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Tissue Tissue Engineering Engineering By: Chris Morino University of By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181 Engineering, BME 181

Tissue Engineering By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

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Page 1: Tissue Engineering By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

Tissue Tissue EngineeringEngineering

By: Chris Morino University of By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Rhode Island, Biomedical

Engineering, BME 181Engineering, BME 181

Page 2: Tissue Engineering By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

HistoryHistoryIt all began over 300 years ago with a It all began over 300 years ago with a scientist named Robert Hookescientist named Robert Hooke

He was the first to discover a cell by He was the first to discover a cell by looking at a slice of cork and discovered looking at a slice of cork and discovered a honeycomb like structure a honeycomb like structure

Page 3: Tissue Engineering By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

History cont.’History cont.’As time went on more scientist began studying As time went on more scientist began studying cells and eventually discovering ways to cells and eventually discovering ways to manipulate them.manipulate them.

1907 Harrison first to grow frog ectodermal cells 1907 Harrison first to grow frog ectodermal cells in vitroin vitro

1916 Rous and Jones discovered trypsin is 1916 Rous and Jones discovered trypsin is capable of degrading proteins, therefore capable of degrading proteins, therefore separating cellsseparating cells

This all led up to the creation of scaffolds in This all led up to the creation of scaffolds in 1998 which make modern tissue engineering 1998 which make modern tissue engineering possible.possible.

Page 4: Tissue Engineering By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

ExtractionExtractionFluid tissues like blood are extracted in Fluid tissues like blood are extracted in large portionslarge portions

For solid tissues, usually the tissue is For solid tissues, usually the tissue is sliced, then dissolved with the enzymes sliced, then dissolved with the enzymes trypsin to remove the extracellular trypsin to remove the extracellular matrix that hold cells together.matrix that hold cells together.

Once cells are free floating, they use a Once cells are free floating, they use a centrifuge to extract the desired centrifuge to extract the desired materials materials

Page 5: Tissue Engineering By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

Types of Types of CellsCells

Autologous are obtained Autologous are obtained from the same individual from the same individual

to which they will be to which they will be reimplantedreimplanted

Allogeneic cells come Allogeneic cells come from the body of a donor from the body of a donor

of the same species.of the same species.

Xenogeneic cells are Xenogeneic cells are these isolated from these isolated from

individuals of another individuals of another species. species.

Syngeneic or isogenic Syngeneic or isogenic cells are isolated from cells are isolated from genetically identical genetically identical

organisms.organisms.

Page 6: Tissue Engineering By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

ScaffoldsScaffoldsCells are often implanted into these because they Cells are often implanted into these because they offer three dimensional structure to support tissue offer three dimensional structure to support tissue growthgrowth

Scaffolds can provide at least one of the following Scaffolds can provide at least one of the following needs for cellsneeds for cells

1. Allow cell attachment and migration1. Allow cell attachment and migration

2. Deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors2. Deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors

3. Enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and 3. Enