram for the sled when the child is pulling on the rope:

Apply∑ = aF rr

m to the sled to

determine whether it moves: maxs,1

net

sin30cos fgmFFFx

−−°=

=∑θ

and

∑ =−°+= 0cos30sin 1n,1 θgmFFFy

Solve the y-direction equation for Fn,1:

θcos30sin 1n,1 gmFF +°−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fn,1:

( ) ( )N143

15cosN20030sinN100n,1

=

°+°−=F

Express fs,max: fs,max = µsFn,1 = (0.5)(143 N)

= 71.5 N

Use the x-direction force equation to evaluate Fnet:

Fnet = (100 N)cos30° − (200 N)sin15° − 71.5 N = −36.7 N

Chapter 5

366

Because the net force is negative, the sled does not move:

edundetermin is kf

(d) Because the sled does not move: edundetermin is kµ

(e) Draw the FBD for the child:

Express the net force Fc exerted on the child by the incline:

2maxs,

2n2c fFF += (1)

Noting that the child is stationary, apply∑ = aF rr

m to the child:

0

15sin30cos 2maxs,

=

°−°−=∑ gmFfFx

and 030sin15sin2n2 =°−°−=∑ FgmFFy

Solve the x equation for fs,max and the y equation for Fn2:

°+°= 15sin30cos 2maxs, gmFf

and °+°= 30sin15sin2n2 FgmF

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fx and Fn2:

( ) ( )N459

15sinN10030cosN500maxs,

=

°+°=f

and ( ) ( )

N27630sinN50015sinN100n2

=°+°=F

Substitute numerical values in equation (1) and evaluate F:

( ) ( ) N536N459N276 22c =+=F

112 • Picture the Problem Let v represent the speed of rotation of the station, and r the distance from the center of the station. Because the O’Neill colony is, presumably, in deep space, the only acceleration one would experience in it would be that due to its rotation.


367

(a) Express the acceleration of anyone who is standing inside the station:

a = v2/r

This acceleration is directed toward the axis of rotation. If someone inside the station drops an apple, the apple will not have any forces acting on it once released, but will move along a straight line at constant speed. However, from the point of view of our observer inside the station, if he views himself as unmoving, the apple is perceived to have an acceleration of mv2/r directed away from the axis of rotation (a "centrifugal" force). (b) Each deck must rotate the central axis with the same period T. Relate the speed of a person on a particular deck to his/her distance r from the center:

Trv π2

=

Express the "acceleration of gravity" perceived by someone a distance r from the center:

2

22 4T

rr

v π=

decreases. as decreases gravity" todueon accelerati" thei.e.,

r

(c) Relate the desired acceleration to the radius of Babylon 5 and its period:

2

24T

ra π=

Solve for T:

arT

24π=


min 0.735 s1.44m/s8.9

mikm1.609mi3.04

2

2

==

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ×

=π

T

Take the reciprocal of this time to find the number of revolutions per minute Babylon 5 has to make in order to provide this ″earth-like″ acceleration:

min/rev36.11 =−T

Chapter 5

368

113 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the child as she slides down the incline. We’ll first use Newton’s 2nd law to derive an expression for µk in terms of her acceleration and then use Newton’s 2nd law to find her acceleration when riding the frictionless cart. Using a constant-acceleration equation, we’ll relate these two accelerations to her descent times and solve for her acceleration when sliding. Finally, we can use this acceleration in the expression for µk.

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the child as

she slides down the incline:

∑ =−°= 1k30sin mafmgFx

and

∑ =°−= 030cosn mgFFy

Using fk = µkFn, eliminate fk and Fn between the two equations and solve for µk:

°−°=

30cos30tan 1

k ga

µ (1)

Apply∑ = xx maF to the child as

she rides the frictionless cart down the incline and solve for her acceleration a2:

230sin mamg =°

and

22

m/s91.4

30sin

=

°= ga

Letting s represent the distance she slides down the incline, use a constant-acceleration equation to relate her sliding times to her accelerations and distance traveled down the slide :

0where 02112

110 =+= vtatvs

and 0where 0

2222

120 =+= vtatvs

Equate these expressions, substitute t2 = 2

1 t1 and solve for a1:

241

241

1 m/s23.130sin =°== gaa


369

Evaluate equation (1) with a1 = 1.23 m/s2: ( )

433.0

30cosm/s81.9m/s23.130tan 2

2

k

=

°−°=µ

*114 •• Picture the Problem The path of the particle is a circle if r is a constant. Once we have shown that it is, we can calculate its value from its components and determine the particle’s velocity and acceleration by differentiation. The direction of the net force acting on the particle can be determined from the direction of its acceleration.

(a) Express the magnitude of rr

in terms of its components:

22yx rrr +=

Evaluate r with rx = Rsinωt and ry = Rcosωt:

[ ] [ ]( ) m0.4cossin

cossin222

22

==+=

+=

RttR

tRtRr

ωω

ωω

origin. at the centered circle a is particle theofpath the∴

(b) Differentiate rr with respect to time to obtain :vr

[ ][ ]

( )[ ]( )[ ] j

i

j

irv

ˆm/s2sin8

ˆm/s2cos8

ˆsin

ˆcos/

t

t

tR

tRdtd

ππ

ππ

ωω

ωω

−=

−+

==rr

Express the ratio :y

x

vv

tt

tvv

y

x ωωπ

ωπ cotsin8

cos8−=

−=

Express the ratio :xy

− ttRtR

xy ω

ωω cot

sincos

−=−=−

xy

vv

y

x −=∴

(c) Differentiate vr with respect to time to obtain :ar

( )[ ]( )[ ]j

i

va

ˆcosm/s16

ˆsinm/s16

/

22

22

t

t

dtd

ωπ

ωπ

−+

−=

=rr

Chapter 5

370

Factor −4π2/s2 from ar to obtain: ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]( )r

jiar

r

22

22

s/4

ˆcos4ˆsin4s/4

π

ωωπ

−=

+−= tt

Because ar is in the opposite direction from ,rr it is directed toward the center of the

circle in which the particle is traveling.

Find the ratio r

v 2

: ( ) arv

=== 2222

m/s16m4m/s8 ππ

(d) Apply∑ = aF rr

m to the particle:

( )( )N8.12

m/s16kg8.02

22net

π

π

=

== maF

Because the direction of netF

ris the

same as that of ar

: circle. theofcenter the towardis netF

r

115 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram showing the forces acting on a rider being held in place by the maximum static friction force is shown to the right. The application of Newton’s 2nd law and the definition of the maximum static friction force will be used to determine the period T of the motion. The reciprocal of the period will give us the minimum number of revolutions required per unit time to hold the riders in place.

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the riders

while they are held in place by friction:

∑ ==r

vmFFx

2

n

and

∑ =−= 0maxs, mgfFy

Using nsmaxs, Ff µ= and ,2T

rv π=

eliminate Fn between the force equations and solve for the period of the motion:

grT s2 µπ=


371


( )( )

min0.00423s54.2m/s9.81

m40.42 2

==

= πT

The number of revolutions per minute is the reciprocal of the period in minutes:

rev/min6.23

116 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagrams to the right show the forces acting on the blocks whose masses are m1 and m2. The application of Newton’s 2nd law and the use of a constant-acceleration equation will allow us to find a relationship between the coefficient of kinetic friction and m1. The repetition of this procedure with the additional object on top of the object whose mass is m1 will lead us to a second equation that, when solved simultaneously with the former equation, leads to a quadratic equation in m1. Finally, its solution will allow us to substitute in an expression for µk and determine its value.

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement of the system in its first configuration as a function of its acceleration and fall time:

( )212

10 tatvx ∆+∆=∆


121 tax ∆=∆

Solve for a1: ( )212

txa

∆∆

=


( )( )

221 m/s46.4

s82.0m5.12

==a

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the object

whose mass is m2 and solve for T1:

1212 amTgm =−

and ( )agmT −= 21

Chapter 5

372


( )( )N375.13

m/s46.4m/s81.9kg5.2 221

=−=T

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the object

whose mass is m1:

∑ =−= 11k1 amfTFx

and

∑ =−= 01n,1 gmFFy

Using fk = µkFn, eliminate Fn between the two equations to obtain:

111k1 amgmT =− µ (1)

Find the acceleration a2 for the second run: ( )

( )( )

2222 m/s775.1

s3.1m5.122

==∆∆

=txa

Evaluate T2: ( )

( )( )N1.20

m/s775.1m/s81.9kg5.2 2222

=−=

−= agmT

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the 1.2-kg

object in place:

( )( ) 21

1k2

kg2.1kg2.1

amgmT

+=+− µ

(2)

Solve equation (1) for µk:

gmamT

1

111k

−=µ (3)

Substitute for µk in equation (2) and simplify to obtain the quadratic equation in m1:

005.16947.9685.2 121 =−+ mm

Solve the quadratic equation to obtain:

( ) kg22.1kg07.385.1 11 =⇒±−= mm

Substitute numerical values in equation (3) and evaluate µk:

( )( )( )( )

643.0

m/s81.9kg1.22m/s66.4kg 1.22N375.13

2

2

k

=

−=µ


373

*117 ••• Picture the Problem The diagram shows a point on the surface of the earth at latitude θ. The distance R to the axis of rotation is given by R = rcosθ. We can use the definition of centripetal acceleration to express the centripetal acceleration of a point on the surface of the earth due to the rotation of the earth. (a) Referring to the figure, express ac for a point on the surface of the earth at latitude θ :

θcos where2

c rRRva ==

Express the speed of the point due to the rotation of the earth: .revolution onefor timetheiswhere

2

TT

Rv π=

Substitute for v in the expression for ac and simplify to obtain: 2

2

ccos4

Tra θπ

=


( )( )( )[ ]( )

axis. searth' the toward,coscm/s37.3

s/h3600h24coskm63704

2

2

2

c

θ

θπ

=

=a

(b)

. of than thatlessslightly is of magnitude that theshow to used becan diagramaddition A vector rotation. searth' the todueon accelerati

theandgravity todueon accelerati theeight toapparent w therelateswhich , gives grearrangin and by equation isthrough th

gMultiplyin earth). theofrotation the todue surface theofon accelerati (the frame inertial the torelativeearth theof surface local theofon accelerati

theis where, toequal is stone on the force nalgravitatio The earth. theof surface local the torelative )resistanceair g(neglectin

stone falling theofon accelerati theis where, toequal is stone theof weight effective The earth.on location aat hand a from dropped stoneA

iner st,surf st,

iner surf,iner st,surf st,

iner st,inerst,

surf st,surf st,

aa

aaa

aa

aa

rr

rrr

rr

rr

mm

mmmm

m

m

−=

Chapter 5

374

(c) At the equator, the gravitational acceleration and the radial acceleration are both directed toward the center of the earth. Therefore:

( )2

22ceff

cm/s4.981

cos0cm/s3.37cm/s978

=

°+=

+= agg

At latitude θ the gravitational acceleration points toward the center of the earth whereas the centripetal acceleration points toward the axis of rotation. Use the law of cosines to relate geff, g, and ac:

θcos2 c2c

22eff gaagg −+=

Substitute for θ, geff, and ac and simplify to obtain the quadratic equation:

( ) 0/scm962350cm/s75.4 4222 =−− gg

Solve for the physically meaningful (i.e., positive) root to obtain:

2cm/s983=g

*118 ••• Picture the Problem The diagram shows the block in its initial position, an intermediate position, and as it is separating from the sphere. Because the sphere is frictionless, the only forces acting on the block are the normal and gravitational forces. We’ll apply Newton’s 2nd law and set Fn equal to zero to determine the angle θc at which the block leaves the surface.

Taking the inward direction to be positive, apply rr maF =∑ to the block:

RvmFmg

2

ncos =−θ

Apply the separation condition to obtain: R

vmmg2

ccos =θ

Solve for cosθc:

gRv2

ccos =θ (1)

Apply tt maF =∑ to the block: tsin mamg =θ

or


375

θsint gdtdva ==

Note that a is not constant and, hence, we cannot use constant-acceleration equations.

Multiply the left-hand side of the equation by one in the form of dθ/dθ and rearrange to obtain:

θθθ sing

dd

dtdv

=

and

θθ

θ singddv

dtd

=

Relate the arc distance s the block travels to the angle θ and the radius R of the sphere:

Rs

=θ and Rv

dtds

Rdtd

==1θ

where v is the block’s instantaneous speed.

Substitute to obtain: θ

θsing

ddv

Rv

=

Separate the variables and integrate from v′ = 0 to v and θ = 0 to θc:

∫∫ =c

00

sinθ

θθdgRv'dv'v

or ( )c

2 cos12 θ−= gRv

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: ( )

( )c

cc

cos12

cos12cos

θ

θθ

−=

−=

gRgR

Solve for and evaluate θc: °=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= − 2.48

32cos 1

cθ

Chapter 5

376

371

Chapter 6 Work and Energy Conceptual Problems

*1 • Determine the Concept A force does work on an object when its point of application moves through some distance and there is a component of the force along the line of motion. (a) False. The net force acting on an object is the vector sum of all the forces acting on the object and is responsible for displacing the object. Any or all of the forces contributing to the net force may do work. (b) True. The object could be at rest in one reference frame and moving in another. If we consider only the frame in which the object is at rest, then, because it must undergo a displacement in order for work to be done on it, we would conclude that the statement is true. (c) True. A force that is always perpendicular to the velocity of a particle changes neither it’s kinetic nor potential energy and, hence, does no work on the particle.

2 • Determine the Concept If we ignore the work that you do in initiating the horizontal motion of the box and the work that you do in bringing it to rest when you reach the second table, then neither the kinetic nor the potential energy of the system changed as you moved the box across the room. Neither did any forces acting on the box produce displacements. Hence, we must conclude that the minimum work you did on the box is zero.

3 • False. While it is true that the person’s kinetic energy is not changing due to the fact that she is moving at a constant speed, her gravitational potential energy is continuously changing and so we must conclude that the force exerted by the seat on which she is sitting is doing work on her. *4 • Determine the Concept The kinetic energy of any object is proportional to the square of its speed. Because ,2

21 mvK = replacing v by 2v yields

( ) ( ) .442 2212

21 KmvvmK' === Thus doubling the speed of a car quadruples its kinetic

energy.

Chapter 6

372

5 • Determine the Concept No. The work done on any object by any force F

r is defined as

rF rrddW ⋅= . The direction of netF

r is toward the center of the circle in which the object

is traveling and rrd is tangent to the circle. No work is done by the net force because

netFr

and rrd are perpendicular so the dot product is zero.

6 • Determine the Concept The kinetic energy of any object is proportional to the square of its speed and is always positive. Because ,2

21 mvK = replacing v by 3v yields

( ) ( ) .993 2212

21 KmvvmK' === Hence tripling the speed of an object increases its

kinetic energy by a factor of 9 and correct. is )(d

*7 • Determine the Concept The work required to stretch or compress a spring a distance x is given by 2

21 kxW = where k is the spring’s stiffness constant. Because W ∝ x2, doubling

the distance the spring is stretched will require four times as much work. 8 • Determine the Concept No. We know that if a net force is acting on a particle, the particle must be accelerated. If the net force does no work on the particle, then we must conclude that the kinetic energy of the particle is constant and that the net force is acting perpendicular to the direction of the motion and will cause a departure from straight-line motion. 9 • Determine the Concept We can use the definition of power as the scalar product of force and velocity to express the dimension of power. Power is defined as: P ≡ F

r⋅ vr

Express the dimension of force: [M][L/T 2]

Express the dimension of velocity: [L/T]

Express the dimension of power in terms of those of force and velocity:

[M][L/T 2][L/T] = [M][L]2/[T]3

and correct. is )(d

Work and Energy

373

10 • Determine the Concept The change in gravitational potential energy, over elevation changes that are small enough so that the gravitational field can be considered constant, is mg∆h, where ∆h is the elevation change. Because ∆h is the same for both Sal and Joe, their gains in gravitational potential energy are the same. correct. is )(c

11 • (a) False. The definition of work is not limited to displacements caused by conservative forces. (b) False. Consider the work done by the gravitational force on an object in freefall. (c) True. This is the definition of work done by a conservative force. *12 •• Picture the Problem Fx is defined to be the negative of the derivative of the potential function with respect to x; i.e., dxdUFx −= .

(a) Examine the slopes of the curve at each of the lettered points, remembering that Fx is the negative of the slope of the potential energy graph, to complete the table:

Point dU/dx Fx

A + − B 0 0 C − + D 0 0 E + − F 0 0

(b) Find the point where the slope is steepest:

greatest. is point At xFC

(c) If d2U/dx2 < 0, then the curve is concave downward and the equilibrium is unstable.

unstable. is mequilibriu thepoint At B

If d2U/dx2 > 0, then the curve is concave upward and the equilibrium is stable.

stable. is mequilibriu thepoint At D

Remarks: At point F, d2U/dx2 = 0 and the equilibrium is neither stable nor unstable; it is said to be neutral.

Chapter 6

374

13 • (a) False. Any force acting on an object may do work depending on whether the force produces a displacement … or is displaced as a consequence of the object’s motion. (b) False. Consider an element of area under a force-versus-time graph. Its units are N⋅s whereas the units of work are N⋅m. 14 • Determine the Concept Work ( )sF

rrddW ⋅= is done when a force F

r produces a

displacement .srd Because ( )ds,FFdsd θθ coscos =≡⋅ sFrr

W will be negative if the

value of θ is such that Fcosθ is negative. correct. is )(d

Estimation and Approximation *15 •• Picture the Problem The diagram depicts the situation when the tightrope walker is at the center of rope. M represents her mass and the vertical components of tensions

1Tr

and ,2Tr

equal in magnitude, support her weight. We can apply a condition for static equilibrium in the vertical direction to relate the tension in the rope to the angle θ and use trigonometry to find s as a function of θ.

(a) Use trigonometry to relate the sag s in the rope to its length L and θ :

Ls

21

tan =θ and θtan2Ls =

Apply 0=∑ yF to the tightrope walker when she is at the center of the rope to obtain:

0sin2 =− MgT θ where T is the

magnitude of 1Tr

and 2Tr

.

Solve for θ to obtain: ⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= −

TMg2

sin 1θ


( )( )( ) °=⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= − 81.2

N50002m/s9.81kg05sin

21θ

Work and Energy

375

Substitute to obtain: m0.24581.2tan

2m10

=°=s

(b) Express the change in the tightrope walker’s gravitational potential energy as the rope sags:

yMgUUU ∆=−=∆ endcenterat

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆U:

( )( )( )J120

m0.245m/s9.81kg50 2

−=

−=∆U

16 • Picture the Problem You can estimate your change in potential energy due to this change in elevation from the definition of ∆U. You’ll also need to estimate the height of one story of the Empire State building. We’ll assume your mass is 70 kg and the height of one story to be 3.5 m. This approximation gives us a height of 1170 ft (357 m), a height that agrees to within 7% with the actual height of 1250 ft from the ground floor to the observation deck. We’ll also assume that it takes 3 min to ride non-stop to the top floor in one of the high-speed elevators. (a) Express the change in your gravitational potential energy as you ride the elevator to the 102nd floor:

hmgU ∆=∆


( )( )( )kJ452

m357m/s9.81kg70 2

=

=∆U

(b) Ignoring the acceleration intervals at the beginning and the end of your ride, express the work done on you by the elevator in terms of the change in your gravitational potential energy:

UFhW ∆==

Solve for and evaluate F: N686

m357kJ452

==∆

=hUF

(c) Assuming a 3 minute ride to the top, express and evaluate the average power delivered to the elevator:

( )( )kW36.1

s/min60min3kJ452

=

=∆

∆=

tUP

Chapter 6

376

17 • Picture the Problem We can find the kinetic energy K of the spacecraft from its definition and compare its energy to the annual consumption in the U.S. W by examining the ratio K/W. Using its definition, express and evaluate the kinetic energy of the spacecraft:

( )( )J104.50

m/s103kg1000018

27212

21

×=

×== mvK

Express this amount of energy as a percentage of the annual consumption in the United States:

%1J105

J104.5020

18

≈×

×≈

EK

*18 •• Picture the Problem We can find the orbital speed of the Shuttle from the radius of its orbit and its period and its kinetic energy from .2

21 mvK = We’ll ignore the variation in

the acceleration due to gravity to estimate the change in the potential energy of the orbiter between its value at the surface of the earth and its orbital value.

(a) Express the kinetic energy of the orbiter:

221 mvK =

Relate the orbital speed of the orbiter to its radius r and period T:

Trv π2

=

Substitute and simplify to obtain: 2

222

21 22

Tmr

TrmK ππ

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate K:

( ) ( )( )[ ]( )( )[ ]

TJ43.2min/s60min90

km/mi1.609mi3960mi200kg10822

242

=+×

=πK

(b) Assuming the acceleration due to gravity to be constant over the 200 mi and equal to its value at the surface of the earth (actually, it is closer to 9 m/s2 at an elevation of 200 mi), express the change in gravitational potential energy of the orbiter, relative to the surface of the earth, as the Shuttle goes into orbit:

mghU =∆

Work and Energy

377


( )( )( )( )

TJ253.0

km/mi1.609mi200m/s9.81kg108 24

=

××=∆U

(c)

energy. potentialin change actual thefind toshuttle theof weight under then deformatio itsin earth of surface theofenergy potentialin change the

ionconsiderat into take toneed would Weit.on upward exertsearth theforce normal by thegravity of force eagainst th supported isit earth, theof surface on the resting is shuttle When thehere.consider gravity to

of force just the than more is therebecause equal bet shouldn' they No,

19 • Picture the Problem Let’s assume that the width of the driveway is 18 ft. We’ll also assume that you lift each shovel full of snow to a height of 1 m, carry it to the edge of the driveway, and drop it. We’ll ignore the fact that you must slightly accelerate each shovel full as you pick it up and as you carry it to the edge of the driveway. While the density of snow depends on the extent to which it has been compacted, one liter of freshly fallen snow is approximately equivalent to 100 mL of water. Express the work you do in lifting the snow a distance h:

ghVmghUW snowsnowρ==∆= where ρ is the density of the snow.

Using its definition, express the densities of water and snow: snow

snowsnow V

m=ρ and

water

waterwater V

m=ρ

Divide the first of these equations by the second to obtain: snow

water

water

snow

VV

=ρρ

or snow

waterwatersnow V

Vρρ =

Substitute and evaluate the ρsnow: ( ) 333snow kg/m100

LmL100kg/m10 ==ρ

Calculate the volume of snow covering the driveway:

( )( )

3

33

33

snow

m2.21L

m10ft

L32.28ft750

ft1210ft18ft50

=

××=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

−

V

Substitute numerical values in the expression for W to obtain an estimate (a lower bound) for the work you would do on the snow in removing it:

( )( )( )( )kJ8.20

m1m/s81.9m2.21kg/m100 233

=

=W

Chapter 6

378

Work and Kinetic Energy *20 • Picture the Problem We can use 2

21 mv to find the kinetic energy of the bullet.

(a) Use the definition of K:

( )( )kJ8.10

m/s101.2kg0.015 2321

221

=

×=

= mvK

(b) Because K ∝ v2: kJ70.24

1 == KK'

(c) Because K ∝ v2: kJ2.434 == KK'

21 • Picture the Problem We can use 2

21 mv to find the kinetic energy of the baseball and the

jogger. (a) Use the definition of K: ( )( )

J147

m/s45kg0.145 2212

21

=

== mvK

(b) Convert the jogger’s pace of 9 min/mi into a speed:

m/s98.2mi1

m1609s60

min1min9mi1

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=v

Use the definition of K: ( )( )

J266

m/s98.2kg60 2212

21

=

== mvK

22 • Picture the Problem The work done in raising an object a given distance is the product of the force producing the displacement and the displacement of the object. Because the weight of an object is the gravitational force acting on it and this force acts downward, the work done by gravity is the negative of the weight of the object multiplied by its displacement. The change in kinetic energy of an object is equal to the work done by the net force acting on it. (a) Use the definition of W: yF

rr∆⋅=W = F∆y

Work and Energy

379

= (80 N)(3 m) = J240

(b) Use the definition of W: yF rr

∆⋅=W = −mg∆y, because Fr

and yr

∆ are in opposite directions.

∴ W = − (6 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(3 m) = J177−

(c) According to the work-kinetic energy theorem:

K = W + Wg = 240 J + (−177 J) = J0.63

23 • Picture the Problem The constant force of 80 N is the net force acting on the box and the work it does is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the box. Using the work-kinetic energy theorem, relate the work done by the constant force to the change in the kinetic energy of the box:

( )2i

2f2

1if vvmKKW −=−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate W:

( ) ( ) ( )[ ]kJ6.10

m/s20m/s68kg5 2221

=

−=W

*24 •• Picture the Problem We can use the definition of kinetic energy to find the mass of your friend. Using the definition of kinetic energy and letting ″1″ denote your mass and speed and ″2″ your girlfriend’s, express the equality of your kinetic energies and solve for your girlfriend’s mass as a function of both your masses and speeds:

2222

12112

1 vmvm =

and 2

2

112 ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

vvmm (1)

Express the condition on your speed that enables you to run at the same speed as your girlfriend:

v2 = 1.25v1 (2)

Chapter 6

380

Substitute equation (2) in equation (1) to obtain: ( )

kg4.54

25.11kg85

22

2

112

=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

vvmm

Work Done by a Variable Force 25 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the particle as it moves along the positive x axis. The particle’s kinetic energy increases because work is done on it. We can calculate the work done on it from the graph of Fx vs. x and relate its kinetic energy when it is at x = 4 m to its kinetic energy when it was at the origin and the work done on it by using the work-kinetic energy theorem.

(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the particle when it is at x = 0:

( )J00.6

)m/s(2kg3 2212

21

0

=

== mvK

(b) Because the force and displacement are parallel, the work done is the area under the curve. Use the formula for the area of a triangle to calculate the area under the F as a function of x graph:

( )( )( )( )

J0.12

N6m4altitudebase

2121

40

=

==→W

(c) Express the kinetic energy of the particle at x = 4 m in terms of its speed and mass and solve for its speed:

mK

v 44

2= (1)

Using the work-kinetic energy theorem, relate the work done on the particle to its change in kinetic energy and solve for the particle’s kinetic energy at x = 4 m:

W0→4 = K4 – K0

J18.0J12.0J00.64004

=+=+= →WKK

Work and Energy

381

Substitute numerical values in equation (1) and evaluate v4:

( ) m/s46.3kg3

J18.024 ==v

*26 •• Picture the Problem The work done by this force as it displaces the particle is the area under the curve of F as a function of x. Note that the constant C has units of N/m3. Because F varies with position non-linearly, express the work it does as an integral and evaluate the integral between the limits x = 1.5 m and x = 3 m:

( )

( ) [ ]( ) ( ) ( )[ ]

J19

m5.1m34

N/m

'N/m

''N/m

443

m3m5.1

4413

m3

m5.1

33

C

C

xC

dxxCW

=

−=

=

= ∫

27 •• Picture the Problem The work done on the dog by the leash as it stretches is the area under the curve of F as a function of x. We can find this area (the work Lou does holding the leash) by integrating the force function. Because F varies with position non-linearly, express the work it does as an integral and evaluate the integral between the limits x = 0 and x = x1:

( )

[ ]313

1212

1

03

312

21

0

2

1

1

''

'''

axkx

axkx

dxaxkxW

x

x

−−=

−−=

−−= ∫

28 •• Picture the Problem The work done on an object can be determined by finding the area bounded by its graph of Fx as a function of x and the x axis. We can find the kinetic energy and the speed of the particle at any point by using the work-kinetic energy theorem. (a) Express W, the area under the curve, in terms of the area of one square, Asquare, and the number of squares n:

W = n Asquare

Determine the work equivalent of one square:

W = (0.5 N)(0.25 m) = 0.125 J

Chapter 6

382

Estimate the number of squares under the curve between x = 0 and x = 2 m:

n ≈ 22

Substitute to determine W: W = 22(0.125 J) = J75.2

(b) Relate the kinetic energy of the object at x = 2 m, K2, to its initial kinetic energy, K0, and the work that was done on it between x = 0 and x = 2 m:

( )( )J4.11

J2.75m/s2.40kg3 221

2002

=

+=

+= →WKK

(c) Calculate the speed of the object at x = 2 m from its kinetic energy at the same location:

( ) m/s2.76kg3

J11.422 2 ===mKv

(d) Estimate the number of squares under the curve between x = 0 and x = 4 m:

n ≈ 26

Substitute to determine W: ( ) J25.3J125.026 ==W

(e) Relate the kinetic energy of the object at x = 4 m, K4, to its initial kinetic energy, K0, and the work that was done on it between x = 0 and x = 4 m:

( )( )J9.11

J25.3m/s2.40kg3 221

4004

=

+=

+= →WKK

Calculate the speed of the object at x = 4 m from its kinetic energy at the same location:

( ) m/s82.2kg3

J.91122 4 ===mKv

*29 •• Picture the Problem We can express the mass of the water in Margaret’s bucket as the difference between its initial mass and the product of the rate at which it loses water and her position during her climb. Because Margaret must do work against gravity in lifting and carrying the bucket, the work she does is the integral of the product of the gravitational field and the mass of the bucket as a function of its position. (a) Express the mass of the bucket and the water in it as a function of

( ) ryym −= kg40

Work and Energy

383

its initial mass, the rate at which it is losing water, and Margaret’s position, y, during her climb:

Find the rate, ymr

∆∆

= , at which

Margaret’s bucket loses water:

kg/m1m20kg20

==∆∆

=ymr


( ) yryymmkg1kg40kg40 −=−=

(b) Integrate the force Margaret exerts on the bucket, m(y)g, between the limits of y = 0 and y = 20 m:

( ) ( ) ( )[ ] kJ89.5'kg/m1'kg40m/s81.9''mkg1kg40 m20

02

212

m20

0

=−=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −= ∫ yydyygW

Remarks: We could also find the work Margaret did on the bucket, at least approximately, by plotting a graph of m(y)g and finding the area under this curve between y = 0 and y = 20 m. Work, Energy, and Simple Machines 30 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces that act on the block as it slides down the frictionless incline. We can find the work done by these forces as the block slides 2 m by finding their components in the direction of, or opposite to, the motion. When we have determined the work done on the block, we can use the work-kinetic energy theorem or a constant-acceleration equation to calculate its kinetic energy and its speed at any given location.

Chapter 6

384

(a) incline. thelarly toperpendicu exerts

incline that theforce normal theand downward acts that force nalgravitatio a areblock on the acting forces that thesee wediagram,body -free theFrom

Identify the component of mg that acts down the incline and calculate the work done by it:

Fx = mg sin 60°

Express the work done by this force: °∆=∆= 60sinx xmgxFW


( )( ) ( )J102

60sinm2m/s9.81kg6 2

=

°=W

Remarks: Fn and mgcos60°, being perpendicular to the motion, do no work on the block

(b) The total work done on the block is the work done by the net force: ( )( )( )

J102

60sinm2m/s9.81kg6

60sin2

net

=

°=

°∆=∆= xmgxFW

(c) Express the change in the kinetic energy of the block in terms of the distance, ∆x, it has moved down the incline:

∆K = Kf – Ki = W = (mgsin60°)∆x or, because Ki = 0, Kf = W = (mgsin60°)∆x

Relate the speed of the block when it has moved a distance ∆x down the incline to its kinetic energy at that location:

°∆=

°∆==

60sin2

60sin22

xgmxmg

mKv

Determine this speed when ∆x = 1.5 m:

( )( )m/s05.5

60sinm1.5m/s9.812 2

=

°=v

(d) As in part (c), express the change in the kinetic energy of the block in terms of the distance, ∆x, it has moved down the incline and

∆K = Kf – Ki = W = (mg sin 60°)∆x and

Work and Energy

385

solve for Kf:

Kf = (mg sin 60°)∆x + Ki

Substitute for the kinetic energy terms and solve for vf to obtain:

2f 60sin2 ivxgv +∆°=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vf:

( )( ) ( ) m/s43.5m/s2sin60m1.5m/s9.812 22f =+°=v

31 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the object as in moves along its circular path on a frictionless horizontal surface. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to obtain an expression for the tension in the string and the definition of work to determine the amount of work done by each force during one revolution.

(a) Apply ∑ = rr maF to the 2-kg

object and solve for the tension: ( ) ( )

N17.4

m3m/s2.5kg2

22

=

==rvmT

(b) From the FBD we can see that the forces acting on the object are:

ng and ,, FFTrrr

any work. do themof none object, theofmotion of

direction thelarly toperpendicuact forces theseof all Because

Chapter 6

386

*32 • Picture the Problem The free-body diagram, with F

rrepresenting the force

required to move the block at constant speed, shows the forces acting on the block. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the block to relate F to its weight w and then use the definition of the mechanical advantage of an inclined plane. In the second part of the problem we’ll use the definition of work. (a) Express the mechanical advantage M of the inclined plane: F

wM =

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the block: 0sin =− θwF because ax = 0.

Solve for F and substitute to obtain: θθ sin

1sin

==w

wM

Refer to the figure to obtain: L

H=θsin

Substitute to obtain: H

LM ==θsin

1

(b) Express the work done pushing the block up the ramp:

θsinramp mgLFLW ==

Express the work done lifting the block into the truck:

θsinlifting mgLmgHW == and

liftingramp WW =

33 • Picture the Problem We can find the work done per revolution in lifting the weight and the work done in each revolution of the handle and then use the definition of mechanical advantage. Express the mechanical advantage of the jack: F

WM =

Express the work done by the jack in one complete revolution (the weight W is raised a distance p):

WpW =lifting

Express the work done by the force F in one complete revolution:

RFW π2turning =

Work and Energy

387

Equate these expressions to obtain:

RFWp π2=

Solve for the ratio of W to F:

pR

FWM π2

==

Remarks: One does the same amount of work turning as lifting; exerting a smaller force over a greater distance. 34 • Picture the Problem The object whose weight is w

ris supported by two portions of the

rope resulting in what is known as a mechanical advantage of 2. The work that is done in each instance is the product of the force doing the work and the displacement of the object on which it does the work. (a) If w moves through a distance h: hF 2 distance a moves

(b) Assuming that the kinetic energy of the weight does not change, relate the work done on the object to the change in its potential energy to obtain:

whwhUW ==∆= θcos

(c) Because the force you exert on the rope and its displacement are in the same direction:

( ) ( )hFhFW 2cos2 == θ

Determine the tension in the ropes supporting the object:

02vertical =−=∑ wFF and

wF 21=

Substitute for F: ( ) ( ) whhwhFW === 22 2

1

(d) The mechanical advantage of the inclined plane is the ratio of the weight that is lifted to the force required to lift it, i.e.:

221

===w

wFwM

Remarks: Note that the mechanical advantage is also equal to the number of ropes supporting the load.

Chapter 6

388

Dot Products *35 • Picture the Problem Because θcosAB≡⋅ BA

rr we can solve for cosθ and use the fact

that AB−=⋅ BArr

to find θ. Solve for θ :

ABBArr

⋅= −1cosθ

Substitute for BA

rr⋅ and evaluate θ : ( ) °=−= − 1801cos 1θ

36 • Picture the Problem We can use its definition to evaluate BA

rr⋅ .

Express the definition of BA

rr⋅ : θcosAB=⋅ BA

rr

Substitute numerical values and evaluate BA

rr⋅ :

( )( )2m0.18

60cosm6m6

=

°=⋅ BArr

37 • Picture the Problem The scalar product of two-dimensional vectors A

rand B

ris AxBx +

AyBy. (a) For A

r= 3 i − 6 j and

Br

= −4 i + 2 j :

Ar

⋅ Br

= (3)( −4) + (−6)(2) = 24−

(b) For Ar

= 5 i + 5 j and

Br

= 2 i −4 j :

Ar

⋅ Br

= (5)(2) + (5)( −4) = 10−

(c) For Ar

= 6 i + 4 j and Br

= 4 i − 6 j : Ar

⋅ Br

= (6)(4) + (4)( −6) = 0

Work and Energy

389

38 • Picture the Problem The scalar product of two-dimensional vectors A

rand B

ris AB cos θ

= AxBx + AyBy. Hence the angle between vectors Ar

and Br

is given by

.cos 1

ABBABA yyxx +

= −θ

(a) For A

r= 3 i − 6 j and

Br

= −4 i + 2 j :

Ar

⋅ Br

= (3)( −4) + (−6)(2) = −24

( ) ( )( ) ( ) 2024

456322

22

=+−=

=−+=

B

A

and

°=−

= − 1432045

24cos 1θ

(b) For A

r= 5 i + 5 j and

Br

= 2 i − 4 j :

Ar

⋅ Br

= (5)(2) + (5)(−4) = -10

( ) ( )( ) ( ) 2042

505522

22

=−+=

=+=

B

A

and

°=−

= − 1082050

10cos 1θ

(c) For A

r= 6 i + 4 j and B

r= 4 i − 6 j : A

r⋅ Br

= (6)(4) + (4)( −6) = 0

( ) ( )( ) ( ) 5264

524622

22

=−+=

=+=

B

A

and

°== − 0.905252

0cos 1θ

39 • Picture the Problem The work W done by a force F

rduring a displacement ∆ sr for

which it is responsible is given by Fr

⋅∆ .sr

Chapter 6

390

(a) Using the definitions of work and the scalar product, calculate the work done by the given force during the specified displacement:

( )( )

( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )[ ]J00.1

mN213132

ˆm2ˆm3ˆm3

ˆN1ˆN1ˆN2

=

⋅−+−+=−+⋅

+−=

∆⋅=

kji

kji

sF rrW

(b) Using the definition of work that includes the angle between the force and displacement vectors, solve for the component of F

rin the direction

of ∆ :sr

( ) sFsFW ∆=∆= θθ coscos

and

sWF∆

=θcos

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fcosθ : ( ) ( ) ( )

N213.0

m2m3m3

J1cos222

=

−++=θF

40 •• Picture the Problem The component of a vector that is along another vector is the scalar product of the former vector and a unit vector that is parallel to the latter vector. (a) By definition, the unit vector that is parallel to the vector A

r is: 222

ˆˆˆˆ

zyx

zyxA

AAA

AAAA ++

++==

kjiAur

(b) Find the unit vector parallel to :B

r

( ) ( )jijiBu ˆ

54ˆ

53

43

ˆ4ˆ3ˆ22

+=+

+==

BB

r

The component of A

r along B

ris: ( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )

400.0

01541

532

ˆ54ˆ

53ˆˆˆ2ˆ

=

−+⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +⋅−−=⋅ jikjiuA B

r

*41 •• Picture the Problem We can use the definitions of the magnitude of a vector and the dot product to show that if BABA

vrvr−=+ , then BA

rr⊥ .

Work and Energy

391

Express 2

BArr

+ : ( )22BABArrrr

+=+

Express BA

vr− :

( )22

BABArrrr

−=−

Equate these expressions to obtain: ( ) ( )22

BABAvrvr

−=+

Expand both sides of the equation to obtain:

2222 22 BABA +⋅−=+⋅+ BABArrrr

Simplify to obtain: 04 =⋅ BArr

or

0=⋅ BArr

From the definition of the dot product we have:

θcosAB=⋅ BArr

where θ is the angle between A

rand .B

v

Because neither Ar

nor Bv

is the zero vector:

0cos =θ ⇒ °= 90θ and .BArr

⊥

42 •• Picture the Problem The diagram shows the unit vectors BA ˆandˆ arbitrarily located in the 1st quadrant. We can express these vectors in terms of the unit vectors i and j and their x and y components. We can then form the dot product of Aand B to show that cos(θ1 − θ2) = cosθ1cosθ2 + sinθ1sinθ2. (a) Express A in terms of the unit vectors i and j :

jiA ˆˆˆyx AA +=

where

1cosθ=xA and 1sinθ=yA

Proceed as above to obtain:

jiB ˆˆˆyx BB +=

where

2cosθ=xB and 2sinθ=yB

(b) Evaluate BA ˆˆ ⋅ :

( )( )

2121

22

11

sinsincoscos

ˆsinˆcos

ˆsinˆcosˆˆ

θθθθθθ

θθ

+=+⋅

+=⋅

ji

jiBA

From the diagram we note that: ( )21cosˆˆ θθ −=⋅ BA

Chapter 6

392

Substitute to obtain: ( )21

2121

sinsincoscoscos

θθθθθθ

+=−

43 • Picture the Problem In (a) we’ll show that it does not follow that CB

rr= by giving a

counterexample. Let iA ˆ=

r, jiB ˆ4ˆ3 +=r

and

.ˆ4ˆ3 jiC −=r

Form BArr

⋅ and :CArr

⋅

( ) 3ˆ4ˆ3ˆ =+⋅=⋅ jiiBArr

and ( ) 3ˆ4ˆ3ˆ =−⋅=⋅ jiiCA

rr

. toequal

ynecessarilnot is that example

-counter aby shown ve We'No.

C

Br

r

44 •• Picture the Problem We can form the dot product of A

rand r

rand require that

1=⋅ rArr

to show that the points at the head of all such vectors rr lie on a straight line. We can use the equation of this line and the components of A

rto find the slope and

intercept of the line. (a) Let jiA ˆˆ

yx aa +=r

. Then: ( ) ( )1

ˆˆˆˆ

=+=

+⋅+=⋅

yaxayxaa

yx

yx jijirArr

Solve for y to obtain:

yy

x

ax

aay 1

+−=

which is of the form bmxy += and hence is the equation of a line.

(b) Given that jiA ˆ3ˆ2 −=r

: 32

32

=−

−=−=y

x

aam

and

31

311

−=−

==ya

b

Work and Energy

393

(c) The equation we obtained in (a) specifies all vectors whose component parallel to A

r has constant magnitude;

therefore, we can write such a vector as

BA

Arr

r

rr

+= 2 , where Br

is any vector

perpendicular to .Ar

This is shown graphically to the right.

Because all possible vectors B

r lie in a

plane, the resultant rr

must lie in a plane as well, as is shown above.

*45 •• Picture the Problem The rules for the differentiation of vectors are the same as those for the differentiation of scalars and scalar multiplication is commutative. (a) Differentiate rr ⋅ rr = r2 = constant: ( )

( ) 0constant

2

==

⋅=⋅+⋅=⋅

dtd

dtd

dtd

dtd rvrrrrrr rrr

rrrrr

Because :0=⋅ rv rr

rv rr⊥

(b) Differentiate v

r⋅ vr

= v2 = constant with respect to time:

( )

( ) 0constant

2

==

⋅=⋅+⋅=⋅

dtd

dtd

dtd

dtd vavvvvvv rrr

rrrrr

Because :0=⋅va rr

va rr⊥

. toel)antiparall(or parallel and and lar toperpendicu is that us tell)( and )( of results The

rra

r

rrba

(c) Differentiate vr ⋅ r

r = 0 with

respect to time: ( )

( ) 002 ==⋅+=

⋅+⋅=⋅

dtdv

dtd

dtd

dtd

ar

vrrvrv

rr

rr

rrrr

Chapter 6

394

Because 02 =⋅+ ar rrv : 2v−=⋅ ar rr (1)

Express ar in terms of θ, where θ is the angle between rr and ar :

θcosr aa =

Express ar rr⋅ : rcos rara ==⋅ θar rr

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: 2

r vra −=

Solve for ar:

rva

2

r −=

Power 46 •• Picture the Problem The power delivered by a force is defined as the rate at which the

force does work; i.e., .dt

dWP =

Calculate the rate at which force A does work:

W0.5s10J5

==AP

Calculate the rate at which force B does work:

W0.6s5J3

==BP and AB PP >

47 • Picture the Problem The power delivered by a force is defined as the rate at which the

force does work; i.e., .vF rr⋅==

dtdWP

(a) If the box moves upward with a constant velocity, the net force acting it must be zero and the force that is doing work on the box is:

F = mg

The power input of the force is: mgvFvP ==

Substitute numerical values and evaluate P:

( )( )( ) W1.98m/s2m/s81.9kg5 2 ==P

Work and Energy

395

(b) Express the work done by the force in terms of the rate at which energy is delivered:

W = Pt = (98.1 W) (4 s) = J392



dtdWP

(a) Using the definition of power, express Fluffy’s speed in terms of the rate at which he does work and the force he exerts in doing the work:

m/s2N3W6

===FPv

(b) Express the work done by the force in terms of the rate at which energy is delivered:

W = Pt = (6 W) (4 s) = J0.24

49 • Picture the Problem We can use Newton’s 2nd law and the definition of acceleration to express the velocity of this object as a function of time. The power input of the force accelerating the object is defined to be the rate at which it does work; i.e.,

.vF rr⋅== dtdWP

(a) Express the velocity of the object as a function of its acceleration and time:

v = at

Apply aF rrm=∑ to the object:

a = F/m

Substitute for a in the expression for v:

( )tttmFv 2

85 m/s

kg8N5

===

(b) Express the power input as a function of F and v and evaluate P:

( )( ) W/s13.3m/sN5 285 ttFvP ===

(c) Substitute t = 3 s: ( )( ) W38.9s3W/s13.3 ==P

Chapter 6

396



dtdWP

(a) For F

r= 4 N i + 3 N k and

vr = 6 m/s i : ( ) ( )

W24.0

ˆm/s6ˆN3ˆN4

=

⋅+=⋅= ikivF rrP

(b) For F

r = 6 N i − 5 N j and

vr = − 5 m/s i + 4 m/s j : ( ) ( )W0.50

ˆm/s4ˆm/s5ˆN5ˆN6

−=

+−⋅−=

⋅=

jiji

vF rrP

(c) For F

r= 3 N i + 6 N j

and vr = 2 m/s i + 3 m/s j : ( ) ( )W0.24

ˆm/s3ˆm/s2ˆN6ˆN3

=

+⋅+=

⋅=

jiji

vF rrP

*51 • Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which upward is the positive y direction. We can find inP from the given information that .27.0 inout PP = We can express

outP as the product of the tension in the cable T and the constant speed v of the dumbwaiter. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the dumbwaiter to express T in terms of its mass m and the gravitational field g. Express the relationship between the motor’s input and output power:

inout 27.0 PP = or

outin 7.3 PP =

Express the power required to move the dumbwaiter at a constant speed v:

TvP =out

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the dumbwaiter:

ymamgT =− or, because ay = 0,

mgT =

Substitute to obtain: mgvTvP 7.37.3in ==

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Pin:

( )( ) ( )W454

m/s0.35m/s9.81kg357.3 2in

=

=P

Work and Energy

397

52 •• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which upward is the positive y direction. We can express Pdrag as the product of the drag force Fdrag acting on the skydiver and her terminal velocity vt. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the skydiver to express Fdrag in terms of her mass m and the gravitational field g. (a) Express the power due to drag force acting on the skydiver as she falls at her terminal velocity vt:

tdragdrag vFP rrr⋅=

or, because dragFr

and tvr are antiparallel,

tdragdrag vFP −=

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the skydiver: ymamgF =−drag or, because ay = 0,

mgF =drag

Substitute to obtain, for the magnitude of Pdrag:

tdrag mgvP −= (1)


W1089.2)mi

km1.609s3600

h1h

mi 120()m/s (9.81kg) (55 42drag ×=××−=P

(b) Evaluate equation (1) with v = 15 mi/h:

( ) kW62.3)mi

km1.609s3600

h1h

mi15)m/s (9.81kg55 2drag =××⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−=P

*53 •• Picture the Problem Because, in the absence of air resistance, the acceleration of the cannonball is constant, we can use a constant-acceleration equation to relate its velocity to the time it has been in flight. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the cannonball to find the net force acting on it and then form the dot product of F

rand vr to express the rate at

which the gravitational field does work on the cannonball. Integrating this expression over the time-of-flight T of the ball will yield the desired result. Express the velocity of the cannonball as a function of time while it is in the air:

( ) jiv ˆˆ0)( 0 gtvt −+=r

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the

cannonball to express the force acting on it while it is in the air:

jF ˆmg−=r

Evaluate vF rr⋅ : ( )

tmgmgv

gtvmg2

0

0ˆˆ

+−=

−⋅−=⋅ jjvF rr

Chapter 6

398

Relate vF rr

⋅ to the rate at which work is being done on the cannonball:

tmgmgvdt

dW 20 +−=⋅= vF rr

Separate the variables and integrate over the time T that the cannonball is in the air:

( )

TmgvTmg

dttmgmgvWT

022

21

0

20

−=

+−= ∫ (1)

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speed v of the cannonball when it lands at the bottom of the cliff to its initial speed v0 and the height of the cliff H:

yavv ∆+= 220

2 or, because a = g and ∆y = H,

gHvv 220

2 +=

Solve for v to obtain: gHvv 22

0 +=

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the time-of-flight T to the initial and impact speeds of the cannonball:

gTvv −= 0

Solve for T to obtain: g

vvT −= 0

Substitute for T in equation (1) and simplify to evaluate W:

Kmvmv

gvvmgv

gvvvv

mgW

∆=−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −−

+−=

202

1221

00

2

20

22

21

20

54 •• Picture the Problem If the particle is acted on by a single force, that force is the net force acting on the particle and is responsible for its acceleration. The rate at which energy is delivered by the force is .vF rr

⋅=P Express the rate at which this force does work in terms of vF rr

and :

vF rr⋅=P

The velocity of the particle, in terms of its acceleration and the time that the force has acted is:

tav rr=

Work and Energy

399

Using Newton’s 2nd law, substitute for a

r: t

mFvr

r=

Substitute for v

r in the expression

for P and simplify to obtain: tmFt

mt

mP

2

=⋅

=⋅=FFFFrrr

r

Potential Energy 55 • Picture the Problem The change in the gravitational potential energy of the earth-man system, near the surface of the earth, is given by ∆U = mg∆h, where ∆h is measured relative to an arbitrarily chosen reference position. Express the change in the man’s gravitational potential energy in terms of his change in elevation:

∆U = mg∆h

Substitute for m, g and ∆h and evaluate ∆U:

( )( ) ( )kJ4.71

m6m/s9.81kg80 2

=

=∆U

56 • Picture the Problem The water going over the falls has gravitational potential energy relative to the base of the falls. As the water falls, the falling water acquires kinetic energy until, at the base of the falls; its energy is entirely kinetic. The rate at which energy is delivered to the base of the falls is given by .// dtdUdtdWP −== Express the rate at which energy is being delivered to the base of the falls; remembering that half the potential energy of the water is converted to electric energy:

( )dtdmghmgh

dtd

dtdU

dtdWP

21

21 −=−=

−==


( )( )( )

MW879

kg/s101.4

m128m/s9.816

221

=

××

−−=P

Chapter 6

400

57 • Picture the Problem In the absence of friction, the sum of the potential and kinetic energies of the box remains constant as it slides down the incline. We can use the conservation of the mechanical energy of the system to calculate where the box will be and how fast it will be moving at any given time. We can also use Newton’s 2nd law to show that the acceleration of the box is constant and constant-acceleration equations to calculate where the box will be and how fast it will be moving at any given time.

(a) Express and evaluate the gravitational potential energy of the box, relative to the ground, at the top of the incline:

Ui = mgh = (2 kg) (9.81 m/s2) (20 m) = J392

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement of the box to its initial speed, acceleration and time-of-travel:

( )221

0 tatvx ∆+∆=∆


21 tax ∆=∆

Apply ∑ = xx maF to the box as it

slides down the incline and solve for its acceleration:

θθ sinsin gamamg =⇒=

Substitute for a and evaluate ∆x(t = 1 s):

( ) ( )( )( )( )( )

m45.2

s1sin30m/s9.81

sins122

21

221

=

°=

∆=∆ tgx θ

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speed of the box at any time to its initial speed and acceleration and solve for its speed when t = 1 s:

0where 00 =+= vatvv

and ( ) ( )

( ) ( )( )m/s91.4

s130sinm/s81.9sins12

=

°=

∆=∆= tgtav θ

Work and Energy

401

(c) Calculate the kinetic energy of the box when it has traveled for 1 s:

( )( )J1.24

m/s4.91kg2 2212

21

=

== mvK

Express the potential energy of the box after it has traveled for 1 s in terms of its initial potential energy and its kinetic energy:

J368

J24.1J923i

=

−=−= KUU

(d) Express the kinetic energy of the box at the bottom of the incline in terms of its initial potential energy and solve for its speed at the bottom of the incline:

J392221 === mvUK i

and

mUv i2

=


( ) m/s19.8kg2

J3922==v

58 • Picture the Problem The potential energy function U (x) is defined by the equation

( ) ( ) ∫−=−x

x

FdxxUxU0

.0 We can use the given force function to determine U(x) and then

the conditions on U to determine the potential functions that satisfy the given conditions.

(a) Use the definition of the potential energy function to find the potential energy function associated with Fx:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )( )0

0

0

N6

'N60

0

xx

dxxU

dxFxUxU

x

x

x

xx

−−=

−=

−=

∫

∫

because U(x0) = 0.

(b) Use the result obtained in (a) to find U (x) that satisfies the condition that U(4 m) = 0:

( ) ( )( )m40

m4N6m4

0

0

=⇒=−−=

xxU

and ( ) ( )( )

( )xxxU

N6J42

m4N6

−=

−−=

Chapter 6

402

(c) Use the result obtained in (a) to find U that satisfies the condition that U(6 m) = 14 J:

( ) ( )( )m50J14

m6N6m6

0

0

=⇒=−−=

xxU

and

( ) ( )

( )x

xxU

N6J50

m325N6

−=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −−=

59 • Picture the Problem The potential energy of a stretched or compressed ideal spring Us is related to its force (stiffness) constant k and stretch or compression ∆x by .2

21

s kxU =

(a) Relate the potential energy stored in the spring to the distance it has been stretched:

221

s kxU =

Solve for x:

kUx s2

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate x:

( ) m100.0N/m10

J5024 ==x

(b) Proceed as in (a) with Us = 100 J: ( ) m141.0

N/m10J1002

4 ==x

*60 •• Picture the Problem In a simple Atwood’s machine, the only effect of the pulley is to connect the motions of the two objects on either side of it; i.e., it could be replaced by a piece of polished pipe. We can relate the kinetic energy of the rising and falling objects to the mass of the system and to their common speed and relate their accelerations to the sum and difference of their masses … leading to simultaneous equations in m1 and m2.

Use the definition of the kinetic energy of the system to determine the total mass being accelerated:

( ) 2212

1 vmmK +=

and ( )

( )kg0.10

m/s4J8022

2221 ===+vKmm (1)

In Chapter 4, the acceleration of the masses was shown to be:

gmmmma

21

21

+−

=

Work and Energy

403

Because v(t) = at, we can eliminate a in the previous equation to obtain:

( ) gtmmmmtv

21

21

+−

=

Solve for 21 mm − : ( ) ( )gt

tvmmmm 2121

+=−

Substitute numerical values and evaluate 21 mm − :

( )( )( )( ) kg36.1

s3m/s9.81m/s4kg10

221 ==− mm (2)

Solve equations (1) and (2) simultaneously to obtain:

kg68.51 =m and kg32.42 =m

61 ••

Picture the Problem The gravitational potential energy of this system of two objects is the sum of their individual potential energies and is dependent on an arbitrary choice of where, or under what condition(s), the gravitational potential energy is zero. The best choice is one that simplifies the mathematical details of the expression of U. In this problem let’s choose U = 0 where θ = 0.

(a) Express U for the 2-object system as the sum of their gravitational potential energies; noting that because the object whose mass is m2 is above the position we have chosen for U = 0, its potential energy is positive while that of the object whose mass is m1 is negative:

( )

( ) θ

θθθ

sin

sinsin

1122

1122

21

gmm

gmgmUUU

ll

ll

−=

−=+=

(b) Differentiate U with respect toθ and set this derivative equal to zero to identify extreme values:

( ) 0cos1122 =−= θθ

gmmddU

ll

from which we can conclude that cosθ = 0 and θ = cos−10.

To be physically meaningful, :22 πθπ ≤≤−

2πθ ±=∴

Express the 2nd derivative of U with respect to θ and evaluate this derivative at :2πθ ±=

( ) θθ

sin11222

2

gmmd

Udll −−=

Chapter 6

404

If we assume, in the expression for U that we derived in (a), that m2l2 – m1l1 >0, then U(θ) is a sine function and, in the interval of interest, 22 πθπ ≤≤− , takes on

its minimum value when θ = −π/2:

02

2

2

>−πθd

Ud

and 2atminimumais πθ −=U

02

2

2

<πθd

Ud

and 2atmaximumais πθ =U

(c) If m1l1 = m2l2, then (m2l2 − m1l1) = 0

and . oftly independen 0 θ=U

Remarks: An alternative approach to establishing the U is a maximum at θ = π/2 is to plot its graph and note that, in the interval of interest, U is concave downward with its maximum value at θ = π/2. Force, Potential Energy, and Equilibrium 62 • Picture the Problem Fx is defined to be the negative of the derivative of the potential function with respect to x, that is, dxdUFx −= . Consequently, given U as a function of

x, we can find Fx by differentiating U with respect to x.

(a) Evaluate :dxdUFx −= ( ) 34 4AxAx

dxdFx −=−=

(b) Set Fx = 0 and solve for x: 00 =⇒= xFx

63 •• Picture the Problem Fx is defined to be the negative of the derivative of the potential function with respect to x, that is dxdUFx −= . Consequently, given U as a function of

x, we can find Fx by differentiating U with respect to x.

(a) Evaluate :dxdUFx −=

2xC

xC

dxdFx =⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−=

(b) Because C > 0:

.originthefromawaydirected is

thereforeand 0for positive is

Fr

≠xFx

Work and Energy

405

(c) Because U is inversely proportional to x and C > 0:

( ) .increasingwithdecreases xxU

(d) With C < 0:

.origin thefrom towarddirected is

thereforeand 0for negative is

Fr

≠xFx

Because U is inversely proportional to x and C < 0, U(x) becomes less negative as x increases:

( ) .increasingwithincreases xxU

*64 •• Picture the Problem Fy is defined to be the negative of the derivative of the potential function with respect to y, i.e. dydUFy −= . Consequently, we can obtain Fy by

examining the slopes of the graph of U as a function of y.

The table to the right summarizes the information we can obtain from Figure 6-40:

Slope Fy Interval (N) (N) A→B −2 2 B→C transitional −2 → 1.4 C→D 1.4 −1.4

The graph of F as a function of y is shown to the right:

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

y (m)

F (N

)

65 •• Picture the Problem Fx is defined to be the negative of the derivative of the potential function with respect to x, i.e. dxdUFx −= . Consequently, given F as a function of x,

we can find U by integrating Fx with respect to x. Evaluate the integral of Fx with respect to x:

( ) ( )

0

2

Uxa

dxxadxxFxU

+=

−=−= ∫∫

where U0 is a constant determined by whatever conditions apply to U.

Chapter 6

406

66 •• Picture the Problem Fx is defined to be the negative of the derivative of the potential function with respect to x, that is, dxdUFx −= . Consequently, given U as a function

of x, we can find Fx by differentiating U with respect to x. To determine whether the object is in stable or unstable equilibrium at a given point, we’ll evaluate 22 dxUd at

the point of interest.

(a) Evaluate :dxdUFx −= ( ) ( )1623 32 −=−−= xxxx

dxdFx

(b) We know that, at equilibrium, Fx = 0:

When Fx =0, 6x(x – 1) = 0. Therefore, the object is in equilibrium at m.1and0 == xx

(c) To decide whether the equilibrium at a particular point is stable or unstable, evaluate the 2nd derivative of the potential energy function at the point of interest:

( ) 232 6623 xxxxdxd

dxdU

−=−=

and

xdx

Ud 1262

2

−=

Evaluate 2

2

dxUd

at x = 0:

0atmequilibriustable

060

2

2

=⇒

>==

x

dxUd

x

Evaluate 2

2

dxUd

at x = 1 m:

m1atmequilibriuunstable

0126m1

2

2

=⇒

<−==

x

dxUd

x

67 •• Picture the Problem Fx is defined to be the negative of the derivative of the potential function with respect to x, i.e. dxdUFx −= . Consequently, given U as a function of x,

we can find Fx by differentiating U with respect to x. To determine whether the object is in stable or unstable equilibrium at a given point, we’ll evaluate 22 dxUd at the point of

interest.

Work and Energy

407

(a) Evaluate the negative of the derivative of U with respect to x:

( )( )( )224

1648 342

−+=

−=−−=

−=

xxx

xxxxdxddxdUFx

(b) The object is in equilibrium wherever Fnet = Fx = 0:

( )( ).m2and,0,m2arepoints

mequilibriuthe0224

−=

⇒=−+

x

xxx

(c) To decide whether the equilibrium at a particular point is stable or unstable, evaluate the 2nd derivative of the potential energy function at the point of interest:

( ) 232

2

1216416 xxxdxd

dxUd

−=−=

Evaluate 2

2

dxUd

at x = −2 m:


032m2

2

2

−=⇒

<−=−=

x

dxUd

x

Evaluate 2

2

dxUd

at x = 0:

0atmequilibriustable

0160

2

2

=⇒

>==

x

dxUd

x

Evaluate 2

2

dxUd

at x = 2 m:


032m2

2

2

=⇒

<−==

x

dxUd

x

Remarks: You could also decide whether the equilibrium positions are stable or unstable by plotting F(x) and examining the curve at the equilibrium positions. 68 •• Picture the Problem Fx is defined to be the negative of the derivative of the potential function with respect to x, i.e. dxdUFx −= . Consequently, given F as a function of x,

we can find U by integrating Fx with respect to x. Examination of 22 dxUd at extreme

points will determine the nature of the stability at these locations.

Chapter 6

408

Determine the equilibrium locations by setting Fnet = F(x) = 0:

F(x) = x3 – 4x = x(x2 – 4) = 0 ∴ the positions of stable and unstable equilibrium are at 2and0,2−=x .

Evaluate the negative of the integral of F(x) with respect to x:

( ) ( )( )

02

4

3

24

4

Uxx

dxxx

xFxU

++−=

−−=

−=

∫∫

where U0 is a constant whose value is determined by conditions on U(x).

Differentiate U(x) twice: xxFdxdU

x 43 +−=−=

and

43 22

2

+−= xdx

Ud

Evaluate 2

2

dxUd

at x = −2:

2 at unstable is mequilibriu the

082

2

2

−=∴

<−=−=

x

dxUd

x

Evaluate 2

2

dxUd

at x = 0:

0 at stable is mequilibriu the

040

2

2

=∴

>==

x

dxUd

x

Evaluate 2

2

dxUd

at x = 2:

2 at unstable is mequilibriu the

082

2

2

=∴

<−==

x

dxUd

x

Thus U(x) has a local minimum at x = 0 and

local maxima at x = ±2. 69 •• Picture the Problem Fx is defined to be the negative of the derivative of the potential function with respect to x, i.e. dxdUFx −= . Consequently, given U as a function of x,

we can find Fx by differentiating U with respect to x. To determine whether the object is in stable or unstable equilibrium at a given point, we can examine the graph of U.

Work and Energy

409

(a) Evaluate dxdUFx −= for x ≤ 3 m: ( ) ( )xxxx

dxdFx −=−−= 233 32

Set Fx = 0 to identify those values of x for which the 4-kg object is in equilibrium:

When Fx = 0, 3x(2 – x) = 0. Therefore, the object is in equilibrium at m.2and0 == xx

Evaluate dxdUFx −= for x > 3 m: 0=xF

because U = 0.

m. 3 for mequilibriu neutralin isobject theTherefore,

>x

(b) A graph of U(x) in the interval –1 m ≤ x ≤ 3 m is shown to the right:

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

x (m)

U (J

)

(c) From the graph, U(x) is a minimum at x = 0:

0atmequilibriustable =∴ x

From the graph, U(x) is a maximum at x = 2 m:

m2atmequilibriuunstable =∴ x

(d) Relate the kinetic energy of the object to its total energy and its potential energy:

UEmvK −== 221

Solve for v: ( )m

UEv −=

2

Evaluate U(x = 2 m): ( ) ( ) ( ) J4223m 2 32 =−==xU

Substitute in the equation for v to obtain:

( ) m/s00.2kg4

J4J122=

−=v

Chapter 6

410

70 •• Picture the Problem Fx is defined to be the negative of the derivative of the potential function with respect to x, that is dxdUFx −= . Consequently, given F as a function of

x, we can find U by integrating Fx with respect to x. (a) Evaluate the negative of the integral of F(x) with respect to x:

( ) ( )

02

3

21 U

xA

dxAxxFxU

+=

−=−= ∫∫ −

where U0 is a constant whose value is determined by conditions on U(x).

For x > 0: increases as decreases xU

(b) As x → ∞, 221

xA

→ 0: ∴ U0 = 0 and

( ) 322

3

2 mN4mN821

21

⋅=⋅

==xxx

AxU

(c) The graph of U(x) is shown to the right:

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

x ( m )

*71 ••• Picture the Problem Let L be the total length of one cable and the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the top of the pulleys. We can find the value of y for which the potential energy of the system is an extremum by differentiating U(y) with respect to y and setting this derivative equal to zero. We can establish that this value corresponds to a minimum by evaluating the second derivative of U(y) at the point identified by the first derivative. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the clock to confirm the result we obtain by examining the derivatives of U(y). (a) Express the potential energy of the system as the sum of the potential energies of the clock and counterweights:

( ) ( ) ( )yUyUyU weightsclock +=

Substitute to obtain: ( )222)( dyLMgmgyyU +−−−=

Work and Energy

411

(b) Differentiate U(y) with respect to y:

( )[ ]

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡

+−−=

+−+−=

22

22

2

2)(

dyyMgmg

dyLMgmgydyd

dyydU

or

extremafor 0222

=+

−dy'

y'Mgmg

Solve for y′ to obtain: 22

2

4 mMmdy'

−=

Find ( )2

2

dyyUd

:

( ) 2322

2

222

2

2

2)(

dyMgd

dyyMgmg

dyd

dyyUd

+=

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡

+−−=

Evaluate ( )2

2

dyyUd

at y = y′: ( )( )

0

14

2

2

23

22

2

2322

2

2

2

>

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

−

=

+=

mMm

Mgd

dyMgd

dyyUd

y'y'

and the potential energy is a minimum at

22

2

4 mMmdy

−=

(c) The FBD for the clock is shown to the right:

Apply ∑ = 0yF to the clock: 0sin2 =− mgMg θ

and

Mm

2sin =θ

Chapter 6

412

Express sinθ in terms of y and d: 22

sindy

y+

=θ

Substitute to obtain: 222 dy

yMm

+=

which is equivalent to the first equation in part (b).

it. fromaway displaced isit ifpoint mequilibriu thedback towar pulled be clock will the this,of Because

decreases. cables thefrom forcenet theupward, displaced isclock theif Similarly, clock. on the force upwardlarger a toleading increases,

downward, displaced isclock Ifthe m.equilibriu stable ofpoint a is This θ

Remarks: Because we’ve shown that the potential energy of the system is a minimum at y = y′ (i.e., U(y) is concave upward at that point), we can conclude that this point is one of stable equilibrium. General Problems *72 • Picture the Problem 25 percent of the electrical energy generated is to be diverted to do the work required to change the potential energy of the American people. We can calculate the height to which they can be lifted by equating the change in potential energy to the available energy. Express the change in potential energy of the population of the United States in this process:

∆U = Nmgh

Letting E represent the total energy generated in February 2002, relate the change in potential to the energy available to operate the elevator:

Nmgh = 0.25E

Solve for h:

NmgEh 25.0

=

Work and Energy

413

Substitute numerical values and evaluate h: ( )( )

( )( )( )km323

m/s9.81kg6010287h1

s3600hkW107.6025.0

26

9

=

×

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⋅×

=h

73 • Picture the Problem We can use the definition of the work done in changing the potential energy of a system and the definition of power to solve this problem. (a) Find the work done by the crane in changing the potential energy of its load:

W = mgh = (6×106 kg) (9.81 m/s2) (12 m) = MJ706

(b) Use the definition of power to find the power developed by the crane:

MW8.11s60MJ706

==≡dt

dWP

74 • Picture the Problem The power P of the engine needed to operate this ski lift is related to the rate at which it changes the potential energy U of the cargo of the gondolas according to P = ∆U/∆t. Because as many empty gondolas are descending as are ascending, we do not need to know their mass. Express the rate at which work is done as the cars are lifted:

tUP

∆∆

=

Letting N represent the number of gondola cars and M the mass of each, express the change in U as they are lifted a vertical displacement ∆h:

∆U = NMg∆h

Substitute to obtain: t

hNMgt

UP∆

∆=

∆∆

≡

Relate ∆h to the angle of ascent θ and the length L of the ski lift:

∆h = Lsinθ

Substitute for ∆h in the expression for P: t

NMgLP∆

=θsin

Chapter 6

414


( )( )( )( )( ) kW4.50

s/min60min60sin30km5.6m/s9.81kg55012 2

=°

=P

75 • Picture the Problem The application of Newton’s 2nd law to the forces shown in the free-body diagram will allow us to relate R to T. The unknown mass and speed of the object can be eliminated by introducing its kinetic energy.

Apply ∑ = radialradial maF the object

and solve for R: RmvT

2

= and T

mvR2

=

Express the kinetic energy of the object:

221 mvK =

Eliminate mv2 between the two equations to obtain: T

KR 2=


( ) m0.500N360J902

==R

*76 • Picture the Problem We can solve this problem by equating the expression for the gravitational potential energy of the elevated car and its kinetic energy when it hits the ground. Express the gravitational potential energy of the car when it is at a distance h above the ground:

U = mgh

Express the kinetic energy of the car when it is about to hit the ground:

221 mvK =

Equate these two expressions (because at impact, all the potential energy has been converted to kinetic energy) and solve for h:

gvh2

2

=

Work and Energy

415


( )( )[ ]( ) m3.39

m/s9.812sh/36001km/h100

2

2

==h

77 ••• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on one of the strings at the bridge. The force whose magnitude is F is one-fourth of the force (103 N) the bridge exerts on the strings. We can apply the condition for equilibrium in the y direction to find the tension in each string. Repeating this procedure at the site of the plucking will yield the restoring force acting on the string. We can find the work done on the string as it returns to equilibrium from the product of the average force acting on it and its displacement.

(a) Noting that, due to symmetry, T′ = T, apply 0=∑ yF to the string

at the point of contact with the bridge:

018sin2 =°− TF

Solve for and evaluate T: ( ) N7.4118sin2N103

18sin241

=°

=°

=FT

(b) A free-body diagram showing the forces restoring the string to its equilibrium position just after it has been plucked is shown to the right:

Express the net force acting on the string immediately after it is released:

θcos2net TF =

Use trigonometry to find θ: °=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×= − 6.88

cmmm10

mm4cm16.3tan 1θ

Substitute and evaluate Fnet: ( ) N68.1cos88.6N4.432net =°=F

Chapter 6

416

(c) Express the work done on the string in displacing it a distance dx′:

'FdxdW =

If we pull the string out a distance x′, the magnitude of the force pulling it down is approximately:

( ) '42'2 x

LT

LxTF ==


''4 dxxLTdW =

Integrate to obtain: 2

0

2''4 xLTdxx

LTW

x

== ∫

where x is the final displacement of the string.

Substitute numerical values to obtain: ( ) ( )

mJ09.4

m104m106.32

N7.412 232

=

××

= −−W

78 •• Picture the Problem Fx is defined to be the negative of the derivative of the potential function with respect to x, that is dxdUFx −= . Consequently, given F as a function of

x, we can find U by integrating Fx with respect to x. Evaluate the integral of Fx with respect to x:

( ) ( ) ( )0

331

2

Uax

dxaxdxxFxU

+=

−−=−= ∫∫

Apply the condition that U(0) = 0 to determine U0:

U(0) = 0 + U0 = 0 ⇒ U0 = 0 ( ) 3

31 axxU =∴

The graph of U(x) is shown to the right:

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

x (m)

U (J

)

Work and Energy

417

*79 •• Picture the Problem We can use the definition of work to obtain an expression for the position-dependent force acting on the cart. The work done on the cart can be calculated from its change in kinetic energy. (a) Express the force acting on the cart in terms of the work done on it:

( )dx

dWxF =

Because U is constant: ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]xmC

Cxmdxdmv

dxdxF

2

2212

21

=

==

(b) The work done by this force changes the kinetic energy of the cart:

( )21

221

212

1212

1

202

1212

1

0

xmC

Cxmmv

mvmvKW

=

=−=

−=∆=

80 •• Picture the Problem The work done by F

rdepends on whether it causes a displacement

in the direction it acts. (a) Because F

r is along x-axis and

the displacement is along y-axis:

W = ∫ Fr

⋅ srd = 0

(b) Calculate the work done by Fr

during the displacement from x = 2 m to 5 m:

( )

( ) J0.783

N/m2

N/m2

m5

m2

32

m5

m2

22

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

=⋅= ∫∫

x

dxxdW sF rr

81 •• Picture the Problem The velocity and acceleration of the particle can be found by differentiation. The power delivered to the particle can be expressed as the product of its velocity and the net force acting on it, and the work done by the force and can be found from the change in kinetic energy this work causes. In the following, if t is in seconds and m is in kilograms, then v is in m/s, a is in m/s2, P is in W, and W is in J.

Chapter 6

418

(a) The velocity of the particle is given by:

( )( )tt

ttdtd

dtdxv

86

42

2

23

−=

−==

The acceleration of the particle is given by:

( )( )812

86 2

−=

−==

t

ttdtd

dtdva

(b) Express and evaluate the rate at which energy is delivered to this particle as it accelerates:

( )( )( )81898

868122

2

+−=

−−=

==

ttmt

tttmmavFv P

(c) Because the particle is moving in such a way that its potential energy is not changing, the work done by the force acting on the particle equals the change in its kinetic energy:

( )( ) ( )( )[ ]( )[ ]

( )21

21

21

212

1

2212

1

01

432

086

0

−=

−−=

−=

−=∆=

tmt

ttm

vtvm

KKKW

Remarks: We could also find W by integrating P(t) with respect to time. 82 •• Picture the Problem We can calculate the work done by the given force from its definition. The power can be determined from vF rr

⋅=P and v from the change in kinetic energy of the particle produced by the work done on it. (a) Calculate the work done from its definition: ( )

J00.93

32

46

346

m3

0

32

m3

0

2

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−+=

−+=⋅= ∫∫

xxx

dxxxdW sF rr

(b) Express the power delivered to the particle in terms of Fx=3 m and its velocity:

vFP x m3==⋅= vF rr

Relate the work done on the particle to its kinetic energy and solve for its velocity:

0since 02

21

final ===∆= vmvKKW

Work and Energy

419

Solve for and evaluate v:

( ) m/s45.2kg3

J922===

mKv

Evaluate Fx=3 m: ( ) ( ) N933346 2

m3 −=−+==xF

Substitute for Fx=3 m and v: ( )( ) W1.22m/s2.45N9 −=−=P

*83 •• Picture the Problem We’ll assume that the firing height is negligible and that the bullet lands at the same elevation from which it was fired. We can use the equation

( ) θ2sin20 gvR = to find the range of the bullet and constant-acceleration equations to

find its maximum height. The bullet’s initial speed can be determined from its initial kinetic energy. Express the range of the bullet as a function of its firing speed and angle of firing:

θ2sin20

gvR =

Rewrite the range equation using the trigonometric identity sin2θ = 2sinθ cosθ:

gv

gvR θθθ cossin22sin 2

020 ==

Express the position coordinates of the projectile along its flight path in terms of the parameter t:

( )tvx θcos0=

and ( ) 2

21

0 sin gttvy −= θ

Eliminate the parameter t and make use of the fact that the maximum height occurs when the projectile is at half the range to obtain:

( )g

vh2sin 2

0 θ=

Equate R and h and solve the resulting equation for θ:

4tan =θ ⇒ °== − 0.764tan 1θ

Relate the bullet’s kinetic energy to its mass and speed and solve for the square of its speed:

mKvmvK 2 and 2

0202

1 ==

Substitute for 20v and θ and evaluate

R:

( )( )( ) ( )

km5.74

76sin2m/s9.81kg0.02

J120022

=

°=R

Chapter 6

420

84 •• Picture the Problem The work done on the particle is the area under the force-versus-displacement curve. Note that for negative displacements, F is positive, so W is negative for x < 0. (a) Use either the formulas for the areas of simple geometric figures or counting squares and multiplying by the work represented by one square to complete the table to the right:

x W (m) (J) −4 −11−3 −10−2 −7 −1 −3 0 0 1 1 2 0 3 −2 4 −3

(b) Choosing U(0) = 0, and using the definition of ∆U = −W, complete the third column of the table to the right:

x W ∆U (m) (J) (J) −4 −11 11 −3 −10 10 −2 −7 7 −1 −3 3 0 0 0 1 1 −1 2 0 0 3 −2 2 4 −3 3

The graph of U as a function of x is shown to the right:

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

x (m)

U (J

)

Work and Energy

421

85 •• Picture the Problem The work done on the particle is the area under the force-versus-displacement curve. Note that for negative displacements, F is negative, so W is positive for x < 0. (a) Use either the formulas for the areas of simple geometric figures or counting squares and multiplying by the work represented by one square to complete the table to the right:

x W (m) (J) −4 6 −3 4 −2 2 −1 0.5 0 0 1 0.5 2 1.5 3 2.5 4 3

(b) Choosing U(0) = 0, and using the definition of ∆U = −W, complete the third column of the table to the right:

x W ∆U (m) (J) (J) −4 6 −6 −3 4 −4 −2 2 −2 −1 0.5 −0.5 0 0 0 1 0.5 −0.5 2 1.5 −1.5 3 2.5 −2.5 4 3 −3

The graph of U as a function of x is shown to the right:

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

x (m)

U (

J)

Chapter 6

422

86 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the box at its initial position 0 at the bottom of the inclined plane and later at position 1. We’ll assume that the block is at position 0. Because the surface is frictionless, the work done by the tension will change both the potential and kinetic energy of the block. We’ll use Newton’s 2nd law to find the acceleration of the block up the incline and a constant-acceleration equation to express v in terms of T, x, M, and θ. Finally, we can express the power produced by the tension in terms of the tension and the speed of the box.

(a) Use the definition of work to express the work the tension T does moving the box a distance x up the incline:

TxW =

(b) Apply xx MaF =∑ to the box: xMaMgT =− θsin

Solve for ax:

θθ sinsin gMT

MMgTax −=

−=

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the speed of the box in terms of its acceleration and the distance x it has moved up the incline:

xavv x220

2 +=

or, because v0 = 0, xav x2=

Substitute for ax to obtain: xg

MTv ⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −= θsin2

(c) The power produced by the tension in the string is given by: xg

MTTTvP ⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −== θsin2

Work and Energy

423

87 ••• Picture the Problem We can use the definition of the magnitude of vector to show that the magnitude of F

ris F0 and the definition of the scalar product to show that its direction

is perpendicular to rr

. The work done as the particle moves in a circular path can be found from its definition.

(a) Express the magnitude of Fr

:

220

20

20

22

yxrF

xrFy

rF

FF yx

+=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

+=Fr

Because 22 yxr += : 0

0220 FrrF

yxrF

==+=Fr

Form the scalar product of F

rand rr : ( ) ( )

( ) 0

ˆˆˆˆ

0

0

=−⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

+⋅−⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=⋅

xyxyrF

yxxyrF jijirF

rr

Because F

r⋅ rr

= 0, rF rr⊥

(b) Because F

r⊥ rr

, Fr

is tangential to the circle and constant. At (5 m, 0), F

r points in the j− direction. If

srd is in the j− direction, dW > 0.

The work it does in one revolution is:

( ) ( )( )clockwise is

rotation theif m10m522

0

00

FFrFW

πππ

===

and ( )

ckwise.counterclo isrotation theif m10 0FW π−=

ve.conservatinot is circuit, complete afor 0 Because ckwise.counterclo

isrotation theifm)(10 clockwise, isrotation theif m)(10 00

Fr

≠

−=

W

FFW ππ

*88 ••• Picture the Problem We can substitute for r and ji ˆˆ yx + in F

rto show that the

magnitude of the force varies as the inverse of the square of the distance to the origin, and that its direction is opposite to the radius vector. We can find the work done by this force by evaluating the integral of F with respect to x from an initial position x = 2 m, y = 0 m to a final position x = 5 m, y = 0 m. Finally, we can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the particle to relate its speed to its radius, mass, and the constant b.

Chapter 6

424

(a) Substitute for r and ji ˆˆ yx + in F

rto obtain: ( ) rF ˆ22

2322yx

yxb

+⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

+−=

r

where r is a unit vector pointing from the origin toward the point of application of Fr

.

Simplify to obtain: rrF ˆˆ1

222 rb

yxb −=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

−=r

i.e., the magnitude of the force varies as the inverse of the square of the distance to the origin, and its direction is antiparallel (opposite) to the radius vector .ˆˆ jir yx +=

r

(b) Find the work done by this force by evaluating the integral of F with respect to x from an initial position x = 2 m, y = 0 m to a final position x = 5 m, y = 0 m:

J 900.0m 21

m 51mN 3

'1'

'

2

m5

m2

m5

m22

−=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −⋅=

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡=−= ∫ x

bdxxbW

(c) velocity. thelar toperpendicu is force theas done is work No

(d) Because the particle is moving in a circle, the force on the particle must be supplying the centripetal acceleration keeping it moving in the circle. Apply ∑ = cr maF to the particle:

rvm

rb 2

2 =

Solve for v:

mrbv =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v: ( )( ) m/s 463.0

m7kg2mN3 2

=⋅

=v

89 ••• Picture the Problem A spreadsheet program to calculate the potential is shown below. The constants used in the potential function and the formula used to calculate the ″6-12″ potential are as follows:

Cell Content/Formula Algebraic FormB2 1.09×10−7 a B3 6.84×10−5 b

Work and Energy

425

D8 $B$2/C8^12−$B$3/C8^6612 r

bra

−

C9 C8+0.1 rr ∆+ (a)

A B C D 1 2 a = 1.09E-07 3 b = 6.84E-05 4 5 6 7 r U 8 3.00E-01 1.11E-01 9 3.10E-01 6.13E-02 10 3.20E-01 3.08E-02 11 3.30E-01 1.24E-02 12 3.40E-01 1.40E-03 13 3.50E-01 −4.95E-03

45 6.70E-01 −7.43E-0446 6.80E-01 −6.81E-0447 6.90E-01 −6.24E-0448 7.00E-01 −5.74E-04

The graph shown below was generated from the data in the table shown above. Because the force between the atomic nuclei is given by ( )drdUF −= , we can conclude that the shape of the potential energy function supports Feynman’s claim.

"6-12" Potential

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70

r (nm)

U (e

V)

(b) The minimum value is about −0.0107 eV, occurring at a separation of approximately 0.380 nm. Because the function is concave upward (a potential ″well″) at this separation,

Chapter 6

426

this separation is one of stable equilibrium, although very shallow. (c) Relate the force of attraction between two argon atoms to the slope of the potential energy function: 713

612

612rb

ra

rb

ra

drd

drdUF

−=

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ −−=−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate F(5 Å):

( )( )

( )( )

N1069.6

m10nm1

eVJ101.6

nmeV1018.4

nm5.01084.66

nm5.01009.112

12

9

192

7

5

13

7

−

−

−−

−−

×−=

××

××−=×

−×

=F

where the minus sign means that the force is attractive.

Substitute numerical values and evaluate F(3.5 Å):

( )( )

( )( )

N1049.7

m10nm1

eVJ101.6

nmeV1068.4

nm35.01084.66

nm35.01009.112

11

9

191

7

5

13

7

−

−

−−

−−

×=

××

××=×

−×

=F

where the plus sign means that the force is repulsive. *90 ••• Picture the Problem A spreadsheet program to plot the Yukawa potential is shown below. The constants used in the potential function and the formula used to calculate the Yukawa potential are as follows:

Cell Content/Formula Algebraic FormB1 4 U0 B2 2.5 a D8 −$B$1*($B$2/C9)*EXP(−C9/$B$2) are

raU /

0−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−

C10 C9+0.1 rr ∆+ (a)

A B C D

1 U0= 4 pJ 2 a= 2.5 fm 3

7 8 r U 9 0.5 −16.37

10 0.6 −13.11

Work and Energy

427

11 0.7 −10.80 12 0.8 −9.08 13 0.9 −7.75 14 1 −6.70

64 6 −0.15 65 6.1 −0.14 66 6.2 −0.14 67 6.3 −0.13 68 6.4 −0.12 69 6.5 −0.11 70 6.6 −0.11

U as a function of r is shown below.

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

r (fm)

U (p

J)

(b) Relate the force between the nucleons to the slope of the potential energy function:

( ) ( )

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +−=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−−=

−=

−

−

rraeU

eraU

drd

drrdUrF

ar

ar

12

/0

0

(c) Evaluate F(2a): ( )

( )

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+−=

−

−

aeU

aaaeUaF aa

43

21

22

20

2/2

0

Chapter 6

428

Evaluate F(a): ( )

( )

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+−=

−−

−

aeU

aaeU

aaaeUaF aa

211

1

10

10

2/

0

Express the ratio F(2a)/F(a):

( )( )

138.0

83

243

2 1

10

20

=

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−

= −

−

−

e

aeU

aeU

aFaF

(d) Evaluate F(5a): ( )

( )

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+−=

−

−

aeU

aaaeUaF aa

256

51

55

50

2/5

0

Express the ratio F(5a)/F(a):

( )( )

3

4

10

50

1020.2

253

225

65

−

−

−

−

×=

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−

= e

aeU

aeU

aFaF

437

Chapter 7 Conservation of Energy Conceptual Problems *1 • Determine the Concept Because the peg is frictionless, mechanical energy is conserved as this system evolves from one state to another. The system moves and so we know that ∆K > 0. Because ∆K + ∆U = constant, ∆U < 0. correct. is )( a

2 • Determine the Concept Choose the zero of gravitational potential energy to be at ground level. The two stones have the same initial energy because they are thrown from the same height with the same initial speeds. Therefore, they will have the same total energy at all times during their fall. When they strike the ground, their gravitational potential energies will be zero and their kinetic energies will be equal. Thus, their speeds at impact will be equal. The stone that is thrown at an angle of 30° above the horizontal has a longer flight time due to its initial upward velocity and so they do not strike the ground at the same time. correct. is )( c

3 • (a) False. Forces that are external to a system can do work on the system to change its energy. (b) False. In order for some object to do work, it must exert a force over some distance. The chemical energy stored in the muscles of your legs allows your muscles to do the work that launches you into the air. 4 • Determine the Concept Your kinetic energy increases at the expense of chemical energy. *5 • Determine the Concept As she starts pedaling, chemical energy inside her body is converted into kinetic energy as the bike picks up speed. As she rides it up the hill, chemical energy is converted into gravitational potential and thermal energy. While freewheeling down the hill, potential energy is converted to kinetic energy, and while braking to a stop, kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy (a more random form of kinetic energy) by the frictional forces acting on the bike. *6 • Determine the Concept If we define the system to include the falling body and the earth, then no work is done by an external agent and ∆K + ∆Ug + ∆Etherm= 0. Solving for the change in the gravitational potential energy we find ∆Ug = −(∆K + friction energy).

Chapter 7

438

correct. is )( b

7 •• Picture the Problem Because the constant friction force is responsible for a constant acceleration, we can apply the constant-acceleration equations to the analysis of these statements. We can also apply the work-energy theorem with friction to obtain expressions for the kinetic energy of the car and the rate at which it is changing. Choose the system to include the earth and car and assume that the car is moving on a horizontal surface so that ∆U = 0. (a) A constant frictional force causes a constant acceleration. The stopping distance of the car is related to its speed before the brakes were applied through a constant-acceleration equation.

0. where220

2 =∆+= vsavv

0. where2

20 <

−=∆∴ a

avs

Thus, ∆s ∝ 20v and statement (a) is false.

(b) Apply the work-energy theorem with friction to obtain:

smgWK ∆−=−=∆ kf µ

Express the rate at which K is dissipated: t

smgtK

∆∆

−=∆∆

kµ

Thus, v

tK

∝∆∆

and therefore not constant.

Statement (b) is false.

(c) In part (b) we saw that: K ∝ ∆s

Because ∆s ∝ ∆t: K ∝ ∆t and statement (c) is false.

Because none of the above are correct: correct. is )( d

8 • Picture the Problem We’ll let the zero of potential energy be at the bottom of each ramp and the mass of the block be m. We can use conservation of energy to predict the speed of the block at the foot of each ramp. We’ll consider the distance the block travels on each ramp, as well as its speed at the foot of the ramp, in deciding its descent times. Use conservation of energy to find the speed of the blocks at the bottom of each ramp:

0=∆+∆ UK or

0topbottopbot =−+− UUKK

Conservation of Energy

439

Because Ktop = Ubot = 0:

0topbot =−UK


02bot2

1 =− mgHmv

Solve for vbot: gHv 2bot = independently of the shape of the ramp.

Because the block sliding down the circular arc travels a greater distance (an arc length is greater than the length of the chord it defines) but arrives at the bottom of the ramp with the same speed that it had at the bottom of the inclined plane, it will require more time to arrive at the bottom of the arc. correct. is )(b

9 •• Determine the Concept No. From the work-kinetic energy theorem, no total work is being done on the rock, as its kinetic energy is constant. However, the rod must exert a tangential force on the rock to keep the speed constant. The effect of this force is to cancel the component of the force of gravity that is tangential to the trajectory of the rock. Estimation and Approximation *10 •• Picture the Problem We’ll use the data for the "typical male" described above and assume that he spends 8 hours per day sleeping, 2 hours walking, 8 hours sitting, 1 hour in aerobic exercise, and 5 hours doing moderate physical activity. We can approximate his energy utilization using activityactivityactivity tAPE ∆= , where A is the surface area of his body, Pactivity is the rate of energy consumption in a given activity, and ∆tactivity is the time spent in the given activity. His total energy consumption will be the sum of the five terms corresponding to his daily activities. (a) Express the energy consumption of the hypothetical male: act. aerobicact. mod.

sittingwalkingsleeping

EE

EEEE

++

++=

Evaluate Esleeping:

( )( )( )( )J1030.2

s/h3600h8W/m40m26

22

sleepingsleepingsleeping

×=

=

∆= tAPE

Evaluate Ewalking:

( )( )( )( )J1030.2

s/h3600h2W/m160m26

22

walkingwalkingwalking

×=

=

∆= tAPE

Evaluate Esitting:

( )( )( )( )J1046.3

s/h3600h8W/m60m26

22

sittingsittingsitting

×=

=

∆= tAPE

Chapter 7

440

Evaluate Emod. act.:

( )( )( )( )J1030.6

s/h3600h5W/m175m26

22act. mod.act. mod.act. mod.

×=

=

∆= tAPE

Evaluate Eaerobic act.:

( )( )( )( )J1016.2

s/h3600h1W/m300m26

22act. aerobicact. aerobicact. aerobic

×=

=

∆= tAPE


J105.16

J1016.2J1030.6J1046.3J1030.2J1030.2

6

66

666

×=

×+×+

×+×+×=E

Express the average metabolic rate represented by this energy consumption:

( )( ) W191s/h3600h24J1016.5 6

av =×

=∆

=t

EP

or about twice that of a 100 W light bulb.

(b) Express his average energy consumption in terms of kcal/day: kcal/day3940

J/kcal4190J/day1016.5 6

=×

=E

(c) kcal/lb22.5lb175kcal3940

= is higher than the estimate given in the statement of the

problem. However, by adjusting the day's activities, the metabolic rate can vary by more than a factor of 2. 11 • Picture the Problem The rate at which you expend energy, i.e., do work, is defined as power and is the ratio of the work done to the time required to do the work. Relate the rate at which you can expend energy to the work done in running up the four flights of stairs and solve for your running time:

PWt

tWP ∆

=∆⇒∆

∆=

Express the work done in climbing the stairs:

mghW =∆

Substitute for ∆W to obtain: P

mght =∆


441

Assuming that your weight is 600 N, evaluate ∆t:

( )( ) s6.33W250

m3.54N600=

×=∆t

12 • Picture the Problem The intrinsic rest energy in matter is related to the mass of matter through Einstein’s equation .2

0 mcE =

(a) Relate the rest mass consumed to the energy produced and solve for and evaluate m:

202

0 cEmmcE =⇒= (1)

( ) kg1011.1m/s10998.2

J1 1728

−×=×

=m

(b) Express the energy required as a function of the power of the light bulb and evaluate E:

( )( )

J1047.9

hs3600

dh24

yd365.24

y10W10033

10×=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×

== PtE


( ) g05.1m/s10998.2

J1047.928

10

µ=×

×=m

*13 • Picture the Problem There are about 3×108 people in the United States. On the assumption that the average family has 4 people in it and that they own two cars, we have a total of 1.5×108 automobiles on the road (excluding those used for industry). We’ll assume that each car uses about 15 gal of fuel per week. Calculate, based on the assumptions identified above, the total annual consumption of energy derived from gasoline:

( ) J/y103.04galJ102.6weeks52

weekautogal15auto101.5 1988 ×=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⋅×

y

Express this rate of energy use as a fraction of the total annual energy use by the US:

%6J/y105

J/y103.0420

19

≈×

×

Remarks: This is an average power expenditure of roughly 9x1011 watt, and a total cost (assuming $1.15 per gallon) of about 140 billion dollars per year. 14 • Picture the Problem The energy consumption of the U.S. works out to an average power consumption of about 1.6×1013 watt. The solar constant is roughly 103 W/m2 (reaching

Chapter 7

442

the ground), or about 120 W/m2 of useful power with a 12% conversion efficiency. Letting P represent the daily rate of energy consumption, we can relate the power available at the surface of the earth to the required area of the solar panels using IAP = . Relate the required area to the electrical energy to be generated by the solar panels:

IAP = where I is the solar intensity that reaches the surface of the Earth.

Solve for and evaluate A: ( )

211

2

13

m1067.2W/m120

W101.62

×=

×==

IPA

where the factor of 2 comes from the fact that the sun is only up for roughly half the day.

Find the side of a square with this area: km516m1067.2 211 =×=s

Remarks: A more realistic estimate that would include the variation of sunlight over the day and account for latitude and weather variations might very well increase the area required by an order of magnitude. 15 • Picture the Problem We can relate the energy available from the water in terms of its mass, the vertical distance it has fallen, and the efficiency of the process. Differentiation of this expression with respect to time will yield the rate at which water must pass through its turbines to generate Hoover Dam’s annual energy output. Assuming a total efficiencyη, use the expression for the gravitational potential energy near the earth’s surface to express the energy available from the water when it has fallen a distance h:

mghE η=

Differentiate this expression with respect to time to obtain:

[ ]dtdVgh

dtdmghmgh

dtdP ηρηη ===

Solve for dV/dt: gh

PdtdV

ηρ= (1)

Using its definition, relate the dam’s annual power output to the energy produced: t

EP∆∆

=

Substitute numerical values to obtain: ( )( ) W1057.4

h/d24d365.24hkW104 8

9

×=⋅×

=P


443

Substitute in equation (1) and evaluate dV/dt: ( )( )( )

L/s1010.1

m211m/s9.81kg/L12.0W1057.4

6

2

8

×=

×=

dtdV

The Conservation of Mechanical Energy 16 • Picture the Problem The work done in compressing the spring is stored in the spring as potential energy. When the block is released, the energy stored in the spring is transformed into the kinetic energy of the block. Equating these energies will give us a relationship between the compressions of the spring and the speeds of the blocks.

Let the numeral 1 refer to the first case and the numeral 2 to the second case. Relate the compression of the spring in the second case to its potential energy, which equals its initial kinetic energy when released:

( )( )211

2112

1

2222

1222

1

18

34

vm

vm

vmkx

=

=

=

Relate the compression of the spring in the first case to its potential energy, which equals its initial kinetic energy when released:

2112

1212

1 vmkx =

or 21

211 kxvm =


222

1 18kxkx =

Solve for x2: 12 6xx =

17 • Picture the Problem Choose the zero of gravitational potential energy to be at the foot of the hill. Then the kinetic energy of the woman on her bicycle at the foot of the hill is equal to her gravitational potential energy when she has reached her highest point on the hill.

Equate the kinetic energy of the rider at the foot of the incline and her gravitational potential energy when she has reached her highest point on the hill and solve for h:

gvhmghmv2

22

21 =⇒=

Relate her displacement along the d = h/sinθ

Chapter 7

444

incline d to h and the angle of the incline: Substitute for h to obtain:

gvd2

sin2

=θ

Solve for d:

θsin2

2

gvd =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate d:

( )( ) m4.97

sin3m/s9.812m/s10

2

2

=°

=d

and correct. is )( c

*18 • Picture the Problem The diagram shows the pendulum bob in its initial position. Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the low point of the pendulum’s swing, the equilibrium position. We can find the speed of the bob at it passes through the equilibrium position by equating its initial potential energy to its kinetic energy as it passes through its lowest point.

Equate the initial gravitational potential energy and the kinetic energy of the bob as it passes through its lowest point and solve for v:

hgv

mvhmg

∆=

=∆

2

and

221

Express ∆h in terms of the length L of the pendulum: 4

Lh =∆

Substitute and simplify:

2gLv =

19 • Picture the Problem Choose the zero of gravitational potential energy to be at the foot of the ramp. Let the system consist of the block, the earth, and the ramp. Then there are


445

no external forces acting on the system to change its energy and the kinetic energy of the block at the foot of the ramp is equal to its gravitational potential energy when it has reached its highest point.

Relate the gravitational potential energy of the block when it has reached h, its highest point on the ramp, to its kinetic energy at the foot of the ramp:

221 mvmgh =

Solve for h: g

vh2

2

=

Relate the displacement d of the block along the ramp to h and the angle the ramp makes with the horizontal:

d = h/sinθ

Substitute for h: g

vd2

sin2

=θ

Solve for d:

θsin2

2

gvd =


( )( ) m89.3

sin40m/s9.812m/s7

2

2

=°

=d

20 • Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the earth, the block, and the spring. With this choice there are no external forces doing work to change the energy of the system. Let Ug = 0 at the elevation of the spring. Then the initial gravitational potential energy of the 3-kg object is transformed into kinetic energy as it slides down the ramp and then, as it compresses the spring, into potential energy stored in the spring. (a) Apply conservation of energy to relate the distance the spring is compressed to the initial potential energy of the block:

0ext =∆+∆= UKW

and, because ∆K = 0, 02

21 =+− kxmgh

Solve for x:

kmghx 2

=

Chapter 7

446


( )( )( )

m858.0

N/m400m5m/s9.81kg32 2

=

=x

(b) The energy stored in the compressed spring will accelerate the block, launching it back up the incline:

m. 5 ofheight a torising path, its retrace block will The

21 • Picture the Problem With Ug chosen to be zero at the uncompressed level of the spring, the ball’s initial gravitational potential energy is negative. The difference between the initial potential energy of the spring and the gravitational potential energy of the ball is first converted into the kinetic energy of the ball and then into gravitational potential energy as the ball rises and slows … eventually coming momentarily to rest.

Apply the conservation of energy to the system as it evolves from its initial to its final state:

mghkxmgx =+− 221

Solve for h: x

mgkxh −=2

2


( )( )( )( )

m05.5

m05.0m/s9.81kg0.0152m0.05N/m600

2

2

=

−=h

22 • Picture the Problem Let the system include the earth and the container. Then the work done by the crane is done by an external force and this work changes the energy of the system. Because the initial and final speeds of the container are zero, the initial and final kinetic energies are zero and the work done by the crane equals the change in the gravitational potential energy of the container. Choose Ug = 0 to be at the level of the deck of the freighter.

Apply conservation of energy to the system:

UKEW ∆+∆=∆= sysext

Because ∆K = 0:

hmgUW ∆=∆=ext


447

Evaluate the work done by the crane: ( )( )( )

kJ314

m8m/s9.81kg4000 2

ext

−=

−=

∆= hmgW

23 • Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the earth and the child. Then Wext = 0. Choose Ug,i = 0 at the child’s lowest point as shown in the diagram to the right. Then the child’s initial energy is entirely kinetic and its energy when it is at its highest point is entirely gravitational potential. We can determine h from energy conservation and then use trigonometry to determine θ.

Using the diagram, relate θ to h and L:

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

= −−

Lh

LhL 1coscos 11θ

Apply conservation of energy to the system to obtain:

02i2

1 =− mghmv

Solve for h: g

vh2

2i=


⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−= −

gLv

21cos

2i1θ


( )( )( )

°=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−= −

6.25

m6m/s9.812m/s3.41cos 2

21θ

*24 •• Picture the Problem Let the system include the two objects and the earth. Then Wext = 0. Choose Ug = 0 at the elevation at which the two objects meet. With this choice, the initial potential energy of the 3-kg object is positive and that of the 2-kg object is negative. Their sum, however, is positive. Given our choice for Ug = 0, this initial potential energy is transformed entirely into kinetic energy.

Apply conservation of energy: 0gext =∆+∆= UKW

or, because Wext = 0,

Chapter 7

448

∆K = −∆Ug

Substitute for ∆K and solve for vf; noting that m represents the sum of the masses of the objects as they are both moving in the final state:

g2i2

12f2

1 Umvmv ∆−=−

or, because vi = 0,

mU

v gf

2∆−=

Express and evaluate ∆Ug:

( )( )( )

J91.4m/s9.81

m0.5kg2kg302

ig,fg,g

−=×

−−=

−=∆ UUU

Substitute and evaluate vf: ( ) m/s1.40

kg5J4.912

f =−−

=v

25 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the block when it is about to move. Fsp is the force exerted by the spring and, because the block is on the verge of sliding, fs = fs,max. We can use Newton’s 2nd law, under equilibrium conditions, to express the elongation of the spring as a function of m, k and θ and then substitute in the expression for the potential energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring.

Express the potential energy of the spring when the block is about to move:

221 kxU =

Apply ,m∑ = aF rrunder equilibrium

conditions, to the block: ∑

∑

=−=

=−−=

0cosand

0sin

n

maxs,sp

θ

θ

mgFF

mgfFF

y

x

Using fs,max = µsFn and Fsp = kx, eliminate fs,max and Fsp from the x equation and solve for x:

( )k

mgx θµθ cossin s+=


449

Substitute for x in the expression for U:

( )

( )[ ]k

mg

kmgkU

2cossin

cossin

2s

2s

21

θµθ

θµθ

+=

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ +

=

26 •• Picture the Problem The mechanical energy of the system, consisting of the block, the spring, and the earth, is initially entirely gravitational potential energy. Let Ug = 0 where the spring is compressed 15 cm. Then the mechanical energy when the compression of the spring is 15 cm will be partially kinetic and partially stored in the spring. We can use conservation of energy to relate the initial potential energy of the system to the energy stored in the spring and the kinetic energy of block when it has compressed the spring 15 cm. Apply conservation of energy to the system:

0=∆+∆ KU or

0ifis,fs,ig,fg, =−+−+− KKUUUU

Because Ug,f = Us,I = Ki = 0:

0ffs,ig, =++− KUU


( ) 02212

21 =+++− mvkxxhmg

Solve for v:

( )m

kxxhgv2

2 −+=


( )( ) ( )( ) m/s00.8kg2.4

m0.15N/m3955m0.15m5m/s9.8122

2 =−+=v

Chapter 7

450

*27 •• Picture the Problem The diagram represents the ball traveling in a circular path with constant energy. Ug has been chosen to be zero at the lowest point on the circle and the superimposed free-body diagrams show the forces acting on the ball at the top and bottom of the circular path. We’ll apply Newton’s 2nd law to the ball at the top and bottom of its path to obtain a relationship between TT and TB and the conservation of mechanical energy to relate the speeds of the ball at these two locations. Apply ∑ = radialradial maF to the ball

at the bottom of the circle and solve for TB:

RvmmgT

2B

B =−

and

RvmmgT

2B

B += (1)

Apply ∑ = radialradial maF to the ball

at the top of the circle and solve for TT:

RvmmgT

2T

T =+

and

RvmmgT

2T

T +−= (2)


⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+−−

+=−

Rvmmg

RvmmgTT

2T

2B

TB

mgRvm

Rvm 2

2T

2B +−= (3)

Using conservation of energy, relate the mechanical energy of the ball at the bottom of its path to its mechanical energy at the top of the

circle and solve for Rvm

Rvm

2T

2B − :

( )Rmgmvmv 22T2

12B2

1 +=

mgRvm

Rvm 4

2T

2B =−

Substitute in equation (3) to obtain: mgTT 6TB =−


451

28 •• Picture the Problem Let Ug = 0 at the lowest point in the girl’s swing. Then we can equate her initial potential energy to her kinetic energy as she passes through the low point on her swing to relate her speed v to R. The FBD show the forces acting on the girl at the low point of her swing. Applying Newton’s 2nd law to her will allow us to establish the relationship between the tension T and her speed.

Apply ∑ = radialradial maF to the girl

at her lowest point and solve for T:

RvmmgT

RvmmgT

2

2

and

+=

=−

Equate the girl’s initial potential energy to her final kinetic energy

and solve for Rv2

:

gRvmvRmg =⇒=

22

21

2

Substitute for v2/R2 and simplify to obtain:

mgmgmgT 2=+=

29 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the car when it is upside down at the top of the loop. Choose Ug = 0 at the bottom of the loop. We can express Fn in terms of v and R by apply Newton’s 2nd law to the car and then obtain a second expression in these same variables by applying the conservation of mechanical energy. The simultaneous solution of these equations will yield an expression for Fn in terms of known quantities.

Apply ∑ = radialradial maF to the car

at the top of the circle and solve for Fn:

RvmmgF

2

n =+

and

mgRvmF −=

2

n (1)

Chapter 7

452

Using conservation of energy, relate the energy of the car at the beginning of its motion to its energy when it is at the top of the loop:

( )RmgmvmgH 2221 +=

Solve for Rvm

2

: ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −= 22

2

RHmg

Rvm (2)

Substitute equation (2) in equation (1) to obtain:

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=

−⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=

52

22n

RHmg

mgRHmgF


( ) ( ) ( ) N1067.15m7.5m232m/s9.81kg1500 42

n ×=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−=F ⇒ correct. is )( c

30 • Picture the Problem Let the system include the roller coaster, the track, and the earth and denote the starting position with the numeral 0 and the top of the second hill with the numeral 1. We can use the work-energy theorem to relate the energies of the coaster at its initial and final positions.

(a) Use conservation of energy to relate the work done by external forces to the change in the energy of the system:

UKEW ∆+∆=∆= sysext

Because the track is frictionless, Wext = 0:

0=∆+∆ UK and

00101 =−+− UUKK


001202

1212

1 =−+− mghmghmvmv

Solve for v0: ( )01210 2 hhgvv −+=

If the coaster just makes it to the top of the second hill, v1 = 0 and:

( )010 2 hhgv −=


453


( )( )m/s9.40

m5m9.5m/s9.812 20

=

−=v

(b) hills. two theof heights in the

difference on theonly depends speed required that theNote No.

31 •• Picture the Problem Let the radius of the loop be R and the mass of one of the riders be m. At the top of the loop, the centripetal force on her is her weight (the force of gravity). The two forces acting on her at the bottom of the loop are the normal force exerted by the seat of the car, pushing up, and the force of gravity, pulling down. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to her at both the top and bottom of the loop to relate the speeds at those locations to m and R and, at b, to F, and then use conservation of energy to relate vt and vb. Apply radialradial maF =∑ to the rider at the bottom of the circular arc:

RvmmgF

2b=−

Solve for F to obtain: R

vmmgF2b+= (1)

Apply radialradial maF =∑ to the rider at the top of the circular arc:

Rvmmg

2t=

Solve for 2t v : gRv =2

t

Use conservation of energy to relate the energies of the rider at the top and bottom of the arc:

0tbtb =−+− UUKK or, because Ub = 0,

0ttb =−− UKK


022t2

12b2

1 =−− mgRmvmv

Solve for 2bv : gRvb 52 =

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: mg

RgRmmgF 65

=+=

i.e., the rider will feel six times heavier than her normal weight.

Chapter 7

454

*32 •• Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the stone and the earth and ignore the influence of air resistance. Then Wext = 0. Choose Ug = 0 as shown in the figure. Apply the law of the conservation of mechanical energy to describe the energy transformations as the stone rises to the highest point of its trajectory.

Apply conservation of energy:

0ext =∆+∆= UKW

and 00101 =−+− UUKK

Because U0 = 0:

0101 =+− UKK


02212

21 =+− mgHmvmvx

In the absence of air resistance, the horizontal component of vr is constant and equal to vx = vcosθ. Hence:

( ) 0cos 2212

21 =+− mgHmvvm θ

Solve for v:

θ2cos12

−=

gHv


( )( ) m/s2.2753cos1

m24m/s9.8122

2

=°−

=v

33 •• Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the ball and the earth. Then Wext = 0. The figure shows the ball being thrown from the roof of a building. Choose Ug = 0 at ground level. We can use the conservation of mechanical energy to determine the maximum height of the ball and its speed at impact with the ground. We can use the definition of the work done by gravity to calculate how much work was done by gravity as the ball rose to its maximum height. (a) Apply conservation of energy: 0ext =∆+∆= UKW


455

or 01212 =−+− UUKK

Substitute for the energies to obtain:

012212

1222

1 =−+− mghmghmvmv

Note that, at point 2, the ball is moving horizontally and:

θcos12 vv =

Substitute for v2 and h2:

( )0

cos

1

212

1212

1

=−

+−

mghmgHmvvm θ

Solve for H: ( )1cos

22

2

1 −−= θg

vhH

Substitute numerical values and evaluate H:

( )( )( )

m0.31

140cosm/s9.812

m/s30m21 22

2

=

−°−=H

(b) Using its definition, express the work done by gravity:

( )( ) ( )ii

g i

hHmgmghmgH

UUUW hH

−−=−−=

−−=∆−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Wg:

( )( )( )J7.31

m12m31m/s9.81kg0.17 2g

−=

−−=W

(c) Relate the initial mechanical energy of the ball to its just-before-impact energy:

2f2

1i

2i2

1 mvmghmv =+

Solve for vf: i2if 2ghvv +=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vf

( ) ( )( )m/s7.33

m12m/s9.812m/s30 22f

=

+=v

Chapter 7

456

34 •• Picture the Problem The figure shows the pendulum bob in its release position and in the two positions in which it is in motion with the given speeds. Choose Ug = 0 at the low point of the swing. We can apply the conservation of mechanical energy to relate the two angles of interest to the speeds of the bob at the intermediate and low points of its trajectory. (a) Apply conservation of energy: 0ext =∆+∆= UKW

or

.zeroequalandwhere0

if

ifif

KUUUKK =−+−

0if =−∴ UK

Express Ui: ( )0i cos1 θ−== mgLmghU

Substitute for Kf and Ui: ( ) 0cos1 0

2f2

1 =−− θmgLmv

Solve for θ0:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−= −

gLv

21cos

21

0θ


( )( )( )

°=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−= −

0.60

m0.8m/s9.812m/s2.81cos 2

21

0θ

(b) Letting primed quantities describe the indicated location, use the law of the conservation of mechanical energy to relate the speed of the bob at this point to θ :

.0where0

i

ifif

==−+−

KU'UK'K

0iff =−+∴ U'U'K

Express 'U f : ( )θcos1f −== mgLmgh'U '

Substitute for iff and, U'U'K : ( ) ( )

( ) 0cos1cos1

0

2f2

1

=−−−+

θθ

mgLmgL'vm


457

Solve for θ : ( )⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+= −

0

2f1 cos

2'cos θθ

gLv


( )( )( )

°=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡°+= −

3.51

60cosm0.8m/s9.812

m/s4.1cos 2

21θ

*35 •• Picture the Problem Choose Ug = 0 at the bridge, and let the system be the earth, the jumper and the bungee cord. Then Wext = 0. Use the conservation of mechanical energy to relate to relate her initial and final gravitational potential energies to the energy stored in the stretched bungee, Us cord. In part (b), we’ll use a similar strategy but include a kinetic energy term because we are interested in finding her maximum speed. (a) Express her final height h above the water in terms of L, d and the distance x the bungee cord has stretched:

h = L – d − x (1)

Use the conservation of mechanical energy to relate her gravitational potential energy as she just touches the water to the energy stored in the stretched bungee cord:

0ext =∆+∆= UKW

Because ∆K = 0 and ∆U = ∆Ug + ∆Us, ,02

21 =+− kxmgL

where x is the maximum distance the bungee cord has stretched.

Solve for k: 2

2xmgLk =

Find the maximum distance the bungee cord stretches:

x = 310 m – 50 m = 260 m.

Evaluate k: ( )( )( )( )

N/m40.5m260

m310m/s9.81kg6022

2

=

=k

Chapter 7

458

Express the relationship between the forces acting on her when she has finally come to rest and solve for x:

0net =−= mgkxF

and

kmgx =

Evaluate x: ( )( ) m109

N/m5.40m/s9.81kg60 2

==x


m151m109m50m310 =−−=h

(b) Using conservation of energy, express her total energy E:

0isg ==++= EUUKE

Because v is a maximum when K is a maximum, solve for K::

( ) 221

sg

kxxdmg

UUK

−+=

−−= (1)

Use the condition for an extreme value to obtain:

valuesextremefor 0=−= kxmgdxdK

Solve for and evaluate x: ( )( ) m109N/m5.40

m/s9.81kg60 2

===k

mgx

From equation (1) we have: ( ) 2

212

21 kxxdmgmv −+=

Solve for v to obtain:

( )m

kxxdgv2

2 −+=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v for x = 109 m:

( )( ) ( )( ) m/s3.45kg60

m109N/m5.4m109m50m/s9.8122

2 =−+=v

Because ,02

2

<−= kdx

Kd x = 109 m corresponds to Kmax and so v is a maximum.


459

36 •• Picture the Problem Let the system be the earth and pendulum bob. Then Wext = 0. Choose Ug = 0 at the low point of the bob’s swing and apply the law of the conservation of mechanical energy to its motion. When the bob reaches the 30° position its energy will be partially kinetic and partially potential. When it reaches its maximum height, its energy will be entirely potential. Applying Newton’s 2nd law will allow us to express the tension in the string as a function of the bob’s speed and its angular position.

(a) Apply conservation of energy to relate the energies of the bob at points 1 and 2: 0

or0

1212

ext

=−+−

=∆+∆=

UUKK

UKW

Because U1 = 0:

02212

1222

1 =+− Umvmv

Express U2: ( )θcos12 −= mgLU

Substitute for U2 to obtain:

( ) 0cos1212

1222

1 =−+− θmgLmvmv

Solve for v2: ( )θcos12212 −−= gLvv


( ) ( )( )( ) m/s52.3cos301m3m/s9.812m/s4.5 222 =°−−=v

(b) From (a) we have:

( )θcos12 −= mgLU

Substitute numerical values and evaluate U2:

( )( )( )( )J89.7

cos301m3m/s9.81kg2 22

=

°−=U

(c) Apply ∑ = radialradial maF to the bob to

obtain:

LvmmgT

22cos =− θ

Solve for T: ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

LvgmT

22cosθ

Chapter 7

460


( ) ( ) ( ) N3.25m3m/s3.52cos30m/s9.81kg2

22 =⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+°=T

(d) When the bob reaches its greatest height:

( )

0and

cos1

max1

maxmax

=+

−==

UK

mgLUU θ

Substitute for K1 and Umax ( ) 0cos1 max

212

1 =−+− θmgLmv

Solve for θmax:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−= −

gLv

21cos

211

maxθ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate θmax:

( )( )( )

°=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−= −

0.49

m3m/s9.812m/s4.51cos 2

21

maxθ

37 •• Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the earth and pendulum bob. Then Wext = 0. Choose Ug = 0 at the bottom of the circle and let points 1, 2 and 3 represent the bob’s initial point, lowest point and highest point, respectively. The bob will gain speed and kinetic energy until it reaches point 2 and slow down until it reaches point 3; so it has its maximum kinetic energy when it is at point 2. We can use Newton’s 2nd law at points 2 and 3 in conjunction with the law of the conservation of mechanical energy to find the maximum kinetic energy of the bob and the tension in the string when the bob has its maximum kinetic energy.

(a) Apply ∑ = radialradial maF to the

bob at the top of the circle and solve for 2

3v :

Lvmmg

23=

and gLv =2

3


461

Use conservation of energy to express the relationship between K2, K3 and U3 and solve for K2:

0where0 22323 ==−+− UUUKK

Therefore,

( )Lmgmv

UKKK

2232

1

33max2

+=

+==

Substitute for 2

3v and simplify to

obtain:

( ) mgLmgLgLmK 25

21

max 2 =+=

(b) Apply ∑ = radialradial maF to the

bob at the bottom of the circle and solve for T2:

LvmmgTF

22

2net =−=

and

LvmmgT

22

2 += (1)

Use conservation of energy to relate the energies of the bob at points 2 and 3 and solve for K2:

0where0 22323 ==−+− UUUKK

( )Lmgmv

UKK

2232

1

332

+=

+=

Substitute for 2

3v and K2 and solve

for 22v :

( ) ( )LmggLmmv 2212

221 +=

and gLv 52

2 =

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: mgT 62 =

38 •• Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the earth and child. Then Wext = 0. In the figure, the child’s initial position is designated with the numeral 1; the point at which the child releases the rope and begins to fall with a 2, and its point of impact with the water is identified with a 3. Choose Ug = 0 at the water level. While one could use the law of the conservation of energy between points 1 and 2 and then between points 2 and 3, it is more direct to consider the energy transformations between points 1 and 3. Given our choice of the zero of gravitational potential energy, the initial potential energy at point 1 is transformed into kinetic energy at point 3.

Chapter 7

462

Apply conservation of energy to the energy transformations between points 1 and 3:

0ext =∆+∆= UKW

zero.areandwhere0

13

1313

KUUUKK =−+−

Substitute for K3 and U1; ( )[ ] 0cos1232

1 =−+− θLhmgmv

Solve for v3: ( )[ ]θcos123 −+= Lhgv


( ) ( )( )[ ] m/s91.8cos231m10.6m3.2m/s9.812 23 =°−+=v

*39 •• Picture the Problem Let the system consist of you and the earth. Then there are no external forces to do work on the system and Wext = 0. In the figure, your initial position is designated with the numeral 1, the point at which you release the rope and begin to fall with a 2, and your point of impact with the water is identified with a 3. Choose Ug = 0 at the water level. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the forces acting on you at point 2 and apply conservation of energy between points 1 and 2 to determine the maximum angle at which you can begin your swing and then between points 1 and 3 to determine the speed with which you will hit the water.

(a) Use conservation of energy to relate your speed at point 2 to your potential energy there and at point 1:

0ext =∆+∆= UKW

or 01212 =−+− UUKK

Because K1 = 0: ( )[ ] 0cos1

222

1

=+−−+

mghmgLmghmv

θ

Solve this equation for θ :

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−= −

gLv

21cos

221θ (1)

Apply ∑ = radialradial maF to

LvmmgT

22=−


463

yourself at point 2 and solve for T: and

LvmmgT

22+=

Because you’ve estimated that the rope might break if the tension in it exceeds your weight by 80 N, it must be that: ( )

mLv

Lvm

N80or

N80

22

22

=

=

Let’s assume your weight is 650 N. Then your mass is 66.3 kg and:

( )( ) 2222 /sm55.5

66.3kgm4.6N80

==v

Substitute numerical values in equation (1) to obtain: ( )( )

°=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−= −

2.20

m4.6m/s9.812/sm5.551cos 2

221θ

(b) Apply conservation of energy to the energy transformations between points 1 and 3:

0ext =∆+∆= UKW

zeroareandwhere0

1

31313

KUUUKK =−+−

Substitute for K3 and U1 to obtain: ( )[ ] 0cos1232

1 =−+− θLhmgmv

Solve for v3:

( )[ ]θcos123 −+= Lhgv


( ) ( )( )[ ] m/s39.6cos20.21m4.6m8.1m/s9.812 23 =°−+=v

Chapter 7

464

40 •• Picture the Problem Choose Ug = 0 at point 2, the lowest point of the bob’s trajectory and let the system consist of the bob and the earth. Given this choice, there are no external forces doing work on the system. Because θ << 1, we can use the trigonometric series for the sine and cosine functions to approximate these functions. The bob’s initial energy is partially gravitational potential and partially potential energy stored in the stretched spring. As the bob swings down to point 2 this energy is transformed into kinetic energy. By equating these energies, we can derive an expression for the speed of the bob at point 2.

Apply conservation of energy to the system as the pendulum bob swings from point 1 to point 2:

( )θcos12212

221 −+= mgLkxmv

Note, from the figure, that x ≈ Lsinθ when θ << 1:

( ) ( )θθ cos1sin 2212

221 −+= mgLLkmv

Also, when θ << 1:

2211cosandsin θθθθ −≈≈

Substitute, simplify and solve for v2:

Lg

mkLv += θ2


465

41 ••• Picture the Problem Choose Ug = 0 at point 2, the lowest point of the bob’s trajectory and let the system consist of the earth, ceiling, spring, and pendulum bob. Given this choice, there are no external forces doing work to change the energy of the system. The bob’s initial energy is partially gravitational potential and partially potential energy stored in the stretched spring. As the bob swings down to point 2 this energy is transformed into kinetic energy. By equating these energies, we can derive an expression for the speed of the bob at point 2.

Apply conservation of energy to the system as the pendulum bob swings from point 1 to point 2:

( )θcos12212

221 −+= mgLkxmv (1)

Apply the Pythagorean theorem to the lower triangle in the diagram to obtain: ( ) ( )[ ] [ ] ( )θθθθθθ cos3coscos3sincossin 4

132249222

23222

21 −=+−+=+=+ LLLLx

Take the square root of both sides of the equation to obtain:

( )θcos3413

21 −=+ LLx

Solve for x: ( )[ ]21

413 cos3 −−= θLx

Substitute for x in equation (1):

( )[ ] ( )θθ cos1cos32

21

4132

212

221 −+−−= mgLkLmv

Solve for 2

2v to obtain:

( ) [ ]( ) ( ) ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣⎡ −−+−=

−−+−=

2

21

4132

2

21

41322

2

cos3cos12

cos3cos12

θθ

θθ

mk

LgL

LmkgLv

Chapter 7

466

Finally, solve for v2:

( ) ( ) 2

21

413

2 cos3cos12 −−+−= θθmk

LgLv

The Conservation of Energy 42 • Picture the Problem The energy of the eruption is initially in the form of the kinetic energy of the material it thrusts into the air. This energy is then transformed into gravitational potential energy as the material rises. (a) Express the energy of the eruption in terms of the height ∆h to which the debris rises:

hmgE ∆=

Relate the density of the material to its mass and volume:

Vm

=ρ

Substitute for m to obtain: hVgE ∆= ρ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate E:

( )( )( )( ) J1014.3m500m/s9.81km4kg/m1600 16233 ×==E

(b) Convert 3.13×1016 J to megatons of TNT:

TNTMton48.7J104.2

TNTMton1J1014.3J1014.3 151616 =

×××=×

43 •• Picture the Problem The work done by the student equals the change in his/her gravitational potential energy and is done as a result of the transformation of metabolic energy in the climber’s muscles. (a) The increase in gravitational potential energy is: ( )( )( )

kJ2.94

m120m/s9.81kg80 2

=

=

∆=∆ hmgU


467

(b) body. the

in storedenergy chemical from comes work thisdo torequiredenergy The

(c) Relate the chemical energy expended by the student to the change in his/her potential energy and solve for E:

UE ∆=2.0 and

( ) kJ471kJ94.255 ==∆= UE

Kinetic Friction 44 • Picture the Problem Let the car and the earth be the system. As the car skids to a stop on a horizontal road, its kinetic energy is transformed into internal (i.e., thermal) energy. Knowing that energy is transformed into heat by friction, we can use the definition of the coefficient of kinetic friction to calculate its value. (a) The energy dissipated by friction is given by:

thermEsf ∆=∆

Apply the work-energy theorem for problems with kinetic friction:

sfEEEW ∆+∆=∆+∆= mechthermmechext or, because imech KKE −=∆=∆ and

Wext = 0, sfmv ∆+−= 2

i210

Solve for f∆s to obtain:

2i2

1 mvsf =∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate f∆s:

( )( ) kJ625m/s25kg2000 221 ==∆sf

(b) Relate the kinetic friction force to the coefficient of kinetic friction and the weight of the car and solve for the coefficient of kinetic friction:

mgfmgf k

kkk =⇒= µµ

Express the relationship between the energy dissipated by friction and the kinetic friction force and solve fk:

sEfsfE∆

∆=⇒∆=∆ therm

kktherm

Substitute to obtain: smg

E∆

∆= therm

kµ

Chapter 7

468

Substitute numerical values and evaluate µk: ( )( )( )

531.0

m60m/s9.81kg2000kJ625

2k

=

=µ

45 • Picture the Problem Let the system be the sled and the earth. Then the 40-N force is external to the system. The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the sled as it is pulled along a horizontal road. The work done by the applied force can be found using the definition of work. To find the energy dissipated by friction, we’ll use Newton’s 2nd law to determine fk and then use it in the definition of work. The change in the kinetic energy of the sled is equal to the net work done on it. Finally, knowing the kinetic energy of the sled after it has traveled 3 m will allow us to solve for its speed at that location.

(a) Use the definition of work to calculate the work done by the applied force:

( )( ) J10430cosm3N40

cosext

=°=

=⋅≡ θFsW sF rr

(b) Express the energy dissipated by friction as the sled is dragged along the surface:

xFxfE ∆=∆=∆ nktherm µ

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the sled and

solve for Fn:

0sinn =−+ mgFF θ

and θsinn FmgF −=

Substitute to obtain: ( )θµ sinktherm FmgxE −∆=∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆Etherm:

( )( ) ( )( )[( ) ]

J2.70

sin30N40m/s9.81kg8m34.0 2

therm

=

°−=∆E

(c) Apply the work-energy theorem sfEEEW ∆+∆=∆+∆= mechthermmechext


469

for problems with kinetic friction:

or, because UKE ∆+∆=∆ mech and

∆U = 0, thermext EKW ∆+∆=

Solve for and evaluate ∆K to obtain:

J33.8

J70.2J041thermext

=

−=∆−=∆ EWK

(d) Because Ki = 0: 2

f21

f mvKK =∆=

Solve for vf:

mKv ∆

=2

f


( ) m/s2.91kg8

J33.82f ==v

*46 • Picture the Problem Choose Ug = 0 at the foot of the ramp and let the system consist of the block, ramp, and the earth. Then the kinetic energy of the block at the foot of the ramp is equal to its initial kinetic energy less the energy dissipated by friction. The block’s kinetic energy at the foot of the incline is partially converted to gravitational potential energy and partially dissipated by friction as the block slides up the incline. The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the block as it slides up the incline. Applying Newton’s 2nd law to the block will allow us to determine fk and express the energy dissipated by friction.

(a) Apply conservation of energy to the system while the block is moving horizontally:

sfUKEEW

∆+∆+∆=∆+∆= thermmechext

or, because ∆U = Wext = 0, sfKKsfK ∆+−=∆+∆= if 0

Solve for Kf: sfKK ∆−= if

Chapter 7

470

Substitute for Kf, Ki, and f∆s to obtain:

xmgmvmv ∆−= k2i2

12f2

1 µ

Solving for vf yields: xgvv ∆−= k2if 2µ


( ) ( )( )( )m/s6.10

m2m/s9.810.32m/s7 22f

=

−=v

(b) Apply conservation of energy to the system while the block is on the incline:

sfUKEEW

∆+∆+∆=∆+∆= thermmechext

or, because Kf = Wext = 0, sfUK ∆+∆+−= i0

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the block

when it is on the incline:

θθ cos0cos nn mgFmgF =⇒=−

Express f∆s: θµµ cosknkk mgLLFLfsf ===∆

The final potential energy of the block is:

θsinf mgLU =

Substitute for Uf, Ui, and f∆s to obtain:

θµθ cossin0 ki mgLmgLK ++−=

Solving for L yields: ( )θµθ cossin k

2i2

1

+=

gvL

Substitute numerical values and evaluate L:

( )( ) ( )( )

m17.2

cos400.3sin40m/s9.81m/s10.6

2

221

=

°+°=L

47 • Picture the Problem Let the system include the block, the ramp and horizontal surface, and the earth. Given this choice, there are no external forces acting that will change the energy of the system. Because the curved ramp is frictionless, mechanical energy is conserved as the block slides down it. We can calculate its speed at the bottom of the ramp by using the law of the conservation of energy. The potential energy of the block at the top of the ramp or, equivalently, its kinetic energy at the bottom of the ramp is


471

converted into thermal energy during its slide along the horizontal surface. (a) Choosing Ug = 0 at point 2 and letting the numeral 1 designate the initial position of the block and the numeral 2 its position at the foot of the ramp, use conservation of energy to relate the block’s potential energy at the top of the ramp to its kinetic energy at the bottom:

thermmechext EEW ∆+∆=

or, because Wext = Ki = Uf = ∆Etherm = 0, 00 2

221 =∆−= hmgmv

Solve for v2 to obtain: hgv ∆= 22


( )( ) m/s67.7m3m/s9.812 22 ==v

(b) The energy dissipated by friction is responsible for changing the thermal energy of the system:

0thermf =∆+∆+∆=∆+∆+ UKEUKW

Because ∆K = 0 for the slide: ( ) 112f UUUUW =−−=∆−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Wf:

( )( )( )J9.58

m3m/s9.81kg2 2f

=

=∆= hmgW

(c) The energy dissipated by friction is given by:

xmgsfE ∆=∆=∆ ktherm µ

Solve for µk: xmg

E∆

∆= therm

kµ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate µk: ( )( )( ) 333.0

m9m/s9.81kg2J58.9

2k ==µ

48 •• Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the earth, the girl, and the slide. Given this choice, there are no external forces doing work to change the energy of the system. By the time she reaches the bottom of the slide, her potential energy at the top of the slide has been converted into kinetic and thermal energy. Choose Ug = 0 at the bottom of the slide and denote the top and bottom of the slide as shown in

Chapter 7

472

the figure. We’ll use the work-energy theorem with friction to relate these quantities and the forces acting on her during her slide to determine the friction force that transforms some of her initial potential energy into thermal energy.

(a) Express the work-energy theorem:

0thermext =∆+∆+∆= EUKW

Because U2 = K1 = Wext = 0:

222

121therm

therm12

or00

mvhmgKUE

EUK

−∆=−=∆

=∆+−=


( )( )( ) ( )( ) J611m/s1.3kg20m3.2m/s9.81kg20 2212

therm =−=∆E

(b) Relate the energy dissipated by friction to the kinetic friction force and the distance over which this force acts and solve for µk:

sFsfE ∆=∆=∆ nktherm µ

and

sFE

∆∆

=n

thermkµ

Apply ∑ = yy maF to the girl and

solve for Fn:

0cosn =− θmgF ⇒ θcosn mgF =

Referring to the figure, relate ∆h to ∆s and θ: θsin

hs ∆=∆

Substitute for ∆s and Fn to obtain:

hmgE

hmg

E∆

∆=

∆∆

=θ

θθ

µ tan

cossin

thermthermk



473

( )( )( )( ) 354.0

m3.2m/s9.81kg20tan20J611

2k =°

=µ

49 •• Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the two blocks, the shelf, and the earth. Given this choice, there are no external forces doing work to change the energy of the system. Due to the friction between the 4-kg block and the surface on which it slides, not all of the energy transformed during the fall of the 2-kg block is realized in the form of kinetic energy. We can find the energy dissipated by friction and then use the work-energy theorem with kinetic friction to find the speed of either block when they have moved the given distance. (a) The energy dissipated by friction when the 2-kg block falls a distance y is given by:

gymsfE 1ktherm µ=∆=∆


( )( )( )( )y

yE

N7.13

m/s9.81kg435.0 2therm

=

=∆

(b) From the work-energy theorem with kinetic friction we have:

thermmechext EEW ∆+∆=

or, because Wext = 0, ( )yEE N7.13thermmech −=∆−=∆

(c) Express the total mechanical energy of the system:

( ) therm22

2121 Egymvmm ∆−=−+

Solve for v to obtain: ( )21

therm22mm

Egymv+

∆−= (1)


( )( )( ) ( )( )[ ] m/s98.1kg2kg4

m2N73.13m2m/s9.81kg22 2

=+

−=v

*50 •• Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the particle, the table, and the earth. Then Wext = 0 and the energy dissipated by friction during one revolution is the change in the thermal energy of the system. (a) Apply the work-energy theorem thermext EUKW ∆+∆+∆=

Chapter 7

474

with kinetic friction to obtain: or, because ∆U = Wext = 0, therm0 EK ∆+∆=

Substitute for ∆Kf and simplify to obtain:

( )( ) ( )[ ]208

3

202

1202

121

2i2

12f2

1therm

mv

vmvm

mvmvE

=

−−=

−−=∆

(b) Relate the energy dissipated by friction to the distance traveled and the coefficient of kinetic friction:

( )rmgsmgsfE πµµ 2kktherm =∆=∆=∆

Substitute for ∆E and solve for µk to obtain: gr

vmgrmv

mgrE

πππµ

163

22

20

208

3therm

k ==∆

=

(c) .remaining thelose torevolution

1/3another requireonly it will ,revolution onein lost it Because

i41

i43

KK

51 •• Picture the Problem The box will slow down and stop due to the dissipation of thermal energy. Let the system be the earth, the box, and the inclined plane and apply the work-energy theorem with friction. With this choice of the system, there are no external forces doing work to change the energy of the system. The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the box when it is moving up the incline.

Apply the work-energy theorem with friction to the system: therm

thermmechext

EUKEEW

∆+∆+∆=∆+∆=

Substitute for ∆K, ∆U, and ∆Etherm to obtain:

LFhmgmvmv nk202

1212

10 µ+∆+−= (1)

Referring to the FBD, relate the normal force to the weight of the box and the angle of the incline:

θcosn mgF =

Relate ∆h to the distance L along the θsinLh =∆


475

incline: Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: 0sin

cos 202

1212

1k

=+

−+

θθµ

mgLmvmvmgL

(2)

Solving equation (2) for L yields: ( )θθµ sincos2 k

20

+=

gvL


( )( ) ( )[ ]

m875.0

sin37cos370.3m/s9.812m/s3.8

2

2

=

°+°=L

Let vf represent the box’s speed as it passes its starting point on the way down the incline. For the block’s descent, equation (2) becomes:

0sincos 2

1212

f21

k

=−

−+

θθµ

mgLmvmvmgL

Set v1 = 0 (the block starts from rest at the top of the incline) and solve for vf :

( )θµθ cossin2 kf −= gLv


( )( ) ( )[ ]] m/s2.49cos370.3sin37m 0.875m/s9.812 2f =°−°=v

52 •••

Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the earth, the block, the incline, and the spring. With this choice of the system, there are no external forces doing work to change the energy of the system. The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the block just before it begins to move. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the block to obtain an expression for the extension of the spring at this instant. We’ll apply the work-energy theorem with friction to the second part of the problem.


m to the block ∑ =−−= 0sinmaxs,spring θmgfFFx

Chapter 7

476

when it is on the verge of sliding: and


Eliminate Fn, fs,max, and Fspring between the two equations to obtain:

0sincoss =−− θθµ mgmgkd

Solve for and evaluate d: ( )θµθ cossin s+=k

mgd

(b) Begin with the work-energy theorem with friction and no work being done by an external force:

therm

thermmechext

EUUKEEW

sg ∆+∆+∆+∆=∆+∆=

Because the block is at rest in both its initial and final states, ∆K = 0 and:

0therm =∆+∆+∆ EUU sg (1)

Let Ug = 0 at the initial position of the block. Then: θsin

0initialg,finalg,g

mgdmghUUU

=

−=−=∆

Express the change in the energy stored in the spring as it relaxes to its unstretched length:

221

221

initials,finals,s 0

kd

kdUUU

−=

−=−=∆

The energy dissipated by friction is:

θµµ

cosk

nkktherm

mgddFdfsfE

−=−=−=∆=∆


0cossin k2

21 =−− θµθ mgdkdmgd

Finally, solve for µk: ( )s2

1k tan µθµ −=

Mass and Energy 53 • Picture the Problem The intrinsic rest energy in matter is related to the mass of matter through Einstein’s equation .2

0 mcE =


477

(a) Relate the rest mass consumed to the energy produced and solve for and evaluate m:

( )( )J1000.9

m/s103kg10113

283

20

×=

××=

=−

mcE

(b) Express kW⋅h in joules: ( )( )( )

J1060.3s/h3600h1J/s101hkW1

6

3

×=

×=⋅

Convert 9×1013 J to kW⋅h: ( )

hkW1050.2

J103.60hkW1J109J109

7

61313

⋅×=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×

⋅×=×

Determine the price of the electrical energy:

( )6

7

105.2$

hkW$0.10hkW102.50Price

×=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⋅⋅×=

(c) Relate the energy consumed to its rate of consumption and the time and solve for the latter:

PtE = and

y28,500s109

W100J109

11

13

=×=

×==

PEt

54 • Picture the Problem We can use the equation expressing the equivalence of energy and matter, E = mc2, to find the mass equivalent of the energy from the explosion. Solve E = mc2 for m:

2cEm =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate m: ( )

kg1056.5

m/s102.998J105

5

28

12

−×=

×

×=m

55 • Picture the Problem The intrinsic rest energy in matter is related to the mass of matter through Einstein’s equation .2

0 mcE =

Relate the rest mass of a muon to its rest energy: 20 c

Em =

Chapter 7

478

Express 1 MeV in joules: 1 MeV = 1.6×10−13 J

Substitute numerical values and evaluate m0:

( )( )( )

kg1088.1

m/s103J/MeV101.6MeV105.7

28

28

13

0

−

−

×=

×

×=m

*56 • Picture the Problem We can differentiate the mass-energy equation to obtain an expression for the rate at which the black hole gains energy. Using the mass-energy relationship, express the energy radiated by the black hole:

201.0 mcE =

Differentiate this expression to obtain an expression for the rate at which the black hole is radiating energy:

[ ]dtdmcmc

dtd

dtdE 22 01.001.0 ==

Solve for dm/dt: 201.0 c

dtdEdtdm

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate dm/dt: ( )( )

kg/s1045.4

m/s10998.201.0watt104

16

28

31

×=

×

×=

dtdm

57 • Picture the Problem The number of reactions per second is given by the ratio of the power generated to the energy released per reaction. The number of reactions that must take place to produce a given amount of energy is the ratio of the energy per second (power) to the energy released per second. In Example 7-15 it is shown that the energy per reaction is 17.59 MeV. Convert this energy to joules:

( )( )

J1028.1J/eV101.6

MeV17.59MeV59.17

13

19

−

−

×=

××

=

The number of reactions per second is:

sreactions/103.56

J/reaction1028.1J/s1000

14

13

×=

× −


479

58 • Picture the Problem The energy required for this reaction is the difference between the rest energy of 4He and the sum of the rest energies of 3He and a neutron. Express the reaction:

nHeHe 34 +→

The rest energy of a neutron (Table 7-1) is:

939.573 MeV

The rest energy of 4He (Example 7-15) is:

3727.409 MeV

The rest energy of 3He is:

2808.432 MeV

Substitute numerical values to find the difference in the rest energy of 4He and the sum of the rest energies of 3He and n:

( )[ ] MeV574.20MeV573.93941.2808409.3727 =+−=E

59 • Picture the Problem The energy required for this reaction is the difference between the rest energy of a neutron and the sum of the rest energies of a proton and an electron. The rest energy of a proton (Table 7-1) is:

938.280 MeV

The rest energy of an electron (Table 7-1) is:

0.511 MeV

The rest energy of a neutron (Table 7-1) is:

939.573 MeV

Substitute numerical values to find the difference in the rest energy of a neutron and the sum of the rest energies of a positron and an electron:

( )[ ]MeV.7820

MeV511.0280.938573.939

=

+−=E

60 •• Picture the Problem The reaction is E+→+ HeHH 422 . The energy released in this reaction is the difference between twice the rest energy of 2H and the rest energy of 4He.

Chapter 7

480

The number of reactions that must take place to produce a given amount of energy is the ratio of the energy per second (power) to the energy released per reaction. (a) The rest energy of 4He (Example 7-14) is:

3727.409 MeV

The rest energy of a deuteron, 2H, (Table 7-1) is:

1875.628 MeV

The energy released in the reaction is:

( )[ ]J103.816MeV847.23

MeV409.3727628.1875212−×==

−=E

(b) The number of reactions per second is:

sreactions/1062.2

J/reaction10816.3J/s1000

14

12

×=

× −

61 •• Picture the Problem The annual consumption of matter by the fission plant is the ratio of its annual energy output to the square of the speed of light. The annual consumption of coal in a coal-burning power plant is the ratio of its annual energy output to energy per unit mass of the coal. (a) Express m in terms of E:

2cEm =

Assuming an efficiency of 33 percent, find the energy produced annually:

( )( )( )( )

( )( )J1084.2

d365.24h/d24s/h3600J/s1033

y1J/s10333

17

9

9

×=

××=

×=∆= tPE


( ) kg16.3m/s103

J1084.228

17

=×

×=m

(b) Assuming an efficiency of 38 percent, express the mass of coal required in terms of the annual energy production and the energy released per kilogram:

( ) ( )kg1004.8

J/kg103.138.0J109.47

/38.09

7

16annual

coal

×=

××

==mE

Em


481

General Problems *62 •• Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the block, the earth, and the incline. Then the tension in the string is an external force that will do work to change the energy of the system. Because the incline is frictionless; the work done by the tension in the string as it displaces the block on the incline is equal to the sum of the changes in the kinetic and gravitational potential energies.

Relate the work done by the tension force to the changes in the kinetic and gravitational potential energies of the block:

KUWW ∆+∆== extforcetension

Referring to the figure, express the change in the potential energy of the block as it moves from position 1 to position 2:

θsinmgLhmgU =∆=∆

Because the block starts from rest:

221

2 mvKK ==∆


221

forcetension sin mvmgLW += θ

and correct. is (c)

63 •• Picture the Problem Let the system include the earth, the block, and the inclined plane. Then there are no external forces to do work on the system and Wext = 0. Apply the work-energy theorem with friction to find an expression for the energy dissipated by friction.

Express the work-energy theorem with friction:


Chapter 7

482

Because the velocity of the block is constant, ∆K = 0 and:

hmgUE ∆−=∆−=∆ therm

In time ∆t the block slides a distance tv∆ . From the figure:

θsintvh ∆=∆

Substitute to obtain: θsintherm tmgvE ∆−=∆

and correct. is )( b

64 • Picture the Problem Let the system include the earth and the box. Then the applied force is external to the system and does work on the system in compressing the spring. This work is stored in the spring as potential energy. Express the work-energy theorem: thermsgext EUUKW ∆+∆+∆+∆=

Because :0thermg =∆=∆=∆ EUK

sext UW ∆=

Substitute for Wext and ∆Us: 221 kxFx =

Solve for x:

kFx 2

=


( ) cm06.2N/m6800N702

==x

*65 • Picture the Problem The solar constant is the average energy per unit area and per unit time reaching the upper atmosphere. This physical quantity can be thought of as the power per unit area and is known as intensity. Letting Isurface represent the intensity of the solar radiation at the surface of the earth, express Isurface as a function of power and the area on which this energy is incident:

AtE

API ∆∆

==/

surface

Solve for ∆E: tAIE ∆=∆ surface


483

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆E:

( )( )( )( )MJ6.57

s/h3600h8m2kW/m1 22

=

=∆E

66 •• Picture the Problem The luminosity of the sun (or of any other object) is the product of the power it radiates per unit area and its surface area. If we let L represent the sun’s luminosity, I the power it radiates per unit area (also known as the solar constant or the intensity of its radiation), and A its surface area, then L = IA. We can estimate the solar lifetime by dividing the number of hydrogen nuclei in the sun by the rate at which they are being transformed into energy. (a) Express the total energy the sun radiates every second in terms of the solar constant:

IAL =

Letting R represent its radius, express the surface area of the sun:

24 RA π=


IRL 24π=


( ) ( )watt1082.3

kW/m1.35m101.5426

2211

×=

×= πL

Note that this result is in good agreement with the value given in the text of 3.9×1026 watt.

(b) Express the solar lifetime in terms of the mass of the sun and the rate at which its mass is being converted to energy:

tnmM

tnNt

∆∆=

∆∆= nuclei H

solar

where M is the mass of the sun, m the mass of a hydrogen nucleus, and n is the number of nuclei used up.


tn

tnt

∆∆×

=

∆∆×

×

=−

nucleiH1019.1

nucleuskg/H101.67kg1099.1

57

27

30

solar

For each reaction, 4 hydrogen nuclei are "used up"; so:

( )

138

12

26

s1057.3J104.27J/s103.824

−

−

×=

××

=∆∆

tn

Chapter 7

484

Because we’ve assumed that the sun will continue burning until roughly 10% of its hydrogen fuel is used up, the total solar lifetime should be: y101.06s1033.3

s1057.3nucleiH1019.11.0

1017

138

57

solar

×=×=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×

×= −t

67 • Picture the Problem Let the system include the earth and the Spirit of America. Then there are no external forces to do work on the car and Wext = 0. We can use the work-energy theorem to relate the coefficient of kinetic friction to the given information. A constant-acceleration equation will yield the car’s velocity when 60 s have elapsed. (a) Apply the work-energy theorem with friction to relate the coefficient of kinetic friction µk to the initial and final kinetic energies of the car:

0k202

1221 =∆+− smgmvmv µ

or, because v = 0, 0k

202

1 =∆+− smgmv µ

Solve for µk:

sgv∆

=2

2

kµ


( )( )[ ]( )( ) 208.0

km9.5m/s9.812sh/36001km/h708

2

2

k ==µ

(b) Express the kinetic energy of the car:

221 mvK = (1)

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speed of the car to its acceleration, initial speed, and the elapsed time:

tavv ∆+= 0

Express the braking force acting on the car:

mamgfF =−=−= kknet µ

Solve for a:

ga kµ−=

Substitute for a to obtain: tgvv ∆−= k0 µ

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: ( )2

k021 tgvmK ∆−= µ



485

( )[ ( )( )( )] MJ45.3s60m/s9.810.208m/h10708kg1250 22321 =−×=K

68 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the skiers as they are towed up the slope at constant speed. Because the power required to move them is ,vF rr

⋅ we need to find F as a function of mtot, θ, and µk. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to obtain such a function. Express the power required as a function of force on the skiers and their speed:

FvP = (1)

Apply ∑ = aF rrm to the skiers:

∑ =−−= 0sintotk θgmfFFx

and

∑ =−= 0costotn θgmFFy

Eliminate fk = µkFn and Fn between the two equations and solve for F:

θµθ cossin totktot gmgmF +=

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: ( )( )θµθ

θµθcossin

cossin

ktot

totktot

+=+=

gvmvgmgmP


( )( )( ) ( )[ ] kW6.4615cos06.015sinm/s2.5m/s9.81kg7580 2 =°+°=P

Chapter 7

486

69 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram for the box is superimposed on the pictorial representation shown to the right. The work done by friction slows and momentarily stops the box as it slides up the incline. The box’s speed when it returns to bottom of the incline will be less than its speed when it started up the incline due to the energy dissipated by friction while it was in motion. Let the system include the box, the earth, and the incline. Then Wext = 0. We can use the work-energy theorem with friction to solve the several parts of this problem.

(a) earth. by the exerted box) theof weight (the force nalgravitatio the

and force,friction kinetic a plane, inclined by the exerted force normal thearebox on the acting forces that theseecan weFBD theFrom

(b) Apply the work-energy theorem with friction to relate the distance ∆x the box slides up the incline to its initial kinetic energy, its final potential energy, and the work done against friction:

0cosk212

1 =∆+∆+− θµ xmghmgmv

Referring to the figure, relate ∆h to ∆x to obtain:

θsinxh ∆=∆

Substitute for ∆h to obtain:

0cossin

k

212

1

=∆+

∆+−

θµθ

xmgxmgmv

Solve for ∆x:

( )θµθ cossin2 k

21

+=∆

gvx


( )( ) ( )[ ]

m0.451

cos600.3sin60m/s9.812m/s3

2

2

=

°+°=∆x


487

(c) Express and evaluate the energy dissipated by friction:

( )( )( )( ) J1.33cos60m0.451m/s9.81kg20.3

cos2

kktherm

=°=

∆=∆=∆ θµ xmgxfE

(d) Use the work-energy theorem with friction to obtain:


or 0therm2121 =∆+−+− EUUKK

Because K2 = U1 = 0 we have: 0therm21 =∆+− EUK

or

0cossin

k

212

1

=∆+

∆−

θµθ

xmgxmgmv

Solve for v1: ( )θµθ cossin2 k1 −∆= xgv


( )( ) ( )[ ] m/s2.52cos600.3sin60m0.451m/s9.812 21 =°−°=v

*70 • Picture the Problem The power provided by a motor that is delivering sufficient energy to exert a force F on a load which it is moving at a speed v is Fv. The power provided by the motor is given by:

P = Fv

Because the elevator is ascending with constant speed, the tension in the support cable(s) is:

( )gmmF loadelev +=

Substitute for F to obtain: ( )gvmmP loadelev +=


( )( )( )kW45.1

m/s2.3m/s9.81kg2000 2

=

=P

Chapter 7

488

71 •• Picture the Problem The power a motor must provide to exert a force F on a load that it is moving at a speed v is Fv. The counterweight does negative work and the power of the motor is reduced from that required with no counterbalance. The power provided by the motor is given by:

P = Fv

Because the elevator is counterbalanced and ascending with constant speed, the tension in the support cable(s) is:

( )gmmmF cwloadelev −+=

Substitute and evaluate P: ( )gvmmmP cwloadelev −+=


( )( )( )kW3.11

m/s2.3m/s9.81kg005 2

=

=P

Without a load: ( )gmmF cwelev −=

and ( )( )( )( )

kW6.77

m/s2.3m/s9.81kg003 2cwelev

−=

−=

−= gvmmP

72 •• Picture the Problem We can use the work-energy theorem with friction to describe the energy transformation within the dart-spring-air-earth system. With this choice of the system, there are no external forces to do work on the system; i.e., Wext = 0. Choose Ug = 0 at the elevation of the dart on the compressed spring. The energy initially stored in the spring is transformed into gravitational potential energy and thermal energy. During the dart’s descent, its gravitational potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy and thermal energy. Apply conservation of energy during the dart’s ascent:


or, because ∆K = 0, 0thermis,fs,ig,fg, =∆+−+− EUUUU

Because 0fs,ig, == UU :

0thermis,fg, =∆+− EUU


489

Substitute for Ug,i and Us,f and solve for ∆Etherm:

mghkxUUE −=−=∆ 221

fg,is,therm


( )( )( )( )( )

J0.602

m24m/s9.81kg0.007

m0.03N/m50002

221

therm

=

−

=∆E

Apply conservation of energy during the dart’s descent:


or, because Ki = Ug,f = 0, 0thermig,f =∆+− EUK

Substitute for Kf and Ug,i to obtain: 0therm

2f2

1 =∆+− Emghmv

Solve for vf: ( )

mEmghv therm

f2 ∆−

=


( )( )( )[ ] m/s3.17kg007.0

J602.0m24m/s81.9kg007.02 2

f =−

=v

*73 •• Picture the Problem Let the system consist of the earth, rock and air. Given this choice, there are no external forces to do work on the system and Wext = 0. Choose Ug = 0 to be where the rock begins its upward motion. The initial kinetic energy of the rock is partially transformed into potential energy and partially dissipated by air resistance as the rock ascends. During its descent, its potential energy is partially transformed into kinetic energy and partially dissipated by air resistance. (a) Using the definition of kinetic energy, calculate the initial kinetic energy of the rock:

( )( )kJ1.60

m/s40kg2 2212

i21

i

=

== mvK

(b) Apply the work-energy theorem with friction to relate the energies of the system as the rock ascends:

0therm =∆+∆+∆ EUK

Because Kf = 0: 0thermi =∆+∆+− EUK

and UKE ∆−=∆ itherm

Chapter 7

490


( )( )( )J619

m50m/s9.81kg2J6001 2therm

=

−=∆E

(c) Apply the work-energy theorem with friction to relate the energies of the system as the rock descends:

07.0 therm =∆+∆+∆ EUK

Because Ki = Uf = 0: 07.0 thermif =∆+− EUK

Substitute for the energies to obtain: 07.0 therm

2f2

1 =∆+− Emghmv

Solve for vf:

mEghv therm

f4.12 ∆

−=


( )( ) ( )

m/s23.4

kg2J6191.4m50m/s9.812 2

f

=

−=v

74 •• Picture the Problem Let the distance the block slides before striking the spring be L. The pictorial representation shows the block at the top of the incline (1), just as it strikes the spring (2), and the block against the fully compressed spring (3). Let the block, spring, and the earth comprise the system. Then Wext = 0. Let Ug = 0 where the spring is at maximum compression. We can apply the work-energy theorem to relate the energies of the system as it evolves from state 1 to state 3.

Express the work-energy theorem: 0sg =∆+∆+∆ UUK

or 0s,1s,3g,1g,3 =−+−+∆ UUUUK


491

Because ∆K = Ug,3 = Us,1 = 0: 0s,3g,1 =+− UU

Substitute for each of these energy terms to obtain:

0221

1 =+− kxmgh

Substitute for h3 and h1:

( ) 0sin 221 =++− kxxLmg θ

Rewrite this equation explicitly as a quadratic equation:

0sin2sin22 =−−k

mgLxk

mgx θθ

Solve this quadratic equation to obtain:

θθθ sin2sinsin 22

kmgL

kmg

kmgx +⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+=

Note that the negative sign between the two terms leads to a non-physical solution. *75 • Picture the Problem We can find the work done by the girder on the slab by calculating the change in the potential energy of the slab. (a) Relate the work the girder does on the slab to the change in potential energy of the slab:

hmgUW ∆=∆=


( )( )( )J147

m0.001m/s9.81kg101.5 24

=

×=W

(b)

expansion. sgirder' thecauses which ,separation averagelarger a toleading energy, kinetic averagegreater a with rategirder vib in the

atoms therises,girder theof re temperatu theAs girder. n thewarmer thaare which gs,surroundin its fromgirder the toed transferrisenergy The

76 •• Picture the Problem The average power delivered by the car’s engine is the rate at which it changes the car’s energy. Because the car is slowing down as it climbs the hill, its potential energy increases and its kinetic energy decreases. Express the average power delivered by the car’s engine: t

EP∆∆

=av

Chapter 7

492

Express the increase in the car’s mechanical energy:

( )hgvvm

hmgmvmv

UUKKUKE

∆+−=

∆+−=

−+−=∆+∆=∆

22bot

2top2

1

2bot2

12top2

1

bottopbottop

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆E:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )[ ] MJ41.1m120m/s9.812m/s24m/s10kg1500 22221 =+−=∆E

Assuming that the acceleration of the car is constant, find its average speed during this climb:

m/s172

bottopav =

+=

vvv

Using the vav, find the time it takes the car to climb the hill:

s118m/s17

m2000

av

==∆

=∆v

st

Substitute to determine Pav: kW11.9s118

MJ1.41av ==P

*77 •• Picture the Problem Given the potential energy function as a function of y, we can find the net force acting on a given system from dydUF /−= . The maximum extension of

the spring; i.e., the lowest position of the mass on its end, can be found by applying the work-energy theorem. The equilibrium position of the system can be found by applying the work-energy theorem with friction … as can the amount of thermal energy produced as the system oscillates to its equilibrium position. (a) The graph of U as a function of y is shown to the right. Because k and m are not specified, k has been set equal to 2 and mg to 1. The spring is unstretched when y = y0 = 0. Note that the minimum value of U (a position of stable equilibrium) occurs near y = 5 m.


493

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

y (m)

U (

J)

(b) Evaluate the negative of the derivative of U with respect to y:

( )

mgky

mgykydyd

dydUF

+−=

−−=−= 221

(c) Apply conservation of energy to the movement of the mass from y = 0 to y = ymax:


Because ∆K = 0 (the object starts from rest and is momentarily at rest at y = ymax) and ∆Etherm = 0 (no friction), it follows that:

∆U = U(ymax) – U(0) = 0

Because U(0) = 0: U(ymax) = 0 ⇒ 0max2max2

1 =− mgyky

Solve for ymax:

kmgy 2

max =

(d) Express the condition of F at equilibrium and solve for yeq:

00 eqeq =+−⇒= mgkyF

and

kmgy =eq

(e) Apply the conservation of energy to the movement of the mass from y = 0 to y = yeq and solve for ∆Etherm:


or, because ∆K = 0. fitherm UUUE −=∆−=∆

Chapter 7

494

Because ( ) :00i == UU ( )eq

2eq2

1ftherm mgykyUE −−=−=∆

Substitute for yeq and simplify to obtain: k

gmE2

22

therm =∆

78 •• Picture the Problem The energy stored in the compressed spring is initially transformed into the kinetic energy of the signal flare and then into gravitational potential energy and thermal energy as the flare climbs to its maximum height. Let the system contain the earth, the air, and the flare so that Wext = 0. We can use the work-energy theorem with friction in the analysis of the energy transformations during the motion of the flare. (a) The work done on the spring in compressing it is equal to the kinetic energy of the flare at launch. Therefore:

202

1flarei,s mvKW ==

(b) Ignoring changes in gravitational potential energy (i.e., assume that the compression of the spring is small compared to the maximum elevation of the flare), apply the conservation of energy to the transformation that takes place as the spring decompresses and gives the flare its launch speed:

0s =∆+∆ UK

or 0is,fs,if =−+− UUKK

Because Ki = ∆Ug = Us,f:

0is,f =−UK

Substitute for is,f and UK :

02212

021 =− kdmv

Solve for k to obtain: 2

20

dmvk =

(c) Apply the work-energy theorem with friction to the upward trajectory of the flare:

0thermg =∆+∆+∆ EUK


495

Solve for ∆Etherm:

fifi

gtherm

UUKKUKE

−+−=

∆−∆−=∆

Because Kf = Ui = 0: mghmvE −=∆ 202

1therm

79 •• Picture the Problem Let UD = 0. Choose the system to include the earth, the track, and the car. Then there are no external forces to do work on the system and change its energy and we can use Newton’s 2nd law and the work-energy theorem to describe the system’s energy transformations to point G … and then the work-energy theorem with friction to determine the braking force that brings the car to a stop. The free-body diagram for point C is shown to the right.

The free-body diagram for point D is shown to the right.

The free-body diagram for point F is shown to the right.

(a) Apply the work-energy theorem to the system’s energy transformations between A and B:

0=∆+∆ UK or

0ABAB =−+− UUKK

If we assume that the car arrives at point B with vB = 0, then:

02A2

1 =∆+− hmgmv

where ∆h is the difference in elevation between A and B.

Chapter 7

496

Solve for and evaluate ∆h: ( )( ) m34.7

m/s9.812m/s12

2 2

22A ===∆g

vh

The height above the ground is: m17.3m7.34m10 =+=∆+ hh

(b) If the car just makes it to point B; i.e., if it gets there with vB = 0, then the force exerted by the track on the car will be the normal force:

( )( )kN4.91

m/s9.81kg500 2

ncarontrack

=

=

== mgFF

(c) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the car at

point C (see the FBD) and solve for a:

mamg =θsin

and ( )2

2

m/s4.91

sin30m/s9.81sin

=

°== θga

(d) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the car at

point D (see the FBD) and solve for Fn:

RvmmgF

2D

n =−

and

R

2D

nvmmgF +=

Apply the work-energy theorem to the system’s energy transformations between B and D:

0=∆+∆ UK or

0BDBD =−+− UUKK

Because KB = UD = 0:

0BD =−UK

Substitute to obtain: ( ) 02D2

1 =∆+− hhmgmv

Solve for 2

Dv :

( )hhgv ∆+= 22D

Substitute to find Fn:

( )

( )⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ ∆+

+=

∆++=

+=

Rhhmg

Rhhgmmg

vmmgF

21

2R

2D

n


497


( )( ) ( )

upward.directedkN,13.4

m20m17.321m/s9.81kg500 2

n

=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+=F

(e) F has two components at point F; one horizontal (the inward force that the track exerts) and the other vertical (the normal force). Apply

∑ = aF rrm to the car at point F:

∑ =⇒=−= mgFmgFFy nn 0

and

∑ ==RvmFFx

2F

c

Express the resultant of these two forces:

( )

22

4F

222

F

2n

2c

gRvm

mgRvm

FFF

+=

+⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

+=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate F: ( ) ( )

( )( )

kN46.5

m/s9.81m30

m/s12kg500 222

4

=

+=F

Find the angle the resultant makes with the x axis:

( )( )( )

°=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

−

−−

9.63m/s12

m30m/s9.81tan

tantan

2

21

2F

1

c

n1

vgR

FFθ

(f) Apply the work-energy theorem with friction to the system’s energy transformations between F and the car’s stopping position:

0thermG =∆+− EK

and 2G2

1Gtherm mvKE ==∆

The work done by friction is also given by:

dFsfE braketherm =∆=∆

where d is the stopping distance.

Equate the two expressions for ∆Etherm and solve for Fbrake: d

mvF2

2F

brake =

Chapter 7

498

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fbrake:

( )( )( ) kN1.44

m252m/s12kg500 2

brake ==F

*80 • Picture the Problem The rate of conversion of mechanical energy can be determined from .vF rr

⋅=P The pictorial representation shows the elevator moving downward just as it goes into freefall as state 1. In state 2 the elevator is moving faster and is about to strike the relaxed spring. The momentarily at rest elevator on the compressed spring is shown as state 3. Let Ug = 0 where the spring has its maximum compression and the system consist of the earth, the elevator, and the spring. Then Wext = 0 and we can apply the conservation of mechanical energy to the analysis of the falling elevator and compressing spring.

(a) Express the rate of conversion of mechanical energy to thermal energy as a function of the speed of the elevator and braking force acting on it:

0brakingvFP =

Because the elevator is moving with constant speed, the net force acting on it is zero and:

MgF =braking

Substitute for Fbraking and evaluate P: ( )( )( )

kW29.4

m/s1.5m/s9.81kg2000 20

=

=

= MgvP

(b) Apply the conservation of energy to the falling elevator and compressing spring:

0sg =∆+∆+∆ UUK

or 0s,1s,3g,1g,313 =−+−+− UUUUKK

Because K3 = Ug,3 = Us,1 = 0: ( ) ( ) 02212

021 =∆+∆+−− ykydMgMv


499

Rewrite this equation as a quadratic equation in ∆y, the maximum compression of the spring:

( ) ( ) 022 20

2 =+−∆⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−∆ vgd

kMy

kMgy

Solve for ∆y to obtain: ( )202

22

2 vgdkM

kgM

kMgy ++±=∆


( )( )

( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )[ ]

m19.5

m/s5.1m5m/s81.92N/m105.1kg2000

N/m105.1m/s81.9kg2000

N/m105.1m/s81.9kg2000

22424

222

4

2

=

+×

+×

+

×=∆y

81 • Picture the Problem We can use Newton’s 2nd law to determine the force of friction as a function of the angle of the hill for a given constant speed. The power output of the engine is given by vF

rr⋅= fP .

FBD for (a):

FBD for (b):

(a) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the car: 0sin f =− Fmg θ ⇒ θsinf mgF =

Evaluate Ff for the two speeds: ( )( )

( )( )N981

sin5.74m/s9.81kg1000and

N491

sin2.87m/s9.81kg1000

230

220

=

°=

=

°=

F

F

(b) Express the power an engine must deliver on a level road in order ( )( ) kW9.82m/s20N49120 ==

=

P

vFP f

Chapter 7

500

to overcome friction loss and evaluate this expression for v = 20 m/s and 30 m/s:

and ( )( ) kW29.4m/s30N98130 ==P

(c) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the car: ∑ =−−= 0sin fx FmgFF θ

Relate F to the power output of the engine and the speed of the car:

vPFFvP == ,Since

Substitute for F and solve for θ :

⎥⎥⎥

⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎢

⎣

⎡ −= −

mg

FvP

201sinθ


( )( )

°=

⎥⎥⎥⎥

⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎢⎢

⎣

⎡ −= −

85.8

m/s9.81kg1000

N491m/s20kW40

sin 21θ

(d) Express the equivalence of the work done by the engine in driving the car at the two speeds:

( ) ( )30302020engine sFsFW ∆=∆=

Let ∆V represent the volume of fuel consumed by the engine driving the car on a level road and divide both sides of the work equation by ∆V to obtain:

( ) ( )Vs

FVs

F∆∆

=∆∆ 30

3020

20

Solve for ( )

Vs

∆∆ 30 :

( ) ( )Vs

FF

Vs

∆∆

=∆∆ 20

30

2030

Substitute numerical values and

evaluate ( )

Vs

∆∆ 30 :

( ) ( )

km/L6.36

km/L12.7N981N49130

=

=∆∆

Vs

82 •• Picture the Problem Let the system include the earth, block, spring, and incline. Then Wext = 0. The pictorial representation to the left shows the block sliding down the incline


501

and compressing the spring. Choose Ug = 0 at the elevation at which the spring is fully compressed. We can use the conservation of mechanical energy to determine the maximum compression of the spring. The pictorial representation to the right shows the block sliding up the rough incline after being accelerated by the fully compressed spring. We can use the work-energy theorem with friction to determine how far up the incline the block slides before stopping.

(a) Apply conservation of mechanical energy to the system as it evolves from state 1 to state 3:

0sg =∆+∆+∆ UUK

or

0s,1s,3

g,1g,313

=−+

−+−

UU

UUKK

Because

0s,1g,313 ==== UUKK : 0s,3g,1 =+− UU

or 02

21 =+∆− kxhmg

Relate ∆h to L + x and θ and substitute to obtain:

( ) θsinxLh +=∆ ( ) 0sin2

21 =+−∴ θxLmgkx

Rewrite this equation in the form of an explicit quadratic equation:

( ) 0sinsin221 =−− θθ mgLxmgkx

Substitute for k, m, g, θ and L to obtain:

( ) 0J24.39N81.9mN50 2 =−−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ xx

Solve for the physically meaningful (i.e., positive) root:

m989.0=x

(b) Proceed as in (a) but include energy dissipated by friction:

0therms,3g,1 =∆++− EUU

The mechanical energy transformed to thermal energy is given by:

( ) ( )( )xLmg

xLFxLFE+=

+=+=∆θµ

µcosk

nkftherm

Chapter 7

502

Substitute for ∆h and ∆Etherm to obtain:

( )( ) 0cos

sin

k

221

=++

++−

xLmgkxxLmg

θµθ

Substitute for k, m, g, θ, µk and L to obtain:

( ) 0J65.25N41.6mN50 2 =−−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ xx

Solve for the positive root:

m783.0=x

(c) Apply the work-energy theorem with friction to the system as it evolves from state 3 to state 4:

0therms,3s,4

g,3g,434

=∆+−+

−+−

EUUUUKK

Because 0s,4g,314 ==== UUKK :

0therms,3g,4 =∆+− EUU

or 0' therm

221 =∆++∆− Ekxhmg

Substitute for ∆h′ and ∆Etherm to obtain:

( )( ) 0'cos

sin'

k

221

=++

++−

xLmgkxxLmg

θµθ

Solve for L′ with x = 0.783 m: m54.1'=L

83 •• Picture the Problem The work done by the engines maintains the kinetic energy of the cars and overcomes the work done by frictional forces. Let the system include the earth, track, and the cars but not the engines. Then the engines will do external work on the system and we can use this work to find the power output of the train’s engines. (a) Use the definition of kinetic energy:

( )

MJ17.4

s3600h1

hkm15kg102

26

21

221

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⋅×=

= mvK

(b) The change in potential energy of the train is: ( )( )( )

J101.39

m707m/s9.81kg10210

26

×=

×=

∆=∆ hmgU

(c) Express the energy dissipated by kinetic friction:

sfE ∆=∆ therm


503

Express the frictional force:

mgf 008.0=

Substitute for f and evaluate ∆Etherm:

( )( )( ) J109.73km62m/s9.81kg1020.008008.0 926therm ×=×=∆=∆ smgE

(d) Express the power output of the train’s engines in terms of the work done by them:

tWP

∆∆

=

Use the work-energy theorem with friction to find the work done by the train’s engines:

thermext EUKW ∆+∆+∆=

or, because ∆K = 0, thermext EUW ∆+∆=

Find the time during which the engines do this work:

vst ∆

=∆

Substitute in the expression for P to obtain:

( )s

vEUP∆∆+∆

= therm


( ) MW1.59km62

s3600h1

hkm15

J109.73J101.39 910 =⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⋅

×+×=P

*84 •• Picture the Problem While on a horizontal surface, the work done by an automobile engine changes the kinetic energy of the car and does work against friction. These energy transformations are described by the work-energy theorem with friction. Let the system include the earth, the roadway, and the car but not the car’s engine. (a) The required energy equals the change in the kinetic energy of the car: ( )

kJ116

s3600h1

hkm50kg1200

2

21

221

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⋅=

=∆ mvK

(b) The required energy equals the sfE ∆=∆ therm

Chapter 7

504

work done against friction: Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆Etherm:

( )( ) kJ90.0m300N300therm ==∆E

(c) Apply the work-energy theorem with friction to express the required energy:

EKEKWE

75.0' thermext

+∆=∆+∆==

Divide both sides of the equation by E to express the ratio of the two energies:

75.0'+

∆=

EK

EE

Substitute numerical values and evaluate E′/E:

04.20.75kJ90kJ116'

=+=EE

*85 ••• Picture the Problem Assume that the bob is moving with speed v as it passes the top vertical point when looping around the peg. There are two forces acting on the bob: the tension in the string (if any) and the force of gravity, Mg; both point downward when the ball is in the topmost position. The minimum possible speed for the bob to pass the vertical occurs when the tension is 0; from this, gravity must supply the centripetal force required to keep the ball moving in a circle. We can use conservation of energy to relate v to L and R.

Express the condition that the bob swings around the peg in a full circle:

2

MgRvM >

Simplify to obtain: g

Rv

>2

Use conservation of energy to relate the kinetic energy of the bob at the bottom of the loop to its potential energy at the top of its swing:

( )2221 RLMgMv −=

Solve for v2: ( )RLgv 222 −=

Substitute to obtain: ( ) gR

RLg>

− 22


505

Solve for R:

LR52 <

86 •• Picture the Problem If the wood exerts an average force F on the bullet, the work it does has magnitude FD. This must be equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the bullet, or because the final kinetic energy of the bullet is zero, to the negative of the initial kinetic energy. We’ll let m be the mass of the bullet and v its initial speed and apply the work-kinetic energy theorem to relate the penetration depth to v. Apply the work-kinetic energy theorem to relate the penetration depth to the change in the kinetic energy of the bullet:

iftotal KKKW −=∆= or, because Kf = 0,

itotal KW −=

Substitute for Wtotal and Ki to obtain: 221 mvFD −=

Solve for D to obtain:

FmvD2

2

−=

For an identical bullet with twice the speed we have:

( )221 2' vmFD −=

Solve for D′ to obtain: D

FmvD 42

4'2

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

and correct. is )(c

87 •• Picture the Problem For part (a), we’ll let the system include the glider, track, weight, and the earth. The speeds of the glider and the falling weight will be the same while they are in motion. Let their common speed when they have moved a distance Y be v and let the zero of potential energy be at the elevation of the weight when it has fallen the distance Y. We can use conservation of energy to relate the speed of the glider (and the weight) to the distance the weight has fallen. In part (b), we’ll let the direction of motion be the x direction, the tension in the connecting string be T, and apply Newton’s 2nd law to the glider and the weight to find their common acceleration. Because this acceleration is constant, we can use a constant-acceleration equation to find their common speed when they have moved a distance Y. (a) Use conservation of energy to relate the kinetic and potential energies of the system:

0=∆+∆ UK or

0ifif =−+− UUKK

Because the system starts from rest and Uf = 0:

0if =−UK


21 =−+ mgYMvmv

Chapter 7

506

Solve for v:

mMmgYv

+=

2

(b) The free-body diagrams for the glider and the weight are shown to the right:

Apply Newton’s 3rd law to obtain: T== 21 TT

rr

Apply maFx =∑ to the glider:

MaT =

Apply maFx =∑ to the weight:

maTmg =−

Add these equations to eliminate T and obtain:

maMamg +=

Solve for a to obtain:

Mmmga+

=

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speed of the glider to its initial speed and to the distance that the weight has fallen:

aYvv 220

2 += or, because v0 = 0,

aYv 22 =

Substitute for a and solve for v to obtain:

mMmgYv

+=

2, the same result we

obtained in part (a). *88 •• Picture the Problem We’re given dtdWP /= and are asked to evaluate it under the assumed conditions. Express the rate of energy expenditure by the man:

( )( )W270

m/s3kg1033 22

=== mvP

Express the rate of energy expenditure P′ assuming that his

P'P 51=


507

muscles have an efficiency of 20%: Solve for and evaluate P′: ( ) kW1.35W27055 === PP'

89 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the bob swinging through an angle θ before the thread is cut and it is launched horizontally. Let its speed at position 1 be v. We can use conservation of energy to relate v to the change in the potential energy of the bob as it swings through the angle θ . We can find its flight time ∆t from a constant-acceleration equation and then express D as the product of v and ∆t.

Relate the distance D traveled horizontally by the bob to its launch speed v and time of flight ∆t:

tvD ∆= (1)

Use conservation of energy to relate its launch speed v to the length of the pendulum L and the angle θ :

00101 =−+− UUKK or, because U1 = K0 = 0,

001 =−UK


( ) 0cos1221 =−− θmgLmv

Solving for v yields:

( )θcos12 −= gLv

In the absence of air resistance, the horizontal and vertical motions of the bob are independent of each other and we can use a constant-acceleration equation to express the time of flight (the time to fall a distance H):

( )221

0 tatvy yy ∆+∆=∆ or, because ∆y = −H, ay = −g, and v0y = 0,

( )221 tgH ∆−=−

Solve for ∆t to obtain: gHt /2=∆

Substitute in equation (1) and simplify to obtain: ( )

( )θ

θ

cos12

2cos12

−=

−=

HL

gHgLD

which shows that, while D depends on θ, it is independent of g.

Chapter 7

508

90 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation depicts the block in its initial position against the compressed spring (1), as it separates from the spring with its maximum kinetic energy (2), and when it has come to rest after moving a distance x + d. Let the system consist of the earth, the block, and the surface on which the block slides. With this choice, Wext = 0. We can use the work-energy theorem with friction to determine how far the block will slide before coming to rest.

(a) The work done by the spring on the block is given by:

221

springspring kxUW =∆=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Wspring:

( )( ) J0.900cm3N/cm20 221

spring ==W

(b) The energy dissipated by friction is given by:

xmgxFsfE ∆=∆=∆=∆ knktherm µµ


( )( )( )( )J0.294

m0.03m/s9.81kg50.2 2therm

=

=∆E

(c) Apply the conservation of energy between points 1 and 2:

0therms,1s,212 =∆+−+− EUUKK

Because K1 = Us,2 = 0:

0therms,12 =∆+− EUK

Substitute to obtain: 0therm2

212

221 =∆+− Ekxmv

Solve for v2:

mEkxv therm

2

22∆−

=


( )( ) ( )

m/s0.492

kg5J0.2942cm3N/cm20 2

2

=

−=v


509

(d) Apply the conservation of energy between points 1 and 3:

0therms,1s,3 =∆+−+∆ EUUK

Because ∆K = Us,3 = 0: 0therms,1 =∆+− EU

or ( ) 0k

221 =++− dxmgkx µ

Solve for d:

xmg

kxd −=k

2

2µ


( )( )( )( )( )

cm6.17

m0.03m/s9.81kg50.22

cm3N/cm202

2

=

−=d

91 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the block initially at rest at point 1, falling under the influence of gravity to point 2, partially compressing the spring as it continues to gain kinetic energy at point 3, and finally coming to rest at point 4 with the spring fully compressed. Let the system consist of the earth, the block, and the spring so that Wext = 0. Let Ug = 0 at point 3 for part (a) and at point 4 for part (b). We can use the work-energy theorem to express the kinetic energy of the system as a function of the block’s position and then use this function to maximize K as well as determine the maximum compression of the spring and the location of the block when the system has half its maximum kinetic energy.

(a) Apply conservation of mechanical energy to describe the energy transformations between state 1 and state 3:

0sg =∆+∆+∆ UUK

or 0s,1s,3g,1g,313 =−+−+− UUUUKK

Because K1 = Ug,3 = Us,1 = 0: 0s,3g,13 =+− UUK

Chapter 7

510

and ( ) 2

21

3 kxxhmgKK −+==

Differentiate K with respect to x and set this derivative equal to zero to identify extreme values:

.valuesextremefor0=−= kxmgdxdK

Solve for x: k

mgx =

Evaluate the second derivative of K with respect to x:

.maximizes

02

2

Kk

mgx

kdt

Kd

=⇒

<−=

Evaluate K for x = mg/k:

kgmmgh

kmgk

kmgmgmghK

2

22

2

21

max

+=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+=

(b) The spring will have its maximum compression at point 4 where K = 0:

( )

022or

0

max2max

2max2

1max

=−−

=−+

kmghx

kmgx

kxxhmg

Solve for x and keep the physically meaningful root:

kmgh

kgm

kmgx 2

2

22

max ++=

(c) Apply conservation of mechanical energy to the system as it evolves from state 1 to the state in which max2

1 KK = :

0sg =∆+∆+∆ UUK

or 0s,1s,3g,1g,31 =−+−+− UUUUKK

Because K1 = Ug,3 = Us,1 = 0: 0s,3g,1 =+− UUK

and ( ) 2

21 kxxhmgK −+=


511

Substitute for K to obtain: ( ) 221

22

21

2kxxhmg

kgmmgh −+=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

Express this equation in quadratic form:

02

22

222 =⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−+−

kmgh

kgmx

kmgx

Solve for the positive value of x:

kmgh

kgm

kmgx 42

2

22

++=

92 ••• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the pendulum bob. The application of Newton’s 2nd law leads directly to the required expression for the tangential acceleration. Recall that, provided θ is in radian measure, s = Lθ. Differentiation with respect to time produces the result called for in part (b). The remaining parts of the problem simply require following the directions for each part.

(a) Apply ∑ = xx maF to the bob: tantan sin mamgF =−= θ

Solve for atan: θsin/tan gdtdva −==

(b) Relate the arc distance s to the length of the pendulum L and the angle θ :

θLs =

Differentiate with respect to time: dtLdvdtds // θ==

(c) Multiply θθ

dd

dtdv by and

substitute for dtdθ

from part (b): ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

==

Lv

ddv

dtd

ddv

dd

dtdv

dtdv

θ

θθθ

θ

Chapter 7

512

(d) Equate the expressions for dv/dt from (a) and (c):

θθ

singLv

ddv

−=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

Separate the variables to obtain: θθ dgLvdv sin−=

(e) Integrate the left side of the equation in part (d) from v = 0 to the final speed v and the right side from θ = θ0 to θ = 0:

∫∫ −=0

0 0

''sin''θ

θθ dgLdvvv

Evaluate the limits of integration to obtain:

( )02

21 cos1 θ−= gLv

Note, from the figure, that h = L(1 − cosθ0). Substitute and solve for v:

ghv 2=

93 ••• Picture the Problem The potential energy of the climber is the sum of his gravitational potential energy and the potential energy stored in the spring-like bungee cord. Let θ be the angle which the position of the rock climber on the cliff face makes with a vertical axis and choose the zero of gravitational potential energy to be at the bottom of the cliff. We can use the definitions of Ug and Uspring to express the climber’s total potential energy. (a) Express the total potential energy of the climber:

( ) gcord bungee UUsU +=

Substitute to obtain: ( )( )

( ) ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+−=

+−=

+−=

HsMgHLsk

MgHLsk

MgyLsksU

cos

cos

)(

221

221

221

θ

A spreadsheet solution is shown below. The constants used in the potential energy function and the formulas used to calculate the potential energy are as follows:

Cell Content/Formula Algebraic Form B3 300 H B4 5 k B5 60 L B6 85 M B7 9.81 g

D11 60 s D12 D11+1 s + 1


513

E11 0.5*$B$4*(D11−$B$5)^2 +$B$6*$B$7*$B$3*(cos(D11/$B$3)) ( ) ⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+−

HsMgHLsk cos2

21

G11 E11−E61 ( ) ( )m110m60 UU −

A B C D E 1 2 3 H = 300 m 4 k = 5 N/m 5 L = 60 m 6 m = 85 kg 7 g = 9.81 m/s^2 8 9

10 s U(s) 11 60 2.45E+05 12 61 2.45E+05 13 62 2.45E+05 14 63 2.45E+05 15 64 2.45E+05

147 196 2.45E+05 148 197 2.45E+05 149 198 2.45E+05 150 199 2.45E+05 151 200 2.46E+05

The following graph was plotted using the data from columns D (s) and E (U(s)).

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210

s (m)

U (k

J)

Chapter 7

514

*94 ••• Picture the Problem The diagram shows the forces each of the springs exerts on the block. The change in the potential energy stored in the springs is due to the elongation of both springs when the block is displaced a distance x from its equilibrium position and we can find ∆U using ( )2

21 Lk ∆ . We can find the magnitude of the force pulling the block

back toward its equilibrium position by finding the sum of the magnitudes of the y components of the forces exerted by the springs. In Part (d) we can use conservation of energy to find the speed of the block as it passes through its equilibrium position.

(a) Express the change in the potential energy stored in the springs when the block is displaced a distance x:

( )[ ] ( )22212 LkLkU ∆=∆=∆

where ∆L is the change in length of a spring.

Referring to the force diagram, express ∆L:

LxLL −+=∆ 22

Substitute to obtain: ( )222 LxLkU −+=∆

(b) Sum the forces acting on the block to express Frestoring:

22

restoring

2

cos2cos2

xLxLk

LkFF

+∆=

∆== θθ

Substitute for ∆L to obtain: ( )

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

+−=

+−+=

22

22

22restoring

12

2

xLLkx

xLxLxLkF

(c) A spreadsheet program to calculate U(x) is shown below. The constants used in the potential energy function and the formulas used to calculate the potential energy are as follows:

Cell Content/Formula Algebraic Form B1 1 L B2 1 k B3 1 M C8 C7+0.01 x D7 $B$2*((C7^2+$B$1^2)^0.5−$B$1)^2 U(x)


515

A B C D 1 L = 0.1 m 2 k = 1 N/m 3 M = 1 kg 4 5 6 x U(x) 7 0 0 8 0.01 2.49E−07 9 0.02 3.92E−06 10 0.03 1.94E−05 11 0.04 5.93E−05 12 0.05 1.39E−04

23 0.16 7.86E−03 24 0.17 9.45E−03 25 0.18 1.12E−02 26 0.19 1.32E−02 27 0.20 1.53E−02

The following graph was plotted using the data from columns C (x) and D (U(x)).

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

x (m)

U (m

J)

(d) Use conservation of energy to relate the kinetic energy of the block as it passes through the equilibrium position to the change in its potential energy as it returns to its equilibrium position:

UK ∆=mequilibriu or

UMv ∆=221

Chapter 7

516

Solve for v to obtain: ( )

( )MkLxL

MLxLk

MUv

2

22

22

222

−+=

−+=

∆=


( ) ( ) ( ) cm/s86.5kg1N/m12m1.0m1.0m1.0 22 =⎟

⎠⎞⎜

⎝⎛ −+=v

517

Chapter 8 Systems of Particles and Conservation of Momentum Conceptual Problems 1 • Determine the Concept A doughnut. The definition of the center of mass of an object does not require that there be any matter at its location. Any hollow sphere (such as a basketball) or an empty container with any geometry are additional examples of three-dimensional objects that have no mass at their center of mass. *2 • Determine the Concept The center of mass is midway between the two balls and is in free-fall along with them (all forces can be thought to be concentrated at the center of mass.) The center of mass will initially rise, then fall. Because the initial velocity of the center of mass is half of the initial velocity of the ball thrown upwards, the mass thrown upwards will rise for twice the time that the center of mass rises. Also, the center of mass will rise until the velocities of the two balls are equal but opposite. correct. is )(b

3 • Determine the Concept The acceleration of the center of mass of a system of particles is described by ,cm

iexti,extnet, aFF

rrrM== ∑ where M is the total mass of the system.

Express the acceleration of the center of mass of the two pucks: 21

1extnet,cm mm

FM

Fa

+==

and correct. is )(b

4 • Determine the Concept The acceleration of the center of mass of a system of particles is described by ,cm

iexti,extnet, aFF

rrrM== ∑ where M is the total mass of the system.

Express the acceleration of the center of mass of the two pucks: 21

1extnet,cm mm

FM

Fa

+==

because the spring force is an internal force.

correct. is )( b

Chapter 8

518

*5 • Determine the Concept No. Consider a 1-kg block with a speed of 1 m/s and a 2- kg block with a speed of 0.707 m/s. The blocks have equal kinetic energies but momenta of magnitude 1 kg·m /s and 1.414 kg·m/s, respectively. 6 • (a) True. The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity. Therefore, if we are considering just the magnitudes of the momenta, the momentum of a heavy object is greater than that of a light object moving at the same speed. (b) True. Consider the collision of two objects of equal mass traveling in opposite directions with the same speed. Assume that they collide inelastically. The mechanical energy of the system is not conserved (it is transformed into other forms of energy), but the momentum of the system is the same after the collision as before the collision, i.e., zero. Therefore, for any inelastic collision, the momentum of a system may be conserved even when mechanical energy is not. (c) True. This is a restatement of the expression for the total momentum of a system of particles. 7 • Determine the Concept To the extent that the system in which the rifle is being fired is an isolated system, i.e., the net external force is zero, momentum is conserved during its firing. Apply conservation of momentum to the firing of the rifle:

0bulletrifle =+ pp rr

or

bulletrifle pp rr−=

*8 • Determine the Concept When she jumps from a boat to a dock, she must, in order for momentum to be conserved, give the boat a recoil momentum, i.e., her forward momentum must be the same as the boat’s backward momentum. The energy she imparts to the boat is .2 boat

2boatboat mpE =

zero.y essentiall is them toimparts sheenergy that thelarge so isearth theplusdock theof mass theanother, dock to one from jumps sheWhen

*9 ••

Determine the Concept Conservation of momentum requires only that the net external force acting on the system be zero. It does not require the presence of a medium such as air.

Systems of Particles and Conservation of Momentum

519

10 • Determine the Concept The kinetic energy of the sliding ball is 2

cm21 mv . The kinetic

energy of the rolling ball is rel2cm2

1 Kmv + , where its kinetic energy relative to its center of mass is relK . Because the bowling balls are identical and have the same velocity, the

rolling ball has more energy. 11 • Determine the Concept Think of someone pushing a box across a floor. Her push on the box is equal but opposite to the push of the box on her, but the action and reaction forces act on different objects. You can only add forces when they act on the same object. 12 • Determine the Concept It’s not possible for both to remain at rest after the collision, as that wouldn't satisfy the requirement that momentum is conserved. It is possible for one to remain at rest: This is what happens for a one-dimensional collision of two identical particles colliding elastically. 13 • Determine the Concept It violates the conservation of momentum! To move forward requires pushing something backwards, which Superman doesn’t appear to be doing when flying around. In a similar manner, if Superman picks up a train and throws it at Lex Luthor, he (Superman) ought to be tossed backwards at a pretty high speed to satisfy the conservation of momentum. *14 •• Determine the Concept There is only one force which can cause the car to move forward−the friction of the road! The car’s engine causes the tires to rotate, but if the road were frictionless (as is closely approximated by icy conditions) the wheels would simply spin without the car moving anywhere. Because of friction, the car’s tire pushes backwards against the road−from Newton’s third law, the frictional force acting on the tire must then push it forward. This may seem odd, as we tend to think of friction as being a retarding force only, but true. 15 •• Determine the Concept The friction of the tire against the road causes the car to slow down. This is rather subtle, as the tire is in contact with the ground without slipping at all times, and so as you push on the brakes harder, the force of static friction of the road against the tires must increase. Also, of course, the brakes heat up, and not the tires. 16 • Determine the Concept Because ∆p = F∆t is constant, a safety net reduces the force acting on the performer by increasing the time ∆t during which the slowing force acts. 17 • Determine the Concept Assume that the ball travels at 80 mi/h ≈ 36 m/s. The ball stops in a distance of about 1 cm. So the distance traveled is about 2 cm at an average speed of

Chapter 8

520

about 18 m/s. The collision time is ms1m/s18

m0.02≈ .

18 • Determine the Concept The average force on the glass is less when falling on a carpet because ∆t is longer. 19 • (a) False. In a perfectly inelastic collision, the colliding bodies stick together but may or may not continue moving, depending on the momentum each brings to the collision. (b) True. In a head-on elastic collision both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved and the relative speeds of approach and recession are equal. (c) True. This is the definition of an elastic collision. *20 •• Determine the Concept All the initial kinetic energy of the isolated system is lost in a perfectly inelastic collision in which the velocity of the center of mass is zero. 21 •• Determine the Concept We can find the loss of kinetic energy in these two collisions by finding the initial and final kinetic energies. We’ll use conservation of momentum to find the final velocities of the two masses in each perfectly elastic collision. (a) Letting V represent the velocity of the masses after their perfectly inelastic collision, use conservation of momentum to determine V:

afterbefore pp =

or 02 =⇒=− VmVmvmv

Express the loss of kinetic energy for the case in which the two objects have oppositely directed velocities of magnitude v/2:

4

220

2

2

21

if

mv

vmKKK

−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−=−=∆

Letting V represent the velocity of the masses after their perfectly inelastic collision, use conservation of momentum to determine V:

afterbefore pp =

or vVmVmv 2

12 =⇒=


521

Express the loss of kinetic energy for the case in which the one object is initially at rest and the other has an initial velocity v:

( )42

22

221

2

21

if

mvmvvm

KKK

−=−⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

−=∆

cases.both in same theisenergy kinetic of loss The

(b) Express the percentage loss for the case in which the two objects have oppositely directed velocities of magnitude v/2:

%100241

241

before

==∆

mvmv

KK

Express the percentage loss for the case in which the one object is initially at rest and the other has an initial velocity v:

%50221

241

before

==∆

mvmv

KK

/2. magnitude ofs velocitiedirected oppositely have

objects twohein which t case thefor greatest is loss percentage The

v

*22 •• Determine the Concept A will travel farther. Both peas are acted on by the same force, but pea A is acted on by that force for a longer time. By the impulse-momentum theorem, its momentum (and, hence, speed) will be higher than pea B’s speed on leaving the shooter. 23 •• Determine the Concept Refer to the particles as particle 1 and particle 2. Let the direction particle 1 is moving before the collision be the positive x direction. We’ll use both conservation of momentum and conservation of mechanical energy to obtain an expression for the velocity of particle 2 after the collision. Finally, we’ll examine the ratio of the final kinetic energy of particle 2 to that of particle 1 to determine the condition under which there is maximum energy transfer from particle 1 to particle 2. Use conservation of momentum to obtain one relation for the final velocities:

f2,2f1,1i1,1 vmvmvm += (1)

Use conservation of mechanical energy to set the velocity of

( ) i1,i1,i2,f1,f2, vvvvv =−−=− (2)

Chapter 8

522

recession equal to the negative of the velocity of approach: To eliminate v1,f, solve equation (2) for v1,f, and substitute the result in equation (1):

i1,f2,f1, vvv +=

( ) f2,2i1,f2,1i1,1 vmvvmvm +−=

Solve for v2,f:

i1,21

1f2,

2v

mmm

v+

=

Express the ratio R of K2,f to K1,i in terms of m1 and m2:

( )221

21

1

2

2i,112

1

2i,1

2

21

122

1

i1,

f2,

4

2

mmm

mm

vm

vmm

mm

KK

R

+=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

==

Differentiate this ratio with respect to m2, set the derivative equal to zero, and obtain the quadratic equation:

0121

22 =+−

mm

Solve this equation for m2 to determine its value for maximum energy transfer:

12 mm =

.when 2 toed transferrisenergy kinetic s1' of all becausecorrect is )(

12 mmb

=

24 • Determine the Concept In the center-of-mass reference frame the two objects approach with equal but opposite momenta and remain at rest after the collision. 25 • Determine the Concept The water is changing direction when it rounds the corner in the nozzle. Therefore, the nozzle must exert a force on the stream of water to change its direction, and, from Newton’s 3rd law, the water exerts an equal but opposite force on the nozzle. 26 • Determine the Concept The collision usually takes place in such a short period of time that the impulse delivered by gravity or friction is negligible.


523

27 • Determine the Concept No. dtdpF rr

=netext, defines the relationship between the net

force acting on a system and the rate at which its momentum changes. The net external force acting on the pendulum bob is the sum of the force of gravity and the tension in the string and these forces do not add to zero. *28 •• Determine the Concept We can apply conservation of momentum and Newton’s laws of motion to the analysis of these questions. (a) Yes, the car should slow down. An easy way of seeing this is to imagine a "packet" of grain being dumped into the car all at once: This is a completely inelastic collision, with the packet having an initial horizontal velocity of 0. After the collision, it is moving with the same horizontal velocity that the car does, so the car must slow down. (b) When the packet of grain lands in the car, it initially has a horizontal velocity of 0, so it must be accelerated to come to the same speed as the car of the train. Therefore, the train must exert a force on it to accelerate it. By Newton’s 3rd law, the grain exerts an equal but opposite force on the car, slowing it down. In general, this is a frictional force which causes the grain to come to the same speed as the car. (c) No it doesn’t speed up. Imagine a packet of grain being "dumped" out of the railroad car. This can be treated as a collision, too. It has the same horizontal speed as the railroad car when it leaks out, so the train car doesn’t have to speed up or slow down to conserve momentum. *29 •• Determine the Concept Think of the stream of air molecules hitting the sail. Imagine that they bounce off the sail elastically−their net change in momentum is then roughly twice the change in momentum that they experienced going through the fan. Another way of looking at it: Initially, the air is at rest, but after passing through the fan and bouncing off the sail, it is moving backward−therefore, the boat must exert a net force on the air pushing it backward, and there must be a force on the boat pushing it forward. Estimation and Approximation 30 •• Picture the Problem We can estimate the time of collision from the average speed of the car and the distance traveled by the center of the car during the collision. We’ll assume a car length of 6 m. We can calculate the average force exerted by the wall on the car from the car’s change in momentum and it’s stopping time. (a) Relate the stopping time to the assumption that the center of the car travels halfway to the wall with constant deceleration:

( )av

car41

av

car21

21

av

stopping

vL

vL

vd

t ===∆

Chapter 8

524

Express and evaluate vav:

m/s5.122

kmm1000

s3600h1

hkm900

2fi

av

=

××+=

+=

vvv

Substitute for vav and evaluate ∆t: ( )

s120.0m/s12.5m64

1

==∆t

(b) Relate the average force exerted by the wall on the car to the car’s change in momentum:

( )kN417

s0.120km

m1000s3600

h1h

km90kg2000

av =⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛××

=∆∆

=tpF

31 •• Picture the Problem Let the direction the railcar is moving be the positive x direction and the system include the earth, the pumpers, and the railcar. We’ll also denote the railcar with the letter c and the pumpers with the letter p. We’ll use conservation of momentum to relate the center of mass frame velocities of the car and the pumpers and then transform to the earth frame of reference to find the time of fall of the car.

(a) Relate the time of fall of the railcar to the distance it falls and its velocity as it leaves the bank:

cvyt ∆

=∆

Use conservation of momentum to find the speed of the car relative to the velocity of its center of mass: 0

or

ppcc

fi

=+

=

umum

pp rr

Relate uc to up and solve for uc:

m/s4

m/s4

cp

pc

−=∴

=−

uu

uu

Substitute for up to obtain: ( ) 0m/s4cpcc =−+ umum


525

Solve for and evaluate uc:

( )

m/s85.1

kg754kg3501

m/s4

1

m/s4

p

cc =

+=

+=

mmu

Relate the speed of the car to its speed relative to the center of mass of the system:

m/s74.10km

m1000s3600

h1h

km32sm.851

cmcc

=

××+=

+= vuv

Substitute and evaluate ∆t: s2.33

m/s10.74m25

==∆t

(b) Find the speed with which the pumpers hit the ground: m/s6.74

m/s4m/s10.74pcp

=

−=−= uvv

injured. bemay theyspeed, at this ground theHitting

*32 •• Picture the Problem The diagram depicts the bullet just before its collision with the melon and the motion of the melon-and-bullet-less-jet and the jet just after the collision. We’ll assume that the bullet stays in the watermelon after the collision and use conservation of momentum to relate the mass of the bullet and its initial velocity to the momenta of the melon jet and the melon less the plug after the collision.

Apply conservation of momentum to the collision to obtain:

( ) 332f1321i1 2 Kmvmmmvm ++−=

Solve for v2f:

132

331i12f

2mmmKmvm

v+−

−=

Express the kinetic energy of the jet of melon in terms of the initial kinetic energy of the bullet:

( ) 21i120

121i12

1101

1101

3 vmvmKK ===

Chapter 8

526

Substitute and simplify to obtain: ( )

( )132

3111i

132

21i120

131i1

2f

1.0

2

mmmmmmv

mmmvmmvm

v

+−−

=

+−−

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v2f:

( )( )( )

ft/s1.27

m/s386.0kg0.0104kg0.14kg2.50

kg0.14kg0.01040.1kg0.0104ft3.281

m1sft18002f

−=

−=+−

−⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×=v

Note that this result is in reasonably good agreement with experimental results. Finding the Center of Mass 33 • Picture the Problem We can use its definition to find the center of mass of this system. Apply its definition to find xcm:

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) m233.0kg2kg2kg2

m0.5kg2m0.2kg20kg2

321

332211cm =

++++

=++++

=mmm

xmxmxmx

Because the point masses all lie along the x axis:

0cm =y and the center of mass of this

system of particles is at ( )0,m233.0 .

*34 • Picture the Problem Let the left end of the handle be the origin of our coordinate system. We can disassemble the club-ax, find the center of mass of each piece, and then use these coordinates and the masses of the handle and stone to find the center of mass of the club-ax. Express the center of mass of the handle plus stone system:

stonestick

stonecm,stonestickcm,stickcm mm

xmxmx

+

+=

Assume that the stone is drilled and the stick passes through it. Use symmetry considerations to locate the center of mass of the stick:

cm0.45stickcm, =x


527

Use symmetry considerations to locate the center of mass of the stone:

cm0.89stonecm, =x

Substitute numerical values and evaluate xcm:

( )( ) ( )( )

cm5.78

kg8kg2.5cm89kg8cm54kg2.5

cm

=

++

=x

35 • Picture the Problem We can treat each of balls as though they are point objects and apply the definition of the center of mass to find (xcm, ycm). Use the definition of xcm:

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

m00.2kg1kg1kg3

m3kg1m1kg1m2kg3

cm

=++

++=

++++

=CBA

CCBBAA

mmmxmxmxm

x

Use the definition of ycm:

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

m40.1kg1kg1kg3

0kg1m1kg1m2kg3

cm

=++

++=

++++

=CBA

CCBBAA

mmmymymymy

The center of mass of this system of particles is at:

( )m40.1,m00.2

36 • Picture the Problem The figure shows an equilateral triangle with its y-axis vertex above the x axis. The bisectors of the vertex angles are also shown. We can find x coordinate of the center-of-mass by inspection and the y coordinate using trigonometry. From symmetry considerations:

0cm =x

Chapter 8

528

Express the trigonometric relationship between a/2, 30°, and ycm:

230tan cm

ay

=°

Solve for ycm: aay 289.030tan21

cm =°=

The center of mass of an equilateral

triangle oriented as shown above is at ( )a289.0,0 .

*37 •• Picture the Problem Let the subscript 1 refer to the 3-m by 3-m sheet of plywood before the 2-m by 1-m piece has been cut from it. Let the subscript 2 refer to 2-m by 1-m piece that has been removed and let σ be the area density of the sheet. We can find the center-of-mass of these two regions; treating the missing region as though it had negative mass, and then finding the center-of-mass of the U-shaped region by applying its definition. Express the coordinates of the center of mass of the sheet of plywood:

21

2,cm21cm,1cm mm

xmxmx

−−

=

21

2,cm21cm,1cm mm

ymymy

−−

=

Use symmetry to find xcm,1, ycm,1, xcm,2, and ycm,2:

m0.2,m5.1and

m5.1m,5.1

cm,2cm,2

cm,1cm,1

==

==

yx

yx

Determine m1 and m2:

kgAm

Am

σσ

σσ

2and

kg9

22

11

==

==

Substitute numerical values and evaluate xcm:

( )( ) ( )( )

m50.1kg2kg9

kg5.1kg2m5.1kg9cm

=−−

=σσσσx

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ycm:

( )( ) ( )( )

m36.1kg2kg9

m2kg2m5.1kg9cm

=−−

=σσ

σσy

The center of mass of the U-shaped sheet of plywood is at ( )m1.36m,1.50 .


529

38 •• Picture the Problem We can use its definition to find the center of mass of the can plus water. By setting the derivative of this function equal to zero, we can find the value of x that corresponds to the minimum height of the center of mass of the water as it drains out and then use this extreme value to express the minimum height of the center of mass. (a) Using its definition, express the location of the center of mass of the can + water: mM

xmHMx

+

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

= 22cm

Let the cross-sectional area of the cup be A and use the definition of density to relate the mass m of water remaining in the can at any given time to its depth x:

Axm

AHM

==ρ

Solve for m to obtain: M

Hxm =


⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜

⎝

⎛

+

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+

=

+

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

=

Hx

Hx

H

MHxM

xMHxHM

x

1

1

2

22

2

cm

(b) Differentiate xcm with respect to x and set the derivative equal to zero for extrema:

021

12

1

21

121

2

21

12

1

21

211

21

21

2cm

=

+

+

−

+

+=

+

++

−

+

++

=+

+=

⎪⎪⎪

⎭

⎪⎪⎪

⎬

⎫

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎪⎪

⎩

⎪⎪

⎨

⎧

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎪⎪⎪

⎭

⎪⎪⎪

⎬

⎫

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎪⎪⎪

⎩

⎪⎪⎪

⎨

⎧

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜

⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

Hx

HHx

Hx

HHx

Hx

H

Hx

Hx

dxd

Hx

Hx

Hx

dxd

Hx

H

Hx

Hx

dxdH

dxdx

Simplify this expression to obtain:

0122

=−⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

Hx

Hx

Chapter 8

530

Solve for x/H to obtain:

( ) HHx 414.012 ≈−= where we’ve kept the positive solution because a negative value for x/H would make no sense.

Use your graphing calculator to convince yourself that the graph of xcm as a function of x is concave upward at Hx 414.0≈ and that, therefore, the minimum value of xcm occurs at .414.0 Hx ≈ Evaluate xcm at ( )12 −= Hx to obtain:

( )

( )

( )

( )12

121

121

2

2

12cm

−=

⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜

⎝

⎛

−+

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −+

=−=

H

HH

HH

HxHx

Finding the Center of Mass by Integration *39 •• Picture the Problem A semicircular disk and a surface element of area dA is shown in the diagram. Because the disk is a continuous object, we’ll use

∫= dmM rrrr

cm and symmetry to find its

center of mass.

Express the coordinates of the center of mass of the semicircular disk:

symmetry.by0cm =x

M

dAyy ∫=

σcm

Express y as a function of r and θ : θsinry =

Express dA in terms of r and θ : drdrdA θ=

Express M as a function of r and θ : 2

21

diskhalf RAM σπσ ==


531

Substitute and evaluate ycm:

RRM

drrMM

drdry

R

R

πσ

σθθσ

π

34

32

2sin

3

0

20 0

2

cm

==

== ∫∫ ∫

40 ••• Picture the Problem Because a solid hemisphere is a continuous object, we’ll use

∫= dmM rrrr

cm to find its center of mass. The volume element for a sphere is

dV = r2 sinθ dθ dφ dr, where θ is the polar angle and φ the azimuthal angle. Let the base of the hemisphere be the xy plane and ρ be the mass density. Then:

θcosrz =

Express the z coordinate of the center of mass:

∫∫=

dV

dVrz

ρ

ρcm

Evaluate ∫= dVM ρ :

( ) 3323

34

21

sphere21

RR

VdVM

πρπρ

ρρ

==

== ∫

Evaluate ∫ dVrρ :

[ ]4

sin2

cossin

42/

02

21

40

2/

0

2

0

3

RR

drddrdVrR

πρθπρ

φθθθρ

π

π π

==

=∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

Substitute and simplify to find zcm:

RRRz 8

33

32

441

cm ==πρπρ

41 ••• Picture the Problem Because a thin hemisphere shell is a continuous object, we’ll use

∫= dmM rrrr

cm to find its center of mass. The element of area on the shell is dA = 2πR2

sinθ dθ, where R is the radius of the hemisphere. Let σ be the surface mass density and express the z coordinate of the center of mass: ∫

∫=dA

dAzz

σ

σcm

Chapter 8

532

Evaluate ∫= dAM σ :

( ) 2221

shellspherical21

24 RR

AdAM

πσπσ

σσ

==

== ∫

Evaluate ∫ dAzσ :

σπ

θθσπ

θθθσπσ

π

π

3

2/

0

3

2/

0

3

2sin

cossin2

R

dR

dRdAz

=

=

=

∫

∫ ∫

Substitute and simplify to find zcm:

RR

Rz 21

2

3

cm 2==

πσσπ

42 ••• Picture the Problem The parabolic sheet is shown to the right. Because the area of the sheet is distributed symmetrically with respect to the y axis, xcm = 0. We’ll integrate the element of area dA (= xdy) to obtain the total area of the sheet and yxdy to obtain the numerator of the definition of the center of mass. Express ycm:

∫

∫= b

b

xdy

xydyy

0

0cm

Evaluate ∫b

xydy0

:

25

0

23

0

21

0

52

1

ba

dyya

ydya

yxydybbb

=

== ∫∫∫

Evaluate ∫b

xdy0

:

23

0

21

0

21

0

32

1

ba

dyya

dya

yxdybbb

=

== ∫∫∫


533

Substitute and simplify to determine ycm:

bb

a

bay 5

3

23

25

cm

32

52

==

Note that, by symmetry:

xcm = 0

The center of mass of the parabolic sheet is at:

( )b53,0

Motion of the Center of Mass 43 • Picture the Problem The velocity of the center of mass of a system of particles is related to the total momentum of the system through cm

iii vvP

rrrMm == ∑ .

Use the expression for the total momentum of a system to relate the velocity of the center of mass of the two-particle system to the momenta of the individual particles:

21

2211iii

cm mmmm

M

m

++

==∑ vv

vv

rrr

r

Substitute numerical values and evaluate cmvr :

( )( ) ( )

( ) ( )[ ]( ) ( ) ji

ji

vvvvv

ˆm/s5.1ˆm/s3

ˆm/s3ˆm/s6

kg6kg3

21

212121

cm

−=

−=

+=+

=rr

rrr

*44 • Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which east is the positive x direction and use the relationship cm

iii vvP

rrrMm == ∑ to determine the velocity of the

center of mass of the system. Use the expression for the total momentum of a system to relate the velocity of the center of mass of the two-vehicle system to the momenta of the individual vehicles:

ct

ccttiii

cm mmmm

M

m

++

==∑ vv

vv

rrr

r

Express the velocity of the truck: ( ) iv ˆm/s16t =r

Chapter 8

534

Express the velocity of the car: ( )iv ˆm/s20c −=r


( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) iiiv ˆm/s00.4

kg1500kg3000

ˆm/s20kg1500ˆm/s16kg3000cm =

+−+

=r

45 • Picture the Problem The acceleration of the center of mass of the ball is related to the net external force through Newton’s 2nd law: cmextnet, aF rr

M= .

Use Newton’s 2nd law to express the acceleration of the ball:

Mextnet,

cm

Fa

rr

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate cmar :

( ) ( )iia ˆm/s4.2kg1kg1kg3

ˆN12 2cm =

++=

r

46 •• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which upward is the positive y direction. We can use Newton’s 2nd law cmextnet, aF rr

M= to find the acceleration of the

center of mass of this two-body system.

(a) . is reading

thefall, freein is while;) ( reads scale theinitially Yes;Mg

mgmM +

(b) Using Newton’s 2nd law, express the acceleration of the center of mass of the system:

tot

extnet,cm m

Fa

rr

=


ja ˆcm mM

mg+

−=r

(c) Use Newton’s 2nd law to express the net force acting on the scale while the object of mass m is falling:

( ) cmextnet, )( amMgmMF +−+=

Substitute and simplify to obtain: ( )

Mg

mMmgmMgmMF

=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

++−+= )(extnet,


535

as expected, given our answer to part (a).

*47 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the platform when the spring is partially compressed. The scale reading is the force the scale exerts on the platform and is represented on the FBD by Fn. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to determine the scale reading in part (a) and the work-energy theorem in conjunction with Newton’s 2nd law in parts (b) and (c).

(a) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the

spring when it is compressed a distance d:

∑ =−−= 0springonballpn FgmFFy

Solve for Fn:

( )gmmgmgm

kgmkgmkdgm

FgmF

bpbp

bpp

springonballpn

+=+=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+=+=

+=

(b) Use conservation of mechanical energy, with Ug = 0 at the position at which the spring is fully compressed, to relate the gravitational potential energy of the system to the energy stored in the fully compressed spring:

0sg =∆+∆+∆ UUK

Because ∆K = Ug,f = Us,i = 0, 0fs,ig, =−UU

or 02

21

b =− kdgdm

Solve for d: k

gmd b2

=

Evaluate our force equation in (a)

with k

gmd b2

= :

( )gmmgmgm

kgmkgmkdgm

FgmF

bpbp

bpp

springonballpn

22

2

+=+=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+=+=

+=

Chapter 8

536

(c) When the ball is in its original position, the spring is relaxed and exerts no force on the ball. Therefore:

gm

F

p

n readingscale

=

=

*48 •• Picture the Problem Assume that the object whose mass is m1 is moving downward and take that direction to be the positive direction. We’ll use Newton’s 2nd law for a system of particles to relate the acceleration of the center of mass to the acceleration of the individual particles. (a) Relate the acceleration of the center of mass to m1, m2, mc and their accelerations:

cc2211cm aaaa rrrr mmmM ++=

Because m1 and m2 have a common acceleration a and ac = 0:

c21

21cm mmm

mmaa

++−

=

From Problem 4-81 we have:

21

21

mmmm

ga+−

=


( )( )( ) g

mmmmmmm

mmmmmg

mmmma

c2121

221

c21

21

21

21cm

+++−

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛++

−⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+−

=

(b) Use Newton’s 2nd law for a system of particles to obtain:

cmMaMgF −=−

where M = m1 + m2 + mc and F is positive upwards.

Solve for F and substitute for acm from part (a):

( )

gmmmmm

gmm

mmMg

MaMgF

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

+=

+−

−=

−=

c21

21

21

221

cm

4

(c) From Problem 4-81: g

mmmmT

21

212+

=


537

Substitute in our result from part (b) to obtain:

gmTgmgT

gmmmmmF

cc

c21

21

22

22

+=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

+=

49 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the platform when the spring is partially compressed. The scale reading is the force the scale exerts on the platform and is represented on the FBD by Fn. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to determine the scale reading in part (a) and the result of Problem 7-96 part (b) to obtain the scale reading when the ball is dropped from a height h above the cup.

(a) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the spring

when it is compressed a distance d:

∑ =−−= 0springonballpn FgmFFy

Solve for Fn:

( )gmmgmgm

kgmkgmkdgm

FgmF

bpbp

bpp

springonballpn

+=+=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+=+=

+=

(b) From Problem 7-96, part (b):

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛++=

gmkh

kgm

xb

bmax

211

From part (a):

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+++=

+=+=

gmkhgmgm

kxgmFgmF

bbp

maxpspringonballpn

211

The Conservation of Momentum 50 • Picture the Problem Let the system include the woman, the canoe, and the earth. Then the net external force is zero and linear momentum is conserved as she jumps off the

Chapter 8

538

canoe. Let the direction she jumps be the positive x direction. Apply conservation of momentum to the system:

0canoecanoegirlgirlii =+=∑ vvv rrr mmm

Substitute to obtain: ( )( ) ( ) 0kg57ˆm/s5.2kg55 canoe =+ vi r

Solve for canoevr : ( ) iv ˆm/s83.1canoe −=

r

51 •

Picture the Problem If we include the earth in our system, then the net external force is zero and linear momentum is conserved as the spring delivers its energy to the two objects.

Apply conservation of momentum to the system:

0101055ii =+=∑ vvv rrr mmm


( )( ) ( ) 0kg10ˆm/s8kg5 10 =+− vi r

Solve for 10vr : ( ) iv ˆm/s410 =r

*52 • Picture the Problem This is an explosion-like event in which linear momentum is conserved. Thus we can equate the initial and final momenta in the x direction and the initial and final momenta in the y direction. Choose a coordinate system in the positive x direction is to the right and the positive y direction is upward. Equate the momenta in the y direction before and after the explosion:

( ) 022

2

11

12fy,iy,

=−=

−== ∑∑mvvm

mvmvpp

We can conclude that the momentum was

entirely in the x direction before the particle exploded.

Equate the momenta in the x direction before and after the explosion:

3i

fx,ix,

4 mvmvpp

=∴

=∑ ∑

Solve for v3: 34

1i vv = and correct. is )(c


539

53 • Picture the Problem Choose the direction the shell is moving just before the explosion to be the positive x direction and apply conservation of momentum. Use conservation of momentum to relate the masses of the fragments to their velocities:

fi pprr

=

or 'ˆˆ

21

21 vji

rmmvmv +=

Solve for 'vr : jiv ˆˆ2' vv −=r

*54 •• Picture the Problem Let the system include the earth and the platform, gun and block. Then extnet,F

r= 0 and momentum is conserved within the system.

(a) Apply conservation of momentum to the system just before and just after the bullet leaves the gun:

platformbullet

afterbefore

0or

pp

pp

rr

rr

+=

=

Substitute for platformbullet and pp

rrand

solve for platformvr : platformpbb

ˆ0 vi rmvm +=

and

iv ˆb

p

bplatform v

mm

−=r

(b) Apply conservation of momentum to the system just before the bullet leaves the gun and just after it comes to rest in the block:

afterbefore pp rr=

or platform0 pr= ⇒ 0platform =vr

(c) Express the distance ∆s traveled by the platform:

tvs ∆=∆ platform

Express the velocity of the bullet relative to the platform:

bp

bpb

p

b

bp

bbplatformbrel

1 vm

mmv

mm

vmmvvvv

+=⎟

⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

+=−=

Relate the time of flight ∆t to L and vrel: relv

Lt =∆

Chapter 8

540

Substitute to find the distance ∆s moved by the platform in time ∆t:

Lmm

m

vm

mmLv

mm

vLv

mmtvs

bp

b

bp

bpb

p

b

relb

p

bplatform

+=

⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜

⎝

⎛

+⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=∆=∆

55 ••

Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the wedge and small object, initially at rest, to the left, and, to the right, both in motion as the small object leaves the wedge. Choose the direction the small object is moving when it leaves the wedge be the positive x direction and the zero of potential energy to be at the surface of the table. Let the speed of the small object be v and that of the wedge V. We can use conservation of momentum to express v in terms of V and conservation of energy to express v in terms of h.

Apply conservation of momentum to the small object and the wedge:

Vi

pp

r

rr

mmv

xx

2ˆ0

orf,i,

+=

=

Solve for :V

r iV ˆ

21 v−=

r (1)

and vV 2

1=

Use conservation of energy to determine the speed of the small object when it exits the wedge: 0

or0

ifif =−+−

=∆+∆

UUKK

UK

Because Uf = Ki = 0: ( ) 02 2

212

21 =−+ mghVmmv


541

Substitute for V to obtain: ( )( ) 02 221

212

21 =−+ mghvmmv

Solve for v to obtain: 3

2 ghv =

Substitute in equation (1) to determine V

r: iiV ˆ

3ˆ

322

1 ghgh−=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

r

i.e., the wedge moves in the direction

opposite to that of the small object with a

speed of3gh

.

*56 •• Picture the Problem Because no external forces act on either cart, the center of mass of the two-cart system can’t move. We can use the data concerning the masses and separation of the gliders initially to calculate its location and then apply the definition of the center of mass a second time to relate the positions X1 and X2 of the centers of the carts when they first touch. We can also use the separation of the centers of the gliders when they touch to obtain a second equation in X1 and X2 that we can solve simultaneously with the equation obtained from the location of the center of mass. (a) Apply its definition to find the center of mass of the 2-glider system:

( )( ) ( )( )

m10.1kg0.2kg0.1

m1.6kg0.2m0.1kg0.121

2211cm

=++

=

++

=mm

xmxmx

from the left end of the air track.

Use the definition of the center of mass to relate the coordinates of the centers of the two gliders when they first touch to the location of the center of mass:

( ) ( )

232

131

21

21

2211

kg0.2kg0.1kg0.2kg0.1

m10.1

XX

XXmm

XmXm

+=++

=

++

=

Also, when they first touch, their centers are separated by half their combined lengths:

( ) m0.15cm20cm1021

12 =+=− XX

Thus we have:

m10.1667.0333.0 21 =+ XX and

m0.1512 =− XX

Chapter 8

542


m00.11 =X and m15.12 =X

(b)

collision. after thezero bemust it so zero, is system theof momentum initial The No.

Kinetic Energy of a System of Particles *57 • Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the positive x direction is to the right. Use the expression for the total momentum of a system to find the velocity of the center of mass and the definition of relative velocity to express the sum of the kinetic energies relative to the center of mass. (a) Find the sum of the kinetic energies:

( )( ) ( )( )J43.5

m/s2kg3m/s5kg3 2212

21

2222

12112

1

21

=

+=

+=

+=

vmvm

KKK

(b) Relate the velocity of the center of mass of the system to its total momentum:

2211cm vvv rrr mmM +=

Solve for :cmvr

21

2211cm mm

mm++

=vvvrr

r

Substitute numerical values and evaluate :cmvr

( )( ) ( )( )

( )i

iiv

ˆm/s50.1

kg3kg3

ˆm/s2kg3ˆm/s5kg3cm

=

+−

=r

(c) The velocity of an object relative to the center of mass is given by:

cmrel vvv rrr−=


543


( ) ( )( )

( ) ( )( )i

iiv

i

iiv

ˆm/s50.3

ˆm/s5.1ˆm/s2

ˆm/s50.3

ˆm/s5.1ˆm/s5

rel2,

rel1,

−=

−−=

=

−=

r

r

(d) Express the sum of the kinetic energies relative to the center of mass:

2rel,222

12rel,112

1rel,2rel,1rel vmvmKKK +=+=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Krel:

( )( )( )( )

J75.63

m/s5.3kg3

m/s3.5kg32

21

221

rel

=

−+

=K

(e) Find Kcm: ( )( )

rel

2212

cmtot21

cm

J36.75J43.5J6.75

m/s1.5kg6

KK

vmK

−=

−==

==

58 •

Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the positive x direction is to the right. Use the expression for the total momentum of a system to find the velocity of the center of mass and the definition of relative velocity to express the sum of the kinetic energies relative to the center of mass. (a) Express the sum of the kinetic energies:

2222

12112

121 vmvmKKK +=+=


( )( ) ( )( )J0.06

m/s3kg5m/s5kg3 2212

21

=

+=K

(b) Relate the velocity of the center of mass of the system to its total momentum:

2211cm vvv rrr mmM +=

Solve for cmvr :

21

2211cm mm

mm++

=vvvrr

r

Chapter 8

544


( )( ) ( )( )

( )i

iiv

ˆm/s75.3

kg5kg3


=

++

=r

(c) The velocity of an object relative to the center of mass is given by:

cmrel vvv rrr−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate the relative velocities:

( ) ( )( )i

iiv

ˆm/s25.1

ˆm/s75.3ˆm/s5rel1,

=

−=r

and ( ) ( )

( )iiiv

ˆm/s750.0

ˆm/s75.3ˆm/s3rel2,

−=

−=r

(d) Express the sum of the kinetic energies relative to the center of mass:

2rel,222

12rel,112

1

rel,2rel,1rel

vmvm

KKK

+=

+=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Krel:

( )( )( )( )

J75.3

m/s75.0kg5

m/s25.1kg32

21

221

rel

=

−+

=K

(e) Find Kcm: ( )( )

rel

2212

cmtot21

cm

J3.65

m/s75.3kg8

KK

vmK

−==

==

Impulse and Average Force 59 • Picture the Problem The impulse imparted to the ball by the kicker equals the change in the ball’s momentum. The impulse is also the product of the average force exerted on the ball by the kicker and the time during which the average force acts. (a) Relate the impulse delivered to the ball to its change in momentum: 0since if

if

==−=∆=

vmvpppI

Substitute numerical values and evaluate I:

( )( ) sN10.8m/s25kg0.43 ⋅==I


545

(b) Express the impulse delivered to the ball as a function of the average force acting on it and solve for and evaluate avF :

tFI ∆= av

and

kN1.34s0.008sN10.8

av =⋅

=∆

=t

IF

60 • Picture the Problem The impulse exerted by the ground on the brick equals the change in momentum of the brick and is also the product of the average force exerted by the ground on the brick and the time during which the average force acts. (a) Express the impulse exerted by the ground on the brick:

bricki,brickf,brick pppI −=∆=

Because pf,brick = 0: vmpI brickbricki, == (1)

Use conservation of energy to determine the speed of the brick at impact: 0

or0

ifif =−+−

=∆+∆

UUKK

UK

Because Uf = Ki = 0:

0or

0

brick2

brick21

if

=−

=−

ghmvm

UK

Solve for v: ghv 2=

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: ghmI 2brick=


( ) ( )( )sN76.3

m8m/s9.812kg0.3 2

⋅=

=I

(c) Express the impulse delivered to the brick as a function of the average force acting on it and solve for and evaluate avF :

tFI ∆= av

and

kN89.2s0.0013sN76.3

av =⋅

=∆

=t

IF

*61 • Picture the Problem The impulse exerted by the ground on the meteorite equals the change in momentum of the meteorite and is also the product of the average force exerted by the ground on the meteorite and the time during which the average force acts.

Chapter 8

546

Express the impulse exerted by the ground on the meteorite:

ifmeteorite pppI −=∆=

Relate the kinetic energy of the meteorite to its initial momentum and solve for its initial momentum:

ii

2i

i 22

mKpm

pK =⇒=

Express the ratio of the initial and final kinetic energies of the meteorite:

2

2m

22f

2i

2f

2i

f

i ===pp

pm

p

KK

Solve for pf:

2i

fp

p =

Substitute in our expression for I and simplify:

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=−=

12

12

12

12

i

iii

mK

pppI

Because our interest is in its magnitude, evaluate I :

( )( ) sMN81.112

1J10617kg1030.82 63 ⋅=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −××=I

Express the impulse delivered to the meteorite as a function of the average force acting on it and solve for and evaluate avF :

tFI ∆= av

and

MN602.0s3

sMN81.1av =

⋅=

∆=

tIF

62 •• Picture the Problem The impulse exerted by the bat on the ball equals the change in momentum of the ball and is also the product of the average force exerted by the bat on the ball and the time during which the bat and ball were in contact. (a) Express the impulse exerted by the bat on the ball in terms of the change in momentum of the ball:

( ) iii

pppIˆ2ˆˆ

if

ifball

mvmvmv =−−=

−=∆=rrrr

where v = vf = vi


547

Substitute for m and v and evaluate I:

( )( ) sN00.6m/s20kg15.02 ⋅==I

(b) Express the impulse delivered to the ball as a function of the average force acting on it and solve for and evaluate avF :

tFI ∆= av

and

kN62.4ms3.1

sN00.6av =

⋅=

∆=

tIF

*63 •• Picture the Problem The figure shows the handball just before and immediately after its collision with the wall. Choose a coordinate system in which the positive x direction is to the right. The wall changes the momentum of the ball by exerting a force on it during the ball’s collision with it. The reaction to this force is the force the ball exerts on the wall. Because these action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude, we can find the average force exerted on the ball by finding the change in momentum of the ball.

Using Newton’s 3rd law, relate the average force exerted by the ball on the wall to the average force exerted by the wall on the ball:

ballon avon wall av FFrr

−=

and ballon avon wall av FF = (1)

Relate the average force exerted by the wall on the ball to its change in momentum:

tm

t ∆∆

=∆∆

=vpFrrr

ballon av

Express xvr∆ for the ball: iiv ˆˆ,i,f xxx vv −=∆

r

or, because vi,x = vcosθ and vf,x = −vcosθ, iiiv ˆcos2ˆcosˆcos θθθ vvvx −=−−=∆

r

Substitute in our expression for

ballon avFr

: ivF ˆcos2

ballon av tmv

tm

∆−=

∆∆

=θ

rr

Chapter 8

548

Evaluate the magnitude of ballon avFr

:

( )( )

N230ms2

cos40m/s5kg0.062

cos2ballon av

=

°=

∆=

tmvF θ

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: N230on wall av =F

64 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the ball during the interval of time you are exerting a force on it to accelerate it upward. The average force you exert can be determined from the change in momentum of the ball. The change in the velocity of the ball can be found by applying conservation of mechanical energy to its rise in the air once it has left your hand. (a) Relate the average force exerted by your hand on the ball to the change in momentum of the ball:

tmv

tpp

tpF

∆=

∆−

=∆∆

= 212av

because v1 and, hence, p1 = 0.

Letting Ug = 0 at the initial elevation of your hand, use conservation of mechanical energy to relate the initial kinetic energy of the ball to its potential energy when it is at its highest point:

0since0

or0

if

fi

===+−

=∆+∆

UKUK

UK

Substitute for Kf and Ui and solve for v2:

ghv

mghmv

2

and0

2

222

1

=

=+−

Relate ∆t to the average speed of the ball while you are throwing it upward:

22av

2

2vd

vd

vdt ===∆


549

Substitute for ∆t and v2 in the expression for Fav to obtain: d

mghF =av


( )( )( )

N1.84

m0.7m40m/s9.81kg0.15 2

av

=

=F

(b) Express the ratio of the weight of the ball to the average force acting on it:

( )( ) %2N84.1

m/s9.81kg0.15 2

avav

<==Fmg

Fw

weight.its neglected have toreasonable isit ball, on theexerted force average theof 2% than less is ball theof weight theBecause

65 •• Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the direction the ball is moving after its collision with the wall is the positive x direction. The impulse delivered to the wall or received by the player equals the change in the momentum of the ball. We can find the average forces from the rate of change in the momentum of the ball. (a) Relate the impulse delivered to the wall to the change in momentum of the handball:

( )( )( )( )[ ]

( ) wall.into directed ˆsN08.1

ˆm/s01kg0.06

ˆm/s8kg0.06if

i

i

i

vvpI

⋅=

−−

=

−=∆=rrrr

mm

(b) Find Fav from the change in the ball’s momentum:

wall.into N,603

s0.003sN08.1

av

=

⋅=

∆∆

=tpF

(c) Find the impulse received by the player from the change in momentum of the ball:

( )( ) wall.fromaway s,N480.0

m/s8kg0.06ball

⋅=

=∆=∆= vmpI

(d) Relate Fav to the change in the ball’s momentum: t

pF

∆∆

= ballav

Express the stopping time in terms of the average speed vav of the ball avv

dt =∆

Chapter 8

550

and its stopping distance d:

Substitute to obtain: dpvF ballav

av∆

=


( )( )

wall.fromaway N,84.3

m0.5sN480.0m/s4

av

=

⋅=F

66 ••• Picture the Problem The average force exerted on the limestone by the droplets of water equals the rate at which momentum is being delivered to the floor. We’re given the number of droplets that arrive per minute and can use conservation of mechanical energy to determine their velocity as they reach the floor. (a) Letting N represent the rate at which droplets fall, relate Fav to the change in the droplet’s momentum:

tvmN

tp

F∆∆

=∆

∆= droplets

av

Find the mass of the droplets: ( )( )kg103

mL0.03kg/L15−×=

== Vm ρ

Letting Ug = 0 at the point of impact of the droplets, use conservation of mechanical energy to relate their speed at impact to their fall distance:

0or

0

ifif =−+−

=∆+∆

UUKK

UK

Because Ki = Uf = 0: 02f2

1 =− mghmv

Solve for and evaluate v = vf: ( )( )

m/s9.90m5m/s9.8122 2

=

== ghv


( )( )N1095.4

m/s9.90kg103

s60min1

mindroplets10

5

5

av

−

−

×=

××

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×=

∆⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

∆= vm

tNF


551

(b) Calculate the ratio of the weight of a droplet to Fav:

( )( ) 6N104.95m/s9.81kg103

5

25avav

≈×

×=

=

−

−

Fmg

Fw

Collisions in One Dimension *67 • Picture the Problem We can apply conservation of momentum to this perfectly inelastic collision to find the after-collision speed of the two cars. The ratio of the transformed kinetic energy to kinetic energy before the collision is the fraction of kinetic energy lost in the collision. (a) Letting V be the velocity of the two cars after their collision, apply conservation of momentum to their perfectly inelastic collision:

( )Vmmmvmv

pp

+=+

=

21

finalinitial

or

Solve for and evaluate V:

m/s0.202

m/s10m/s302

21

=

+=

+=

vvV

(b) Express the ratio of the kinetic energy that is lost to the kinetic energy of the two cars before the collision and simplify:

( )

12

12

1

22

21

2

222

1212

1

221

initial

final

initial

initialfinal

initial

−+

=

−+

=

−=

−=

∆

vvV

mvmvVm

KK

KKK

KK

Substitute numerical values to obtain: ( )

( ) ( )200.0

1m/s10m/s30

m/s20222

2

initial

−=

−+

=∆

KK

metal. ofn deformatio the and sound, heat, into ed transformisenergy kinetic initial theof 20%

Chapter 8

552

68 • Picture the Problem We can apply conservation of momentum to this perfectly inelastic collision to find the after-collision speed of the two players. Letting the subscript 1 refer to the running back and the subscript 2 refer to the linebacker, apply conservation of momentum to their perfectly inelastic collision:

( )Vmmvm

pp

2111

fi

or+=

=

Solve for V: 1

21

1 vmm

mV+

=


( ) m/s13.3m/s7kg051kg58

kg58=

+=V

69 • Picture the Problem We can apply conservation of momentum to this collision to find the after-collision speed of the 5-kg object. Let the direction the 5-kg object is moving before the collision be the positive direction. We can decide whether the collision was elastic by examining the initial and final kinetic energies of the system. (a) Letting the subscript 5 refer to the 5-kg object and the subscript 2 refer to the 10-kg object, apply conservation of momentum to obtain:

f,55i,10105i,5

fi

orvmvmvm

pp

=−

=

Solve for vf,5:

5

i,10105i,5f,5 m

vmvmv

−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vf,5:

( )( ) ( )( )

m/s00.2

kg5m/s3kg10m/s4kg5

f,5

−=

−=v

where the minus sign means that the 5-kg object is moving to the left after the collision.


553

(b) Evaluate ∆K for the collision:

( )( ) ( )( )[ ( )( ) ] J0.75m/s3kg10m/s4kg5m/s2kg5 2212

212

21

if −=+−=−=∆ KKK

inelastic. wascollision the0, K Because ≠∆

70 • Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the ball and bat just before and just after their collision. Take the direction the bat is moving to be the positive direction. Because the collision is elastic, we can equate the speeds of recession and approach, with the approximation that vi,bat ≈ vf,bat to find vf,ball.

Express the speed of approach of the bat and ball:

( )balli,bati,ballf,batf, vvvv −−=−

Because the mass of the bat is much greater than that of the ball:

batf,bati, vv ≈


( )balli,batf,ballf,batf, vvvv −−=−

Solve for and evaluate vf,ball: ( )

v

vvvvvvvv

3

22 batf,balli,

balli,batf,batf,ballf,

=

+=+−=

−+=

*71 •• Picture the Problem Let the direction the proton is moving before the collision be the positive x direction. We can use both conservation of momentum and conservation of mechanical energy to obtain an expression for velocity of the proton after the collision. (a) Use the expression for the total momentum of a system to find vcm:

( )

( )i

iv

v

vvP

ˆm/s1.23

ˆm/s30012

and

131ip,

cm

cm

=

=+

=

== ∑

mmm

Mmi

ii

rr

rrr

Chapter 8

554

(b) Use conservation of momentum to obtain one relation for the final velocities:

fnuc,nucfp,pip,p vmvmvm += (1)

Use conservation of mechanical energy to set the velocity of recession equal to the negative of the velocity of approach:

( ) ip,ip,inuc,fp,fnuc, vvvvv =−−=− (2)

To eliminate vnuc,f, solve equation (2) for vnuc,f, and substitute the result in equation (1):

fp,ip,fnuc, vvv +=

( )fp,ip,nucfp,pip,p vvmvmvm ++=

Solve for and evaluate vp,f:

( ) m/s254m/s30013

12

ip,nucp

nucpfp,

−=−

=

+−

=

mmm

vmmmm

v

72 •• Picture the Problem We can use conservation of momentum and the definition of an elastic collision to obtain two equations in v2f and v3f that we can solve simultaneously. Use conservation of momentum to obtain one relation for the final velocities:

2f23f33i3 vmvmvm += (1)


( ) 3i3i2i3f2f vvvvv =−−=− (2)

Solve equation (2) for v3f , substitute in equation (1) to eliminate v3f, and solve for and evaluate v2f:

( )( )

m/s80.4

kg3kg2m/s4kg322

32

3i32f

=

+=

+=

mmvmv

Use equation (2) to find v3f:

m/s0.800

m/s4.00m/s4.803i2f3f

=

−=−= vvv

Evaluate Ki and Kf: ( )( )

J24.0m/s4kg3 2

212

3i321

3ii

==== vmKK


555

and

( )( )( )( )J0.24

m/s4.8kg2

m/s0.8kg32

21

221

22f22

123f32

12f3ff

=+

=

+=+= vmvmKKK

elastic.been havingcollision with theconsistent are and for obtained values that theconcludecan we, Because 3f2ffi vvKK =

73 •• Picture the Problem We can find the velocity of the center of mass from the definition of the total momentum of the system. We’ll use conservation of energy to find the maximum compression of the spring and express the initial (i.e., before collision) and final (i.e., at separation) velocities. Finally, we’ll transform the velocities from the center of mass frame of reference to the table frame of reference. (a) Use the definition of the total momentum of a system to relate the initial momenta to the velocity of the center of mass:

cmvvPrrr

Mmi

ii == ∑

or ( ) cm211i1 vmmvm +=

Solve for vcm:

21

2i21i1cm mm

vmvmv++

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vcm:

( )( ) ( )( )

m/s00.5

kg5kg2m/s3kg5m/s10kg2

cm

=

++

=v

(b) Find the kinetic energy of the system at maximum compression (u1 = u2 = 0):

( )( ) J87.5m/s5kg7 221

2cm2

1cm

==

== MvKK

Use conservation of energy to relate the kinetic energy of the system to the potential energy stored in the spring at maximum compression:

0s =∆+∆ UK

or 0sisfif =−+− UUKK

Because Kf = Kcm and Usi = 0: ( ) 0221

icm =∆+− xkKK

Chapter 8

556

Solve for ∆x: ( )

[ ]

kKvmvm

kKvmvm

kKKx

cm2i22

2i11

cm2i222

12i112

1

cmi

2

2

2

−+=

−+=

−=∆


( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) m250.0N/m1120

J87.52N/m1120

m/s3kg5m/s10kg2 22

=⎥⎦

⎤−

+=∆x

(c) Find u1i, u2i, and u1f for this elastic collision:

m/s5m/s50and

m/s,2m/s5m/s3m/s,5m/s5m/s10

cm1f1f

cm2i2i

cm1i1i

−=−=−=

−=−=−==−=−=

vvu

vvuvvu

Use conservation of mechanical energy to set the velocity of recession equal to the negative of the velocity of approach and solve for u2f:

( )1i2i1f2f uuuu −−=−

and

( )m/s2

m/s5m/s5m/s21f1i2i2f

=−+−−=

++−= uuuu

Transform u1f and u2f to the table frame of reference:

0m/s5m/s5cm1f1f =+−=+= vuv

and

m/s00.7m/s5m/s2cm2f2f

=+=

+= vuv

*74 •• Picture the Problem Let the system include the earth, the bullet, and the sheet of plywood. Then Wext = 0. Choose the zero of gravitational potential energy to be where the bullet enters the plywood. We can apply both conservation of energy and conservation of momentum to obtain the various physical quantities called for in this problem. (a) Use conservation of mechanical energy after the bullet exits the sheet of plywood to relate its exit speed to the height to which it rises:

0=∆+∆ UK or, because Kf = Ui = 0,

0221 =+− mghmvm


557

Solve for vm: ghvm 2=

Proceed similarly to relate the initial velocity of the plywood to the height to which it rises:

gHvM 2=

(b) Apply conservation of momentum to the collision of the bullet and the sheet of plywood:

fi pp rr=

or Mmm Mvmvmv +=i

Substitute for vm and vM and solve for vmi:

gHmMghvm 22i +=

(c) Express the initial mechanical energy of the system (i.e., just before the collision):

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛++=

=

HmMhH

mMhmg

mvE m

2

2i2

1i

2

Express the final mechanical energy of the system (i.e., when the bullet and block have reached their maximum heights):

( )MHmhgMgHmghE +=+=f

(d) Use the work-energy theorem with Wext = 0 to find the energy dissipated by friction in the inelastic collision:

0frictionif =+− WEE

and

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−+=

−=

12

fifriction

mM

HhgMH

EEW

75 •• Picture the Problem We can find the velocity of the center of mass from the definition of the total momentum of the system. We’ll use conservation of energy to find the speeds of the particles when their separation is least and when they are far apart. (a) Noting that when the distance between the two particles is least, both move at the same speed, namely vcm, use the definition of the total momentum of a system to relate the initial momenta to the velocity of

cmvvPrrr

Mmi

ii == ∑

or ( ) cmppip vmmvm α+= .

Chapter 8

558

the center of mass: Solve for and evaluate vcm:

0

0

21

ipipcm

200.0

40'

v

mmmv

mmvmvm

vv

=

++

=++

== αα

(b) Use conservation of momentum to obtain one relation for the final velocities:

fpfp0p ααvmvmvm += (1)


( ) piipifpf vvvvv −=−−=− αα (2)

Solve equation (2) for vpf , substitute in equation (1) to eliminate vpf, and solve for vαf:

00

p

0pf 400.0

422

vmm

mvmmvm

v =+

=+

=α

α

76 • Picture the Problem Let the numeral 1 denote the electron and the numeral 2 the hydrogen atom. We can find the final velocity of the electron and, hence, the fraction of its initial kinetic energy that is transferred to the atom, by transforming to the center-of-mass reference frame, calculating the post-collision velocity of the electron, and then transforming back to the laboratory frame of reference. Express f, the fraction of the electron’s initial kinetic energy that is transferred to the atom: 2

1i

f12i112

1

2f112

1

i

f

i

fi

11

1

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=−=

−=−

=

vv

vmvm

KK

KKKf

(1)

Find the velocity of the center of mass:

21

i11cm mm

vmv+

=

or, because m2 = 1840m1,

1i11

i11cm 1841

11840

vmm

vmv =+

=

Find the initial velocity of the electron in the center-of-mass reference frame:

1i

1i1icm1i1i

184111

18411

v

vvvvu

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=

−=−=


559

Find the post-collision velocity of the electron in the center-of-mass reference frame by reversing its velocity:

1i1i1f 11841

1 vuu ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=−=

To find the final velocity of the electron in the original frame, add vcm to its final velocity in the center-of-mass reference frame:

1icm1f1f 11841

2 vvuv ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=+=


%217.01017.2

11841

211

18412

1

3

2

2

1i

1i

=×=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −−=

⎟⎟⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜

⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

−=

−

v

vf

77 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the bullet about to imbed itself in the bob of the ballistic pendulum and then, later, when the bob plus bullet have risen to their maximum height. We can use conservation of momentum during the collision to relate the speed of the bullet to the initial speed of the bob plus bullet (V). The initial kinetic energy of the bob plus bullet is transformed into gravitational potential energy when they reach their maximum height. Hence we apply conservation of mechanical energy to relate V to the angle through which the bullet plus bob swings and then solve the momentum and energy equations simultaneously for the speed of the bullet.

Use conservation of momentum to relate the speed of the bullet just before impact to the initial speed of the bob plus bullet:

( )VMmmv +=b

Solve for the speed of the bullet:

VmMv ⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ += 1b (1)

Use conservation of energy to relate 0=∆+∆ UK

Chapter 8

560

the initial kinetic energy of the bullet to the final potential energy of the system:

or, because Kf = Ui = 0, 0fi =+− UK

Substitute for Ki and Uf and solve for V:

( )( ) ( ) 0cos1

221

=−+++−

θgLMmVMm

and ( )θcos12 −= gLV

Substitute for V in equation (1) to obtain:

( )θcos121b −⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ += gL

mMv

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vb:

( )( )( ) m/s450cos601m2.3m/s9.812kg0.016

kg1.51 2b =°−⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=v

*78 •• Picture the Problem We can apply conservation of momentum and the definition of an elastic collision to obtain equations relating the initial and final velocities of the colliding objects that we can solve for v1f and v2f. Apply conservation of momentum to the elastic collision of the particles to obtain:

2i21i1f22f11 vmvmvmvm +=+ (1)

Relate the initial and final kinetic energies of the particles in an elastic collision:

2i222

12i112

12f222

12f112

1 vmvmvmvm +=+

Rearrange this equation and factor to obtain:

( ) ( )2f1

2i11

2i2

2f22 vvmvvm −=−

or ( )( )

( )( )1fi11fi11

2if22if22

vvvvmvvvvm

+−=+−

(2)

Rearrange equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ( )1f1i12i2f2 vvmvvm −=− (3)


1fi12if2 vvvv +=+

Rearrange this equation to obtain equation (4):

1ii2f2f1 vvvv −=− (4)

Multiply equation (4) by m2 and add it to equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ( ) 2i21i211f21 2 vmvmmvmm +−=+


561

Solve for v1f to obtain: iif v

mmmv

mmmmv 2

21

21

21

211

2+

++−

=

Multiply equation (4) by m1 and subtract it from equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ( ) 1i1i212f221 2 vmvmmvmm +−=+

Solve for v2f to obtain: i2

21

12i1

21

1f2

2 vmmmmv

mmmv

+−

++

=

Remarks: Note that the velocities satisfy the condition that ( )1i2i1f2f vvvv −−=− . This verifies that the speed of recession equals the speed of approach. 79 •• Picture the Problem As in this problem, Problem 78 involves an elastic, one-dimensional collision between two objects. Both solutions involve using the conservation of momentum equation 2i21i1f22f11 vmvmvmvm +=+ and the elastic collision equation 1ii2f2f1 vvvv −=− . In part (a) we can simply set the masses equal to each other and substitute in the equations in Problem 78 to show that the particles "swap" velocities. In part (b) we can divide the numerator and denominator of the equations in Problem 78 by m2 and use the condition that m2 >> m1 to show that v1f ≈ −v1i+2v2i and v2f ≈ v2i. (a) From Problem 78 we have: 2i

21

2i1

21

21f1

2 vmm

mvmmmmv

++

+−

= (1)

and

2i21

121i

21

12f

2 vmmmmv

mmmv

+−

++

= (2)

Set m1 = m2 = m to obtain:

i2i2f12 vv

mmmv =+

=

and

1i1if22 vv

mmmv =+

=

(b) Divide the numerator and denominator of both terms in equation (1) by m2 to obtain:

2i

2

1i1

2

1

2

1

f1

1

2

1

1v

mmv

mmmm

v+

++

−=

If m2 >> m1:

2ii1f1 2vvv +−≈

Chapter 8

562

Divide the numerator and denominator of both terms in equation (2) by m2 to obtain:

2i

2

1

2

1

1i

2

1

2

1

2f

1

1

1

2v

mm

mm

v

mm

mm

v+

−+

+=

If m2 >> m1:

2i2f vv ≈

Remarks: Note that, in both parts of this problem, the velocities satisfy the condition that ( )1i2i1f2f vvvv −−=− . This verifies that the speed of recession equals the speed of approach. Perfectly Inelastic Collisions and the Ballistic Pendulum 80 •• Picture the Problem Choose Ug = 0 at the bob’s equilibrium position. Momentum is conserved in the collision of the bullet with bob and the initial kinetic energy of the bob plus bullet is transformed into gravitational potential energy as it swings up to the top of the circle. If the bullet plus bob just makes it to the top of the circle with zero speed, it will swing through a complete circle. Use conservation of momentum to relate the speed of the bullet just before impact to the initial speed of the bob plus bullet:

( )Vmmvm 211 +=

Solve for the speed of the bullet: V

mmv ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

1

21 (1)

Use conservation of energy to relate the initial kinetic energy of the bob plus bullet to their potential energy at the top of the circle:


0fi =+− UK

Substitute for Ki and Uf: ( ) ( ) ( ) 02212

2121 =+++− LgmmVmm

Solve for V:

gLV =

Substitute for V in equation (1) and simplify to obtain: gL

mmv ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

1

21


563

*81 •• Picture the Problem Choose Ug = 0 at the equilibrium position of the ballistic pendulum. Momentum is conserved in the collision of the bullet with the bob and kinetic energy is transformed into gravitational potential energy as the bob swings up to its maximum height. Letting V represent the initial speed of the bob as it begins its upward swing, use conservation of momentum to relate this speed to the speeds of the bullet just before and after its collision with the bob:

( ) Vmvmvm 221

11 +=

Solve for the speed of the bob: vmmV

2

1

2= (1)

Use conservation of energy to relate the initial kinetic energy of the bob to its potential energy at its maximum height:


0fi =+− UK

Substitute for Ki and Uf: 022

221 =+− ghmVm

Solve for h: g

Vh2

2

= (2)

Substitute V from equation (1) in equation (2) and simplify to obtain: 2

2

12

2

2

1

822

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

=mm

gv

g

vmm

h

82 • Picture the Problem Let the mass of the bullet be m, that of the wooden block M, the pre-collision velocity of the bullet v, and the post-collision velocity of the block+bullet be V. We can use conservation of momentum to find the velocity of the block with the bullet imbedded in it just after their perfectly inelastic collision. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to find the acceleration of the sliding block and a constant-acceleration equation to find the distance the block slides.

Chapter 8

564

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity of the block+bullet just after their collision to their acceleration and displacement before stopping:

xaV ∆+= 20 2 because the final velocity of the block+bullet is zero.

Solve for the distance the block slides before coming to rest: a

Vx2

2

−=∆ (1)

Use conservation of momentum to relate the pre-collision velocity of the bullet to the post-collision velocity of the block+bullet:

( )VMmmv +=

Solve for V: v

MmmV+

=


21

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

+−=∆ v

Mmm

ax (2)

Apply aF rr

m=∑ to the block+bullet (see the FBD in the diagram):

( )aMmfFx +=−=∑ k (3) and

( ) 0n =+−=∑ gMmFFy (4)

Use the definition of the coefficient of kinetic friction and equation (4) to obtain:

( )gMmFf +== knkk µµ

Substitute in equation (3): ( ) ( )aMmgMm +=+− kµ

Solve for a to obtain: ga kµ−=


k21

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

+=∆ v

Mmm

gx

µ


565


( )( ) ( ) m130.0m/s750kg10.5kg0.0105

kg0.0105m/s9.810.222

12

2 =⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

=∆x

83 •• Picture the Problem The collision of the ball with the box is perfectly inelastic and we can find the speed of the box-and-ball immediately after their collision by applying conservation of momentum. If we assume that the kinetic friction force is constant, we can use a constant-acceleration equation to find the acceleration of the box and ball combination and the definition of µk to find its value. Using its definition, express the coefficient of kinetic friction of the table:

( )( ) g

agmMamM

Ff

=++

==n

kkµ (1)

Use conservation of momentum to relate the speed of the ball just before the collision to the speed of the ball+box immediately after the collision:

( )vMmMV +=

Solve for v:

MmMVv+

= (2)

Use a constant-acceleration equation to relate the sliding distance of the ball+box to its initial and final velocities and its acceleration:

xavv ∆+= 22i

2f

or, because vf = 0 and vi = v, xav ∆+= 20 2

Solve for a:

xva∆

−=2

2


xgv∆

=2

2

kµ

Use equation (2) to eliminate v:

2

2

k

121

21

⎟⎟⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜

⎝

⎛

+∆=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

+∆=

Mm

Vxg

MmMV

xgµ

Chapter 8

566


( )( ) 0529.01

kg0.425kg0.327m/s1.3

m0.52m/s9.8121

2

2k =

⎟⎟⎟⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜⎜⎜⎜

⎝

⎛

+=µ

*84 •• Picture the Problem Jane’s collision with Tarzan is a perfectly inelastic collision. We can find her speed v1 just before she grabs Tarzan from conservation of energy and their speed V just after she grabs him from conservation of momentum. Their kinetic energy just after their collision will be transformed into gravitational potential energy when they have reached their greatest height h.

Use conservation of energy to relate the potential energy of Jane and Tarzan at their highest point (2) to their kinetic energy immediately after Jane grabbed Tarzan:

12 KU = or

2TJ2

1TJ Vmghm ++ =

Solve for h to obtain: g

Vh2

2

= (1)

Use conservation of momentum to relate Jane’s velocity just before she collides with Tarzan to their velocity just after their perfectly inelastic collision:

Vmvm TJ1J +=

Solve for V: 1

TJ

J vmmV

+

= (2)

Apply conservation of energy to relate Jane’s kinetic energy at 1 to her potential energy at 0:

01 UK = or

gLmvm J21J2

1 =


567

Solve for v1: gLv 21 =

Substitute in equation (2) to obtain: gL

mmV 2

TJ

J

+

=

Substitute in equation (1) and simplify:

LmmgL

mm

gh

2

TJ

J

2

TJ

J 221

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

++

Substitute numerical values and evaluate h: ( ) m3.94m25

kg82kg45kg45

2

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

=h

Exploding Objects and Radioactive Decay 85 •• Picture the Problem This nuclear reaction is 4Be → 2α + 1.5×10−14 J. In order to conserve momentum, the alpha particles will have move in opposite directions with the same velocities. We’ll use conservation of energy to find their speeds. Letting E represent the energy released in the reaction, express conservation of energy for this process:

( ) EvmK == 22122 ααα

Solve for vα:

αα m

Ev =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vα: m/s1050.1

kg106.68J101.5 6

27

14

×=××

= −

−

αv

86 •• Picture the Problem This nuclear reaction is 5Li → α + p + 3.15 × 10−13 J. To conserve momentum, the alpha particle and proton must move in opposite directions. We’ll apply both conservation of energy and conservation of momentum to find the speeds of the proton and alpha particle. Use conservation of momentum in this process to express the alpha particle’s velocity in terms of the proton’s:

0fi == pp

and αα vmvm −= pp0

Chapter 8

568

Solve for vα and substitute for mα to obtain: p4

1p

p

pp

p

4vv

mm

vmm

v ===α

α

Letting E represent the energy released in the reaction, apply conservation of energy to the process:

EKK =+ αp

or Evmvm =+ 2

212

pp21

αα

Substitute for vα: ( ) Evmvm =+ 2

p41

212

pp21

α

Solve for vp and substitute for mα to obtain:

pppp 416

3216

32mm

Emm

Ev+

=+

=α

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vp:

( )( )

m/s1074.1

kg101.6720J103.1532

7

27

13

p

×=

××

= −

−

v

Use the relationship between vp and vα to obtain vα:

( )m/s104.34

m/s101.746

741

p41

×=

×== vvα

87 ••• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the projectile at its maximum elevation and is moving horizontally. It also shows the two fragments resulting from the explosion. We chose the system to include the projectile and the earth so that no external forces act to change the momentum of the system during the explosion. With this choice of system we can also use conservation of energy to determine the elevation of the projectile when it explodes. We’ll also find it useful to use constant-acceleration equations in our description of the motion of the projectile and its fragments.


569

(a) Use conservation of momentum to relate the velocity of the projectile before its explosion to the velocities of its two parts after the explosion:

jjii

vvvpp

ˆˆˆˆ22111133

221133

fi

yyx vmvmvmvm

mmm

−+=

+==

rrr

rr

The only way this equality can hold is if:

2211

1133

and

yy

x

vmvm

vmvm

=

=

Express v3 in terms of v0 and substitute for the masses to obtain: ( ) m/s312cos30m/s1203

cos33 031

=°=== θvvvx

and 21 2 yy vv = (1)

Using a constant-acceleration equation with the downward direction positive, relate vy2 to the time it takes the 2-kg fragment to hit the ground:

( )221

2 tgtvy y ∆+∆=∆

( )t

tgyvy ∆∆−∆

=2

21

2 (2)

With Ug = 0 at the launch site, apply conservation of energy to the climb of the projectile to its maximum elevation:

0=∆+∆ UK Because Kf = Ui = 0, 0fi =+− UK

or 03

2032

1 =∆+− ygmvm y

Solve for ∆y: ( )

gv

gv

y y

230sin

2

20

20 °

==∆


( )[ ]( ) m183.5

m/s9.812sin30m/s120

2

2

=°

=∆y

Substitute in equation (2) and evaluate vy2:

( )( )

m/s33.3s3.6

s3.6m/s9.81m183.5 2221

2

=

−=yv

Substitute in equation (1) and evaluate vy1:

( ) m/s66.6m/s33.321 ==yv

Chapter 8

570

Express 1vr in vector form:

( ) ( ) ji

jiv

ˆm/s6.66ˆm/s312

ˆˆ111

+=

+= yx vvr

(b) Express the total distance d traveled by the 1-kg fragment:

'xxd ∆+∆= (3)

Relate ∆x to v0 and the time-to-explosion:

( )( )exp0 cos tvx ∆=∆ θ (4)

Using a constant-acceleration equation, express ∆texp: g

vg

vt y θsin00exp ==∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆texp:

( ) s6.12m/s9.81

sin30m/s1202exp =

°=∆t

Substitute in equation (4) and evaluate ∆x:

( )( )( )m636.5

s6.12cos30m/s120=

°=∆x

Relate the distance traveled by the 1-kg fragment after the explosion to the time it takes it to reach the ground:

t'vx' x ∆=∆ 1

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the time ∆t′ for the 1-kg fragment to reach the ground to its initial speed in the y direction and the distance to the ground:

( )221

1 t'gt'vy y ∆−∆=∆

Substitute to obtain the quadratic equation:

( ) ( ) 0s4.37s6.13 22 =−∆−∆ t't'

Solve the quadratic equation to find ∆t′:

∆t′ = 15.9 s

Substitute in equation (3) and evaluate d: ( )( )

km5.61

s15.9m/s312m636.51

=

+=∆+∆=∆+∆= t'vxx'xd x


571

(c) Express the energy released in the explosion:

ifexp KKKE −=∆= (5)

Find the kinetic energy of the fragments after the explosion: ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]

( )( )kJ0.52

m/s33.3kg2

m/s66.6m/s312kg12

21

2221

2222

12112

121f

=+

+=

+=+= vmvmKKK

Find the kinetic energy of the projectile before the explosion:

( )( ) ( )[ ]

kJ2.1630cosm/s201kg3

cos2

21

2032

12332

1i

=

°=

== θvmvmK

Substitute in equation (5) to determine the energy released in the explosion:

kJ35.8

kJ16.2kJ0.52ifexp

=

−=−= KKE

*88 ••• Picture the Problem This nuclear reaction is 9B → 2α + p + 4.4×10−14 J. Assume that the proton moves in the –x direction as shown in the figure. The sum of the kinetic energies of the decay products equals the energy released in the decay. We’ll use conservation of momentum to find the angle between the velocities of the proton and the alpha particles. Note that 'αα vv = .

Express the energy released to the kinetic energies of the decay products:

relp 2 EKK =+ α

or ( ) rel

2212

pp21 2 Evmvm =+ αα

Solve for vα:

αα m

vmEv

2pp2

1rel −

=

Chapter 8

572

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vα:

( )( ) m/s1044.1kg106.68

m/s106kg101.67kg106.68J104.4 6

27

262721

27

14

×=×

××−

××

= −

−

−

−

αv

Given that the boron isotope was at rest prior to the decay, use conservation of momentum to relate the momenta of the decay products:

0if == pp rr ⇒ 0f =xp

( ) 0cos2 pp =−∴ vmvm θαα

or ( ) 0cos42 ppp =− vmvm θα

Solve for θ :

( ) °±=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡×

×=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

−

−

7.58m/s101.448

m/s106cos

8cos

6

61

p1

α

θvv

Let θ′ equal the angle the velocities of the alpha particles make with that of the proton:

( )°±=

°−°±=

121

7.58180'θ

Coefficient of Restitution 89 • Picture the Problem The coefficient of restitution is defined as the ratio of the velocity of recession to the velocity of approach. These velocities can be determined from the heights from which the ball was dropped and the height to which it rebounded by using conservation of mechanical energy. Use its definition to relate the coefficient of restitution to the velocities of approach and recession:

app

rec

vve =

Letting Ug = 0 at the surface of the steel plate, apply conservation of energy to express the velocity of approach:

0=∆+∆ UK Because Ki = Uf = 0,

0or

0

app2app2

1

if

=−

=−

mghmv

UK

Solve for vapp: appapp 2ghv =


573

In like manner, show that: recrec 2ghv =

Substitute in the equation for e to obtain:

app

rec

app

rec

22

hh

ghgh

e ==

Substitute numerical values and evaluate e:

913.0m3m2.5

==e

*90 • Picture the Problem The coefficient of restitution is defined as the ratio of the velocity of recession to the velocity of approach. These velocities can be determined from the heights from which an object was dropped and the height to which it rebounded by using conservation of mechanical energy. Use its definition to relate the coefficient of restitution to the velocities of approach and recession:

app

rec

vve =

Letting Ug = 0 at the surface of the steel plate, apply conservation of energy to express the velocity of approach:


0or

0

app2app2

1

if

=−

=−

mghmv

UK




app

rec

app

rec

22

hh

ghgh

e ==

Find emin: 825.0

cm254cm173

min ==e

Find emax: 849.0

cm254cm183

max ==e

Chapter 8

574

and 849.0825.0 ≤≤ e

91 • Picture the Problem Because the rebound kinetic energy is proportional to the rebound height, the percentage of mechanical energy lost in one bounce can be inferred from knowledge of the rebound height. The coefficient of restitution is defined as the ratio of the velocity of recession to the velocity of approach. These velocities can be determined from the heights from which an object was dropped and the height to which it rebounded by using conservation of mechanical energy. (a) We know, from conservation of energy, that the kinetic energy of an object dropped from a given height h is proportional to h:

K α h.

If, for each bounce of the ball, hrec = 0.8happ:

lost. isenergy mechanical its of %20

(b) Use its definition to relate the coefficient of restitution to the velocities of approach and recession:

app

rec

vve =

Letting Ug = 0 at the surface from which the ball is rebounding, apply conservation of energy to express the velocity of approach:


0or

0

app2app2

1

if

=−

=−

mghmv

UK




app

rec

app

rec

22

hh

ghgh

e ==

Substitute for app

rec

hh

to obtain: 894.08.0 ==e


575

92 •• Picture the Problem Let the numeral 2 refer to the 2-kg object and the numeral 4 to the 4-kg object. Choose a coordinate system in which the direction the 2-kg object is moving before the collision is the positive x direction and let the system consist of the earth, the surface on which the objects slide, and the objects. Then we can use conservation of momentum to find the velocity of the recoiling 4-kg object. We can find the energy transformed in the collision by calculating the difference between the kinetic energies before and after the collision and the coefficient of restitution from its definition. (a) Use conservation of momentum in one dimension to relate the initial and final momenta of the participants in the collision:

f22f44i22

fi

orvmvmvm −=

= pp rr

Solve for and evaluate the final velocity of the 4-kg object:

( )( ) m/s3.50kg4

m/s1m/s6kg24

f22i22f4

=+

=

+=

mvmvmv

(b) Express the energy lost in terms of the kinetic energies before and after the collision:

( )( )[ ]2

f442f2

2i222

1

2f442

12f222

12i222

1

filost

vmvvm

vmvmvm

KKE

−−=

+−=

−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Elost:

( ) ( ) ( ){ }( ) ( )( )[ ] J5.10m/s3.5kg4m/s1m/s6kg2 22221

lost =−−=E

(c) Use the definition of the coefficient of restitution:

( ) 0.750m/s6

m/s1m/s3.5

i2

f2f4

app

rec =−−

=−

==v

vvvve

93 •• Picture the Problem Let the numeral 2 refer to the 2-kg block and the numeral 3 to the 3-kg block. Choose a coordinate system in which the direction the blocks are moving before the collision is the positive x direction and let the system consist of the earth, the surface on which the blocks move, and the blocks. Then we can use conservation of momentum find the velocity of the 2-kg block after the collision. We can find the coefficient of restitution from its definition.

Chapter 8

576

(a) Use conservation of momentum in one dimension to relate the initial and final momenta of the participants in the collision:

f33f223i3i22

fi

orvmvmvmvm +=+

= pp rr

Solve for the final velocity of the 2-kg object: 2

f33i33i22f2 m

vmvmvmv −+=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v2f:

( )( ) ( )( ) m/s70.1kg2

m/s4.2m/s2kg3m/s5kg2f2 =

−+=v

(b) Use the definition of the coefficient of restitution:

0.833

m/s2m/s5m/s7.1m/s2.4

i3i2

f2f3

app

rec

=

−−

=−−

==vvvv

vve

Collisions in Three Dimensions *94 •• Picture the Problem We can use the definition of the magnitude of a vector and the definition of the dot product to establish the result called for in (a). In part (b) we can use the result of part (a), the conservation of momentum, and the definition of an elastic collision (kinetic energy is conserved) to show that the particles separate at right angles. (a) Find the dot product of CB

rr+

with itself: ( ) ( )

CB

CBCBrr

rrrr

⋅++=

+⋅+

222 CB

Because CBA

rrr+= : ( ) ( )CBCBCB

rrrrrr+⋅+=+=

22A

Substitute to obtain: CB

rr⋅++= 2222 CBA

(b) Apply conservation of momentum to the collision of the particles:

Ppprrr

=+ 21

Form the dot product of each side of this equation with itself to obtain:

( ) ( ) PPpppprrrrrr

⋅=+⋅+ 2121 or

221

22

21 2 Ppp =⋅++ pp

rr (1)

Apply the definition of an elastic collision to obtain: m

Pm

pm

p222

222

21 =+


577

or 22

221 Ppp =+ (2)


02 21 =⋅ pp rror 021 =⋅ pp rr

i.e., the particles move apart along paths that are at right angles to each other.

95 •

Picture the Problem Let the initial direction of motion of the cue ball be the positive x direction. We can apply conservation of energy to determine the angle the cue ball makes with the positive x direction and the conservation of momentum to find the final velocities of the cue ball and the eight ball. (a) Use conservation of energy to relate the velocities of the collision participants before and after the collision:

28

2cf

2ci

282

12cf2

12ci2

1

orvvv

mvmvmv

+=

+=

This Pythagorean relationship tells us that 8cfci and,, vvv rrr

form a right

triangle. Hence: °=

°=+

60

and90

cf

8cf

θ

θθ

(b) Use conservation of momentum in the x direction to relate the velocities of the collision participants before and after the collision:

88cfcfci

xfxi

coscosor

θθ mvmvmv +=

= pp rr

Use conservation of momentum in the y direction to obtain a second equation relating the velocities of the collision participants before and after the collision:

88cfcf

yfyi

sinsin0or

θθ mvmv +=

= pprr


m/s33.4

and

m/s50.2

8

cf

=

=

v

v

Chapter 8

578

96 •• Picture the Problem We can find the final velocity of the object whose mass is M1 by using the conservation of momentum. Whether the collision was elastic can be decided by examining the difference between the initial and final kinetic energy of the interacting objects. (a) Use conservation of momentum to relate the initial and final velocities of the two objects:

fi pp rr=

or ( ) ( ) 1f04

102

10

ˆ2ˆ2ˆ viji rmvmvmmv +=+

Simplify to obtain:

1f021

00ˆˆˆ viji r

+=+ vvv

Solve for 1fvr : jiv ˆˆ002

11f vv +=r

(b) Express the difference between the kinetic energy of the system before the collision and its kinetic energy after the collision:

( ) [ ][ ] [ ]

( ) ( )[ ] 2016

12016

1204

5204

1202

1

2f2

2f1

2i2

2i12

12f2

2f1

2i2

2i12

1

2f22

2f11

2i22

2i112

12f1f2i1ifi

22

2222

mvvvvvm

vvvvmmvmvmvmv

vMvMvMvMKKKKKKE

=−−+=

−−+=−−+=

−−+=+−+=−=∆

. iscollision the0, Because inelasticE ≠∆

*97 •• Picture the Problem Let the direction of motion of the puck that is moving before the collision be the positive x direction. Applying conservation of momentum to the collision in both the x and y directions will lead us to two equations in the unknowns v1 and v2 that we can solve simultaneously. We can decide whether the collision was elastic by either calculating the system’s kinetic energy before and after the collision or by determining whether the angle between the final velocities is 90°. (a) Use conservation of momentum in the x direction to relate the velocities of the collision participants before and after the collision: °+°=

°+°=

=

60cos30cosor

60cos30cosor

21

21

xfxi

vvv

mvmvmv

pp


579

Use conservation of momentum in the y direction to obtain a second equation relating the velocities of the collision participants before and after the collision: °−°=

°−°=

=

60sin30sin0or

60sin30sin0or

21

21

yfyi

vv

mvmv

pp


m/s00.1andm/s73.1 21 == vv

(b) . wascollision the,90 is and between angle theBecause 21 elastic°vv rr

98 •• Picture the Problem Let the direction of motion of the object that is moving before the collision be the positive x direction. Applying conservation of momentum to the motion in both the x and y directions will lead us to two equations in the unknowns v2 and θ2 that we can solve simultaneously. We can show that the collision was elastic by showing that the system’s kinetic energy before and after the collision is the same. (a) Use conservation of momentum in the x direction to relate the velocities of the collision participants before and after the collision:

22100

22100

xfxi

cos2cos53

orcos2cos53

or

θθ

θθ

vvv

mvmvmv

pp

+=

+=

=

Use conservation of momentum in the y direction to obtain a second equation relating the velocities of the collision participants before and after the collision: 2210

2210

yfyi

sin2sin50

orsin2sin50

or

θθ

θθ

vv

mvmv

pp

−=

−=

=

Note that if tanθ1 = 2, then:

52sinand

51cos 11 == θθ

Substitute in the momentum equations to obtain:

220

2200

cosor

cos25

153

θ

θ

vv

vvv

=

+=

and

Chapter 8

580

220

220

sin0or

sin25

250

θ

θ

vv

vv

−=

−=

Solve these equations simultaneously for θ2 :

°== − 0.451tan 12θ

Substitute to find v2:

00

2

02 2

45coscosvvvv =

°==

θ

(b) To show that the collision was elastic, find the before-collision and after-collision kinetic energies:

( )

( ) ( )( )20

2

021

2

021

f

20

202

1i

5.4

225

and5.43

mv

vmvmK

mvvmK

=

+=

==

elastic. iscollision the, Because fi KK =

*99 •• Picture the Problem Let the direction of motion of the ball that is moving before the collision be the positive x direction. Let v represent the velocity of the ball that is moving before the collision, v1 its velocity after the collision and v2 the velocity of the initially-at-rest ball after the collision. We know that because the collision is elastic and the balls have the same mass, v1 and v2 are 90° apart. Applying conservation of momentum to the collision in both the x and y directions will lead us to two equations in the unknowns v1 and v2 that we can solve simultaneously. Noting that the angle of deflection for the recoiling ball is 60°, use conservation of momentum in the x direction to relate the velocities of the collision participants before and after the collision:

°+°=

°+°=

=

60cos30cosor

60cos30cosor

21

21

xfxi

vvv

mvmvmv

pp

Use conservation of momentum in the y direction to obtain a second equation relating the velocities of the collision participants before and after the collision: °−°=

°−°=

=

60sin30sin0or

60sin30sin0or

21

21

yfyi

vv

mvmv

pp


581


m/s00.5andm/s66.8 21 == vv

100 •• Picture the Problem Choose the coordinate system shown in the diagram below with the x-axis the axis of initial approach of the first particle. Call V the speed of the target particle after the collision. In part (a) we can apply conservation of momentum in the x and y directions to obtain two equations that we can solve simultaneously for tanθ. In part (b) we can use conservation of momentum in vector form and the elastic-collision equation to show that v = v0cosφ.

(a) Apply conservation of momentum in the x direction to obtain:

θφ coscos0 Vvv += (1)

Apply conservation of momentum in the y direction to obtain:

θφ sinsin Vv = (2)

Solve equation (1) for Vcosθ :

φθ coscos 0 vvV −= (3)

Divide equation (2) by equation (3) to obtain: φ

φθθ

cossin

cossin

0 vvv

VV

−=

or

φφθ

cossintan

0 vvv−

=

(b) Apply conservation of momentum to obtain:

Vvvrrr

+=0

Draw the vector diagram representing this equation:

Use the definition of an elastic 222

0 Vvv +=

Chapter 8

582

collision to obtain: If this Pythagorean condition is to hold, the third angle of the triangle must be a right angle and, using the definition of the cosine function:

φcos0vv =

Center-of-Mass Frame 101 •• Picture the Problem The total kinetic energy of a system of particles is the sum of the kinetic energy of the center of mass and the kinetic energy relative to the center of mass. The kinetic energy of a particle of mass m is related to momentum according to mpK 22= .

Express the total kinetic energy of the system:

cmrel KKK += (1)

Relate the kinetic energy relative to the center of mass to the momenta of the two particles:

( )21

2121

2

21

1

21

rel 222 mmmmp

mp

mpK +

=+=

Express the kinetic energy of the center of mass of the two particles:

( )( ) 21

21

21

21

cm2

22

mmp

mmpK

+=

+=

Substitute in equation (1) and simplify to obtain:

( )

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

++=

++

+=

2212

21

2221

21

21

21

21

21

2121

62

22

mmmmmmmmp

mmp

mmmmpK

In an elastic collision:

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

++=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

++=

=

2212

21

2221

21

21

2212

21

2221

21

21

fi

62

62

mmmmmmmmp'

mmmmmmmmp

KK

Simplify to obtain: ( ) ( ) 11

21

21 pppp '' ±=⇒=

and collide.not do particles the, If 11 pp' +=


583

*102 •• Picture the Problem Let the numerals 3 and 1 denote the blocks whose masses are 3 kg and 1 kg respectively. We can use cmvv rr Mm

iii =∑ to find the velocity of the center-of-

mass of the system and simply follow the directions in the problem step by step. (a) Express the total momentum of this two-particle system in terms of the velocity of its center of mass:

( ) cm31cm

3311

vv

vvvPrr

rrrr

mmM

mmmi

ii

+==

+== ∑

Solve for cmvr :

13

1133cm mm

mm++

=vvvrr

r


( )( ) ( )( )

( )i

iiv

ˆm/s3.00

kg1kg3


−=

++−

=r

(b) Find the velocity of the 3-kg block in the center of mass reference frame:

( ) ( )( )i

iivvuˆm/s2.00

ˆm/s3ˆm/s5cm33

−=

−−−=−=rrr

Find the velocity of the 1-kg block in the center of mass reference frame:

( ) ( )( )i

iivvuˆm/s00.6

ˆm/s3ˆm/s3cm11

=

−−=−=rrr

(c) Express the after-collision velocities of both blocks in the center of mass reference frame:

( )iu ˆm/s00.23 ='r

and

( )iu ˆm/s00.61 −='r

(d) Transform the after-collision velocity of the 3-kg block from the center of mass reference frame to the original reference frame:

( ) ( )( )i

iivuvˆm/s00.1

ˆm/s3ˆm/s2cm33

−=

−+=+=rrr ''

Transform the after-collision velocity of the 1-kg block from the center of mass reference frame to the original reference frame:

( ) ( )( )i

iivuvˆm/s00.9

ˆm/s3ˆm/s6cm11

−=

−+−=+=rrr ''

(e) Express Ki in the original frame of 2112

12332

1i vmvmK +=

Chapter 8

584

reference:

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ki:

( )( ) ( )( )[ ]J42.0

m/s3kg1m/s5kg3 2221

i

=

+=K

Express Kf in the original frame of reference:

2112

12332

1f v'mv'mK +=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Kf:

( )( ) ( )( )[ ]J42.0

m/s9kg1m/s1kg3 2221

f

=

+=K

103 •• Picture the Problem Let the numerals 3 and 1 denote the blocks whose masses are 3 kg and 1 kg respectively. We can use cmvv rr Mm

iii =∑ to find the velocity of the center-of-

mass of the system and simply follow the directions in the problem step by step. (a) Express the total momentum of this two-particle system in terms of the velocity of its center of mass:

( ) cm53cm

5533

vv

vvvPrr

rrrr

mmM

mmmi

ii

+==

+== ∑

Solve for cmvr :

53

5533cm mm

mm++

=vvvrr

r


( )( ) ( )( )

0

kg5kg3


=

++−

=iivr

(b) Find the velocity of the 3-kg block in the center of mass reference frame:

( )( ) i

ivvuˆm/s5

0ˆm/s5cm33

−=

−−=−=rrr

Find the velocity of the 5-kg block in the center of mass reference frame:

( )( )i

ivvuˆm/s3

0ˆm/s3cm55

=

−=−=rrr

(c) Express the after-collision velocities of both blocks in the center of mass reference frame:

( )iu ˆm/s53 ='r

and


585

m/s75.05 ='u

(d) Transform the after-collision velocity of the 3-kg block from the center of mass reference frame to the original reference frame:

( )( )i

ivuvˆm/s5

0ˆm/s5cm33

=

+=+=rrr ''

Transform the after-collision velocity of the 5-kg block from the center of mass reference frame to the original reference frame:

( )( )i

ivuvˆm/s3

0ˆm/s3cm55

−=

+−=+=rrr ''

(e) Express Ki in the original frame of reference:

2552

12332

1i vmvmK +=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ki:

( )( ) ( )( )[ ]J60.0

m/s3kg5m/s5kg3 2221

i

=

+=K

Express Kf in the original frame of reference:

2552

12332

1f v'mv'mK +=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Kf:

( )( )[ ( )( ) ] J60.0m/s3kg5m/s5kg3 2221

f =+=K

Systems With Continuously Varying Mass: Rocket Propulsion 104 •• Picture the Problem The thrust of a rocket Fth depends on the burn rate of its fuel dm/dt and the relative speed of its exhaust gases uex according to exth udtdmF = .

Using its definition, relate the rocket’s thrust to the relative speed of its exhaust gases:

exth udtdmF =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fth:

( )( ) MN20.1km/s6kg/s200th ==F

Chapter 8

586

105 •• Picture the Problem The thrust of a rocket Fth depends on the burn rate of its fuel dm/dt and the relative speed of its exhaust gases uex according to exth udtdmF = . The final

velocity vf of a rocket depends on the relative speed of its exhaust gases uex, its payload to initial mass ratio mf/m0 and its burn time according to ( ) b0fexf ln gtmmuv −−= .

(a) Using its definition, relate the rocket’s thrust to the relative speed of its exhaust gases:

exth udtdmF =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fth:

( )( ) kN360km/s8.1kg/s200th ==F

(b) Relate the time to burnout to the mass of the fuel and its burn rate:

dtdmm

dtdmmt

/8.0

/0fuel

b ==

Substitute numerical values and evaluate tb:

( ) s120kg/s200

kg30,0000.8b ==t

(c) Relate the final velocity of a rocket to its initial mass, exhaust velocity, and burn time:

b0

fexf ln gt

mmuv −⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=


( ) ( )( ) km/s72.1s120m/s9.8151lnkm/s1.8 2

f =−⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−=v

*106 •• Picture the Problem We can use the dimensions of thrust, burn rate, and acceleration to show that the dimension of specific impulse is time. Combining the definitions of rocket thrust and specific impulse will lead us to spex gIu = . (a) Express the dimension of specific impulse in terms of the dimensions of Fth, R, and g:

[ ] [ ][ ][ ] T

TL

TM

TLM

2

2th

sp =⋅

⋅

==gR

FI

(b) From the definition of rocket thrust we have:

exth RuF =

Solve for uex:

RFu th

ex =


587

Substitute for Fth to obtain: sp

spex gI

RRgI

u == (1)

(c) Solve equation (1) for Isp and substitute for uex to obtain: Rg

FI thsp =

From Example 8-21 we have: R = 1.384×104 kg/s and Fth = 3.4×106 N

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Isp: ( )( )

s25.0

m/s81.9kg/s101.384N103.4

24

6

sp

=

××

=I

*107 ••• Picture the Problem We can use the rocket equation and the definition of rocket thrust to show that ga00 1+=τ . In part (b) we can express the burn time tb in terms of the initial and final masses of the rocket and the rate at which the fuel burns, and then use this equation to express the rocket’s final velocity in terms of Isp, τ0, and the mass ratio m0/mf. In part (d) we’ll need to use trial-and-error methods or a graphing calculator to solve the transcendental equation giving vf as a function of m0/mf. (a) Express the rocket equation:

maRumg =+− ex

From the definition of rocket thrust we have:

exth RuF =


maFmg =+− th

Solve for Fth at takeoff: 000th amgmF +=

Divide both sides of this equation by m0g to obtain: g

agm

F 0

0

th 1+=

Because )/( 0th0 gmF=τ :

ga0

0 1+=τ

(b) Use equation 8-42 to express the final speed of a rocket that starts from rest with mass m0:

bf

0exf ln gt

mmuv −= , (1)

where tb is the burn time.

Express the burn time in terms of the burn rate R (assumed constant):

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

−=

0

f0f0b 1

mm

Rm

Rmmt

Chapter 8

588

Multiply tb by one in the form gT/gT and simplify to obtain:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

0

f

0

sp

0

fth

th

0

0

f0

th

thb

1

1

1

mmI

mm

gRF

Fgm

mm

Rm

gFgFt

τ

Substitute in equation (1):

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−−=

0

f

0

sp

f

0exf 1ln

mmgI

mmuv

τ

From Problem 32 we have:

spex gIu = , where uex is the exhaust velocity of the propellant.

Substitute and factor to obtain:

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−−⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−−=

0

f

0f

0sp

0

f

0

sp

f

0spf

11ln

1ln

mm

mmgI

mmgI

mmgIv

τ

τ

(c) A spreadsheet program to calculate the final velocity of the rocket as a function of the mass ratio m0/mf is shown below. The constants used in the velocity function and the formulas used to calculate the final velocity are as follows:

Cell Content/Formula Algebraic Form B1 250 Isp B2 9.81 g B3 2 τ D9 D8 + 0.25 m0/mf E8 $B$2*$B$1*(LOG(D8) −

(1/$B$3)*(1/D8)) ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−−⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

0

f

0f

0sp 11ln

mm

mmgI

τ

A B C D E 1 Isp = 250 s 2 g = 9.81 m/s^2 3 tau = 2 4 5 6 7 mass ratio vf 8 2.00 1.252E+029 2.25 3.187E+02


589

10 2.50 4.854E+0211 2.75 6.316E+0212 3.00 7.614E+02

36 9.00 2.204E+0337 9.25 2.237E+0338 9.50 2.269E+0339 9.75 2.300E+0340 10.00 2.330E+0341 725.00 7.013E+03

A graph of final velocity as a function of mass ratio is shown below.

0

1

2

2 4 6 8 10

m 0/m f

v f (k

m/s

)

(d) Substitute the data given in part (c) in the equation derived in part (b) to obtain:

( )( ) ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−−=

0

f

f

02 121lns250m/s9.81km/s7

mm

mm

or

xx 5.05.0ln854.2 +−= where x = m0/mf.

Use trial-and-error methods or a graphing calculator to solve this transcendental equation for the root greater than 1:

1.28=x ,

a value considerably larger than the practical limit of 10 for single-stage rockets.

108 •• Picture the Problem We can use the velocity-at-burnout equation from Problem 106 to find vf and constant-acceleration equations to approximate the maximum height the rocket will reach and its total flight time. (a) Assuming constant acceleration, relate the maximum height reached

2top2

1 gth = (1)

Chapter 8

590

by the model rocket to its time-to-top-of-trajectory: From Problem 106 we have: ⎟

⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−−⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

0

f

f

0spf 11ln

mm

mmgIv

τ

Evaluate the velocity at burnout vf for Isp = 100 s, m0/mf = 1.2, and τ = 5:

( )( )

( )

m/s1462.1

11512.1ln

s100m/s9.81 2f

=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −−×

=v

Assuming that the time for the fuel to burn up is short compared to the total flight time, find the time to the top of the trajectory:

s14.9m/s9.81m/s146

2f

top ===gvt


( )( ) km1.09s14.9m/s9.81 2221 ==h

(b) Find the total flight time from the time it took the rocket to reach its maximum height:

( ) s29.8s14.922 topflight === tt

(c) Express and evaluate the fuel burn time tb:

s3.331.211

5s1001

0

=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

mmI

t fspb τ

burnout. untilon acceleraticonstant assuming m, 243 is timein this movepossibly couldrocket model the

distance maximum theas accuracy, 30%about togood be however, should,It accurate. very be to)(Part in obtained answer we expect the

tcan' wee,flight tim total theof 1/5ely approximat is burn time thisBecause

b21 =vt

b

General Problems 109 • Picture the Problem Let the direction of motion of the 250-g car before the collision be the positive x direction. Let the numeral 1 refer to the 250-kg car, the numeral 2 refer to the 400-kg car, and V represent the velocity of the linked cars. Let the system include the earth and the cars. We can use conservation of momentum to find their speed after they have linked together and the definition of kinetic energy to find their initial and final kinetic energies.


591

Use conservation of momentum to relate the speeds of the cars immediately before and immediately after their collision:

( )Vmmvm

pp

2111

fxix

or+=

=

Solve for V:

21

11

mmvmV

+=


( )( ) m/s192.0kg0.400kg0.250

m/s0.50kg0.250=

+=V

Find the initial kinetic energy of the cars:

( )( )mJ3.31

m/s0.50kg0.250 2212

1121

i

=

== vmK

Find the final kinetic energy of the coupled cars:

( )( )( )

mJ0.12

m/s0.192kg0.400kg0.250 221

2212

1f

=

+=

+= VmmK

110 • Picture the Problem Let the direction of motion of the 250-g car before the collision be the positive x direction. Let the numeral 1 refer to the 250-kg car and the numeral 2 refer to the 400-g car and the system include the earth and the cars. We can use conservation of momentum to find their speed after they have linked together and the definition of kinetic energy to find their initial and final kinetic energies. (a) Express and evaluate the initial kinetic energy of the cars:

( )( )mJ3.31

m/s0.50kg0.250 2212

1121

i

=

== vmK

(b) Relate the velocity of the center of mass to the total momentum of the system:

cmi

ii vvPrrr

mm == ∑

Solve for vcm:

21

2211cm mm

vmvmv++

=


( )( ) m/s192.0kg0.400kg0.250

m/s0.50kg0.250cm =

+=v

Chapter 8

592

Find the initial velocity of the 250-g car relative to the velocity of the center of mass:

m/s0.308

m/s0.192m/s.500cm11

=

−=−= vvu

Find the initial velocity of the 400-g car relative to the velocity of the center of mass:

m/s192.0

m/s0.192m/s0cm22

−=

−=−= vvu

Express the initial kinetic energy of the system relative to the center of mass:

2222

12112

1reli, umumK +=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ki,rel:

( )( )( )( )

mJ19.2

m/s0.192kg0.400

m/s0.308kg0.2502

21

221

reli,

=

−+

=K

(c) Express the kinetic energy of the center of mass:

2cm2

1cm MvK =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Kcm:

( )( )mJ12.0

m/s0.192kg0.650 221

cm

=

=K

(d) Relate the initial kinetic energy of the system to its initial kinetic energy relative to the center of mass and the kinetic energy of the center of mass:

mJ31.2mJ12.0mJ9.21

cmreli,i

=+=

+= KKK

cmreli,i KKK +=∴

*111 • Picture the Problem Let the direction the 4-kg fish is swimming be the positive x direction and the system include the fish, the water, and the earth. The velocity of the larger fish immediately after its lunch is the velocity of the center of mass in this perfectly inelastic collision. Relate the velocity of the center of mass to the total momentum of the system:

cmi

ii vvPrrr

mm == ∑


593

Solve for vcm:

2.14

2.12.144cm mm

vmvmv+−

=


( )( )

m/s462.0

kg2.1kg4)m/s(3kg)2.1(m/s5.1kg4

cm

=

+−

=v

112 • Picture the Problem Let the direction the 3-kg block is moving be the positive x direction and include both blocks and the earth in the system. The total kinetic energy of the two-block system is the sum of the kinetic energies of the blocks. We can relate the momentum of the system to the velocity of its center of mass and use this relationship to find vcm. Finally, we can use the definition of kinetic energy to find the kinetic energy relative to the center of mass. (a) Express the total kinetic energy of the system in terms of the kinetic energy of the blocks:

2662

12332

1tot vmvmK +=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ktot:

( )( ) ( )( )J81.0

m/s3kg6m/s6kg3 2212

21

tot

=

+=K

(b) Relate the velocity of the center of mass to the total momentum of the system:

cmi

ii vvPrrr

mm == ∑

Solve for vcm:

21

6633cm mm

vmvmv++

=


( )( ) ( )( )

m/s00.4

kg6kg3m/s3kg6m/s6kg3

cm

=

++

=v

(c) Find the center of mass kinetic energy from the velocity of the center of mass:

( )( )J72.0

m/s4kg9 2212

cm21

cm

=

== MvK

Chapter 8

594

(d) Relate the initial kinetic energy of the system to its initial kinetic energy relative to the center of mass and the kinetic energy of the center of mass:

J00.9

J0.27J0.81cmtotrel

=

−=−= KKK

113 • Picture the Problem Let east be the positive x direction and north the positive y direction. Include both cars and the earth in the system and let the numeral 1 denote the 1500-kg car and the numeral 2 the 2000-kg car. Because the net external force acting on the system is zero, momentum is conserved in this perfectly inelastic collision. (a) Express the total momentum of the system: ij

vvpppˆˆ

2211

221121

vmvm

mm

−=

+=+=rrrrr

Substitute numerical values and evaluate p

r:

( )( ) ( )( )

( ) ( )ji

ijpˆkm/hkg1005.1ˆkm/hkg1010.1

ˆkm/h55kg2000ˆkm/h70kg150055 ⋅×+⋅×−=

−=r

(b) Express the velocity of the wreckage in terms of the total momentum of the system:

Mpvvr

rr== cmf

Substitute numerical values and evaluate fvr :

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ji

jiv

ˆkm/h0.30ˆkm/h4.31

kg2000kg1500

ˆkm/hkg101.05kg2000kg1500

ˆkm/hkg101.10 55

f

+−=

+⋅×

++

⋅×−=

r

Find the magnitude of the velocity of the wreckage:

( ) ( )km/h43.4

km/h30.0km/h31.4 22f

=

+=v

Find the direction of the velocity of the wreckage: °−=⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−

= − 7.43km/h31.4

km/h30.0tan 1θ

north. of west 46.3is wreckage theofdirection The

°


595

*114 •• Picture the Problem Take the origin to be at the initial position of the right-hand end of raft and let the positive x direction be to the left. Let ″w″ denote the woman and ″r″ the raft, d be the distance of the end of the raft from the pier after the woman has walked to its front. The raft moves to the left as the woman moves to the right; with the center of mass of the woman-raft system remaining fixed (because Fext,net = 0). The diagram shows the initial (xw,i) and final (xw,f) positions of the woman as well as the initial (xr_cm,i) and final (xr_cm,f) positions of the center of mass of the raft both before and after the woman has walked to the front of the raft.

x

x

xw,

f

xr_cm,i

xr_cm,f

xw,

i =6 m

xr_cm,i

0

0×

×

CM

CM

xCM

d

0.5 mP I E R

(a) Express the distance of the raft from the pier after the woman has walked to the front of the raft:

wf,m5.0 xd += (1)

Express xcm before the woman has walked to the front of the raft:

rw

i r_cm,riw,wcm mm

xmxmx

+

+=

Express xcm after the woman has walked to the front of the raft:

rw

fr_cm,rfw,wcm mm

xmxmx

+

+=

Because Fext,net = 0, the center of mass remains fixed and we can equate these two expressions for xcm to obtain:

fr_cm,rfw,wir_cm,ri,ww xmxmxmxm +=+

Solve for xw,f: ( )ir_cm,fr_cm,w

riw,fw, xx

mmxx −−=

From the figure it can be seen that xr_cm,f – xr_cm,i = xw,f. Substitute xw,f rw

iw,wfw, mm

xmx

+=

Chapter 8

596

for xr_cm,f – xr_cm,i and to obtain: Substitute numerical values and evaluate xw,f:

( )( ) m00.2kg120kg60

m6kg60fw, =

+=x

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: m50.2m5.0m00.2 =+=d

(b) Express the total kinetic energy of the system:

2rr2

12ww2

1tot vmvmK +=

Noting that the elapsed time is 2 s, find vw and vr:

m/s2s2

m6m2iw,fw,w −=

−=

∆−

=txx

v

relative to the dock, and

m/s1s2

m0.5m50.2ir,fr,r =

−=

∆−

=txx

v ,

also relative to the dock.

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ktot:

( )( )( )( )J180

m/s1kg120

m/s2kg602

21

221

tot

=

+

−=K

Evaluate K with the raft tied to the pier:

( )( )J270

m/s3kg60 2212

ww21

tot

=

== vmK

(c) energy. internalher

into ed transformisenergy kinetic thefriction, static viastops she assuming and, woman theofenergy chemical thefrom derivesenergy kinetic theAll

(d)

raft. theoffront at the lands and m 6 of range a has alsoshot theframe,woman -raft in the Thus, land. the

of frame reference in the m 6 of range a hadshot that thedid asvelocity initial same thehasshot theframeIn that frame. reference inertialan

sconstitute systemwoman -raft thehand, s woman' theleavesshot After the


597

115 •• Picture the Problem Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the elevation of the 1-kg block. We can use conservation of energy to find the speed of the bob just before its perfectly elastic collision with the block and conservation of momentum to find the speed of the block immediately after the collision. We’ll apply Newton’s 2nd law to find the acceleration of the sliding block and use a constant-acceleration equation to find how far it slides before coming to rest. (a) Use conservation of energy to find the speed of the bob just before its collision with the block: 0

or0

ifif =−+−

=∆+∆

UUKK

UK

Because Ki = Uf = 0:

hgv

hgmvm

∆=

=∆+

2

and0

ball

ball2ballball2

1

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vball:

( )( ) m/s6.26m2m/s9.812 2ball ==v

Because the collision is perfectly elastic and the ball and block have the same mass:

m/s26.6ballblock == vv

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the displacement of the block to its acceleration and initial speed and solve for its displacement: block

2block

block

2i

f

block2i

2f

22

0, Since2

av

avx

vxavv

−=

−=∆

=∆+=

Apply ∑ = aF rr

m to the sliding

block:

∑

∑

=−=

=−=

0and

blockn

blockk

gmFF

mafF

y

x

Using the definition of fk (µkFn) eliminate fk and Fn between the two equations and solve for ablock:

ga kblock µ−=

Substitute for ablock to obtain: g

vg

vxk

2block

k

2block

22 µµ=

−−

=∆

Chapter 8

598


( )( )( ) m0.20

m/s9.810.12m/s6.26

2

2

==∆x

*116 •• Picture the Problem We can use conservation of momentum in the horizontal direction to find the recoil velocity of the car along the track after the firing. Because the shell will neither rise as high nor be moving as fast at the top of its trajectory as it would be in the absence of air friction, we can apply the work-energy theorem to find the amount of thermal energy produced by the air friction.

(a) conserved. benot willsystem theof momentum the

so and force externalan is rails theof forcereaction verticalThe No.

(b) Use conservation of momentum in the horizontal (x) direction to obtain:

0=∆ xp

or 030cos recoil =−° Mvmv

Solve for and evaluate vrecoil:

Mmvv °

=30cos

recoil

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vrecoil:

( )( )

m/s33.4

kg5000cos30m/s125kg200

recoil

=

°=v

(c) Using the work-energy theorem, relate the thermal energy produced by air friction to the change in the energy of the system:

KUEWW ∆+∆=∆== sysfext

Substitute for ∆U and ∆K to obtain:

( ) ( )22f2

1if

2212

f21

ifext

i

i

vvmyymg

mvmvmgymgyW

−+−=

−+−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Wext:

( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ] kJ569m/s125m/s80kg200m180m/s81.9kg200 22212

ext −=−+=W


599

117 •• Picture the Problem Because this is a perfectly inelastic collision, the velocity of the block after the collision is the same as the velocity of the center of mass before the collision. The distance the block travels before hitting the floor is the product of its velocity and the time required to fall 0.8 m; which we can find using a constant-acceleration equation. Relate the distance D to the velocity of the center of mass and the time for the block to fall to the floor:

tvD ∆= cm

Relate the velocity of the center of mass to the total momentum of the system and solve for vcm:

cmi

ii vvPrrr

Mm == ∑

and

blockbullet

blockblockbulletbulletcm mm

vmvmv++

=


( )( ) m/s9.20kg0.8kg0.015m/s500kg0.015

cm =+

=v

Using a constant-acceleration equation, find the time for the block to fall to the floor:

( )

gytv

tatvy

∆=∆=

∆+∆=∆

2 0, Because 0

221

0


gyvD ∆

=2

cm

Substitute numerical values and evaluate D: ( ) ( ) m72.3

m/s9.81m0.82m/s20.9 2 ==D

118 •• Picture the Problem Let the direction the particle whose mass is m is moving initially be the positive x direction and the direction the particle whose mass is 4m is moving initially be the negative y direction. We can determine the impulse delivered by F

r and,

hence, the change in the momentum of the system from the change in the momentum of the particle whose mass is m. Knowing p

r∆ , we can express the final momentum of the

particle whose mass is 4m and solve for its final velocity. Express the impulse delivered by the force F

r: ( ) iii

pppFIˆ3ˆˆ4

if

mvmvvm

T

=−=

−=∆==rrrrr

Chapter 8

600

Express m4'pr : ( )ij

ppvpˆ3ˆ4

04 m44m

mvmv

'm'

+−=

∆+==rrrr

Solve for 'vr : jiv ˆˆ

43 vv' −=

r

119 •• Picture the Problem Let the numeral 1 refer to the basketball and the numeral 2 to the baseball. The left-hand side of the diagram shows the balls after the basketball’s elastic collision with the floor and just before they collide. The right-hand side of the diagram shows the balls just after their collision. We can apply conservation of momentum and the definition of an elastic collision to obtain equations relating the initial and final velocities of the masses of the colliding objects that we can solve for v1f and v2f.

(a) Because both balls are in free-fall, and both are in the air for the same amount of time, they have the same velocity just before the basketball rebounds. After the basketball rebounds elastically, its velocity will have the same magnitude, but the opposite direction than just before it hit the ground.

baseball. theof velocity thetodirection in

oppositebut magnitudein equal be willbasketball theof velocity The

(b) Apply conservation of momentum to the collision of the balls to obtain:

2i21i1f22f11 vmvmvmvm +=+ (1)

Relate the initial and final kinetic energies of the balls in their elastic collision:

2i222

12i112

12f222

12f112

1 vmvmvmvm +=+

Rearrange this equation and factor to obtain:

( ) ( )2f1

2i11

2i2

2f22 vvmvvm −=−

or ( )( )

( )( )1fi11fi11

2if22if22

vvvvmvvvvm

+−=+−

(2)

Rearrange equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ( )1f1i12i2f2 vvmvvm −=− (3)


1fi12if2 vvvv +=+


601

Rearrange this equation to obtain equation (4):

1ii2f2f1 vvvv −=− (4)

Multiply equation (4) by m2 and add it to equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ( ) 2i21i211f21 2 vmvmmvmm +−=+


21

2i1

21

21f1

2 vmm

mvmmmmv

++

+−

=

or, because v2i = −v1i,

i121

21

i121

2i1

21

21f1

3

2

vmmmm

vmm

mvmmmmv

+−

=

+−

+−

=

For m1 = 3m2 and v1i = v: 0

333

22

22f1 =

+−

= vmmmmv

(c) Multiply equation (4) by m1 and subtract it from equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ( ) 1i1i212f221 2 vmvmmvmm +−=+


21

12i1

21

1f2

2 vmmmmv

mmmv

+−

++

=

or, because v2i = −v1i,

i121

21

i121

12i1

21

1f2

3

2

vmmmm

vmmmmv

mmmv

+−

=

+−

−+

=

For m1 = 3m2 and v1i = v:

( ) vvmm

mmv 2333

22

22f2 =

+−

=

Chapter 8

602

120 ••• Picture the Problem In Problem 119 only two balls are dropped. They collide head on, each moving at speed v, and the collision is elastic. In this problem, as it did in Problem 119, the solution involves using the conservation of momentum equation

2i21i1f22f11 vmvmvmvm +=+ and the elastic collision equation

,1ii2f2f1 vvvv −=− where the numeral 1 refers to the baseball, and the numeral 2 to the top ball. The diagram shows the balls just before and just after their collision. From Problem 119 we know that that v1i = 2v and v2i = −v.

(a) Express the final speed v1f of the baseball as a function of its initial speed v1i and the initial speed of the top ball v2i (see Problem 78):

i221

2i1

21

21f1

2 vmm

mvmmmmv

++

+−

=

Substitute for v1i and , v2i to obtain: ( ) ( )v

mmmv

mmmmv −

++

+−

=21

2

21

21f1

22

Divide the numerator and denominator of each term by m2 to introduce the mass ratio of the upper ball to the lower ball:

( ) ( )v

mmv

mmmm

v −+

++

−=

1

221

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

f1

Set the final speed of the baseball v1f equal to zero, let x represent the mass ratio m1/m2, and solve for x:

( ) ( )vx

vxx

−+

++−

=1

22110

and

21

2

1 ==mmx

(b) Apply the second of the two equations in Problem 78 to the collision between the top ball and the baseball:

2i21

12i1

21

1f2

2 vmmmmv

mmmv

+−

++

=

Substitute v1i = 2v and are given that v2i = −v to obtain: ( ) ( )v

mmmmv

mmmv −

+−

++

=21

12

21

1f2 22


603

In part (a) we showed that m2 = 2m1. Substitute and simplify:

( ) ( )

( )

v

vvvmmv

mm

vmmmmv

mmmv

37

31

38

1

1

1

1

11

11

11

13f

32

34

222

222

=

−=−=

+−

−+

=

*121 •• Picture the Problem Let the direction the probe is moving after its elastic collision with Saturn be the positive direction. The probe gains kinetic energy at the expense of the kinetic energy of Saturn. We’ll relate the velocity of approach relative to the center of mass to urec and then to v. (a) Relate the velocity of recession to the velocity of recession relative to the center of mass:

cmrec vuv +=

Find the velocity of approach: km/s0.20

km/s0.41km/s9.6app

−=

−−=u

Relate the relative velocity of approach to the relative velocity of recession for an elastic collision:

km/s0.20apprec =−= uu

Because Saturn is so much more massive than the space probe:

km/s6.9Saturncm == vv

Substitute and evaluate v:

km/s29.6

km/s9.6km/s02cmrec

=

+=+= vuv

(b) Express the ratio of the final kinetic energy to the initial kinetic energy:

10.8km/s10.4km/s29.6

2

2

i

rec2i2

1

2rec2

1

i

f

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛==

vv

MvMv

KK

Saturn. of slowing smallly immeasuraban from comesenergy The

Chapter 8

604

*122 •• Picture the Problem We can use the relationships mcP ∆= and 2mcE ∆=∆ to show that .cEP ∆= We can then equate this expression with the change in momentum of the flashlight to find the latter’s final velocity. (a) Express the momentum of the mass lost (i.e., carried away by the light) by the flashlight:

mcP ∆=

Relate the energy carried away by the light to the mass lost by the flashlight:

2cEm ∆

=∆

Substitute to obtain: c

EcEcP ∆

=∆

= 2

(b) Relate the final momentum of the flashlight to ∆E:

mvpcE

=∆=∆

because the flashlight is initially at rest.

Solve for v:

mcEv ∆

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v: ( )( )

m/s33.3

m/s1033.3m/s102.998kg1.5

J101.5

6

8

3

µ=

×=

××

=

−

v

123 • Picture the Problem We can equate the change in momentum of the block to the momentum of the beam of light and relate the momentum of the beam of light to the mass converted to produce the beam. Combining these expressions will allow us to find the speed attained by the block. Relate the change in momentum of the block to the momentum of the beam:

( ) beamPvmM =− because the block is initially at rest.

Express the momentum of the mass converted into a well-collimated beam of light:

mcP =beam


( ) mcvmM =−

Solve for v:

mMmcv−

=


605


( )( )

m/s1000.3

kg0.001kg1m/s102.998kg0.001

5

8

×=

−×

=v

124 •• Picture the Problem Let the origin of the coordinate system be at the end of the boat at which your friend is sitting prior to changing places. If we let the system include you and your friend, the boat, the water and the earth, then Fext,net = 0 and the center of mass is at the same location after you change places as it was before you shifted. Express the center of mass of the system prior to changing places:

( )mmmmxmmx

mmmmxxmxm

x

++++

=

++++

=

youboat

friendyouboatyou

friendyouboat

friendyouyouboatboatcm

Substitute numerical values and simplify to obtain an expression for xcm in terms of m:

( )( ) ( )

m

mmx

+⋅

=

++++

=

kg140mkg280

kg80kg600kg80kg60m2

cm

Find the center of mass of the system after changing places:

( )( ) ( )mmm

mmmm

mmmmm

mxxmxmx'

++±

+++±+

=++

++=

youboat

you

youboat

boat

friendyouboat

friendyouyouboatboatcm

m0.2m0.2m2

Substitute numerical values and simplify to obtain:

( )( ) ( )( )

( )m

mmmmm

mx'

+⋅±±

+

+⋅±⋅

=++

±+

++±+

=

kg140mkg16m2.0m2

kg140mkg12mkg120

kg80kg60m0.2kg80

kg80kg60m0.2m2kg60

cm

Because Fext,net = 0, cmcm xx' = .

Equate the two expressions and solve for m to obtain:

( )( ) kg

0.2228160

±±

=m

Calculate the largest possible mass for your friend:

( )( ) kg104kg

0.2228160

=−

+=m

Chapter 8

606

Calculate the smallest possible mass for your friend:

( )( ) kg0.60kg

0.2228160

=+

−=m

125 •• Picture the Problem Let the system include the woman, both vehicles, and the earth. Then Fext,net = 0 and acm = 0. Include the mass of the man in the mass of the truck. We can use Newton’s 2nd and 3rd laws to find the acceleration of the truck and net force acting on both the car and the truck. (a) Relate the action and reaction forces acting on the car and truck:

truckcar FF =

or truckwomantruckcarcar amam +=

Solve for the acceleration of the truck:

womantruck

carcartruck

+

=m

ama

Substitute numerical values and evaluate atruck:

( )( ) 22

truck m/s600.0kg1600

m/s1.2kg800==a

(b) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to either vehicle to obtain:

carcarnet amF =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Fnet:

( )( ) N960m/s1.2kg800 2net ==F

126 •• Picture the Problem Let the system include the block, the putty, and the earth. Then Fext,net = 0 and momentum is conserved in this perfectly inelastic collision. We’ll use conservation of momentum to relate the after-collision velocity of the block plus blob and conservation of energy to find their after-collision velocity. Noting that, because this is a perfectly elastic collision, the final velocity of the block plus blob is the velocity of the center of mass, use conservation of momentum to relate the velocity of the center of mass to the velocity of the glob before the collision:

cmglgl

fi

orMvvm

pp

=

=

where M = mgl + mbl.


607

Solve for vgl to obtain: cm

glgl v

mMv = (1)

Use conservation of energy to find the initial energy of the block plus glob:

0f =+∆+∆ WUK

Because ∆U = Kf = 0, 0k

2cm2

1 =∆+− xfMv

Use fk = µkMg to eliminate fk and solve for vcm:

xgv ∆= kcm 2µ


( )( )( )m/s1.08

m0.15m/s9.810.42 2cm

=

=v

Substitute numerical values in equation (1) and evaluate vgl:

( )

m/s36.2

m/s1.08kg0.4

kg0.4kg13gl

=

+=v

*127 •• Picture the Problem Let the direction the moving car was traveling before the collision be the positive x direction. Let the numeral 1 denote this car and the numeral 2 the car that is stopped at the stop sign and the system include both cars and the earth. We can use conservation of momentum to relate the speed of the initially-moving car to the speed of the meshed cars immediately after their perfectly inelastic collision and conservation of energy to find the initial speed of the meshed cars. Using conservation of momentum, relate the before-collision velocity to the after-collision velocity of the meshed cars:

( )Vmmvm

pp

2111

fi

or+=

=

Solve for v1: VmmV

mmmv ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

+=

1

2

1

211 1

Using conservation of energy, relate the initial kinetic energy of the meshed cars to the work done by friction in bringing them to a stop:

0thermal =∆+∆ EK

or, because Kf = 0 and ∆Ethermal = f∆s, 0ki =∆+− sfK

Substitute for Ki and, using fk = µkFn = µkMg, eliminate fk to

0k2

21 =∆+− xMgMV µ

Chapter 8

608

obtain:

Solve for V: xgV ∆= k2µ


xgmmv ∆⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+= k

1

21 21 µ


( )( )( ) km/h23.3m/s48.6m0.76m/s9.810.922kg1200kg9001 2

1 ==⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=v

km/h. 23.3at traveling wasHe truth. thegnot tellin driver was The

128 •• Picture the Problem Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the lowest point of the bob’s swing and note that the bob can swing either forward or backward after the collision. We’ll use both conservation of momentum and conservation of energy to relate the velocities of the bob and the block before and after their collision. Express the kinetic energy of the block in terms of its after-collision momentum:

mpK m

2

2

m =

Solve for m to obtain:

m

m

Kpm

2

2

= (1)

Use conservation of energy to relate Km to the change in the potential energy of the bob:

0=∆+∆ UK or, because Ki = 0,

0if =−+ UUKm

Solve for Km:

( ) ( )[ ][ ]ifbob

fibob

if

coscoscos1cos1

θθθθ

−=−−−=

+−=

gLmLLgm

UUKm

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Km:

( )( )( )[ ] J2.47cos53cos5.73m1.6m/s9.81kg0.4 2 =°−°=mK


609

Use conservation of energy to find the velocity of the bob just before its collision with the block:

0=∆+∆ UK or, because Ki = Uf = 0,

0if =−UK

( )

( )i

ibob2

bob21

cos12

or0cos1

θ

θ

−=

=−−∴

gLv

gLmvm


( )( )( )m/s3.544

cos531m1.6m/s9.812 2

=

°−=v

Use conservation of energy to find the velocity of the bob just after its collision with the block:


0fi =+− UK

Substitute for Ki and Uf to obtain: ( ) 0cos1' fbob

2bob2

1 =−+− θgLmvm

Solve for v′: ( )fcos12' θ−= gLv

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v′:

( )( )( )m/s396.0

cos5.731m1.6m/s9.812' 2

=

°−=v

Use conservation of momentum to relate pm after the collision to the momentum of the bob just before and just after the collision:

mpvmvm

pp

±=

=

'or

bobbob

fi

Solve for and evaluate pm:

( )( )m/skg0.158m/skg.4181m/s0.396m/s3.544kg0.4

'bobbob

⋅±⋅=±=

±= vmvmpm

Find the larger value for pm:

m/skg1.576m/skg0.158m/skg.4181

⋅=⋅+⋅=mp

Find the smaller value for pm:

m/skg1.260m/skg0.158m/skg.4181

⋅=⋅−⋅=mp

Substitute in equation (1) to determine the two values for m:

( )( ) kg503.0

J47.22m/skg576.1 2

=⋅

=m

Chapter 8

610

or ( )

( ) kg321.0J47.22m/skg260.1 2

=⋅

=m

129 •• Picture the Problem Choose the zero of gravitational potential energy at the location of the spring’s maximum compression. Let the system include the spring, the blocks, and the earth. Then the net external force is zero as is work done against friction. We can use conservation of energy to relate the energy transformations taking place during the evolution of this system. Apply conservation of energy: 0sg =∆+∆+∆ UUK

Because ∆K = 0:

0sg =∆+∆ UU

Express the change in the gravitational potential energy:

θsing MgxhmgU −∆−=∆

Express the change in the potential energy of the spring:

221

s kxU =∆


0sin 221 =+−∆− kxMgxhmg θ

Solve for M: x

hmgkx

gxhmgkxM ∆

−=°∆−

=2

30sin

221

Relate ∆h to the initial and rebound positions of the block whose mass is m:

( ) m720.030sinm56.2m4 =°−=∆h


( ) ( ) ( )( ) kg8.85m0.04

m0.72kg12m/s9.81

m0.04N/m10112

3

=−×

=M

*130 •• Picture the Problem By symmetry, xcm = 0. Let σ be the mass per unit area of the disk. The mass of the modified disk is the difference between the mass of the whole disk and the mass that has been removed.


611

Start with the definition of ycm:

hole

holeholediskdisk

hole

iii

cm

mMymym

mM

ymy

−−

=

−=

∑

Express the mass of the complete disk: 2rAM σπσ ==

Express the mass of the material removed:

Mrrm 412

41

2

hole 2==⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= σπσπ

Substitute and simplify to obtain: ( ) ( )( ) r

MMrMMy 6

1

41

21

41

cm0

=−

−−=

131 •• Picture the Problem Let the horizontal axis by the y axis and the vertical axis the z axis. By symmetry, xcm = ycm = 0. Let ρ be the mass per unit volume of the sphere. The mass of the modified sphere is the difference between the mass of the whole sphere and the mass that has been removed. Start with the definition of ycm:

hole

holeholespheresphere

hole

iii

cm

mMymym

mM

ymz

−

−=

−=

∑

Express the mass of the complete sphere:

334 rVM ρπρ ==

Express the mass of the material removed: ( ) Mrrm 8

1334

81

3

34

hole 2==⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= ρπρπ

Substitute and simplify to obtain: ( ) ( )( ) r

MMrMMz 14

1

81

21

81

cm0

=−

−−=

*132 •• Picture the Problem In this elastic head-on collision, the kinetic energy of recoiling nucleus is the difference between the initial and final kinetic energies of the neutron. We can derive the indicated results by using both conservation of energy and conservation of momentum and writing the kinetic energies in terms of the momenta of the particles before and after the collision.

Chapter 8

612

(a) Use conservation of energy to relate the kinetic energies of the particles before and after the collision:

Mp

mp

mp

222

2nucleus

2nf

2ni += (1)

Apply conservation of momentum to obtain a second relationship between the initial and final momenta:

nucleusnfni ppp += (2)

Eliminate pnf in equation (1) using equation (2):

022

ninucleusnucleus =−+mp

mp

Mp

(3)

Use equation (3) to write mp 22

ni in

terms of pnucleus:

( )mM

mMpKm

p2

22nucleus

n

2ni

82+

== (4)

Use equation (4) to express MpK 22

nucleusnucleus = in terms of

Kn:

( ) ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡

+= 2nnucleus

4mM

MmKK (5)

(b) Relate the change in the kinetic energy of the neutron to the after-collision kinetic energy of the nucleus:

nucleusn KK −=∆

Using equation (5), express the fraction of the energy lost in the collision: ( ) 22

n

n

1

44

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

=+

=∆−

MmMm

mMMm

KK

133 •• Picture the Problem Problem 132 (b) provides an expression for the fractional loss of energy per collision. (a) Using the result of Problem 132 (b), express the fractional loss of energy per collision:

( )( )2

2

0

nni

ni

nf

mMmM

EKK

KK

+−

=∆−

=

Evaluate this fraction to obtain: ( )

( )716.0

1212

2

2

0

nf =+−

=mmmm

EK

Express the kinetic energy of one

0nf 716.0 EK N=


613

neutron after N collisions: (b) Substitute for Knf and E0 to obtain:

810716.0 −=N

Take the logarithm of both sides of the equation and solve for N:

550.716log

8N ≈−

=

134 •• Picture the Problem We can relate the number of collisions needed to reduce the energy of a neutron from 2 MeV to 0.02 eV to the fractional energy loss per collision and solve the resulting exponential equation for N. (a) Using the result of Problem 132 (b), express the fractional loss of energy per collision: 37.0

63.0

ni

nini

0

nni

ni

nf

=

−=

∆−=

KKK

EKK

KK

Express the kinetic energy of one neutron after N collisions:

0nf 37.0 EK N=

Substitute for Knf and E0 to obtain:

81037.0 −=N


190.37log8

≈−

=N

(b) Proceed as in (a) to obtain:

89.0

11.0

ni

nini

0

nni

ni

nf

=

−=

∆−=

KKK

EKK

KK

Express the kinetic energy of one neutron after N collisions:

0nf 89.0 EK N=

Substitute for Knf and E0 to obtain:

81089.0 −=N


1580.89log8

≈−

=N

Chapter 8

614

135 •• Picture the Problem Let λ = M/L be the mass per unit length of the rope, the subscript 1 refer to the portion of the rope that is being supported by the force F at any given time, and the subscript 2 refer to the rope that is still on the table at any given time. We can find the height hcm of the center of mass as a function of time and then differentiate this expression twice to find the acceleration of the center of mass. (a) Apply the definition of the center of mass to obtain:

Mhmhm

h cm2,2cm1,1cm

+= (1)

From the definition of λ we have:

vtm

LM 1= ⇒ vt

LMm =1

h1,cm and h2,cm are given by : vth

21

cm1, = and h2,cm = 0

Substitute for m1, h1,cm, and h2,cm in equation (1) and simplify to obtain:

( )2

22cm1,

cm 2

0t

Lv

M

mhvtLM

h =+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

=

(b) Differentiate hcm twice to obtain acm:

Lva

dthd

tLvt

Lv

dtdh

2

cm2cm

2

22cm

and2

2

==

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

(c) Letting N represent the normal force that the table exerts on the rope, apply ∑ = cmmaFy to the

rope to obtain:

cmMaMgNF =−+

Solve for F, substitute for acm and N to obtain: gm

LvMMg

NMaMgF

2

2cm

−+=

−+=

Use the definition of λ again to obtain:

LM

vtLm

=−

2 ⇒ ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=

LvtMm 12


615

Substitute for m2 and simplify:

Mggtv

Lvt

Lvt

gLvMgg

Lvtg

LvgMg

LvtM

LvMMgF

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+−+=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −−+=

1

1222

136 •• Picture the Problem The free-body diagram shows the forces acting on the platform when the spring is partially compressed. The scale reading is the force the scale exerts on the platform and is represented on the FBD by Fn. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to determine the scale reading in part (a). We’ll use both conservation of energy and momentum to obtain the scale reading when the ball collides inelastically with the cup.

(a) Apply ∑ = yy maF to the

spring when it is compressed a distance d:

0springonballpn =−− FgmF

Solve for Fn:

( )gmmgmgm

kgm

kgm

kdgm

FgmF

bpbp

bp

p

springonballpn

+=+=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+=

+=

+=

(b) Letting the zero of gravitational energy be at the initial elevation of the cup and vbi represent the velocity of the ball just before it hits the cup, use conservation of energy to find this velocity:

0 where0 gfig ===∆+∆ UKUK

ghv

mghvm

2

and0

bi

2bib2

1

=

=−∴

Use conservation of momentum to fi pp rr=

Chapter 8

616

find the velocity of the center of mass: ⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

=+

=∴cb

b

cb

bibcm 2

mmmgh

mmvmv

Apply conservation of energy to the collision to obtain:

0scm =∆+∆ UK

or, with Kf = Usi = 0, ( ) 02

212

cmcb21 =++− kxvmm

Substitute for vcm and solve for kx2: ( )

( )

cb

2b

2

cb

bcb

2cmcb

2

2

2

mmghm

mmmmmgh

vmmkx

+=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

+=

+=

Solve for x:

( )cbb

2mmk

ghmx+

=

From part (a):

( )

( ) ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

++=

++=

+=

cbbp

cbbp

pn

2

2

mmgkhmmg

mmkghkmgm

kxgmF

(c) height. original its toreturnsnever ball theinelastic, iscollision theBecause

137 •• Picture the Problem Let the direction that astronaut 1 first throws the ball be the positive direction and let vb be the initial speed of the ball in the laboratory frame. Note that each collision is perfectly inelastic. We can apply conservation of momentum and the definition of the speed of the ball relative to the thrower to each of the perfectly inelastic collisions to express the final speeds of each astronaut after one throw and one catch. Use conservation of momentum to relate the speeds of astronaut 1 and the ball after the first throw:

0bb11 =+ vmvm (1)

Relate the speed of the ball in the laboratory frame to its speed relative

1b vvv −= (2)


617

to astronaut 1: Eliminate vb between equations (1) and (2) and solve for v1:

vmm

mv

b1

b1 +

−= (3)

Substitute equation (3) in equation (2) and solve for vb:

vmm

mvb1

1b +

= (4)

Apply conservation of momentum to express the speed of astronaut 2 and the ball after the first catch:

( ) 2b2bb0 vmmvm +== (5)

Solve for v2: b

b2

b2 v

mmm

v+

= (6)

Express v2 in terms of v by substituting equation (4) in equation (6):

( )( ) vmmmm

mm

vmm

mmm

mv

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡++

=

++=

b1b2

1b

b1

1

b2

b2

(7)

Use conservation of momentum to express the speed of astronaut 2 and the ball after she throws the ball:

( ) 2f2bfb2b2 vmvmvmm +=+ (8)

Relate the speed of the ball in the laboratory frame to its speed relative to astronaut 2:

bf2f vvv −= (9)

Eliminate vbf between equations (8) and (9) and solve for v2f: v

mmm

mmmv ⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

+⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

=b1

1

b2

bf2 1 (10)

Substitute equation (10) in equation (9) and solve for vbf:

vmm

m

mmmv

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

+×

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

−−=

b1

1

b2

bbf

1

1 (11)

Apply conservation of momentum to express the speed of astronaut 1 and the ball after she catches the ball:

( ) 11bfb1fb1 vmvmvmm +=+ (12)

Chapter 8

618

Using equations (3) and (11), eliminate vbf and v1 in equation (12) and solve for v1f:

( )( ) ( )

vmmmm

mmmmv

b22

b1

b1b21f

2++

+−=

*138 •• Picture the Problem We can use the definition of the center of mass of a system containing multiple objects to locate the center of mass of the earth−moon system. Any object external to the system will exert accelerating forces on the system. (a) Express the center of mass of the earth−moon system relative to the center of the earth:

∑=i

iicm rrrr

mM

or ( )

1

0

m

e

em

me

emm

me

emmecm

+=

+=

++

=

mM

rmM

rmmM

rmMr

Substitute numerical values and evaluate rcm:

km467013.81km1084.3 5

cm =+

×=r

earth. theof surface thebelow is systemmoon earth theof mass ofcenter theofposition theearth, theof radius than theless is distance thisBecause

−

(b) planets.other andsun thee.g.,

system, on the forces exerts systemmoon earth in thenot object Any −

(c) sun. the towardis system theofon accelerati thesystem,

moon earth on the force externaldominant theexertssun theBecause −

(d) Because the center of mass is at a fixed distance from the sun, the distance d moved by the earth in this time interval is:

( ) km9340km467022 em === rd

139 •• Picture the Problem Let the numeral 2 refer to you and the numeral 1 to the water leaving the hose. Apply conservation of momentum to the system consisting of yourself, the water, and the earth and then differentiate this expression to relate your recoil acceleration to your mass, the speed of the water, and the rate at which the water is


619

leaving the hose. Use conservation of momentum to relate your recoil velocity to the velocity of the water leaving the hose:

0or

0

2211

21

=+

=+

vmvm

pp rr

Differentiate this expression with respect to t:

022

22

11

11 =+++

dtdmv

dtdvm

dtdmv

dtdvm

or

0222

1111 =+++

dtdmvma

dtdmvam

Because the acceleration of the water leaving the hose, a1, is zero …

as is dt

dm2 , the rate at which you are

losing mass: dtdm

mv

a

amdt

dmv

1

2

12

221

1

and

0

−=

=+


2

2

m/s960.0

)kg/s(2.4kg75m/s30

−=

−=a

*140 ••• Picture the Problem Take the zero of gravitational potential energy to be at the elevation of the pan and let the system include the balance, the beads, and the earth. We can use conservation of energy to find the vertical component of the velocity of the beads as they hit the pan and then calculate the net downward force on the pan from Newton’s 2nd law. Use conservation of energy to relate the y component of the bead’s velocity as it hits the pan to its height of fall:


0221 =− mghmvy

Solve for vy: ghvy 2=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate vy:

( )( ) m/s3.13m0.5m/s9.812 2 ==yv

Express the change in momentum in the y direction per bead:

( ) yyyyyy mvmvmvppp 2if =−−=−=∆

Chapter 8

620

Use Newton’s 2nd law to express the net force in the y direction exerted on the pan by the beads:

tp

NF yy ∆

∆=net,

Letting M represent the mass to be placed on the other pan, equate its weight to the net force exerted by the beads, substitute for ∆py, and solve for M:

tp

NMg y

∆

∆=

and

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛∆

=g

mvt

NM y2


( ) ( )( )[ ]

g9.31

m/s9.81m/s3.13kg0.00052s/100 2

=

=M

141 ••• Picture the Problem Assume that the connecting rod goes halfway through both balls, i.e., the centers of mass of the balls are separated by L. Let the system include the dumbbell, the wall and floor, and the earth. Let the zero of gravitational potential be at the center of mass of the lower ball and use conservation of energy to relate the speeds of the balls to the potential energy of the system. By symmetry, the speeds will be equal when the angle with the vertical is 45°. Use conservation of energy to express the relationship between the initial and final energies of the system:

fi EE =

Express the initial energy of the system:

mgLE =i

Express the energy of the system when the angle with the vertical is 45°:

( ) 221

f 245sin vmmgLE +°=


21 vgLgL +⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎝

⎛=

Solve for v:

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=

211gLv


621

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v: ( )

( ) L

Lv

/sm70.1

211m/s81.9

21

2

=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=

Chapter 8

622

623

Chapter 9 Rotation Conceptual Problems *1 • Determine the Concept Because r is greater for the point on the rim, it moves the greater distance. Both turn through the same angle. Because r is greater for the point on the rim, it has the greater speed. Both have the same angular velocity. Both have zero tangential acceleration. Both have zero angular acceleration. Because r is greater for the point on the rim, it has the greater centripetal acceleration. 2 •

(a) False. Angular velocity has the dimensions ⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡T1

whereas linear velocity has

dimensions ⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡TL

.

(b) True. The angular velocity of all points on the wheel is dθ/dt. (c) True. The angular acceleration of all points on the wheel is dω/dt. 3 •• Picture the Problem The constant-acceleration equation that relates the given variables is θαωω ∆+= 22

02 . We can set up a proportion to determine the number of revolutions

required to double ω and then subtract to find the number of additional revolutions to accelerate the disk to an angular speed of 2ω. Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the initial and final angular velocities to the angular acceleration:

θαωω ∆+= 220

2

or, because 20ω = 0,

θαω ∆= 22

Let ∆θ10 represent the number of revolutions required to reach an angular velocity ω:

102 2 θαω ∆= (1)

Let ∆θ2ω represent the number of revolutions required to reach an angular velocity ω:

( ) ωθαω 22 22 ∆= (2)

Divide equation (2) by equation (1) and solve for ∆θ2ω:

( )10102

2

2 42 θθωωθ ω ∆=∆=∆

Chapter 9

624

The number of additional revolutions is: ( ) rev30rev10334 101010 ==∆=∆−∆ θθθ

and correct. is )(c

*4 •

Determine the Concept Torque has the dimension ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡2

2

TML

.

(a) Impulse has the dimension ⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡

TML

.

(b) Energy has the dimension ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡2

2

TML

. correct. is )(b

(c) Momentum has the dimension ⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡

TML

.

5 • Determine the Concept The moment of inertia of an object is the product of a constant that is characteristic of the object’s distribution of matter, the mass of the object, and the square of the distance from the object’s center of mass to the axis about which the object is rotating. Because both (b) and (c) are correct correct. is )(d

*6 • Determine the Concept Yes. A net torque is required to change the rotational state of an object. In the absence of a net torque an object continues in whatever state of rotational motion it was at the instant the net torque became zero. 7 • Determine the Concept No. A net torque is required to change the rotational state of an object. A net torque may decrease the angular speed of an object. All we can say for sure is that a net torque will change the angular speed of an object. 8 • (a) False. The net torque acting on an object determines the angular acceleration of the object. At any given instant, the angular velocity may have any value including zero. (b) True. The moment of inertia of a body is always dependent on one’s choice of an axis of rotation. (c) False. The moment of inertia of an object is the product of a constant that is characteristic of the object’s distribution of matter, the mass of the object, and the square of the distance from the object’s center of mass to the axis about which the object is

Rotation

625

rotating. 9 • Determine the Concept The angular acceleration of a rotating object is proportional to the net torque acting on it. The net torque is the product of the tangential force and its lever arm. Express the angular acceleration of the disk as a function of the net torque acting on it:

dIF

IFd

I=== netτα

i.e., d∝α

Because d∝α , doubling d will double the angular acceleration.

correct. is )(b

*10 • Determine the Concept From the parallel-axis theorem we know that

,2cm MhII += where Icm is the moment of inertia of the object with respect to an axis

through its center of mass, M is the mass of the object, and h is the distance between the parallel axes. Therefore, I is always greater than Icm by Mh2. correct. is )( d

11 • Determine the Concept The power delivered by the constant torque is the product of the torque and the angular velocity of the merry-go-round. Because the constant torque causes the merry-go-round to accelerate, neither the power input nor the angular velocity of the merry-go-round is constant. correct. is )(b

12 • Determine the Concept Let’s make the simplifying assumption that the object and the surface do not deform when they come into contact, i.e., we’ll assume that the system is rigid. A force does no work if and only if it is perpendicular to the velocity of an object, and exerts no torque on an extended object if and only if it’s directed toward the center of the object. Because neither of these conditions is satisfied, the statement is false. 13 • Determine the Concept For a given applied force, this increases the torque about the hinges of the door, which increases the door’s angular acceleration, leading to the door being opened more quickly. It is clear that putting the knob far from the hinges means that the door can be opened with less effort (force). However, it also means that the hand on the knob must move through the greatest distance to open the door, so it may not be the quickest way to open the door. Also, if the knob were at the center of the door, you would have to walk around the door after opening it, assuming the door is opening toward you.

Chapter 9

626

*14 • Determine the Concept If the wheel is rolling without slipping, a point at the top of the wheel moves with a speed twice that of the center of mass of the wheel, but the bottom of the wheel is momentarily at rest. correct. is )(c

15 •• Picture the Problem The kinetic energies of both objects is the sum of their translational and rotational kinetic energies. Their speed dependence will differ due to the differences in their moments of inertia. We can express the total kinetic of both objects and equate them to decide which of their translational speeds is greater. Express the kinetic energy of the cylinder:

( )2cyl4

3

2cyl2

12

2cyl2

21

21

2cyl2

12cylcyl2

1cyl

mv

mvrv

mr

mvIK

=

+=

+= ω

Express the kinetic energy of the sphere:

( )2sph10

7

2sph2

12

2sph2

52

21

2sph2

12sphlsph2

1sph

mv

mvr

vmr

mvIK

=

+=

+= ω

Equate the kinetic energies and simplify to obtain:

sphsph1514

cyl vvv <=

and correct. is )(b

*16 • Determine the Concept You could spin the pipes about their center. The one which is easier to spin has its mass concentrated closer to the center of mass and, hence, has a smaller moment of inertia. 17 •• Picture the Problem Because the coin and the ring begin from the same elevation, they will have the same kinetic energy at the bottom of the incline. The kinetic energies of both objects is the sum of their translational and rotational kinetic energies. Their speed dependence will differ due to the differences in their moments of inertia. We can express the total kinetic of both objects and equate them to their common potential energy loss to decide which of their translational speeds is greater at the bottom of the incline.

Rotation

627

Express the kinetic energy of the coin at the bottom of the incline:

( )2coincoin4

3

2coincoin2

12

2coin2

coin21

21

2coincoin2

12coincyl2

1coin

vm

vmr

vrm

vmIK

=

+=

+= ω

Express the kinetic energy of the ring at the bottom of the incline:

( )2ringring

2ringring2

12

2ring2

ring21

2ringring2

12ringring2

1ring

vm

vmr

vrm

vmIK

=

+=

+= ω

Equate the kinetic of the coin to its change in potential energy as it rolled down the incline and solve for vcoin:

ghv

ghmvm

342

coin

coin2coincoin4

3

and=

=

Equate the kinetic of the ring to its change in potential energy as it rolled down the incline and solve for vring:

ghv

ghmvm

=

=

2ring

ring2ringring

and

correct. is )( and Therefore, ringcoin bvv >

18 •• Picture the Problem We can use the definitions of the translational and rotational kinetic energies of the hoop and the moment of inertia of a hoop (ring) to express and compare the kinetic energies. Express the translational kinetic energy of the hoop:

221

trans mvK =

Express the rotational kinetic energy of the hoop:

( ) 221

2

22

212

hoop21

rot mvrvmrIK === ω

Therefore, the translational and rotational

kinetic energies are the same and correct. is )( c

Chapter 9

628

19 •• Picture the Problem We can use the definitions of the translational and rotational kinetic energies of the disk and the moment of inertia of a disk (cylinder) to express and compare the kinetic energies. Express the translational kinetic energy of the disk:

221

trans mvK =

Express the rotational kinetic energy of the disk:

( ) 241

2

22

21

212

hoop21

rot mvrvmrIK === ω

Therefore, the translational kinetic energy is

greater and correct. is )( a

20 •• Picture the Problem Let us assume that f ≠ 0 and acts along the direction of motion. Now consider the acceleration of the center of mass and the angular acceleration about the point of contact with the plane. Because Fnet ≠ 0, acm ≠ 0. However, τ = 0 because l = 0, so α = 0. But α = 0 is not consistent with acm ≠ 0. Consequently, f = 0. 21 • Determine the Concept True. If the sphere is slipping, then there is kinetic friction which dissipates the mechanical energy of the sphere. 22 • Determine the Concept Because the ball is struck high enough to have topspin, the frictional force is forward; reducing ω until the nonslip condition is satisfied.

correct. is )(a

Estimation and Approximation 23 •• Picture the Problem Assume the wheels are hoops, i.e., neglect the mass of the spokes, and express the total kinetic energy of the bicycle and rider. Let M represent the mass of the rider, m the mass of the bicycle, mw the mass of each bicycle wheel, and r the radius of the wheels. Express the ratio of the kinetic energy associated with the rotation of the wheels to that associated with the total kinetic energy of the bicycle and rider:

rottrans

rot

tot

rot

KKK

KK

+= (1)

Rotation

629

Express the translational kinetic energy of the bicycle and rider: 2

212

21

riderbicycletrans

Mvmv

KKK

+=

+=

Express the rotational kinetic energy of the bicycle wheels:

( )( ) 2

w2

22

w

2w2

1wheel1rot,rot 22

vmrvrm

IKK

==

== ω


w

w21

21

w2

w2

212

21

2w

tot

rot

2

2

mMmmMm

mvmMvmv

vmKK

++

=++

=++

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Krot/Ktot:

%3.10

kg3kg38kg142

2

tot

rot =+

+=

KK

24 •• Picture the Problem We can apply the definition of angular velocity to find the angular orientation of the slice of toast when it has fallen a distance of 0.5 m from the edge of the table. We can then interpret the orientation of the toast to decide whether it lands jelly-side up or down. Relate the angular orientation θ of the toast to its initial angular orientation, its angular velocity ω, and time of fall ∆t:

t∆+= ωθθ 0 (1)

Use the equation given in the problem statement to find the angular velocity corresponding to this length of toast:

rad/s9.470.1m

m/s9.81956.02

==ω

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the distance the toast falls ∆y to its time of fall ∆t:

( )221

0 tatvy yy ∆+∆=∆ or, because v0y = 0 and ay = g,

( )221 tgy ∆=∆

Solve for ∆t: g

yt ∆=∆

2


( ) s0.319m/s9.81

m0.522 ==∆t

Chapter 9

630

( )0

2f cos

2' θ+

gLv

Substitute in equation (1) to

find θ :

( )( )

°=°

×=

+=

203rad

180rad54.3

s0.319rad/s9.476

π

πθ

down. side-jelly with thei.e. ground, therespect towith 203 of anglean at be thereforel toast wilof slice theofn orientatio The °

*25 •• Picture the Problem Assume that the mass of an average adult male is about 80 kg, and that we can model his body when he is standing straight up with his arms at his sides as a cylinder. From experience in men’s clothing stores, a man’s average waist circumference seems to be about 34 inches, and the average chest circumference about 42 inches. We’ll also assume that about 20% of the body’s mass is in the two arms, and each has a length L = 1 m, so that each arm has a mass of about m = 8 kg. Letting Iout represent his moment of inertia with his arms straight out and Iin his moment of inertia with his arms at his side, the ratio of these two moments of inertia is:

in

armsbody

in

out

III

II +

= (1)

Express the moment of inertia of the ″man as a cylinder″:

221

in MRI =

Express the moment of inertia of his arms:

( ) 231

arms 2 mLI =

Express the moment of inertia of his body-less-arms:

( ) 221

body RmMI −=


( ) ( )2

21

2312

21

in

out 2MR

mLRmMII +−

=

Assume the circumference of the cylinder to be the average of the average waist circumference and the average chest circumference:

in382

in42in34av =

+=c

Find the radius of a circle whose circumference is 38 in:

m154.02π

cm100m1

incm2.54in38

2av

=

××==

πcR

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Iout/ Iin:

Rotation

631

( )( ) ( )( )( )( )

42.6m0.154kg80

m1kg8m0.154kg16kg802

21

2322

21

in

out =+−

=II

Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration 26 • Picture the Problem The tangential and angular velocities of a particle moving in a circle are directly proportional. The number of revolutions made by the particle in a given time interval is proportional to both the time interval and its angular speed. (a) Relate the angular velocity of the particle to its speed along the circumference of the circle:

ωrv =

Solve for and evaluate ω: rad/s0.278m90

m/s25===

rvω

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the number of revolutions made by the particle in a given time interval to its angular velocity:

( )

rev33.1

rad2rev1s30

srad278.0

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=∆=∆

πωθ t

27 • Picture the Problem Because the angular acceleration is constant; we can find the various physical quantities called for in this problem by using constant-acceleration equations. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the angular velocity of the wheel to its angular acceleration and the time it has been accelerating:

t∆+= αωω 0

or, when ω0 = 0, t∆= αω

Evaluate ω when ∆t = 6 s: ( ) rad/s15.6s62rad/s2.6 =⎟⎠⎞⎜

⎝⎛=ω

(b) Using another constant-acceleration equation, relate the angular displacement to the wheel’s angular acceleration and the time it

( )221

0 tt ∆+∆=∆ αωθ

or, when ω0 = 0, ( )2

21 t∆=∆ αθ

Chapter 9

632

has been accelerating: Evaluate θ∆ when ∆t = 6 s: ( ) ( )( ) rad8.46s6rad/s2.6s6 22

21 ==∆θ

(c) Convert ( )s6θ∆ from rad to

revolutions: ( ) rev45.7

rad2rev1rad8.46s6 =×=∆

πθ

(d) Relate the angular velocity of the particle to its tangential speed and evaluate the latter when ∆t = 6 s:

( )( ) m/s4.68rad/s15.6m0.3 === ωrv

Relate the resultant acceleration of the point to its tangential and centripetal accelerations when ∆t = 6 s:

( ) ( )42

2222c

2t

ωα

ωα

+=

+=+=

r

rraaa


( ) ( ) ( )2

422

m/s73.0

rad/s15.6rad/s2.6m0.3

=

+=a

*28 • Picture the Problem Because we’re assuming constant angular acceleration; we can find the various physical quantities called for in this problem by using constant-acceleration equations. (a) Using its definition, express the angular acceleration of the turntable:

tt ∆−

=∆∆

= 0ωωωα

Substitute numerical values and evaluate α:

2

31

rad/s0.134

s26s60

min1rev

rad2πminrev330

=

××−=α

Rotation

633

(b) Because the angular acceleration is constant, the average angular velocity is the average of its initial and final values:

rad/s75.12

s60min1

revrad2

minrev33

2

31

0av

=

××=

+=

π

ωωω

(c) Using the definition of ωav, find the number or revolutions the turntable makes before stopping:

( )( )

rev24.7rad2

rev1rad5.45

s26rad/s1.75av

=×=

=∆=∆

π

ωθ t

29 • Picture the Problem Because the angular acceleration of the disk is constant, we can use a constant-acceleration equation to relate its angular velocity to its acceleration and the time it has been accelerating. We can find the tangential and centripetal accelerations from their relationships to the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the disk. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the angular velocity of the disk to its angular acceleration and time during which it has been accelerating:

t∆+= αωω 0

or, because ω0 = 0, t∆= αω

Evaluate ω when t = 5 s: ( ) ( )( ) rad/s40.0s5rad/s8s5 2 ==ω

(b) Express at in terms of α:

αra =t

Evaluate at when t = 5 s: ( ) ( )( )2

2t

m/s960.0

rad/s8m0.12s5

=

=a

Express ac in terms of ω:

2c ωra =

Evaluate ac when t = 5 s: ( ) ( )( )2

2c

m/s192

rad/s40.0m0.12s5

=

=a

30 • Picture the Problem We can find the angular velocity of the Ferris wheel from its definition and the linear speed and centripetal acceleration of the passenger from the relationships between those quantities and the angular velocity of the Ferris wheel.

Chapter 9

634

(a) Find ω from its definition: rad/s233.0s27

rad2==

∆∆

=πθω

t

(b) Find the linear speed of the passenger from his/her angular speed:

( )( )m/s79.2

rad/s0.233m12

=

== ωrv

Find the passenger’s centripetal acceleration from his/her angular velocity:

( )( )2

22c

m/s651.0

rad/s0.233m12

=

== ωra

31 • Picture the Problem Because the angular acceleration of the wheels is constant, we can use constant-acceleration equations in rotational form to find their angular acceleration and their angular velocity at any given time. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the angular displacement of the wheel to its angular acceleration and the time it has been accelerating:

( )221

0 tt ∆+∆=∆ αωθ

or, because ω0 = 0, ( )2

21 t∆=∆ αθ

Solve for α: ( )22

t∆∆

=θα


( )

( )2

2 rad/s589.0s8

revrad2rev32

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

=

π

α

(b) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the angular velocity of the wheel to its angular acceleration and the time it has been accelerating:

t∆+= αωω 0

or, when ω0 = 0, t∆= αω

Evaluate ω when ∆t = 8 s: ( ) ( )( ) rad/s71.4s8rad/s589.0s8 2 ==ω

Rotation

635

32 • Picture the Problem The earth rotates through 2π radians every 24 hours. Find ω using its definition:

rad/s1027.7h

s3600h24

rad2

5−×=

×=

∆∆

≡πθω

t

33 • Picture the Problem When the angular acceleration of a wheel is constant, its average angular velocity is the average of its initial and final angular velocities. We can combine this relationship with the always applicable definition of angular velocity to find the initial angular velocity of the wheel. Express the average angular velocity of the wheel in terms of its initial and final angular speeds:

20

avωω

ω+

=

or, because ω = 0, 02

1av ωω =

Express the definition of the average angular velocity of the wheel:

t∆∆

≡θω av

Equate these two expressions and solve for ω0:

( ) s57.3s2.8

rad5220 ==

∆∆

=tθω and

correct. is )(d

34 • Picture the Problem The tangential and angular accelerations of the wheel are directly proportional to each other with the radius of the wheel as the proportionality constant. Provided there is no slippage, the acceleration of a point on the rim of the wheel is the same as the acceleration of the bicycle. We can use its defining equation to determine the acceleration of the bicycle. Relate the tangential acceleration of a point on the wheel (equal to the acceleration of the bicycle) to the wheel’s angular acceleration and solve for its angular acceleration:

αraa == t

and

ra

=α

Chapter 9

636

Use its definition to express the acceleration of the wheel: t

vvtva

∆−

=∆∆

= 0

or, because v0 = 0,

tva∆

=

Substitute in the expression for α to obtain: tr

v∆

=α


( )( )2rad/s794.0

s14.0m0.6km

m1000s3600

h1h

km24

=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

=α

*35 •• Picture the Problem The two tapes will have the same tangential and angular velocities when the two reels are the same size, i.e., have the same area. We can calculate the tangential speed of the tape from its length and running time and relate the angular velocity to the constant tangential speed and the radius of the reels when they are turning with the same angular velocity. Relate the angular velocity of the tape to its tangential speed:

rv

=ω (1)

Letting Rf represent the outer radius of the reel when the reels have the same area, express the condition that they have the same speed:

( )222122

f rRrR ππππ −=−

Solve for Rf:

2

22

frRR +

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Rf:

( ) ( ) mm32.92

mm12mm45 22

f =+

=R

Find the tangential speed of the tape from its length and running time: cm/s42.3

hs3600h2

mcm100m246

∆=

×

×==

tLv

Rotation

637

Substitute in equation (1) and evaluate ω:

rad/s1.04

mm10cm1mm32.9

cm/s3.42

f

=

×==

Rvω

Convert 1.04 rad/s to rev/min:

rev/min93.9

mins60

rad2rev1

srad04.1rad/s04.1

=

××=π

Torque, Moment of Inertia, and Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 36 • Picture the Problem The force that the woman exerts through her axe, because it does not act at the axis of rotation, produces a net torque that changes (decreases) the angular velocity of the grindstone. (a) From the definition of angular acceleration we have: tt ∆

−=

∆∆

= 0ωωωα

or, because ω = 0,

t∆−

= 0ωα


2rad/s49.8

s9s60

min1rev

rad2minrev730

−=

××−=

π

α

where the minus sign means that the grindstone is slowing down.

(b) Use Newton’s 2nd law in rotational form to relate the angular acceleration of the grindstone to the net torque slowing it:

ατ I=net

Express the moment of inertia of disk with respect to its axis of rotation:

221 MRI =

Chapter 9

638

Substitute to obtain: ατ MR21

net =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate τnet:

( )( ) ( )mN0462.0

rad/s8.49m0.08kg1.7 2221

net

⋅=

=τ

*37 • Picture the Problem We can find the torque exerted by the 17-N force from the definition of torque. The angular acceleration resulting from this torque is related to the torque through Newton’s 2nd law in rotational form. Once we know the angular acceleration, we can find the angular velocity of the cylinder as a function of time. (a) Calculate the torque from its definition:

( )( ) mN1.87m0.11N17 ⋅=== lFτ

(b) Use Newton’s 2nd law in rotational form to relate the acceleration resulting from this torque to the torque:

Iτα =

Express the moment of inertia of the cylinder with respect to its axis of rotation:

221 MRI =


2MR

τα =


( )( )( )

22 rad/s124

m0.11kg2.5mN1.872

=⋅

=α

(c) Using a constant-acceleration equation, express the angular velocity of the cylinder as a function of time:

tαωω += 0

or, because ω0 = 0, tαω =

Evaluate ω (5 s): ( ) ( )( ) rad/s620s5rad/s124s5 2 ==ω

38 •• Picture the Problem We can find the angular acceleration of the wheel from its definition and the moment of inertia of the wheel from Newton’s 2nd law.

Rotation

639

(a) Express the moment of inertia of the wheel in terms of the angular acceleration produced by the applied torque:

ατ

=I

Find the angular acceleration of the wheel:

2rad/s14.3s20

s60min1

revrad2

minrev600

=

××=

∆∆

=

πωαt

Substitute and evaluate I: 2

2 mkg9.15rad/s3.14

mN50⋅=

⋅=I

(b) Because the wheel takes 120 s to slow to a stop (it took 20 s to acquire an angular velocity of 600 rev/min) and its angular acceleration is directly proportional to the accelerating torque:

( ) mN33.8mN5061

61

fr ⋅=⋅== ττ

39 •• Picture the Problem The pendulum and the forces acting on it are shown in the free-body diagram. Note that the tension in the string is radial, and so exerts no tangential force on the ball. We can use Newton’s 2nd law in both translational and rotational form to find the tangential component of the acceleration of the bob. (a) Referring to the FBD, express the component of g

rm that is tangent

to the circular path of the bob:

θsint mgF =

Use Newton’s 2nd law to express the tangential acceleration of the bob:

θsintt g

mFa ==

(b) Noting that, because the line-of-action of the tension passes through the pendulum’s pivot point, its lever arm is zero and the net torque is due

∑ = θτ sinpointpivot mgL

Chapter 9

640

to the weight of the bob, sum the torques about the pivot point to obtain: (c) Use Newton’s 2nd law in rotational form to relate the angular acceleration of the pendulum to the net torque acting on it:

αθτ ImgL == sinnet

Solve for α to obtain: I

mgL θα sin=

Express the moment of inertia of the bob with respect to the pivot point:

2mLI =

Substitute to obtain: L

gmL

mgL θθα sinsin2 ==

Relate α to at: θθα sinsin

t gL

gLra =⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛==

*40 ••• Picture the Problem We can express the velocity of the center of mass of the rod in terms of its distance from the pivot point and the angular velocity of the rod. We can find the angular velocity of the rod by using Newton’s 2nd law to find its angular acceleration and then a constant-acceleration equation that relates ω to α. We’ll use the impulse-momentum relationship to derive the expression for the force delivered to the rod by the pivot. Finally, the location of the center of percussion of the rod will be verified by setting the force exerted by the pivot to zero. (a) Relate the velocity of the center of mass to its distance from the pivot point:

ω2cmLv = (1)

Express the torque due to F0:

ατ pivot0 IxF ==

Solve for α: pivot

0

IxF

=α

Express the moment of inertia of the rod with respect to an axis through

231

pivot MLI =

Rotation

641

its pivot point: Substitute to obtain:

203

MLxF

=α

Express the angular velocity of the rod in terms of its angular acceleration:

203

MLtxFt ∆

=∆= αω


MLtxF

v2

3 0cm

∆=

(b) Let IP be the impulse exerted by the pivot on the rod. Then the total impulse (equal to the change in momentum of the rod) exerted on the rod is:

cm0P MvtFI =∆+

and tFMvI ∆−= 0cmP

Substitute our result from (a) to obtain:

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −∆=∆−

∆= 1

23

23

000

P LxtFtF

LtxFI

Because tFI ∆= PP :

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −= 1

23

0P LxFF

In order for FP to be zero:

0123

=−Lx

⇒3

2Lx =

41 ••• Picture the Problem We’ll first express the torque exerted by the force of friction on the elemental disk and then integrate this expression to find the torque on the entire disk. We’ll use Newton’s 2nd law to relate this torque to the angular acceleration of the disk and then to the stopping time for the disk. (a) Express the torque exerted on the elemental disk in terms of the friction force and the distance to the elemental disk:

kf rdfd =τ (1)

Using the definition of the coefficient of friction, relate the

gdmdf kk µ= (2)

Chapter 9

642

force of friction to µk and the weight of the circular element: Letting σ represent the mass per unit area of the disk, express the mass of the circular element:

drrdm σπ2= (3)

Substitute equations (2) and (3) in (1) to obtain:

drrgd 2kf 2 σµπτ = (4)

Because 2RM

πσ = : drr

RgMd 2

2k

f2µτ =

(b) Integrate fτd to obtain the total

torque on the elemental disk: gMRdrr

RgM R

k32

0

22

kf

2 µµτ == ∫

(c) Relate the disk’s stopping time to its angular velocity and acceleration:

αω

=∆t

Using Newton’s 2nd law, express α in terms of the net torque acting on the disk:

Ifτ

α =

The moment of inertia of the disk, with respect to its axis of rotation, is:

221 MRI =

Substitute and simplify to obtain: g

Rtk4

3µ

ω=∆

Calculating the Moment of Inertia 42 • Picture the Problem One can find the formula for the moment of inertia of a thin spherical shell in Table 9-1. The moment of inertia of a thin spherical shell about its diameter is:

232 MRI =

Rotation

643


( )( )25

232

mkg104.66

m0.035kg0.057

⋅×=

=−

I

*43 • Picture the Problem The moment of inertia of a system of particles with respect to a given axis is the sum of the products of the mass of each particle and the square of its distance from the given axis. Use the definition of the moment of inertia of a system of particles to obtain:

244

233

222

211

i

2ii

rmrmrmrm

rmI

+++=

= ∑


( )( ) ( )( )( )( ) ( )( )

2

22

22

mkg0.56

m2kg30kg4

m22kg4m2kg3

⋅=

++

+=I

44 • Picture the Problem Note, from symmetry considerations, that the center of mass of the system is at the intersection of the diagonals connecting the four masses. Thus the distance of each particle from the axis through the center of mass is m2 . According to the parallel-axis theorem, 2

cm MhII += , where Icm is the moment of inertia of the

object with respect to an axis through its center of mass, M is the mass of the object, and h is the distance between the parallel axes. Express the parallel axis theorem:

2cm MhII +=

Solve for Icm and substitute from Problem 44: ( )( )

2

22

2cm

mkg28.0

m2kg14mkg6.05

⋅=

−⋅=

−= MhII

Use the definition of the moment of inertia of a system of particles to express Icm:

244

233

222

211

i

2iicm

rmrmrmrm

rmI

+++=

= ∑

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Icm:

( )( ) ( )( )( )( ) ( )( )

2

22

22

cm

mkg0.28

m2kg3m2kg4

m2kg4m2kg3

⋅=

++

+=I

Chapter 9

644

45 • Picture the Problem The moment of inertia of a system of particles with respect to a given axis is the sum of the products of the mass of each particle and the square of its distance from the given axis. (a) Apply the definition of the moment of inertia of a system of particles to express Ix:

244

233

222

211

i

2ii

rmrmrmrm

rmI x

+++=

= ∑

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ix:

( )( ) ( )( )( )( ) ( )( )

2

22

mkg0.28

0kg30kg4m2kg4m2kg3

⋅=

+++=xI

(b) Apply the definition of the moment of inertia of a system of particles to express Iy:

244

233

222

211

i

2ii

rmrmrmrm

rmI y

+++=

= ∑

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Iy:

( )( ) ( )( )( )( ) ( )( )

2

2

2

mkg0.28

m2kg30kg4

m2kg40kg3

⋅=

++

+=yI

Remarks: We could also use a symmetry argument to conclude that Iy = Ix . 46 • Picture the Problem According to the parallel-axis theorem, ,2

cm MhII += where Icm

is the moment of inertia of the object with respect to an axis through its center of mass, M is the mass of the object, and h is the distance between the parallel axes. Use Table 9-1 to find the moment of inertia of a sphere with respect to an axis through its center of mass:

252

cm MRI =

Express the parallel axis theorem:

2cm MhII +=

Substitute for Icm and simplify to obtain:

25722

52 MRMRMRI =+=

Rotation

645

47 •• Picture the Problem The moment of inertia of the wagon wheel is the sum of the moments of inertia of the rim and the six spokes. Express the moment of inertia of the wagon wheel as the sum of the moments of inertia of the rim and the spokes:

spokesrimwheel III +=

Using Table 9-1, find formulas for the moments of inertia of the rim and spokes: 2

spoke31

spoke

2rimrim

andLMI

RMI

=

=

Substitute to obtain: ( )

2spoke

2rim

2spoke3

12rimwheel

2

6

LMRM

LMRMI

+=

+=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Iwheel:

( )( ) ( )( )2

22wheel

mkg60.2

m0.5kg1.22m5.0kg8

⋅=

+=I

*48 •• Picture the Problem The moment of inertia of a system of particles depends on the axis with respect to which it is calculated. Once this choice is made, the moment of inertia is the sum of the products of the mass of each particle and the square of its distance from the chosen axis. (a) Apply the definition of the moment of inertia of a system of particles:

( )22

21

i

2ii xLmxmrmI −+== ∑

(b) Set the derivative of I with respect to x equal to zero in order to identify values for x that correspond to either maxima or minima:

( )( )

( )extremafor 0

2

122

221

21

=−+=

−−+=

Lmxmxm

xLmxmdxdI

If 0=dxdI

, then:

0221 =−+ Lmxmxm

Chapter 9

646

Solve for x:

21

2

mmLmx

+=

Convince yourself that you’ve found

a minimum by showing that 2

2

dxId

is

positive at this point. . from mass ofcenter theof distance

the,definitionby is, 21

2

mmmLmx

+=

49 •• Picture the Problem Let σ be the mass per unit area of the uniform rectangular plate. Then the elemental unit has mass dm = σ dxdy. Let the corner of the plate through which the axis runs be the origin. The distance of the element whose mass is dm from the corner r is related to the coordinates of dm through the Pythagorean relationship r2 = x2 + y2. (a) Express the moment of inertia of the element whose mass is dm with respect to an axis perpendicular to it and passing through one of the corners of the uniform rectangular plate:

( )dxdyyxdI 22 += σ

Integrate this expression to find I: ( )

( ) ( )323133

31

0 0

22

bamabba

dxdyyxIa b

+=+=

+= ∫ ∫σ

σ

(b) Letting d represent the distance from the origin to the center of mass of the plate, use the parallel axis theorem to relate the moment of inertia found in (a) to the moment of inertia with respect to an axis through the center of mass:

( ) 222312

cm

2cm

ormdbammdII

mdII

−+=−=

+=

Using the Pythagorean theorem, relate the distance d to the center of

( ) ( ) ( )22412

212

212 babad +=+=

Rotation

647

mass to the lengths of the sides of the plate: Substitute for d2 in the expression for Icm and simplify to obtain:

( ) ( )( )22

121

2224122

31

cm

bam

bambamI

+=

+−+=

*50 •• Picture the Problem Corey will use the point-particle relationship

222

211

i

2iiapp rmrmrmI +== ∑ for his calculation whereas Tracey’s calculation will take

into account not only the rod but also the fact that the spheres are not point particles. (a) Using the point-mass approximation and the definition of the moment of inertia of a system of particles, express Iapp:

222

211

i

2iiapp rmrmrmI +== ∑

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Iapp:

( )( ) ( )( )2

22app

mkg0.0400

m0.2kg0.5m0.2kg0.5

⋅=

+=I

Express the moment of inertia of the two spheres and connecting rod system:

rodspheres III +=

Use Table 9-1 to find the moments of inertia of a sphere (with respect to its center of mass) and a rod (with respect to an axis through its center of mass):

2rod12

1rod

2sphere5

2sphere

andLMI

RMI

=

=

Because the spheres are not on the axis of rotation, use the parallel axis theorem to express their moment of inertia with respect to the axis of rotation:

rotation. of axis the tosphere a of mass of

center thefrom distance theish where

2sphere

2sphere5

2sphere hMRMI +=

Substitute to obtain: { } 2rod12

12sphere

2sphere5

22 LMhMRMI ++=


Chapter 9

648

( )( ) ( )( ){ } ( )( )2

212122

52

mkg0415.0

m0.3kg0.06m0.2kg0.5m0.05kg0.52

⋅=

++=I

Compare I and Iapp by taking their ratio:

964.0mkg0.0415mkg0.0400

2

2app =

⋅⋅

=I

I

(b) sphere. solid a of an greater th

is sphere hollow a of because increase wouldinertia rotational The

cm

cm

II

51 •• Picture the Problem The axis of rotation passes through the center of the base of the tetrahedron. The carbon atom and the hydrogen atom at the apex of the tetrahedron do not contribute to I because the distance of their nuclei from the axis of rotation is zero. From the geometry, the distance of the three H nuclei from the rotation axis is 3/a , where a is the length of a side of the tetrahedron. Apply the definition of the moment of inertia for a system of particles to obtain: 2

H

2

H

23H

22H

21H

i

2ii

33 amam

rmrmrmrmI

=⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎝

⎛=

++== ∑


( )( )247

2927

mkg1041.5

m1018.0kg101.67

⋅×=

××=−

−−I

52 •• Picture the Problem Let the mass of the element of volume dV be dm = ρdV = 2πρhrdr where h is the height of the cylinder. We’ll begin by expressing the moment of inertia dI for the element of volume and then integrating it between R1 and R2.

Rotation

649

Express the moment of inertia of the element of mass dm:

drhrdmrdI 32 2πρ==

Integrate dI from R1 to R2 to obtain: ( )

( )( )21

22

21

222

1

41

422

132

1

2

RRRRh

RRhdrrhIR

R

+−=

−== ∫πρ

πρπρ

The mass of the hollow cylinder is ( )2

122 RRhm −= ρπ , so:

( )21

22 RRhm

−=

πρ

Substitute for ρ and simplify to obtain:

( ) ( )( ) ( )21

222

121

22

21

222

122

21 RRmRRRRh

RRhmI +=+−⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−

=π

π

53 ••• Picture the Problem We can derive the given expression for the moment of inertia of a spherical shell by following the procedure outlined in the problem statement. Find the moment of inertia of a sphere, with respect to an axis through a diameter, in Table 9-1:

252 mRI =

Express the mass of the sphere as a function of its density and radius:

334 Rm ρπ=


5158 RI ρπ=

Express the differential of this expression:

dRRdI 438 ρπ= (1)

Express the increase in mass dm as the radius of the sphere increases by dR:

dRRdm 24 ρπ= (2)

Eliminate dR between equations (1) and (2) to obtain:

dmRdI 232=

. is mass of shell sphericalthe of inertia ofmoment theTherefore,2

32 mRm

Chapter 9

650

*54 ••• Picture the Problem We can find C in terms of M and R by integrating a spherical shell of mass dm with the given density function to find the mass of the earth as a function of M and then solving for C. In part (b), we’ll start with the moment of inertia of the same spherical shell, substitute the earth’s density function, and integrate from 0 to R. (a) Express the mass of the earth using the given density function:

33

0

3

0

2

0

2

22.13

4

422.14

4

CRCR

drrR

CdrrC

drrdmM

RR

R

ππ

ππ

ρπ

−=

−=

==

∫∫

∫∫

Solve for C as a function of M and R to obtain:

3508.0RMC =

(b) From Problem 9-40 we have: drrdI 438 ρπ=

Integrate to obtain:

( )

2

553

0 0

543

0

438

329.0

61

522.126.4

122.13508.08

MR

RRR

M

drrR

drrR

M

drrI

R R

R

=

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ −=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−=

=

∫ ∫

∫π

ρπ

Rotation

651

55 ••• Picture the Problem Let the origin be at the apex of the cone, with the z axis along the cone’s symmetry axis. Then the radius of the elemental ring, at a distance z from the apex, can be obtained from the

proportionHR

zr

= . The mass dm of the

elemental disk is ρdV = ρπr2dz. We’ll integrate r2dm to find the moment of inertia of the disk in terms of R and H and then integrate dm to obtain a second equation in R and H that we can use to eliminate H in our expression for I.

Express the moment of inertia of the cone in terms of the moment of inertia of the elemental disk:

102

4

0

44

4

22

22

02

2

21

221

HRdzzHR

dzzHRz

HR

dmrI

H

H

πρπρ

ρπ

==

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

=

∫

∫

∫

Express the total mass of the cone in terms of the mass of the elemental disk: HR

dzzHRdzrM

HH

231

0

22

2

0

2

πρ

πρπρ

=

== ∫∫

Divide I by M, simplify, and solve for I to obtain:

2103 MRI =

56 ••• Picture the Problem Let the axis of rotation be the x axis. The radius r of the

elemental area is 22 zR − and its mass,

dm, is dzzRdA 222 −= σσ . We’ll

integrate z2 dm to determine I in terms of σ and then divide this result by M in order to eliminate σ and express I in terms of M and R.

Chapter 9

652

Express the moment of inertia about the x axis:

( )4

41

222

22

2

R

dzzRz

dAzdmzIR

R

σπ

σ

σ

=

−=

==

∫

∫∫

−

The mass of the thin uniform disk is:

2RM σπ=

Divide I by M, simplify, and solve for I to obtain:

241 MRI = , a result in agreement with

the expression given in Table 9-1 for a cylinder of length L = 0.

57 ••• Picture the Problem Let the origin be at the apex of the cone, with the z axis along the cone’s symmetry axis, and the axis of rotation be the x rotation. Then the radius of the elemental disk, at a distance z from the apex, can be obtained from the

proportionHR

zr

= . The mass dm of the

elemental disk is ρdV = ρπr2dz. Each elemental disk rotates about an axis that is parallel to its diameter but removed from it by a distance z. We can use the result from Problem 9-57 for the moment of inertia of the elemental disk with respect to a diameter and then use the parallel axis theorem to express the moment of inertia of the cone with respect to the x axis.

Using the parallel axis theorem, express the moment of inertia of the elemental disk with respect to the x axis:

2disk zdmdIdI x += (1)

where dzrdVdm 2ρπρ ==

In Problem 9-57 it was established that the moment of inertia of a thin uniform disk of mass M and radius R rotating about a diameter is 2

41 MR . Express this result in

( )

dzzHR

rdzrdI2

22

2

41

2241

disk

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

=

ρπ

ρπ

Rotation

653

terms of our elemental disk: Substitute in equation (1) to obtain:

22

22

2

2

41

zdzzHR

dzzHRdI x

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

πρ

πρ

Integrate from 0 to H to obtain:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡+⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= ∫

520

41

324

0

42

222

2

2

HRHR

dzzHRz

HRI

H

x

πρ

πρ

Express the total mass of the cone in terms of the mass of the elemental disk: HR

dzzHRdzrM

HH

231

0

22

2

0

2

πρ

πρπρ

=

== ∫∫

Divide Ix by M, simplify, and solve for Ix to obtain: ⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

2053

22 RHMI x

Remarks: Because both H and R appear in the numerator, the larger the cones are,

the greater their moment of inertia and the greater the energy consumption required to set them into motion. Rotational Kinetic Energy 58 • Picture the Problem The kinetic energy of this rotating system of particles can be calculated either by finding the tangential velocities of the particles and using these values to find the kinetic energy or by finding the moment of inertia of the system and using the expression for the rotational kinetic energy of a system. (a) Use the relationship between v and ω to find the speed of each particle:

( )( )

( )( ) m/s0.8rad/s2m0.4and

m/s0.4rad/s2m0.2

11

33

===

===

ω

ω

rv

rv

Chapter 9

654

Find the kinetic energy of the system: ( )( ) ( )( )

J1.12

m/s0.8kg1m/s0.4kg3

2222

211

23313

=

+=

+=+= vmvmKKK

(b) Use the definition of the moment of inertia of a system of particles to obtain:

244

233

222

211

2

rmrmrmrm

rmIi

ii

+++=

= ∑


( )( ) ( )( )( )( ) ( )( )

2

22

22

mkg560.0m0.2kg3m0.4kg1

m0.2kg3m0.4kg1

⋅=

++

+=I

Calculate the kinetic energy of the system of particles:

( )( )J1.12

rad/s2mkg0.560 22212

21

=

⋅== ωIK

*59 • Picture the Problem We can find the kinetic energy of this rotating ball from its angular speed and its moment of inertia. We can use the same relationship to find the new angular speed of the ball when it is supplied with additional energy. (a) Express the kinetic energy of the ball:

221 ωIK =

Express the moment of inertia of ball with respect to its diameter:

252 MRI =

Substitute for I: 2251 ωMRK =


( )( )

Jm6.84

s60min1

revrad2

minrev70

m0.075kg1.42

251

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛×××

=

π

K

(b) Express the new kinetic energy with K′ = 2.0846 J:

221 '' ωIK =

Express the ratio of K to K′: 2

221

221

'⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛==

ωω

ωω '

I'I

KK'

Rotation

655

Solve for ω′:

KK'' ωω =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ω′: ( )

rev/min347

J0.0846J2.0846rev/min70

=

='ω

60 • Picture the Problem The power delivered by an engine is the product of the torque it develops and the angular speed at which it delivers the torque. Express the power delivered by the engine as a function of the torque it develops and the angular speed at which it delivers this torque:

ωτ=P


( ) kW155s60

min1rev

rad2minrev3700mN400 =⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛××⋅=

πP

61 •• Picture the Problem Let r1 and r2 be the distances of m1 and m2 from the center of mass. We can use the definition of rotational kinetic energy and the definition of the center of mass of the two point masses to show that K1/K2 = m2/m1. Use the definition of rotational kinetic energy to express the ratio of the rotational kinetic energies:

222

211

2222

2211

222

1

212

1

2

1

rmrm

rmrm

II

KK

===ωω

ωω

Use the definition of the center of mass to relate m1, m2, r1, and r2:

2211 mrmr =

Solve for 2

1

rr

, substitute and

simplify to obtain: 1

2

2

1

2

2

1

2

1

mm

mm

mm

KK

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

62 •• Picture the Problem The earth’s rotational kinetic energy is given by

221

rot ωIK = where I is its moment of inertia with respect to its axis of rotation. The

Chapter 9

656

center of mass of the earth-sun system is so close to the center of the sun and the earth-sun distance so large that we can use the earth-sun distance as the separation of their centers of mass and assume each to be point mass. Express the rotational kinetic energy of the earth:

221

rot ωIK = (1)

Find the angular speed of the earth’s rotation using the definition of ω:

rad/s1027.7h

s3600h24

rad2

5−×=

×=

∆∆

=πθω

t

From Table 9-1, for the moment of inertia of a homogeneous sphere, we find:

( )( )237

262452

252

mkg109.83

m106.4kg106.0

⋅×=

××=

= MRI

Substitute numerical values in equation (1) to obtain:

( )( )

J102.60

rad/s107.27

mkg109.83

29

25

23721

rot

×=

××

⋅×=−

K

Express the earth’s orbital kinetic energy:

2orb2

1orb ωIK = (2)

Find the angular speed of the center of mass of the earth-sun system:

rad/s1099.1h

s3600dayh24days365.25

rad2

7−×=

××=

∆∆

=

π

θωt

Express and evaluate the orbital moment of inertia of the earth: ( )( )

247

21124

2orbE

mkg101.35m101.50kg106.0

⋅×=

××=

= RMI

Substitute in equation (2) to obtain: ( )

( )J102.67

rad/s101.99

mkg101.35

33

27

24721

orb

×=

××

⋅×=−

K

Rotation

657

Evaluate the ratio rot

orb

KK

: 429

33

rot

orb 10J102.60J102.67

≈××

=KK

*63 •• Picture the Problem Because the load is not being accelerated, the tension in the cable equals the weight of the load. The role of the massless pulley is to change the direction the force (tension) in the cable acts. (a) Because the block is lifted at constant speed:

( )( )kN19.6

m/s9.81kg2000 2

=

== mgT

(b) Apply the definition of torque at the winch drum:

( )( )mkN5.89

m0.30kN19.6

⋅=

== Trτ

(c) Relate the angular speed of the winch drum to the rate at which the load is being lifted (the tangential speed of the cable on the drum):

rad/s0.267m0.30

m/s0.08===

rvω

(d) Express the power developed by the motor in terms of the tension in the cable and the speed with which the load is being lifted:

( )( )kW1.57

m/s0.08kN19.6

=

== TvP

64 •• Picture the Problem Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the lowest point of the small particle. We can use conservation of energy to find the angular velocity of the disk when the particle is at its lowest point and Newton’s 2nd law to find the force the disk will have to exert on the particle to keep it from falling off. (a) Use conservation of energy to relate the initial potential energy of the system to its rotational kinetic energy when the small particle is at its lowest point:

0=∆+∆ UK or, because Uf = Ki = 0,

( ) 02fparticledisk2

1 =∆−+ hmgII ω

Solve for ωf:

particlediskf

2II

hmg+

∆=ω

Chapter 9

658

Substitute for Idisk, Iparticle, and ∆h and simplify to obtain:

( )( )MmR

mgmRMRRmg

+=

+=

2822

2221fω

(b) The mass is in uniform circular motion at the bottom of the disk, so the sum of the force F exerted by the disk and the gravitational force must be the centripetal force:

2fωmRmgF =−

Solve for F and simplify to obtain:

( )

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

++=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

+=

Mmmmg

mMRmgmRmg

mRmgF

281

28

2fω

65 •• Picture the Problem Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the center of mass of the ring when it is directly below the point of support. We’ll use conservation of energy to relate the maximum angular velocity and the initial angular velocity required for a complete revolution to the changes in the potential energy of the ring. (a) Use conservation of energy to relate the initial potential energy of the ring to its rotational kinetic energy when its center of mass is directly below the point of support:

0=∆+∆ UK or, because Uf = Ki = 0,

02max2

1 =∆− hmgIPω (1)

Use the parallel axis theorem and Table 9-1 to express the moment of inertia of the ring with respect to its pivot point P:

2cm mRII P +=

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: ( ) 02max

2221 =−+ mgRmRmR ω

Solve for ωmax:

Rg

=maxω

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ωmax:

rad/s3.62m0.75

m/s9.81 2

max ==ω

Rotation

659

(b) Use conservation of energy to relate the final potential energy of the ring to its initial rotational kinetic energy:

0=∆+∆ UK or, because Ui = Kf = 0,

02i2

1 =∆+− hmgI Pω

Noting that the center of mass must rise a distance R if the ring is to make a complete revolution, substitute for IP and ∆h to obtain:

( ) 02i

2221 =++− mgRmRmR ω

Solve for ωi:

Rg

i =ω

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ωi: rad/s3.62

m0.75m/s9.81 2

==iω

66 •• Picture the Problem We can find the energy that must be stored in the flywheel and relate this energy to the radius of the wheel and use the definition of rotational kinetic energy to find the wheel’s radius. Relate the kinetic energy of the flywheel to the energy it must deliver:

( )( )MJ600

km300MJ/km22cyl2

1rot

=

== ωIK

Express the moment of inertia of the flywheel:

221

cyl MRI =

Substitute for Icyl and solve for ω:

MKR rot2

ω=


m95.1

kg100MJ

J10MJ600

revrad2

srev400

26

=

×

×= πR

67 •• Picture the Problem We’ll solve this problem for the general case of a ladder of length L, mass M, and person of mass m. Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at floor level and include you, the ladder, and the earth in the system. We’ll use

Chapter 9

660

conservation of energy to relate your impact speed falling freely to your impact speed riding the ladder to the ground. Use conservation of energy to relate the speed with which a person will strike the ground to the fall distance L:


02f2

1 =− mgLmv

Solve for 2fv : gLv 22

f =

Letting ωr represent the angular velocity of the ladder+person system as it strikes the ground, use conservation of energy to relate the initial and final momenta of the system:


( ) 02

2rladderperson2

1 =⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +−+

LMgmgLII ω

Substitute for the moments of inertia to obtain:

023

1 2f

221 =⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

LMgmgLLMm ω

Substitute vr for Lωf and solve for 2rv :

3

22

2r Mm

MmgLv

+

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

=

Express the ratio 2f

2r

vv

:

3

22f

2r

Mm

Mm

vv

+

+=

Solve for vr to obtain: Mm

Mmvv2636

fr ++

=

ground. the tofall and golet better to isIt . zero, is ladder, theof mass the, Unless fr vvM >

Rotation

661

Pulleys, Yo-Yos, and Hanging Things *68 •• Picture the Problem We’ll solve this problem for the general case in which the mass of the block on the ledge is M, the mass of the hanging block is m, and the mass of the pulley is Mp, and R is the radius of the pulley. Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be 2.5 m below the initial position of the 2-kg block and R represent the radius of the pulley. Let the system include both blocks, the shelf and pulley, and the earth. The initial potential energy of the 2-kg block will be transformed into the translational kinetic energy of both blocks plus rotational kinetic energy of the pulley. (a) Use energy conservation to relate the speed of the 2 kg block when it has fallen a distance ∆h to its initial potential energy and the kinetic energy of the system:


( ) 02pulley2

1221 =−++ mghIvMm ω

Substitute for Ipulley and ω to obtain: ( ) ( ) 02

22

21

212

21 =−++ mgh

RvMRvMm

Solve for v:

pMmMmghv

21

2++

=


( )( )( )( )

m/s3.95

kg0.6kg2kg4m2.5m/s9.81kg22

21

2

=

++=v

(b) Find the angular velocity of the pulley from its tangential speed:

rad/s49.3m0.08

m/s3.95===

Rvω

69 •• Picture the Problem The diagrams show the forces acting on each of the masses and the pulley. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the two blocks and the pulley to obtain three equations in the unknowns T1, T2, and a.

Chapter 9

662

Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the two blocks and the pulley:

∑ == amTFx 41 , (1)

( )∑ =−= ατ pp IrTT 12 , (2)

and

∑ =−= amTgmFx 222 (3)

Eliminate α in equation (2) to obtain:

aMTT p21

12 =− (4)

Eliminate T1 and T2 between equations (1), (3) and (4) and solve for a:

pMmmgma

21

42

2

++=


( )( )( )

2

21

2

m/s3.11kg0.6kg4kg2

m/s9.81kg2=

++=a

Using equation (1), evaluate T1: ( )( ) N12.5m/s3.11kg4 21 ==T

Solve equation (3) for T2: ( )agmT −= 22


( )( )N13.4

m/s3.11m/s9.81kg2 222

=

−=T

70 •• Picture the Problem We’ll solve this problem for the general case in which the mass of the block on the ledge is M, the mass of the hanging block is m, the mass of the pulley is Mp, and R is the radius of the pulley. Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be 2.5 m below the initial position of the 2-kg block. The initial potential energy of the 2-kg block will be transformed into the translational kinetic energy of both blocks plus rotational kinetic energy of the pulley plus work done against friction. (a) Use energy conservation to relate the speed of the 2 kg block when it has fallen a distance ∆h to its initial potential energy, the kinetic energy of the system and the work done against friction:

0f =+∆+∆ WUK

or, because Ki = Uf = 0, ( )

0k

2pulley2

1221

=+−

++

Mghmgh

IvMm

µ

ω

Substitute for Ipulley and ω to obtain: ( ) ( )0k

2

2

21

212

21

=+−

++

MghmghRvMvMm p

µ

Rotation

663

Solve for v: ( )pMmM

Mmghv21

k2++−

=µ


( )( ) ( )( )[ ]( ) m/s79.2

kg0.6kg2kg4kg425.0kg2m2.5m/s9.812

21

2

=++

−=v

(b) Find the angular velocity of the pulley from its tangential speed:

rad/s9.43m0.08

m/s79.2===

Rvω

71 •• Picture the Problem Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the water’s surface and let the system include the winch, the car, and the earth. We’ll apply energy conservation to relate the car’s speed as it hits the water to its initial potential energy. Note that some of the car’s initial potential energy will be transformed into rotational kinetic energy of the winch and pulley. Use energy conservation to relate the car’s speed as it hits the water to its initial potential energy:


02pp2

12ww2

1221 =∆−++ hmgIImv ωω

Express ωw and ωp in terms of the speed v of the rope, which is the same throughout the system:

2p

2

p2w

2

w andrv

rv

== ωω


p

2

p21

2w

2

w212

21 =∆−++ hmg

rvI

rvImv

Solve for v:

2p

p2

w

w

2

rI

rIm

hmgv++

∆=


( )( )( )

( ) ( )m/s21.8

m0.3mkg4

m0.8mkg320kg1200

m5m/s9.81kg12002

2

2

2

2

2

=

⋅+

⋅+

=v

Chapter 9

664

*72 •• Picture the Problem Let the system include the blocks, the pulley and the earth. Choose the zero of gravitational potential energy to be at the ledge and apply energy conservation to relate the impact speed of the 30-kg block to the initial potential energy of the system. We can use a constant-acceleration equations and Newton’s 2nd law to find the tensions in the strings and the descent time.

(a) Use conservation of energy to relate the impact speed of the 30-kg block to the initial potential energy of the system:


03020

2pp2

12202

12302

1

=∆−∆+

++

hgmhgm

Ivmvm ω

Substitute for ωp and Ip to obtain: ( )

03020

2

22

p21

212

20212

3021

=∆−∆+

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛++

hgmhgmrvrMvmvm

Solve for v: ( )

p21

3020

20302Mmm

mmhgv++−∆

=


( )( )( )( )

m/s73.2

kg5kg30kg20kg20kg30m2m/s9.812

21

2

=

++−

=v

(b) Find the angular speed at impact from the tangential speed at impact and the radius of the pulley:

rad/s27.3m0.1m/s2.73

===rvω

(c) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the blocks:

∑ =−= amgmTFx 20201 (1)

∑ =−= amTgmFx 30230 (2)

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speed at impact to the fall distance and the

havv ∆+= 220

2

or, because v0 = 0,

Rotation

665

acceleration and solve for and evaluate a:

( )( )

222

m/s1.87m22m/s2.73

2==

∆=

hva

Substitute in equation (1) to find T1: ( )

( )( )N234

m/s1.87m/s9.81kg20 22201

=

+=

+= agmT

Substitute in equation (2) to find T2: ( )

( )( )N238

m/s1.87m/s9.81kg30 22302

=

−=

−= agmT

(d) Noting that the initial speed of the 30-kg block is zero, express the time-of-fall in terms of the fall distance and the block’s average speed:

vh

vh

vht ∆

=∆

=∆

=∆2

21

av


( ) s1.47m/s2.73m22

==∆t

73 •• Picture the Problem The force diagram shows the forces acting on the sphere and the hanging object. The tension in the string is responsible for the angular acceleration of the sphere and the difference between the weight of the object and the tension is the net force acting on the hanging object. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to obtain two equations in a and T that we can solve simultaneously.

(a)Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the sphere and the hanging object:

∑ == ατ sphere0 ITR (1)

and

∑ =−= maTmgFx (2)

Substitute for Isphere and α in equation (1) to obtain:

( )RaMRTR 2

52= (3)

Chapter 9

666

Eliminate T between equations (2) and (3) and solve for a to obtain:

mM

ga

521+

=

(b) Substitute for a in equation (2) and solve for T to obtain: Mm

mMgT25

2+

=

74 •• Picture the Problem The diagram shows the forces acting on both objects and the pulley. By applying Newton’s 2nd law of motion, we can obtain a system of three equations in the unknowns T1, T2, and a that we can solve simultaneously.

(a) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the pulley and the two objects:

∑ =−= amgmTFx 111 , (1)

( )∑ =−= ατ 0120 IrTT , (2)

and

∑ =−= amTgmFx 222 (3)

Substitute for I0 = Ipulley and α in equation (2) to obtain:

( ) ( )ramrrTT 2

21

12 =− (4)

Eliminate T1 and T2 between equations (1), (3) and (4) and solve for a to obtain:

( )mmm

gmma21

21

12

++−

=


( )( )( )

2

21

2

cm/s9.478

g50g510g500cm/s981g500g510

=

++−

=a

(b) Substitute for a in equation (1) and solve for T1 to obtain:

( )( )( )

N4.9524

m/s0.09478m/s9.81kg0.500 2211

=

+=

+= agmT

Rotation

667

Substitute for a in equation (3) and solve for T2 to obtain:

( )( )( )

N4.9548

m/s0.09478m/s9.81kg0.510 2222

=

−=

−= agmT

Find ∆T:

N0.0024

N4.9524N.9548412

=

−=−=∆ TTT

(c) If we ignore the mass of the pulley, our acceleration equation is:

( )21

12

mmgmma

+−

=


( )( )

2

2

cm/s9.713

g510g500cm/s981g500g510

=

+−

=a

Substitute for a in equation (1) and solve for T1 to obtain:

( )agmT += 11


( )( ) N4.9536m/s0.09713m/s9.81kg0.500 221 =+=T

From equation (4), if m = 0:

21 TT =

*75 •• Picture the Problem The diagram shows the forces acting on both objects and the pulley. By applying Newton’s 2nd law of motion, we can obtain a system of three equations in the unknowns T1, T2, and α that we can solve simultaneously.

(a) Express the condition that the system does not accelerate:

02211net =−= gRmgRmτ

Chapter 9

668

Solve for m2:

2

112 R

Rmm =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate m2:

( ) kg72.0m0.4m1.2

kg242 ==m

(b) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the objects and the pulley:

∑ =−= amTgmFx 111 , (1)

∑ =−= ατ 022110 IRTRT , (2)

and

∑ =−= amgmTFx 222 (3)

Eliminate a in favor of α in equations (1) and (3) and solve for T1 and T2:

( )α111 RgmT −= (4)

and ( )α222 RgmT += (5)

Substitute for T1 and T2 in equation (2) and solve for α to obtain:

( )0

222

211

2211

IRmRmgRmRm

++−

=α


( )( ) ( )( )[ ]( )( )( ) ( )( )

2222

2

rad/s37.1mkg40m0.4kg72m1.2kg36

m/s9.81m0.4kg72m1.2kg36=

⋅++−

=α

Substitute in equation (4) to find T1:

( )[ ( )( )] N294rad/s1.37m1.2m/s9.81kg36 221 =−=T

Substitute in equation (5) to find T2:

( )[ ( )( )] N467rad/s1.37m4.0m/s9.81kg27 222 =+=T

Rotation

669

76 •• Picture the Problem Choose the coordinate system shown in the diagram. By applying Newton’s 2nd law of motion, we can obtain a system of two equations in the unknowns T and a. In (b) we can use the torque equation from (a) and our value for T to findα. In (c) we use the condition that the acceleration of a point on the rim of the cylinder is the same as the acceleration of the hand, together with the angular acceleration of the cylinder, to find the acceleration of the hand.

(a) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the cylinder about an axis through its center of mass:

∑ ==RaITR 00τ (1)

and

∑ =−= 0TMgFx (2)

Solve for T to obtain:

MgT =

(b) Rewrite equation (1) in terms of α:

α0ITR =

Solve for α:

0ITR

=α

Substitute for T and I0 to obtain:

Rg

MRMgR 2

221

==α

(c) Relate the acceleration a of the hand to the angular acceleration of the cylinder:

αRa =

Substitute for α to obtain: gRgRa 22

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

Chapter 9

670

77 •• Picture the Problem Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the bottom of the incline. By applying Newton’s 2nd law to the cylinder and the block we can obtain simultaneous equations in a, T, and α from which we can express a and T. By applying the conservation of energy, we can derive an expression for the speed of the block when it reaches the bottom of the incline.

(a) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the cylinder and the block:

∑ == ατ 00 ITR (1)

and

∑ =−= amTgmFx 22 sinθ (2)

Substitute for α in equation (1), solve for T, and substitute in equation (2) and solve for a to obtain:

2

1

21

sin

mm

ga+

=θ

(b) Substitute for a in equation (2) and solve for T:

2

1

121

21

sin

mm

gmT

+=

θ

(c) Noting that the block is released from rest, express the total energy of the system when the block is at height h:

ghmKUE 2=+=

(d) Use the fact that this system is conservative to express the total energy at the bottom of the incline:

ghmE 2bottom =

(e) Express the total energy of the system when the block is at the bottom of the incline in terms of its kinetic energies:

202

1222

1

rottranbottom

ωIvm

KKE

+=

+=

Rotation

671

Substitute for ω and I0 to obtain: ( ) ghmrvrmvm 22

22

121

212

221 =+

Solve for v to obtain:

2

1

21

2

mm

ghv+

=

(f) For θ = 0: 0== Ta

For θ = 90°:

2

1

21

mm

ga+

= ,

am

mmgm

T 121

2

1

121

21

=+

= ,

and

2

1

21

2

mm

ghv+

=

For m1 = 0: θsinga = , 0=T , and

ghv 2=

*78 •• Picture the Problem Let r be the radius of the concentric drum (10 cm) and let I0 be the moment of inertia of the drum plus platform. We can use Newton’s 2nd law in both translational and rotational forms to express I0 in terms of a and a constant-acceleration equation to express a and then find I0. We can use the same equation to find the total moment of inertia when the object is placed on the platform and then subtract to find its moment of inertia.

(a) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the platform and the weight:

∑ == ατ 00 ITr (1)

∑ =−= MaTMgFx (2)

Chapter 9

672

Substitute a/r for α in equation (1) and solve for T:

arIT 2

0=

Substitute for T in equation (2) and solve for a to obtain:

( )a

agMrI −=

2

0 (3)

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the distance of fall to the acceleration of the weight and the time of fall and solve for the acceleration:

( )221

0 tatvx ∆+∆=∆

or, because v0 = 0 and ∆x = D,

( )22

tDa

∆=

Substitute for a in equation (3) to obtain:

( )⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−

∆=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −= 1

21

222

0 DtgMr

agMrI

Substitute numerical values and evaluate I0:

( )( )( )( )

( )2

22

20

mkg1.177

1m1.82

s4.2m/s9.81

m0.1kg2.5

⋅=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−×

=I

(b) Relate the moments of inertia of the platform, drum, shaft, and pulley (I0) to the moment of inertia of the object and the total moment of inertia:

( )⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−

∆=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −=+=

12

1

22

20tot

DtgMr

agMrIII

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Itot:

( )( )( )( )

( )2

22

2tot

mkg125.3

1m1.82

s8.6m/s9.81

m0.1kg2.5

⋅=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−×

=I

Solve for and evaluate I:

2

2

20tot

mkg1.948

mkg1.177

mkg3.125

⋅=

⋅−

⋅=−= III

Rotation

673

Objects Rolling Without Slipping *79 •• Picture the Problem The forces acting on the yo-yo are shown in the figure. We can use a constant-acceleration equation to relate the velocity of descent at the end of the fall to the yo-yo’s acceleration and Newton’s 2nd law in both translational and rotational form to find the yo-yo’s acceleration.

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the yo-yo’s final speed to its acceleration and fall distance:

havv ∆+= 220

2

or, because v0 = 0, hav ∆= 2 (1)

Use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the forces that act on the yo-yo to its acceleration:

∑ =−= maTmgFx (2)

and ατ 00 ITr ==∑ (3)

Use αra = to eliminate α in equation (3) r

aITr 0= (4)

Eliminate T between equations (2) and (4) to obtain:

maarI

mg =− 20 (5)

Substitute 2

21 mR for I0 in equation

(5): maa

rmR

mg =− 2

221

Solve for a:

2

2

21

rR

ga+

=


( )

2

2

2

2

m/s0.0864

m0.12m1.51

m/s9.81=

+=a

Substitute in equation (1) and evaluate v:

( )( )m/s3.14

m57m/s0.08642 2

=

=v

Chapter 9

674

80 •• Picture the Problem The diagram shows the forces acting on the cylinder. By applying Newton’s 2nd law of motion, we can obtain a system of two equations in the unknowns T, a, and α that we can solve simultaneously.

(a) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the cylinder:

∑ == ατ 00 ITR (1)

and

∑ =−= MaTMgFx (2)

Substitute for α and I0 in equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

RaMRTR 2

21

Solve for T:

MaT 21= (3)

Substitute for T in equation (2) and solve for a to obtain:

ga 32=

(b) Substitute for a in equation (3) to obtain:

( ) MggMT 31

32

21 ==

81 •• Picture the Problem The forces acting on the yo-yo are shown in the figure. Apply Newton’s 2nd law in both translational and rotational form to obtain simultaneous equations in T, a, and α from which we can eliminate α and solve for T and a.

Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the yo-yo: ∑ =−= maTmgFx (1)

and ατ 00 ITr ==∑ (2)

Use αra = to eliminate α in equation (2) r

aITr 0= (3)

Rotation

675

Eliminate T between equations (1) and (3) to obtain:

maarI

mg =− 20 (4)

Substitute 221 mR for I0 in equation

(4): maa

rmR

mg =− 2

221

Solve for a:

2

2

21

rR

ga+

=


( )

2

2

2

2

m/s0.192

m0.012m1.01

m/s9.81=

+=a

Use equation (1) to solve for and evaluate T:

( )( )( )

N0.962

m/s0.192m/s9.81kg0.1 22

=

−=

−= agmT

*82 • Picture the Problem We can determine the kinetic energy of the cylinder that is due to its rotation about its center of mass by examining the ratio KK rot .

Express the rotational kinetic energy of the homogeneous solid cylinder:

( ) 241

2

22

21

212

cyl21

rot mvrvmrIK === ω

Express the total kinetic energy of the homogeneous solid cylinder:

2432

212

41

transrot mvmvmvKKK =+=+=

Express the ratio K

K rot : 31

243

241

rot ==mvmv

KK

and correct. is )(b

83 • Picture the Problem Any work done on the cylinder by a net force will change its kinetic energy. Therefore, the work needed to give the cylinder this motion is equal to its kinetic energy. Express the relationship between the work needed to stop the cylinder and its kinetic energy:

2212

21 ωImvKW +=∆=

Chapter 9

676

Because the cylinder is rolling without slipping, its translational and angular speeds are related according to:

ωrv =

Substitute for I (see Table 9-1) and ω and simplify to obtain:

( )2

43

2

22

21

212

21

2212

21

mvrvmrmv

ImvW

=

+=

+= ω

Substitute for m and v to obtain: ( )( ) kJ1.13m/s5kg60 2

43 ==W

84 • Picture the Problem The total kinetic energy of any object that is rolling without slipping is given by rottrans KKK += . We can find the percentages associated with each

motion by expressing the moment of inertia of the objects as kmr2 and deriving a general expression for the ratios of rotational kinetic energy to total kinetic energy and translational kinetic energy to total kinetic energy and substituting the appropriate values of k. Express the total kinetic energy associated with a rotating and translating object: ( )

( )kmvkmvmvrvkmrmv

ImvKKK

+=+=

+=

+=+=

12212

212

21

2

22

212

21

2212

21

rottrans ω

Express the ratio K

K rot : ( )

kk

kkmv

kmvK

K11

1112

21

221

rot

+=

+=

+=

Express the ratio K

K trans : ( ) kkmv

mvK

K+

=+

=1

112

21

221

trans

(a) Substitute k = 2/5 for a uniform sphere to obtain:

%6.28286.0

4.011

1rot ==+

=K

K

and

%4.71714.04.01

1trans ==+

=K

K

Rotation

677

(b) Substitute k = 1/2 for a uniform cylinder to obtain:

%3.33

5.011

1rot =+

=K

K

and

%7.665.01

1trans =+

=K

K

(c) Substitute k = 1 for a hoop to obtain: %0.50

111

1rot =+

=K

K

and

%0.5011

1trans =+

=K

K

85 • Picture the Problem Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the bottom of the incline. As the hoop rolls up the incline its translational and rotational kinetic energies are transformed into gravitational potential energy. We can use energy conservation to relate the distance the hoop rolls up the incline to its total kinetic energy at the bottom of the incline. Using energy conservation, relate the distance the hoop will roll up the incline to its kinetic energy at the bottom of the incline:


0fi =+− UK (1)

Express Ki as the sum of the translational and rotational kinetic energies of the hoop:

2212

21

rottransi ωImvKKK +=+=

When a rolling object moves with speed v, its outer surface turns with a speed v also. Hence ω = v/r. Substitute for I and ω to obtain:

( ) 22

22

212

21

i mvrvmrmvK =+=

Letting ∆h be the change in elevation of the hoop as it rolls up the incline and ∆L the distance it rolls along the incline, express Uf:

θsinf LmghmgU ∆=∆=


0sin2 =∆+− θLmgmv

Chapter 9

678

Solve for ∆L: θsin

2

gvL =∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆L:

( )( ) m45.9

sin30m/s9.81m/s15

2

2

=°

=∆L

*86 •• Picture the Problem From Newton’s 2nd law, the acceleration of the center of mass equals the net force divided by the mass. The forces acting on the sphere are its weight

grm downward, the normal force nFr

that balances the normal component of the weight,

and the force of friction fr

acting up the incline. As the sphere accelerates down the incline, the angular velocity of rotation must increase to maintain the nonslip condition. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law for rotation about a horizontal axis through the center of mass of the sphere to find α, which is related to the acceleration by the nonslip condition. The only torque about the center of mass is due to f

rbecause both grm and nF

ract through

the center of mass. Choose the positive direction to be down the incline.

Apply aF rr

m=∑ to the sphere: cmsin mafmg =−θ (1)

Apply ατ cmI=∑ to the sphere: αcmIfr =

Use the nonslip condition to eliminate α and solve for f:

raIfr cm

cm=

and

cm2cm a

rIf =

Substitute this result for f in equation (1) to obtain:

cmcm2cmsin maa

rImg =−θ

From Table 9-1 we have, for a solid sphere:

252

cm mrI =

Rotation

679


cmcm52sin maamg =−θ


( )°=⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

−

−

3.165

2.07sin

57sin

1

cm1

gg

gaθ

87 •• Picture the Problem From Newton’s 2nd law, the acceleration of the center of mass equals the net force divided by the mass. The forces acting on the thin spherical shell are its weight grm downward, the normal force nF

rthat balances the normal component of the

weight, and the force of friction fr

acting up the incline. As the spherical shell accelerates down the incline, the angular velocity of rotation must increase to maintain the nonslip condition. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law for rotation about a horizontal axis through the center of mass of the sphere to find α, which is related to the acceleration by the nonslip condition. The only torque about the center of mass is due to f

rbecause both grm and

nFr

act through the center of mass. Choose the positive direction to be down the incline.

Apply aF rr

m=∑ to the thin spherical shell:

cmsin mafmg =−θ (1)

Apply ατ cmI=∑ to the thin spherical shell:

αcmIfr =

Use the nonslip condition to eliminate α and solve for f:

raIfr cm

cm= and cm2cm a

rIf =

Substitute this result for f in equation (1) to obtain:

cmcm2cmsin maa

rImg =−θ

From Table 9-1 we have, for a thin 232

cm mrI =

Chapter 9

680

spherical shell:


cmcm32sin maamg =−θ


( )°==

=

−

−

5.193

2.05sin

35sin

1

cm1

gg

gaθ

Remarks: This larger angle makes sense, as the moment of inertia for a given mass is larger for a hollow sphere than for a solid one. 88 •• Picture the Problem The three forces acting on the basketball are the weight of the ball, the normal force, and the force of friction. Because the weight can be assumed to be acting at the center of mass, and the normal force acts through the center of mass, the only force which exerts a torque about the center of mass is the frictional force. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to find a system of simultaneous equations that we can solve for the quantities called for in the problem statement.

(a) Apply Newton’s 2nd law in both translational and rotational form to the ball:

∑ =−= mafmgFx ssinθ , (1)

∑ =−= 0cosn θmgFFy (2)

and

∑ == ατ 0s0 Irf (3)

Because the basketball is rolling without slipping we know that:

ra

=α

Substitute in equation (3) to obtain: r

aIrf 0s = (4)

From Table 9-1 we have:

232

0 mrI =

Substitute for I0 and α in equation (4) and solve for fs:

( ) maframrrf 3

2s

232

s =⇒= (5)

Rotation

681

Substitute for fs in equation (1) and solve for a:

θsin53 ga =

(b) Find fs using equation (5): ( ) θθ sinsin 5

253

32

s mggmf ==

(c) Solve equation (2) for Fn:

θcosn mgF =

Use the definition of fs,max to obtain:

maxsnsmaxs, cosθµµ mgFf ==

Use the result of part (b) to obtain: maxsmax52 cossin θµθ mgmg =

Solve for θmax: ( )s2

51max tan µθ −=

89 •• Picture the Problem The three forces acting on the cylinder are the weight of the cylinder, the normal force, and the force of friction. Because the weight can be assumed to be acting at the center of mass, and the normal force acts through the center of mass, the only force which exerts a torque about the center of mass is the frictional force. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to find a system of simultaneous equations that we can solve for the quantities called for in the problem statement.

(a) Apply Newton’s 2nd law in both translational and rotational form to the cylinder:

∑ =−= mafmgFx ssinθ , (1)

∑ =−= 0cosn θmgFFy (2)

and

∑ == ατ 0s0 Irf (3)

Because the cylinder is rolling without slipping we know that:

ra

=α

Substitute in equation (3) to obtain: r

aIrf 0s = (4)

From Table 9-1 we have:

221

0 mrI =

Chapter 9

682


( ) maframrrf 2

1s

221

s =⇒= (5)


θsin32 ga =

(b) Find fs using equation (5): ( ) θθ sinsin 3

132

21

s mggmf ==

(c) Solve equation (2) for Fn:

θcosn mgF =

Use the definition of fs,max to obtain:

maxsnsmaxs, cosθµµ mgFf ==

Use the result of part (b) to obtain: maxsmax31 cossin θµθ mgmg =

Solve for θmax: ( )s

1max 3tan µθ −=

*90 •• Picture the Problem Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the elevation where the spheres leave the ramp. The distances the spheres will travel are directly proportional to their speeds when they leave the ramp. Express the ratio of the distances traveled by the two spheres in terms of their speeds when they leave the ramp:

vv'

tvtv'

LL'

=∆∆

= (1)

Use conservation of mechanical energy to find the speed of the spheres when they leave the ramp:


0if =−UK (2)

Express Kf for the spheres:

( )

( ) 221

2212

21

2

22

212

21

2cm2

1221

rottransf

1 mvk

kmvmvRvkmRmv

Imv

KKK

+=

+=

+=

+=

+=

ω

where k is 2/3 for the spherical shell and 2/5 for the uniform sphere.

Substitute in equation (2) to obtain: ( ) mgHmvk =+ 2211

Rotation

683

Solve for v:

kgH

v+

=12


09.111

11

5232

=++

=++

=k'k

LL'

or LL' 09.1=

91 •• Picture the Problem Let the subscripts u and h refer to the uniform and thin-walled spheres, respectively. Because the cylinders climb to the same height, their kinetic energies at the bottom of the incline must be equal. Express the total kinetic energy of the thin-walled cylinder at the bottom of the inclined plane: ( ) 2

h2

22

h212

h21

2h2

12h2

1rottransh

vmrvrmvm

IvmKKK

=+=

+=+= ω

Express the total kinetic energy of the solid cylinder at the bottom of the inclined plane: ( ) 2

u43

2

22

u21

212

u21

2u2

12u2

1rottransu '

v'mrv'rmv'm

IvmKKK

=+=

+=+= ω

Because the cylinders climb to the same height:

ghmvm

ghmv'm

h2

h

u2

u43

and=

=

Divide the first of these equations by the second: ghm

ghmvmv'm

h

u2

h

2u4

3=

Simplify to obtain:

143

2

2

=vv'

Solve for v′:

vv'34

=

Chapter 9

684

92 •• Picture the Problem Let the subscripts s and c refer to the solid sphere and thin-walled cylinder, respectively. Because the cylinder and sphere descend from the same height, their kinetic energies at the bottom of the incline must be equal. The force diagram shows the forces acting on the solid sphere. We’ll use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the accelerations to the angle of the incline and use a constant acceleration to relate the accelerations to the distances traveled down the incline.

Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the sphere:

sssin∑ =−= mafmgFx θ , (1)

∑ =−= 0cosn θmgFFy , (2)

and

∑ == ατ 0s0 Irf (3)


( ) s52

s2

52

s maframrrf =⇒=


θsin75

s ga =

Proceed as above for the thin-walled cylinder to obtain:

θsin21

c ga =

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the distance traveled down the incline to its acceleration and the elapsed time:

( )221

0 tatvs ∆+∆=∆


21 tas ∆=∆ (4)

Because ∆s is the same for both objects: 2

cc2ss tata =

where ( ) 76.58.44.2 s

2s

2s

2c ++=+= tttt

provided tc and ts are in seconds.

Substitute for as and ac to obtain the quadratic equation:

2s7

10s

2s 76.58.4 ttt =++

Rotation

685

Solve for the positive root to obtain:

s3.12s =t

Substitute in equation (4), simplify, and solve for θ : ⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡ ∆= −

2s

1

514sin

gtsθ


( )( )( )°=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡= −

324.0

s12.3m/s9.815m314sin 22

1θ

93 ••• Picture the Problem The kinetic energy of the wheel is the sum of its translational and rotational kinetic energies. Because the wheel is a composite object, we can model its moment of inertia by treating the rim as a cylindrical shell and the spokes as rods. Express the kinetic energy of the wheel:

2

2

cm212

tot21

2cm2

12tot2

1

rottrans

RvIvM

IvM

KKK

+=

+=

+=

ω

where Mtot = Mrim + 4Mspoke

Express the moment of inertia of the wheel: ( )

( ) 2spoke3

4rim

2spoke3

12rim

spokesrimcm

4

RMM

RMRM

III

+=

+=

+=

Substitute for Icm in the equation for K:

( )[ ]( )[ ] 2

spoke32

rimtot21

2

22

spoke34

rim212

tot21

vMMMRvRMMvMK

++=

++=


( ) ( )[ ]( )J223

m/s6kg1.2kg3kg7.8 232

21

=

++=K

Chapter 9

686

94 ••• Picture the Problem Let M represent the combined mass of the two disks and their connecting rod and I their moment of inertia. The object’s initial potential energy is transformed into translational and rotational kinetic energy as it rolls down the incline. The force diagram shows the forces acting on this composite object as it rolls down the incline. Application of Newton’s 2nd law will allow us to derive an expression for the acceleration of the object.

(a) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the disks and rod:

∑ =−= MafMgFx ssinθ , (1)

∑ =−= 0cosn θMgFFy , (2)

and

∑ == ατ Irf s0 (3)

Eliminate fs and α between equations (1) and (3) and solve for a to obtain: 2

sin

rIM

Mga+

=θ

(4)

Express the moment of inertia of the two disks plus connecting rod: ( )

2rod2

12disk

2rod2

12disk2

1

roddisk

2

2

rmRm

rmRm

III

+=

+=

+=


( )( ) ( )( )2

2212

mkg1.80

m0.02kg1m0.3kg20

⋅=

+=I

Substitute in equation (4) and evaluate a:

( )( )

( )2

2

2

2

m/s0.0443

m0.02mkg1.80kg41

sin30m/s9.81kg41

=

⋅+

°=a

(b) Find α from a: 2

2

rad/s2.21m0.02m/s0.0443

===raα

Rotation

687

(c) Express the kinetic energy of translation of the disks-plus-rod when it has rolled a distance ∆s down the incline:

221

trans MvK =

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speed of the disks-plus-rod to their acceleration and the distance moved:

savv ∆+= 220

2

or, because v0 = 0, sav ∆= 22

Substitute to obtain: ( )( )( )

J3.63

m2m/s0.0443kg41 2trans

=

=

∆= sMaK

(d) Express the rotational kinetic energy of the disks after rolling 2 m in terms of their initial potential energy and their translational kinetic energy:

transtransirot KMghKUK −=−=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Krot:

( )( )( )

J399

J3.63sin30m2m/s9.81kg41 2

rot

=

−°=K

95 ••• Picture the Problem We can express the coordinates of point P as the sum of the coordinates of the center of the wheel and the coordinates, relative to the center of the wheel, of the tip of the vector 0r

r. Differentiation of these expressions with respect to time

will give us the x and y components of the velocity of point P. (a) Express the coordinates of point P relative to the center of the wheel:

θ

θ

sinand

cos

0

0

ry

rx

=

=

Because the coordinates of the center of the circle are X and R:

( ) ( )θθ sin,cos, 00 rRrXyx PP ++=

Chapter 9

688

(b) Differentiate xP to obtain: ( )

dtdr

dtdX

rXdtdvPx

θθ

θ

⋅−=

+=

sin

cos

0

0

Note that

RV

dtdV

dtdX

−=−== ωθand so: θsin0

RVr

VvPx +=

Differentiate yP to obtain: ( )

dtdrrR

dtdvPy

θθθ ⋅=+= cossin 00

BecauseRV

dtd

−=−= ωθ: θcos0

RVrvPy −=

(c) Calculate rv rr

⋅ :

( )

( )

0

sincos

cossin

00

00

=

+⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +=

+=⋅

θθ

θθ

rRRVr

rRVrV

rvrv yPyxPxrv rr

(d) Express v in terms of its components:

2

200

20

20

22

sin21

cossin

Rr

Rr

V

RVr

RVr

V

vvv yx

++=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +=

+=

θ

θθ

Express r in terms of its components:

( ) ( )

2

200

20

20

22

sin21

sincos

Rr

Rr

R

rRr

rrr yx

++=

++=

+=

θ

θθ

Divide v by r to obtain:

RV

rv

==ω

Rotation

689

*96 ••• Picture the Problem Let the letter B identify the block and the letter C the cylinder. We can find the accelerations of the block and cylinder by applying Newton’s 2nd law and solving the resulting equations simultaneously. Apply xx maF =∑ to the block: B' mafF =− (1)

Apply xx maF =∑ to the cylinder: CMaf = , (2)

Apply ατ CMCM I=∑ to the cylinder:

αCMIfR = (3)

Substitute for ICM in equation (3) and solve for f = f ′ to obtain:

αMRf 21= (4)

Relate the acceleration of the block to the acceleration of the cylinder:

CBBC aaa +=

or, because aCB = −Rα is the acceleration of the cylinder relative to the block,

αRaa −= BC

and CB aaR −=α (5)

Equate equations (2) and (4) and substitute from (5) to obtain:

CB 3aa =

Substitute equation (4) in equation (1) and substitute for aC to obtain:

BB31 maMaF =−

Solve for aB: mM

Fa3

3B +

=

97 ••• Picture the Problem Let the letter B identify the block and the letter C the cylinder. In this problem, as in Problem 97, we can find the accelerations of the block and cylinder by applying Newton’s 2nd law and solving the resulting equations simultaneously.

Chapter 9

690

Apply xx maF =∑ to the block: BmafF =− (1)


Apply ατ CMCM I=∑ to the cylinder:

αCMIfR = (3)

Substitute for ICM in equation (3) and solve for f:

αMRf 21= (4)


CBBC aaa +=

or, because aCB = −Rα, αRaa −= BC


(a) Solve for α and substitute for aB to obtain:

( )mMRF

Ra

Raa

Raa

32

23 CCCCB

+=

=−

=−

=α

direction. ckwisecounterclo thein is , thereforeand, torquethat the

evident isit diagram force theFromα

(b) Equate equations (2) and (4) and substitute (5) to obtain:

CB 3aa =

From equations (1) and (4) we obtain:

BB31 maMaF =−

Solve for aB: mM

Fa3

3B +

=

Substitute to obtain the linear acceleration of the cylinder relative to the table:

mMFaa B 33

1C +

==

Rotation

691

(c) Express the acceleration of the cylinder relative to the block:

mMF

aaaaaa

32

23 CCCBCCB

+−=

−=−=−=

98 ••• Picture the Problem Let the system include the earth, the cylinder, and the block. Then F

ris an external force that

changes the energy of the system by doing work on it. We can find the kinetic energy of the block from its speed when it has traveled a distance d. We can find the kinetic energy of the cylinder from the sum of its translational and rotational kinetic energies. In part (c) we can add the kinetic energies of the block and the cylinder to show that their sum is the work done by Fr

in displacing the system a distance d.

(a) Express the kinetic energy of the block: 2

B21

blockonB mvWK ==

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the velocity of the block to its acceleration and the distance traveled:

davv B20

2B 2+=

or, because the block starts from rest, dav B

2B 2=


( ) dmadamK BB21

B 2 == (1)

Apply xx maF =∑ to the block: BmafF =− (2)


Apply ατ CMCM I=∑ to the

cylinder:

αCMIfR = (4)

Substitute for ICM in equation (4) and solve for f:

αMRf 21= (5)


CBBC aaa +=

or, because aCB = −Rα,

Chapter 9

692

αRaa −= BC


Equate equations (3) and (5) and substitute in (6) to obtain:

CB 3aa =

Substitute equation (5) in equation (2) and use CB 3aa = to obtain:

BC maMaF =−

or BB3

1 maMaF =−

Solve for aB:

MmFa

31B +

=

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: Mm

mFdK31B +

=

(b) Express the total kinetic energy of the cylinder:

2

2CB

CM212

C21

2CM2

12C2

1rottranscyl

RvIMv

IMvKKK

+=

+=+= ω(7)

where BCCB vvv −= .

In part (a) it was established that: CB 3aa =

Integrate both sides of the equation with respect to time to obtain:

constant3 CB += vv

where the constant of integration is determined by the initial conditions that vC = 0 when vB = 0.

Substitute the initial conditions to obtain: 0constant = and

CB 3vv =

Substitute in our expression for vCB to obtain:

CCCBCCB 23 vvvvvv −=−=−=

Substitute for ICM and vCB in equation (7) to obtain: ( )( )

2C2

3

2

2C2

21

212

C21

cyl2

MvRvMRMvK

=

−+=

(8)

Rotation

693

Because B31

C vv = : 2B9

12C vv =

It part (a) it was established that: dav B

2B 2=

and

MmFa

31B +

=

Substitute to obtain: ( )

( )MmFd

dMm

Fdav

31

319

2B9

12C

92

2

+=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

==


( )

( )MmMFd

MmFdMK

31

312

3cyl

3

92

+=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+

=

(c) Express the total kinetic energy of the system and simplify to obtain:

( )( )( ) FdFd

MmMm

MmMFd

MmmFd

KKK

=++

=

++

+=

+=

31

31

31

cylBtot

33

3

99 •• Picture the Problem The forces responsible for the rotation of the gears are shown in the diagram to the right. The forces acting through the centers of mass of the two gears have been omitted because they produce no torque. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law in rotational form to obtain the equations of motion of the gears and the not slipping condition to relate their angular accelerations.

(a) Apply ατ I=∑ to the gears to obtain their equations of motion:

111mN 2 αIFR =−⋅ (1) and

222 αIFR = (2) where F is the force keeping the gears from slipping with respect to each other.

Because the gears do not slip 2211 αα RR =

Chapter 9

694

relative to each other, the tangential accelerations of the points where they are in contact must be the same:

or

121

12

12 ααα ==

RR

(3)

Divide equation (1) by R1 to obtain:

11

1

1

mN 2 αRIF

R=−

⋅

Divide equation (2) by R2 to obtain:

22

2 αRIF =

Add these equations to obtain:

22

21

1

1

1

mN 2 ααRI

RI

R+=

⋅

Use equation (3) to eliminate α2:

12

21

1

1

1 2mN 2 αα

RI

RI

R+=

⋅

Solve for α1 to obtain:

22

11

1

2

mN2

IRRI +

⋅=α

Substitute numerical values and evaluate α1:

( ) ( )2

221

rad/s400.0

mkg16m12m0.5mkg1

mN2

=

⋅+⋅

⋅=α

Use equation (3) to evaluate α2: ( ) 22

21

2 rad/s0.200rad/s0.400 ==α

(b) To counterbalance the 2-N·m torque, a counter torque of 2 N·m must be applied to the first gear. Use equation (2) with α1 = 0 to find F:

0mN 2 1 =−⋅ FR and

N4.00m0.5mN2mN2

1

=⋅

=⋅

=R

F

Rotation

695

*100 •• Picture the Problem Let r be the radius of the marble, m its mass, R the radius of the large sphere, and v the speed of the marble when it breaks contact with the sphere. The numeral 1 denotes the initial configuration of the sphere-marble system and the numeral 2 is configuration as the marble separates from the sphere. We can use conservation of energy to relate the initial potential energy of the marble to the sum of its translational and rotational kinetic energies as it leaves the sphere. Our choice of the zero of potential energy is shown on the diagram.

(a) Apply conservation of energy:

0=∆+∆ KU or

01212 =−+− KKUU

Because U2 = K1 = 0: ( )[ ]0

cos2

212

21 =++

+−+−

ω

θ

ImvrRrRmg

or ( )( )[ ]

0cos1

2212

21 =++

−+−

ω

θ

ImvrRmg

Use the rolling-without-slipping condition to eliminate ω:

( )( )[ ]

0

cos1

2

2

212

21 =++

−+−

rvImv

rRmg θ

From Table 9-1 we have: 2

52 mrI =

Substitute to obtain: ( )( )[ ]

( ) 0

cos1

2

22

52

212

21 =++

−+−

rvmrmv

rRmg θ

or ( )( )[ ]

0cos1

2512

21 =++

−+−

mvmvrRmg θ

Solve for v2 to obtain: ( )( )θcos1

7102 −+= rRgv

Apply rr maF =∑ to the marble as it separates from the sphere:

rRvmmg+

=2

cosθ

or

Chapter 9

696

( )rRgv

+=

2

cosθ

Substitute for v2:

( ) ( )( )

( )⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ −=

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ −+

+=

θ

θθ

cos17

10

cos17

101cos rRgrRg


°=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= − 0.541710cos 1θ

(b)

sphere. theleavesit before slippingwithout rolling ball thekeep toneeded force than theless bemust friction

of force that themeaning sphere, theleaves ball theepoint wher at the 0 todecreases force normal theHowever, marble. on the force

normal by the multiplied than less always isfriction of force The sµ

Rolling With Slipping 101 • Picture the Problem Part (a) of this problem is identical to Example 9-16. In part (b) we can use the definitions of translational and rotational kinetic energy to find the ratio of the final and initial kinetic energies. (a) From Example 9-16:

gv

sk

20

1 4912

µ= ,

gv

tk

01 7

2µ

= , and

01k25

1 75 vgtv == µ

(b) When the ball rolls without slipping, v1 = rω. Express the final kinetic energy of the ball:

( )2014

52110

7

2

212

52

212

121

2212

121

rottransf

MvMvrvMrMv

IMv

KKK

==

+=

+=

+=

ω

Rotation

697

Express the ratio of the final and initial kinetic energies: 7

5202

1

2014

5

i

f ==MvMv

KK

(c) Substitute in the expressions in (a) to obtain:

( )( )( ) m6.26

m/s9.810.06m/s8

4912

2

2

1 ==s

( )( ) s3.88m/s9.810.06

m/s872

21 ==t

( ) m/s5.71m/s8

75

1 ==v

*102 •• Picture the Problem The cue stick’s blow delivers a rotational impulse as well as a translational impulse to the cue ball. The rotational impulse changes the angular momentum of the ball and the translational impulse changes its linear momentum. Express the rotational impulse Prot as the product of the average torque and the time during which the rotational impulse acts:

tP ∆= avrot τ

Express the average torque it produces about an axis through the center of the ball:

( ) ( )rhPrhP −=−= 00av sinθτ

where θ (= 90°) is the angle between F and the lever arm h − r.

Substitute in the expression for Prot to obtain:

( ) ( )( )( ) 0trams

00rot

ωILrhPrhtPtrhPP

=∆=−=−∆=∆−=

The translational impulse is also given by:

00trans mvptPP =∆=∆=

Substitute to obtain: ( ) 02

52

0 ωmrrhmv =−

Solve for ω0: ( )

20

0 25

rrhv −

=ω

Chapter 9

698

103 •• Picture the Problem The angular velocity of the rotating sphere will decrease until the condition for rolling without slipping is satisfied and then it will begin to roll. The force diagram shows the forces acting on the sphere. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the sphere and use the condition for rolling without slipping to find the speed of the center of mass when the sphere begins to roll without slipping. Relate the velocity of the sphere when it begins to roll to its acceleration and the elapsed time:

tav ∆= (1)

Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the sphere:

∑ == mafFx k , (2)

∑ =−= 0n mgFFy , (3)

and

∑ == ατ 0k0 Irf (4)

Using the definition of fk and Fn from equation (3), substitute in equation (2) and solve for a:

ga kµ=

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: tgtav ∆=∆= kµ (5)

Solve for α in equation (4):

rg

mrmar

Irf k

252

0

k

25 µα ===

Express the angular speed of the sphere when it has been moving for a time ∆t:

trgt ∆−=∆−=

25 k

00µωαωω (6)

Express the condition that the sphere rolls without slipping:

ωrv =

Substitute from equations (5) and (6) and solve for the elapsed time until the sphere begins to roll:

gr

tk

0

72

µω

=∆

Rotation

699

Use equation (4) to find v when the sphere begins to roll: 7

272 0

k

k0k

ωµ

µωµ rg

grtgv ==∆=

104 •• Picture the Problem The sharp force delivers a rotational impulse as well as a translational impulse to the ball. The rotational impulse changes the angular momentum of the ball and the translational impulse changes its linear momentum. In parts (c) and (d) we can apply Newton’s 2nd law to the ball to obtain equations describing both the translational and rotational motion of the ball. We can then solve these equations to find the constant accelerations that allow us to apply constant-acceleration equations to find the velocity of the ball when it begins to roll and its sliding time.

(a) Relate the translational impulse delivered to the ball to its change in its momentum:

0avtrans mvptFP =∆=∆=

Solve for v0: m

tFv ∆= av

0


( )( ) m/s200kg0.02

s102kN20 4

0 =×

=−

v

(b) Express the rotational impulse Prot as the product of the average torque and the time during which the rotational impulse acts:

tP ∆= avrot τ

Letting h be the height at which the impulsive force is delivered, express the average torque it produces about an axis through the center of the ball:

θτ sinav lF=

where θ is the angle between F and the lever arm l .

Substitute h − r for l and 90° for θ ( )rhF −=avτ

Chapter 9

700

to obtain: Substitute in the expression for Prot to obtain:

( ) trhFP ∆−=rot

Because Ptrans = F∆t:

( )0

252

0transrot

ω

ω

mr

ILrhPP

=

=∆=−=

Express the translational impulse delivered to the cue ball:

00trans mvptPP =∆=∆=

Substitute for Ptrans to obtain:

002

52 mvmr =ω

Solve for ω0: ( )2

00 2

5r

rhv −=ω

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ω0:

( )( )( )

rad/s8000

m.052m0.05m0.09m/s2005

20

=

−=ω

(c) and (d) Relate the velocity of the ball when it begins to roll to its acceleration and the elapsed time:

tav ∆= (1)

Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the ball: ∑ == mafFx k , (2)

∑ =−= 0n mgFFy , (3)

and

∑ == ατ 0k0 Irf (4)


ga kµ=

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: tgtav ∆=∆= kµ (5)


rg

mrmar

Irf k

252

0

k

25 µα ===

Rotation

701

Express the angular speed of the ball when it has been moving for a time ∆t:

trgt ∆−=∆−=

25 k

00µωαωω (6)

Express the speed of the ball when it has been moving for a time ∆t:

tgvv ∆+= k0 µ (7)

Express the condition that the ball rolls without slipping:

ωrv =

Substitute from equations (6) and (7) and solve for the elapsed time until the ball begins to roll:

gvrt

k

00

72

µω −

=∆


( )( )( )( )

s11.6

m/s9.810.5m/s200rad/s8000m0.05

72

2

=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡ −=∆t

Use equation (4) to express v when the ball begins to roll:

tgvv ∆+= k0 µ


( )( )( )m/s572

s11.6m/s9.810.5m/s200 2

=

+=v

105 •• Picture the Problem Because the impulse is applied through the center of mass, ω0 = 0. We can use the results of Example 9-16 to find the rolling time without slipping, the distance traveled to rolling without slipping, and the velocity of the ball once it begins to roll without slipping. (a) From Example 9-16 we have:

gvtk

01 7

2µ

=


( )( ) s0.194m/s9.810.6

m/s472

21 ==t

(b) From Example 9-16 we have: g

vsk

20

1 4912

µ=

Chapter 9

702

Substitute numerical values and evaluate s1:

( )( )( ) m0.666

m/s9.810.6m/s4

4912

2

2

1 ==s

(c) From Example 9-16 we have: 01 7

5 vv =


( ) m/s2.86m/s475

1 ==v

106 •• Picture the Problem Because the impulsive force is applied below the center line, the spin is backward, i.e., the ball will slow down. We’ll use the impulse-momentum theorem and Newton’s 2nd law to find the linear and rotational velocities and accelerations of the ball and constant-acceleration equations to relate these quantities to each other and to the elapsed time to rolling without slipping. (a) Express the rotational impulse delivered to the ball:

( ) 02

52

0cm00rot 32

ω

ω

mR

IRmvrmvP

=

===

Solve for ω0:

Rv0

0 35

=ω

(b) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the ball to obtain:

∑ == ατ cmk0 IRf , (1)

∑ =−= 0n mgFFy , (2)

and

∑ =−= mafFx k (3)

Using the definition of fk and Fn

from equation (2), solve for α: Rg

mRmgR

ImgR

25 k

252

k

cm

k µµµα ===

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the angular speed of the ball to its acceleration:

tR

gt ∆+=∆+=2

5 k00

µωαωω

Rotation

703

Using the definition of fk and Fn

from equation (2), solve equation (3) for a:

ga kµ−=

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speed of the ball to its acceleration:

tgvtavv ∆−=∆+= k00 µ (4)

Impose the condition for rolling without slipping to obtain:

tgvtR

gR ∆−=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ∆+ k0

k0 2

5µ

µω

Solve for ∆t:

gv

tk

0

2116

µ=∆


0

0k

0k0

238.0

215

2116

v

vgvgvv

=

=⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

µµ

(c) Express the initial kinetic energy of the ball:

( )20

20

202

52

212

021

202

1202

1rottransi

056.1

1819

35

mv

mvRvmRmv

ImvKKK

=

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+=

+=+= ω

(d) Express the work done by friction in terms of the initial and final kinetic energies of the ball:

fifr KKW −=

Express the final kinetic energy of the ball:

( )( ) 2

02

0107

2107

2

22

52

212

21

2cm2

1221

f

0397.0238.0 mvvm

mvRvmRmv

ImvK

==

=+=

+= ω

Substitute to find Wfr:

20

20

20fr

016.1

0397.0056.1

mv

mvmvW

=

−=

Chapter 9

704

107 •• Picture the Problem The figure shows the forces acting on the bowling during the sliding phase of its motion. Because the ball has a forward spin, the friction force is in the direction of motion and will cause the ball’s translational speed to increase. We’ll apply Newton’s 2nd law to find the linear and rotational velocities and accelerations of the ball and constant-acceleration equations to relate these quantities to each other and to the elapsed time to rolling without slipping.

(a) and (b) Relate the velocity of the ball when it begins to roll to its acceleration and the elapsed time:

tavv ∆+= 0 (1)

Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the ball: ∑ == mafFx k , (2)

∑ =−= 0n mgFFy , (3)

and

∑ == ατ 0k0 IRf (4)


ga kµ=

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: tgvtavv ∆+=∆+= k00 µ (5)


Rg

mRmaR

IRf k

252

0

k

25 µα ===

Relate the angular speed of the ball to its acceleration:

tR

g∆−= k

0 25 µ

ωω

Apply the condition for rolling without slipping:

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ∆−=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ∆−==

tR

gRvR

tR

gRRv

k0

k0

253

25

µ

µωω

Rotation

705

∴ tgvv ∆−= k0 253 µ (6)

Equate equations (5) and (6) and solve ∆t: g

vt

k

0

74

µ=∆

Substitute for ∆t in equation (6) to obtain: 00 57.1

711 vvv ==

(c) Relate ∆x to the average speed of the ball and the time it moves before beginning to roll without slipping:

( )

gv

gv

gvvv

tvvtvx

k

20

k

20

k

0002

1

021

av

735.04936

74

711

µµ

µ

==

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +=

∆+=∆=∆

*108 •• Picture the Problem The figure shows the forces acting on the cylinder during the sliding phase of its motion. The friction force will cause the cylinder’s translational speed to decrease and eventually satisfy the condition for rolling without slipping. We’ll use Newton’s 2nd law to find the linear and rotational velocities and accelerations of the ball and constant-acceleration equations to relate these quantities to each other and to the distance traveled and the elapsed time until the satisfaction of the condition for rolling without slipping.

(a) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the cylinder:

∑ =−= MafFx k , (1)

∑ =−= 0n MgFFy , (2)

and

∑ == ατ 0k0 IRf (3)

Use fk = µkFn to eliminate Fn between equations (1) and (2) and solve for a:

ga kµ−=

Chapter 9

706

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the speed of the cylinder to its acceleration and the elapsed time:

tgvtavv ∆−=∆+= k00 µ

Similarly, eliminate fk between equations (2) and (3) and solve for α:

Rgk2µ

α =

Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the angular speed of the cylinder to its acceleration and the elapsed time:

tR

gt ∆=∆+= k0

2µαωω

Apply the condition for rolling without slipping:

tg

tR

gRRtgvv

∆=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ∆==∆−=

k

kk0

2

2

µ

µωµ

Solve for ∆t:

gv

tk

0

3µ=∆

Substitute for ∆t in the expression for v: 0

k

0k0 3

23

vg

vgvv =−=µ

µ

(b) Relate the distance the cylinder travels to its average speed and the elapsed time:

( )

gv

gvvvtvx

k

20

k

003

202

1av

185

3

µ

µ

=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=∆=∆

(c) Express the ratio of the energy dissipated in friction to the cylinder’s initial mechanical energy:

i

fi

i

fr

KKK

KW −

=

Express the kinetic energy of the cylinder as it begins to roll without slipping: ( )

20

2

02

2

22

21

212

21

2cm2

1221

f

31

32

43

43 MvvMMv

RvMRMv

IMvK

=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛==

+=

+= ω

Rotation

707

Substitute for Ki and Kf and simplify to obtain: 3

1202

1

203

1202

1

i

fr =−

=Mv

MvMvKW

109 •• Picture the Problem The forces acting on the ball as it slides across the floor are its weight ,mg

r the normal force nF

rexerted by

the floor, and the friction force .fv

Because the weight and normal force act through the center of mass of the ball and are equal in magnitude, the friction force is the net (decelerating) force. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law in both translational and rotational form to obtain a set of equations that we can solve for the acceleration of the ball. Once we have determined the ball’s acceleration, we can use constant-acceleration equations to obtain its velocity when it begins to roll without slipping.

(a) Apply aF rr

m=∑ to the ball: ∑ =−= mafFx (1) and

∑ =−= 0n mgFFy (2)

From the definition of the coefficient of kinetic friction we have:

nk Ff µ= (3)

Solve equation (2) for Fn: mgF =n

Substitute in equation (3) to obtain: mgf kµ=

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain: mamg =− kµ or

ga kµ−=

Apply ατ I=∑ to the ball: αIfr =

Solve for α to obtain: Imgr

Ifr kµα ==

Assuming that the coefficient of kinetic friction is constant*, we can use constant-acceleration equations to describe how long it will take the ball to begin

tgtavv k ∆−=∆=− µf (4) and

tIgmrk ∆=

µωf (5)

Chapter 9

708

rolling without slipping:

Once rolling without slipping has been established, we also have: r

vff =ω (6)

Equate equations (5) and (6):

tIgmr

rv k ∆=

µf

Solve for ∆t:

2f

gmrIvt

kµ=∆


f2

2f

f

vmr

Igmr

Ivgvvk

k

−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=−

µµ

Solve for vf:

v

mrIv f

21

1

+=

(b) Express the total kinetic energy of the ball:

2f

2f 2

121 ωImvK +=

Because the ball is now rolling without slipping, fωrv = and:

( )

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

+=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

++=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

++⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

+=

22

2

222

2

22

22

2

2

/11

21

/11/1

21

/11

21

/11

21

mrImv

mrImrImv

rv

mrIIv

mrImK

* Remarks: This assumption is not necessary. One can use the impulse-momentum theorem and the related theorem for torque and change in angular momentum to prove that the result holds for an arbitrary frictional force acting on the ball, so long as the ball moves along a straight line and the force is directed opposite to the direction of motion of the ball. General Problems *110 • Picture the Problem The angular velocity of an object is the ratio of the number of revolutions it makes in a given period of time to the elapsed time.

Rotation

709

The moon’s angular velocity is:

rad/s102.66

s3600h1

h24day1

revrad2

days27.3rev1days27.3

rev1

6−×=

×××=

=

π

ω

111 • Picture the Problem The moment of inertia of the hoop, about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the hoop and through its edge, is related to its moment of inertia with respect to an axis through its center of mass by the parallel axis theorem. Apply the parallel axis theorem: 2222

cm 2mRMRMRMhII =+=+=

112 •• Picture the Problem The force you exert on the rope results in a net torque that accelerates the merry-go-round. The moment of inertia of the merry-go-round, its angular acceleration, and the torque you apply are related through Newton’s 2nd law. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the angular displacement of the merry-go-round to its angular acceleration and acceleration time:

( )221

0 tt ∆+∆=∆ αωθ


21 t∆=∆ αθ

Solve for and evaluate α: ( )

( )( )

222 rad/s0873.0

s12rad222

==∆∆

=πθα

t

(b) Use the definition of torque to obtain: ( )( ) mN572m2.2N260 ⋅=== Frτ

(c) Use Newton’s 2nd law to find the moment of inertia of the merry-go-round: 23

2net

mkg106.55

rad/s0.0873mN572

⋅×=

⋅==

ατI

Chapter 9

710

113 • Picture the Problem Because there are no horizontal forces acting on the stick, the center of mass of the stick will not move in the horizontal direction. Choose a coordinate system in which the origin is at the horizontal position of the center of mass. The diagram shows the stick in its initial raised position and when it has fallen to the ice. Express the displacement of the right end of the stick ∆x as the difference between the position coordinates x2 and x2:

12 xxx −=∆

Using trigonometry, find the initial coordinate of the right end of the stick:

( ) m0.866cos30m1cos1 =°== θlx

Because the center of mass has not moved horizontally:

m12 == lx

Substitute to find the displacement of the right end of the stick:

m0.134m0.866m1 =−=∆x

114 •• Picture the Problem The force applied to the string results in a torque about the center of mass of the disk that accelerates it. We can relate these quantities to the moment of inertia of the disk through Newton’s 2nd law and then use constant-acceleration equations to find the disk’s angular velocity the angle through which it has rotated in a given period of time. The disk’s rotational kinetic energy can be found from its definition. (a) Use the definition of torque to obtain:

( )( ) mN2.40m0.12N20 ⋅==≡ FRτ

(b) Use Newton’s 2nd law to express the angular acceleration of the disk in terms of the net torque acting on it and its moment of inertia:

221

netnet

MRIττα ==


( )( )( )

22 rad/s66.7

m0.12kg5mN2.402

=⋅

=α

(c) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the angular velocity of the disk to its angular

t∆+= αωω 0

or, because ω0 = 0, t∆= αω

Rotation

711

acceleration and the elapsed time:

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ω:

( )( ) rad/s333s5rad/s66.7 2 ==ω

(d) Use the definition of rotational kinetic energy to obtain:

( ) 2221

212

21

rot ωω MRIK ==

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Krot:

( )( ) ( )kJ2.00

rad/s333m0.12kg5 2241

rot

=

=K

(e) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the angle through which the disk turns to its angular acceleration and the elapsed time:

( )221

0 tt ∆+∆=∆ αωθ


21 t∆=∆ αθ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆θ :

( )( ) rad834s5rad/s66.7 2221 ==∆θ

(f) Express K in terms of τ and θ : ( ) ( )

θτ

αταατω

∆=

∆=∆⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛== 2

212

212

21 ttIK

115 •• Picture the Problem The diagram shows the rod in its initial horizontal position and then, later, as it swings through its vertical position. The center of mass is denoted by the numerals 0 and 1. Let the length of the rod be represented by L and its mass by m. We can use Newton’s 2nd law in rotational form to find, first, the angular acceleration of the rod and then, from α, the acceleration of any point on the rod. We can use conservation of energy to find the angular velocity of the center of mass of the rod when it is vertical and then use this value to find its linear velocity.

(a) Relate the acceleration of the center of the rod to the angular

αα2La == l

Chapter 9

712

acceleration of the rod: Use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the torque about the suspension point of the rod (exerted by the weight of the rod) to the rod’s angular acceleration:

Lg

ML

LMg

I 232

231

===τα


( )( )

22

rad/s18.4m0.82

m/s9.813==α


( )( ) 2221 m/s7.36rad/s18.4m0.8 ==a

(b) Relate the acceleration of the end of the rod to α:

( )( )2

2end

m/s14.7

rad/s18.4m0.8

=

== αLa

(c) Relate the linear velocity of the center of mass of the rod to its angular velocity as it passes through the vertical:

Lhv ωω 21=∆=

Use conservation of energy to relate the changes in the kinetic and potential energies of the rod as it swings from its initial horizontal orientation through its vertical orientation:

00101 =−+−=∆+∆ UUKKUK

or, because K0 = U1 = 0, 001 =−UK


hmgI P ∆=221 ω

Substitute for ∆h and solve for ω:

Lg3

=ω

Substitute to obtain: gL

LgLv 33

21

21 ==

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v: ( )( ) m/s2.43m0.8m/s9.813 2

21 ==v

Rotation

713

116 •• Picture the Problem Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the bottom of the track. The initial potential energy of the marble is transformed into translational and rotational kinetic energy as it rolls down the track to its lowest point and then, because the portion of the track to the right is frictionless, into translational kinetic energy and, eventually, into gravitational potential energy. Using conservation of energy, relate h2 to the kinetic energy of the marble at the bottom of the track:


0fi =+− UK

Substitute for Ki and Uf to obtain: 022

21 =−− MghMv

Solve for h2:

gvh2

2

2 = (1)

Using conservation of energy, relate h1 to the kinetic energy of the marble at the bottom of the track:


0if =−UK

Substitute for Kf and Ui to obtain: 01

2212

21 =−+ MghIMv ω

Substitute for I and solve for v2 to obtain:

17102 ghv =


17517

10

2 2h

ggh

h ==

*117 •• Picture the Problem To stop the wheel, the tangential force will have to do an amount of work equal to the initial rotational kinetic energy of the wheel. We can find the stopping torque and the force from the average power delivered by the force during the slowing of the wheel. The number of revolutions made by the wheel as it stops can be found from a constant-acceleration equation. (a) Relate the work that must be done to stop the wheel to its kinetic energy:

( ) 224122

21

212

21 ωωω mrmrIW ===

Chapter 9

714


( )( )

kJ780

s60min1

revrad2

minrev1100

m1.4kg1202

241

=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡×××

=

π

W

(b) Express the stopping torque is terms of the average power required:

avav τω=P

Solve for τ :

av

av

ωτ P

=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate τ : ( )( )

( )( )( )

mN3.902

smin/601rad/rev2rev/min1100s/min60min2.5

kJ780

⋅=

= πτ

Relate the stopping torque to the magnitude of the required force and solve for F:

N151m0.6

mN90.3=

⋅==

RF τ

(c) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the angular displacement of the wheel to its average angular velocity and the stopping time:

t∆=∆ avωθ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆θ:

( )

rev1380

min2.52

rev/min1100

=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=∆θ

118 •• Picture the Problem The work done by the four children on the merry-go-round will change its kinetic energy. We can use the work-energy theorem to relate the work done by the children to the distance they ran and Newton’s 2nd law to find the angular acceleration of the merry-go-round.

Rotation

715

(a) Use the work-kinetic energy theorem to relate the work done by the children to the kinetic energy of the merry-go-round:

f

forcenet

K

KW

=

∆=

or 2

214 ωIsF =∆

Substitute for I and solve for ∆s to obtain:

Fmr

Fmr

FIs

1688

2222212 ωωω

===∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆s: ( )( )

( )m6.11

N2616rev

rad2s2.8

rev1m2kg2402

2

=

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡×

=∆

π

s

(b) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to express the angular acceleration of the merry-go-round:

mrF

mrFr

I84

221

net ===τα


( )( )( )

2rad/s0.433m2kg240

N268==α

(c) Use the definition of work to relate the force exerted by each child to the distance over which that force is exerted:

( )( ) J302m11.6N26 ==∆= sFW

(d) Relate the kinetic energy of the merry-go-round to the work that was done on it:

sFKKW ∆=−=∆= 40fforcenet

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Wnet force:

( )( ) kJ1.21m11.6N264forcenet ==W

119 •• Picture the Problem Because the center of mass of the hoop is at its center, we can use Newton’s second law to relate the acceleration of the hoop to the net force acting on it. The distance moved by the center of the hoop can be determined using a constant-acceleration equation, as can the angular velocity of the hoop. (a) Using a constant-acceleration equation, relate the distance the

( )2cm2

1 tas ∆=∆

Chapter 9

716

center of the travels in 3 s to the acceleration of its center of mass: Relate the acceleration of the center of mass of the hoop to the net force acting on it:

mF

a netcm =

Substitute to obtain: ( )mtFs

2

2∆=∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆s:

( )( )( ) m15.0

kg1.52s3N5 2

==∆s

(b) Relate the angular velocity of the hoop to its angular acceleration and the elapsed time:

t∆= αω

Use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the angular acceleration of the hoop to the net torque acting on it:

mRF

mRFR

I=== 2

netτα

Substitute to obtain: mR

tF∆=ω


( )( )( )( ) rad/s15.4

m0.65kg1.5s3N5

==ω

120 •• Picture the Problem Let R represent the radius of the grinding wheel, M its mass, r the radius of the handle, and m the mass of the load attached to the handle. In the absence of information to the contrary, we’ll treat the 25-kg load as though it were concentrated at a point. Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be where the 25-kg load is at its lowest point. We’ll apply Newton’s 2nd law and the conservation of mechanical energy to determine the initial angular acceleration and the maximum angular velocity of the wheel. (a) Use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the acceleration of the wheel to the net torque acting on it:

2221

net

mrMRmgr

I +==

τα

Rotation

717


( )( )( )( )( ) ( )( )

2

2221

2

rad/s9.58

m0.65kg25m0.45kg60m0.65m/s9.81kg25

=

+=α

(b) Use the conservation of mechanical energy to relate the initial potential energy of the load to its kinetic energy and the rotational kinetic energy of the wheel when the load is directly below the center of mass of the wheel:


0irotf,transf, =−+ UKK .

Substitute and solve for ω: ( ) 02221

212

21 =−+ mgrMRmv ω ,

0224122

21 =−+ mgrMRmr ωω ,

and

2224

MRmrmgr+

=ω


( )( )( )( )( ) ( )( )

rad/s38.4

m0.45kg60m0.65kg252m0.65m/s9.81kg254

22

2

=

+=ω

*121 •• Picture the Problem Let the smaller block have the dimensions shown in the diagram. Then the length, height, and width of the larger block are ,lS h,S and w,S respectively. Let the numeral 1 denote the smaller block and the numeral 2 the larger block and express the ratios of the surface areas, masses, and moments of inertia of the two blocks.

(a) Express the ratio of the surface areas of the two blocks:

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

( )

2

21

2

S222222S

222SS2SS2SS2

=

++++

=

++++

=

whhwwhhw

whhwhwhw

AA

ll

ll

ll

ll

Chapter 9

718

(b) Express the ratio of the masses of the two blocks:

( )( )( )

( ) 33

1

2

1

2

1

2

SS

SSS

==

===

hwhw

hwhw

VV

VV

MM

l

l

l

l

ρρ

(c) Express the ratio of the moments of inertia, about the axis shown in the diagram, of the two blocks:

( ) ( )[ ][ ]

[ ][ ] ( )2

1

222

222

1

2

22112

1

22212

1

1

2

SS

SS

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

++

=

++

=

MM

hh

MM

hMhM

II

l

l

l

l

In part (b) we showed that: 3

1

2 S=MM

Substitute to obtain: ( )( ) 523

1

2 SSS ==II

122 •• Picture the Problem We can derive the perpendicular-axis theorem for planar objects by following the step-by-step procedure outlined in the problem. (a) and (b) ( )

yx

z

II

dmydmx

dmyxdmrI

+=

+=

+==

∫ ∫∫∫

22

222

(c) Let the z axis be the axis of rotation of the disk. By symmetry:

yx II =

Express Iz in terms of Ix:

xz II 2=

Letting M represent the mass of the disk, solve for Ix:

( ) 2412

21

21

21 MRMRII zx ===

123 •• Picture the Problem Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the center of the disk when it is directly below the pivot. The initial gravitational potential energy of the disk is transformed into rotational kinetic energy when its center of mass is directly below the pivot. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the force exerted by the pivot to the weight of the disk and the centripetal force acting on it at its lowest point.

Rotation

719

(a) Use the conservation of mechanical energy to relate the initial potential energy of the disk to its kinetic energy when its center of mass is directly below the pivot:


0irotf, =−UK

Substitute for rotf,K and iU :

0221 =− MgrIω (1)

Use the parallel-axis theorem to relate the moment of inertia of the disk about the pivot to its moment of inertia with respect to an axis through its center of mass:

2cm MhII +=

or 2

2322

21 MrMrMrI =+=

Solve equation (1) for ω and substitute for I to obtain: r

g34

=ω

(b) Letting F represent the force exerted by the pivot, use Newton’s 2nd law to express the net force acting on the swinging disk as it passes through its lowest point:

2net ωMrMgFF =−=

Solve for F and simplify to obtain:

MgMgMgrgMrMgMrMgF

37

34

2

34

=+=

+=+= ω

124 •• Picture the Problem The diagram shows a vertical cross-piece. Because we’ll need to take moments about the point of rotation (point P), we’ll need to use the parallel-axis theorem to find the moments of inertia of the two parts of this composite structure. Let the numeral 1 denote the vertical member and the numeral 2 the horizontal member. We can apply Newton’s 2nd law in rotational form to the structure to express its angular acceleration in terms of the net torque causing it to fall and its moment of inertia with respect to point P.

Chapter 9

720

(a) Taking clockwise rotation to be positive (this is the direction the structure is going to rotate), apply

ατ PI=∑ :

αPIwgmgm =⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

22 12

2l

Solve for α to obtain:

PIgwmgm

2122 −

=lα

or ( )

( )PP IIwmmg

21

122

2 +−

=lα (1)

Convert wand,, 21 ll to SI units:

m3.66ft3.281

m1ft121 =×=l ,

m83.1ft3.281

m1ft62 =×=l , and

m610.0ft3.281

m1ft2 =×=w

Using Table 9-1 and the parallel-axis theorem, express the moment of inertia of the vertical member about an axis through point P:

( )2412

131

1

2

12113

11 2

wm

wmmI P

+=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+=

l

l

Substitute numerical values and evaluate I1P:

( ) ( ) ( )[ ]23

2412

31

1

mkg1060.1

m0.610m3.66kg350

⋅×=

+=PI

Using the parallel-axis theorem, express the moment of inertia of the horizontal member about an axis through point P:

22cm,22 dmII P += (2)

where ( ) ( )2

2212

21

12 wwd −++= ll

Solve for d: ( ) ( )2

2212

21

1 wwd −++= ll


( )[ ] ( )[ ] m86.3m0.610m1.83m0.610m3.66 2212

21 =−++=d

From Table 9-1 we have: 2

22121

cm,2 lmI =

Substitute in equation (2) to obtain: ( )22

2121

2

22

22212

12

dm

dmmI P

+=

+=

l

l

Rotation

721

Evaluate I2P: ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]23

22121

2

mkg1066.2

m3.86m1.83kg175

⋅×=

+=PI

Substitute in equation (1) and evaluate α:

( ) ( )( ) ( )( )[ ]( )

223

2

rad/s123.0mkg102.661.602

m0.61kg350m1.83kg175m/s9.81=

⋅×+−

=α

(b) Express the magnitude of the acceleration of the sparrow:

Ra α= where R is the distance of the sparrow from the point of rotation and

( ) ( )22

21

2 wwR −++= ll

Solve for R: ( ) ( )22

21 wwR −++= ll


( ) ( ) m4.44m0.610m1.83m0.610m3.66 22 =−++=R


( )( )2

2

m/s0.546

m4.44rad/s0.123

=

=a

(c) Refer to the diagram to express ax in terms of a: R

waaax+

== 1cos lθ

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ax: ( )

2

2

m/s0.525

m4.44m0.61m3.66m/s0.546

=

+=xa

Chapter 9

722

125 •• Picture the Problem Let the zero of gravitational potential energy be at the bottom of the incline. The initial potential energy of the spool is transformed into rotational and translational kinetic energy when the spool reaches the bottom of the incline. We can apply the conservation of mechanical energy to find an expression for its speed at that location. The force diagram shows the forces acting on the spool when there is enough friction to keep it from slipping. We’ll use Newton’s 2nd law in both translational and rotational form to derive an expression for the static friction force.

(a) In the absence of friction, the forces acting on the spool will be its weight, the normal force exerted by the incline, and the tension in the string. A component of its weight will cause the spool to accelerate down the incline and the tension in the string will exert a torque that will cause counterclockwise rotation of the spool.

unwinds. string asdirection ckwisecounterclo a

in spinning on,acceleraticonstant at plane down the move willspool The

Use the conservation of mechanical energy to relate the speed of the center of mass of the spool at the bottom of the slope to its initial potential energy:


0irotf,transf, =−+ UKK .

Substitute for transf,K , rotf,K and iU :

0sin2212

21 =−+ θω MgDIMv (1)

Substitute for ω and solve for v to obtain:

0sin2

2

212

21 =−+ θMgD

rvIMv

and

2

sin2

rIM

MgDv+

=θ

Rotation

723

(b) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the spool: ∑ =−−= 0sin sfTMgFx θ

∑ =−= 0s0 RfTrτ

Eliminate T between these equations to obtain:

rR

Mgf+

=1

sins

θ, up the incline.

126 •• Picture the Problem While the angular acceleration of the rod is the same at each point along its length, the linear acceleration and, hence, the force exerted on each coin by the rod, varies along its length. We can relate this force the linear acceleration of the rod through Newton’s 2nd law and the angular acceleration of the rod. Letting x be the distance from the pivot, use Newton’s 2nd law to express the force F acting on a coin:

( ) ( )xmaxFmgF =−=net

or ( ) ( )( )xagmxF −= (1)

Use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the angular acceleration of the system to the net torque acting on it: L

gML

LMg

I 232

231

net ===τα

Relate a(x) and α: ( ) ( ) gxgxxxa ===

m5.123α


( ) ( ) ( )xmggxgmxF −=−= 1

Evaluate F(0.25 m): ( ) ( ) mgmgF 75.0m25.01m25.0 =−=



Evaluate F(1 m): ( ) ( ) ( ) 0m5.1m25.1m1 === FFF

*127 •• Picture the Problem The diagram shows the force the hand supporting the meterstick exerts at the pivot point and the force the earth exerts on the meterstick acting at the center of mass. We can relate the angular acceleration to the acceleration of the end of the meterstick using αLa = and use Newton’s 2nd law in rotational form to relate α to the moment of inertia of the meterstick.

Chapter 9

724

(a) Relate the acceleration of the far end of the meterstick to the angular acceleration of the meterstick:

αLa = (1)

Apply ατ PP I=∑ to the meterstick:

αPILMg =⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

2

Solve for α:

PIMgL2

=α

From Table 9-1, for a rod pivoted at one end, we have:

2

31 MLIP =


gMLMgL

23

23

2 ==α


3ga =


( ) 22

m/s14.72m/s9.813

==a

(b) Express the acceleration of a point on the meterstick a distance x from the pivot point:

xLgxa

23

== α

Express the condition that the meterstick leaves the penny behind:

ga >

Substitute to obtain: gx

Lg

>23

Solve for and evaluate x: ( ) cm7.66

3m12

32

==>Lx

Rotation

725

128 •• Picture the Problem Let m represent the 0.2-kg mass, M the 0.8-kg mass of the cylinder, L the 1.8-m length, and x + ∆x the distance from the center of the objects whose mass is m. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the radial forces on the masses to the spring’s stiffness constant and use the work-energy theorem to find the work done as the system accelerates to its final angular speed. (a) Express the net inward force acting on each of the 0.2-kg masses:

( )∑ ∆+=∆= 2radial ωxxmxkF

Solve for k: ( ) 2

xxxmk

∆∆+

=ω

Substitute numerical values and evaluate k:

( )( )( )

N/m230

m0.4rad/s24m0.8kg0.2 2

=

=k

(b) Using the work-energy theorem, relate the work done to the change in energy of the system:

( )2212

21

springrot

xkI

UKW

∆+=

∆+=

ω (1)

Express I as the sum of the moments of inertia of the cylinder and the masses:

m

mM

IMLMr

III

221212

21

2

++=

+=

From Table 9-1 we have, for a solid cylinder about a diameter through its center:

21212

41 mLmrI +=

where L is the length of the cylinder.

For a disk (thin cylinder), L is small and:

241 mrI =

Apply the parallel-axis theorem to obtain:

2241 mxmrIm +=

Substitute to obtain: ( )( )22

412

1212

21

22412

1212

21

2

2

xrmMLMr

mxmrMLMrI

+++=

+++=


Chapter 9

726

( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]2

22412

1212

21

mN492.0

m0.8m0.2kg0.22m1.8kg0.8m0.2kg0.8

⋅=

+++=I


( )( ) ( )( ) J160m0.4N/m230rad/s24mN0.492 22122

21 =+⋅=W

129 •• Picture the Problem Let m represent the 0.2-kg mass, M the 0.8-kg mass of the cylinder, L the 1.8-m length, and x + ∆x the distance from the center of the objects whose mass is m. We can use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the radial forces on the masses to the spring’s stiffness constant and use the work-energy theorem to find the work done as the system accelerates to its final angular speed. Using the work-energy theorem, relate the work done to the change in energy of the system:

( )2212

21

springrot

xkI

UKW

∆+=

∆+=

ω (1)

Express I as the sum of the moments of inertia of the cylinder and the masses:

m

mM

IMLMr

III

221212

21

2

++=

+=

From Table 9-1 we have, for a solid cylinder about a diameter through its center:

21212

41 mLmrI +=

where L is the length of the cylinder.

For a disk (thin cylinder), L is small and:

241 mrI =

Apply the parallel-axis theorem to obtain:

2241 mxmrIm +=

Substitute to obtain: ( )( )22

412

1212

21

22412

1212

21

2

2

xrmMLMr

mxmrMLMrI

+++=

+++=


( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]2

22412

1212

21

mN492.0

m0.8m0.2kg0.22m1.8kg0.8m0.2kg0.8

⋅=

+++=I

Rotation

727

Express the net inward force acting on each of the 0.2-kg masses:

( )∑ ∆+=∆= 2radial ωxxmxkF

Solve for ω:

( )xxmxk∆+

∆=ω


( )( )( )( ) rad/s12.2

m0.8kg0.2m0.4N/m60

==ω

Substitute numerical values in equation (1) to obtain:

( )( )( )( )J4.14

m0.4N/m06

rad/s2.21mN0.4922

21

2221

=

+

⋅=W

130 •• Picture the Problem The force diagram shows the forces acting on the cylinder. Because F causes the cylinder to rotate clockwise, f, which opposes this motion, is to the right. We can use Newton’s 2nd law in both translational and rotational forms to relate the linear and angular accelerations to the forces acting on the cylinder. (a) Use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the angular acceleration of the center of mass of the cylinder to F:

MRF

MRFR

I2

221

net ===τα

Use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the acceleration of the center of mass of the cylinder to F:

MF

MFa == net

cm

Express the rolling-without-slipping condition to the accelerations:

αα 2cm ===MRF

Ra'

(b) Take the point of contact with the floor as the ″pivot″ point, express the net torque about that point, and solve for α:

ατ IFR == 2net

and

IFR2

=α

Chapter 9

728

Express the moment of inertia of the cylinder with respect to the pivot point:

22322

21 MRMRMRI =+=

Substitute to obtain: MRF

MRFR

342

223

==α

Express the linear acceleration of the cylinder: M

FRa34

cm == α

Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the forces acting on the cylinder:

∑ =+= cmMafFFx

Solve for f:

direction. positive in the 3

4

31

cm

xF

FFFMaf

=

−=−=

131 •• Picture the Problem As the load falls, mechanical energy is conserved. As in Example 9-7, choose the initial potential energy to be zero. Apply conservation of mechanical energy to obtain an expression for the speed of the bucket as a function of its position and use the given expression for t to determine the time required for the bucket to travel a distance y. Apply conservation of mechanical energy:

000iiff =+=+=+ KUKU (1)

Express the total potential energy when the bucket has fallen a distance y:

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−−=

++=

2c

wfcfbff

y'gmmgy

UUUU

where 'mc is the mass of the hanging part of the cable.

Assume the cable is uniform and express 'mc in terms of mc, y, and L: L

my'm cc = or y

Lm'm c

c =


gymmgyU

2

2c

f −−=

Rotation

729

Noting that bucket, cable, and rim of the winch have the same speed v, express the total kinetic energy when the bucket is falling with speed v: ( )

2412

c212

21

2

22

21

212

c212

21

2f2

12c2

1221

wfcfbff

MvvmmvRvMRvmmv

Ivmmv

KKKK

++=

++=

++=

++=

ω


02

2412

c21

221

2c

=++

+−−

Mvvm

mvLgymmgy

Solve for v:

c

c

mmMLgymmgy

v22

242

++

+=


Cell Formula/Content Algebraic Form D9 0 y0

D10 D9+$B$8 y + ∆y E9 0 v0

E10 ((4*$B$3*$B$7*D10+2*$B$7*D10^2/(2*$B$5))/ ($B$1+2*$B$3+2*$B$4))^0.5

c

c

mmMLgymmgy

22

242

++

+

F10 F9+$B$8/((E10+E9)/2) yvvt nn

n ∆⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

+ −− 2

11

J9 0.5*$B$7*H9^2 2

21 gt

A B C D E F G H I J

1 M= 10 kg 2 R= 0.5 m 3 m= 5 kg 4 mc= 3.5 kg 5 L= 10 m 6 7 g= 9.81 m/s^2 8 dy= 0.1 m y v(y) t(y) t(y) y 1/2gt^29 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00

10 0.1 0.85 0.23 0.23 0.1 0.27 11 0.2 1.21 0.33 0.33 0.2 0.54 12 0.3 1.48 0.41 0.41 0.3 0.81 13 0.4 1.71 0.47 0.47 0.4 1.08 15 0.5 1.91 0.52 0.52 0.5 1.35

Chapter 9

730

105 9.6 9.03 2.24 2.24 9.6 24.61 106 9.7 9.08 2.25 2.25 9.7 24.85 107 9.8 9.13 2.26 2.26 9.8 25.09 108 9.9 9.19 2.27 2.27 9.9 25.34 109 10.0 9.24 2.28 2.28 10.0 25.58

The solid line on the graph shown below shows the position y of the bucket when it is in free fall and the dashed line shows y under the conditions modeled in this problem.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0

t (s)

y (m

)

y'free fall

132 •• Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the forces acting on the cylinder when it is stationary. First, we note that if the tension is small, then there can be no slipping, and the system must roll. Now consider the point of contact of the cylinder with the surface as the “pivot” point. If τ about that point is zero, the system will not roll. This will occur if the line of action of the tension passes through the pivot point. From the diagram we see that:

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= −

Rr1cosθ

Rotation

731

*133 •• Picture the Problem Free-body diagrams for the pulley and the two blocks are shown to the right. Choose a coordinate system in which the direction of motion of the block whose mass is M (downward) is the positive y direction. We can use the given relationship θµ ∆= s

max' TeT to relate the tensions in the rope on either side of the pulley and apply Newton’s 2nd law in both rotational form (to the pulley) and translational form (to the blocks) to obtain a system of equations that we can solve simultaneously for a, T1, T2, and M. (a) Use θµ ∆= s

max' TeT to evaluate the maximum tension required to prevent the rope from slipping on the pulley:

( ) ( ) N7.25N10' 3.0max == πeT

(c) Given that the angle of wrap is π radians, express T2 in terms of T1:

13.0

12 57.2 TeTT == π (1)

Because the rope doesn’t slip, we can relate the angular acceleration, α, of the pulley to the acceleration, a, of the hanging masses by:

ra

=α

Apply yy maF =∑ to the two blocks to obtain:

mamgT =−1 (2) and

MaTMg =− 2 (3)

Apply ∑ = ατ I to the pulley to obtain:

( )raIrTT =− 12 (4)

Substitute for T2 from equation (1) in equation (4) to obtain:

( )raIrTT =− 1157.2

Solve for T1 and substitute numerical values to obtain: ( )

( )a

aar

IT

kg91.9m0.151.57mkg0.35

57.1 2

2

21

=

⋅==

(5)


( ) mamga =−kg91.9

Chapter 9

732

Solve for and evaluate a:

22

m/s10.11

kg1kg9.91m/s9.81

1kg91.9kg91.9

=−

=

−=

−=

m

gm

mga

(b) Solve equation (3) for M:

agTM−

= 2

Substitute in equation (5) to find T1: ( )( ) N10.9m/s1.10kg91.9 2

1 ==T

Substitute in equation (1) to find T2: ( )( ) N28.0N10.9.5722 ==T

Evaluate M: kg21.3

m/s1.10m/s9.81N28.0

22 =−

=M

134 ••• Picture the Problem When the tension is horizontal, the cylinder will roll forward and the friction force will be in the direction of .T

r We can use Newton’s 2nd law to obtain

equations that we can solve simultaneously for a and f. (a) Apply Newton’s 2nd law to the cylinder:

∑ =+= mafTFx (1)

and

∑ =−= ατ IfRTr (2)

Substitute for I and α in equation (2) to obtain:

mRaRamRfRTr 2

1221 ==− (3)

Solve equation (3) for f: ma

RTrf 2

1−= (4)

Substitute equation (4) in equation (1) and solve for a:

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +=

Rr

mTa 1

32

(5)

Substitute equation (5) in equation (4) to obtain: ⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −= 12

3 RrTf

(b) Equation (4) gives the acceleration of the center of mass: ⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +=

Rr

mTa 1

32

Rotation

733

(c) Express the condition that mTa > : 11

321

32

>⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +⇒>⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +

Rr

mT

Rr

mT

or Rr 2

1>

(d) If Rr 2

1> : . ofdirection in the i.e., ,0 Tr

>f

135 ••• Picture the Problem The system is shown in the drawing in two positions, with angles θ0 and θ with the vertical. The drawing also shows all the forces that act on the stick. These forces result in a rotation of the stick—and its center of mass—about the pivot, and a tangential acceleration of the center of mass. We’ll apply the conservation of mechanical energy and Newton’s 2nd law to relate the radial and tangential forces acting on the stick. Use the conservation of mechanical energy to relate the kinetic energy of the stick when it makes an angle θ with the vertical and its initial potential energy:

0ifif =−+− UUKK

or, because Kf = 0,

0cos2

cos2 0

221 =−+− θθω LMgLMgI

Substitute for I and solve for ω2: ( )02 coscos3 θθω −=

Lg

Express the centripetal force acting on the center of mass:

( )

( )0

0

2c

coscos2

3

coscos32

2

θθ

θθ

ω

−=

−=

=

MgLgLM

LMF

Express the radial component of g

rM :

( ) θcosradial MgMg =

Express the total radial force at the hinge:

F|| = Fc + (Mg)radial

Chapter 9

734

( )

( )021

0

cos3cos5

coscoscos2

3

θθ

θθθ

−=

+−=

Mg

MgMg

Relate the tangential acceleration of the center of mass to its angular acceleration:

a⊥= 21 Lα

Use Newton’s 2nd law to relate the angular acceleration of the stick to the net torque acting on it: L

gML

LMg

I 2sin3sin

22

31

net θθτα ===

Express a⊥ in terms of α: a⊥= 2

1 Lα = 43 gsinθ = gsinθ + F⊥/M

Solve for F⊥ to obtain: F⊥ θsin4

1 Mg−= where the minus sign

indicates that the force is directed oppositely to the tangential component of

.gr

M

735

Chapter 10 Conservation of Angular Momentum Conceptual Problems *1 • (a) True. The cross product of the vectors A

rand B

ris defined to be .ˆsin nBA φAB=×

rr

If Ar

and Br

are parallel, sinφ = 0. (b) True. By definition, ωr is along the axis. (c) True. The direction of a torque exerted by a force is determined by the definition of the cross product.

2 • Determine the Concept The cross product of the vectors A

rand B

ris defined to be

.ˆsin nBA φAB=×rr

Hence, the cross product is a maximum when sinφ = 1. This

condition is satisfied provided Ar

and Br

are perpendicular. correct. is )(c

3 • Determine the Concept L

rand p

r are related according to .prL

rrr×= From this

definition of the cross product, Lr

and pr

are perpendicular; i.e., the angle between them

is 90°.

4 • Determine the Concept L

rand p


rrr×= Because the

motion is along a line that passes through point P, r = 0 and so is L. correct. is )(b

*5 •• Determine the Concept L

rand p


rrr×=

(a) Because L

r is directly proportional

to :pr

. doubles Doubling Lprr

(b) Because Lr

is directly proportional to :rr

. doubles Doubling Lrrr

Chapter 10

736

6 •• Determine the Concept The figure shows a particle moving with constant speed in a straight line (i.e., with constant velocity and constant linear momentum). The magnitude of L is given by rpsinφ = mv(rsinφ).

Referring to the diagram, note that the distance rsinφ from P to the line along which the

particle is moving is constant. Hence, mv(rsinφ) is constant and so constant. is Lr

7 • False. The net torque acting on a rotating system equals the change in the system’s angular momentum; i.e., dtdL=netτ , where L = Iω. Hence, if netτ is zero, all we can say

for sure is that the angular momentum (the product of I and ω) is constant. If I changes, so mustω. *8 •• Determine the Concept Yes, you can. Imagine rotating the top half of your body with arms flat at sides through a (roughly) 90° angle. Because the net angular momentum of the system is 0, the bottom half of your body rotates in the opposite direction. Now extend your arms out and rotate the top half of your body back. Because the moment of inertia of the top half of your body is larger than it was previously, the angle which the bottom half of your body rotates through will be smaller, leading to a net rotation. You can repeat this process as necessary to rotate through any arbitrary angle. 9 • Determine the Concept If L is constant, we know that the net torque acting on the system is zero. There may be multiple constant or time-dependent torques acting on the system as long as the net torque is zero. correct. is )(e

10 •• Determine the Concept No. In order to do work, a force must act over some distance. In each ″inelastic collision″ the force of static friction does not act through any distance. 11 •• Determine the Concept It is easier to crawl radially outward. In fact, a radially inward force is required just to prevent you from sliding outward. *12 •• Determine the Concept The pull that the student exerts on the block is at right angles to its motion and exerts no torque (recall that Frτ rrr

×= and θτ sinrF= ). Therefore, we

Conservation of Angular Momentum

737

can conclude that the angular momentum of the block is conserved. The student does, however, do work in displacing the block in the direction of the radial force and so the block’s energy increases. correct. is )(b

*13 •• Determine the Concept The hardboiled egg is solid inside, so everything rotates with a uniform velocity. By contrast, it is difficult to get the viscous fluid inside a raw egg to start rotating; however, once it is rotating, stopping the shell will not stop the motion of the interior fluid, and the egg may start rotating again after momentarily stopping for this reason. 14 • False. The relationship dtdLτ

rr= describes the motion of a gyroscope independently of

whether it is spinning.

15 • Picture the Problem We can divide the expression for the kinetic energy of the object by the expression for its angular momentum to obtain an expression for K as a function of I and L. Express the rotational kinetic energy of the object:

221 ωIK =

Relate the angular momentum of the object to its moment of inertia and angular velocity:

ωIL =

Divide the first of these equations by the second and solve for K to obtain:

ILK2

2

= and so correct. is )(b

16 • Determine the Concept The purpose of the second smaller rotor is to prevent the body of the helicopter from rotating. If the rear rotor fails, the body of the helicopter will tend to rotate on the main axis due to angular momentum being conserved. 17 •• Determine the Concept One can use a right-hand rule to determine the direction of the torque required to turn the angular momentum vector from east to south. Letting the fingers of your right hand point east, rotate your wrist until your fingers point south. Note that your thumb points downward. correct. is )(b

Chapter 10

738

18 •• Determine the Concept In turning east, the man redirects the angular momentum vector from north to east by exerting a clockwise torque (viewed from above) on the gyroscope. As a consequence of this torque, the front end of the suitcase will dip downward.

correct. is )(d

19 •• (a) The lifting of the nose of the plane rotates the angular momentum vector upward. It veers to the right in response to the torque associated with the lifting of the nose. (b) The angular momentum vector is rotated to the right when the plane turns to the right. In turning to the right, the torque points down. The nose will move downward. 20 •• Determine the Concept If L

r points up and the car travels over a hill or through a

valley, the force on the wheels on one side (or the other) will increase and car will tend to tip. If L

r points forward and car turns left or right, the front (or rear) of the car will tend

to lift. These problems can be averted by having two identical flywheels that rotate on the same shaft in opposite directions. 21 •• Determine the Concept The rotational kinetic energy of the woman-plus-stool system is given by .222

21

rot ILIK == ω Because L is constant (angular momentum is conserved)

and her moment of inertia is greater with her arms extended, correct. is )(b

*22 •• Determine the Concept Consider the overhead view of a tether pole and ball shown in the adjoining figure. The ball rotates counterclockwise. The torque about the center of the pole is clockwise and of magnitude RT, where R is the pole’s radius and T is the tension. So L must decrease and correct. is )(e

23 •• Determine the Concept The center of mass of the rod-and-putty system moves in a straight line, and the system rotates about its center of mass.


739

24 • (a) True. The net external torque acting a system equals the rate of change of the angular

momentum of the system; i.e.,dtdLτr

r=∑

iexti, .

(b) False. If the net torque on a body is zero, its angular momentum is constant but not necessarily zero. Estimation and Approximation *25 •• Picture the Problem Because we have no information regarding the mass of the skater, we’ll assume that her body mass (not including her arms) is 50 kg and that each arm has a mass of 4 kg. Let’s also assume that her arms are 1 m long and that her body is cylindrical with a radius of 20 cm. Because the net external torque acting on her is zero, her angular momentum will remain constant during her pirouette. Express the conservation of her angular momentum during her pirouette:

fi LL =

or inarmsinarmsoutarmsoutarms ωω II = (1)

Express her total moment of inertia with her arms out:

armsbodyoutarms III +=

Treating her body as though it is cylindrical, calculate its moment of inertia of her body, minus her arms:

( )( )2

2212

21

body

mkg00.1

m0.2kg50

⋅=

== mrI

Modeling her arms as though they are rods, calculate their moment of inertia when she has them out:

( )( )[ ]2

231

arms

mkg67.2

m1kg42

⋅=

=I

Substitute to determine her total moment of inertia with her arms out: 2

22outarms

mkg67.3

mkg67.2mkg00.1

⋅=

⋅+⋅=I

Express her total moment of inertia with her arms in: ( )( )[ ]

2

22

armsbodyiarms

mkg32.1m0.2kg42mkg00.1

⋅=

+⋅=

+= III n

Chapter 10

740

Solve equation (1) for inarmsω and

substitute to obtain:

( )

rev/s17.4

rev/s5.1mkg32.1mkg3.67

2

2

outarmsinarms

outarmsinarms

=

⋅⋅

=

= ωωII

26 •• Picture the Problem We can express the period of the earth’s rotation in terms of its angular velocity of rotation and relate its angular velocity to its angular momentum and moment of inertia with respect to an axis through its center. We can differentiate this expression with respect to I and then use differentials to approximate the changes in I and T. Express the period of the earth’s rotation in terms of its angular velocity of rotation:

ωπ2

=T

Relate the earth’s angular velocity of rotation to its angular momentum and moment of inertia:

IL

=ω


IT π2=

Find dT/dI:

IT

LdIdT

==π2

Solve for dT/T and approximate ∆T:

IdI

TdT

= or TIIT ∆

≈∆

Substitute for ∆I and I to obtain:

TMmT

RMmrT

E2EE5

2

232

35

=≈∆

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ∆T:

( )( ) ( )

s552.0h

s3600d

h24d1039.6

d1039.6

d1kg1063kg102.35

6

6

24

19

=

×××=

×=

××

=∆

−

−

T


741

27 • Picture the Problem We can use L = mvr to find the angular momentum of the particle. In (b) we can solve the equation ( )hll 1+=L for ( )1+ll and the approximate value of

l . (a) Use the definition of angular momentum to obtain: ( )( )( )

/smkg102.40

m104m/s103kg10228

333

⋅×=

×××=

=

−

−−−

mvrL

(b) Solve the equation

( )hll 1+=L for ( )1+ll : ( ) 2

2

1h

llL

=+

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ( )1+ll : ( )

52

2

34

28

1022.5

sJ011.05/smkg102.401

×=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⋅×

⋅×=+ −

−

ll

Because l >>1, approximate its value with the square root of

( )1+ll :

261029.2 ×≈l

(c)

.1102 and102between atedifferentican experiment no because physics cmacroscopiin noticednot is momentumangular ofon quantizati The

26

26

+×=

×=

l

l

*28 •• Picture the Problem We can use conservation of angular momentum in part (a) to relate the before-and-after collapse rotation rates of the sun. In part (b), we can express the fractional change in the rotational kinetic energy of the sun as it collapses into a neutron star to decide whether its rotational kinetic energy is greater initially or after the collapse. (a) Use conservation of angular momentum to relate the angular momenta of the sun before and after its collapse:

aabb ωω II = (1)

Using the given formula, approximate the moment of inertia Ib of the sun before collapse: ( ) ( )

246

2530

2sunb

mkg1069.5km106.96kg1099.1059.0

059.0

⋅×=

××=

= MRI

Documents

Tipler Mosca Physics for Scientists and Engineers Solutions 5th Ed Part1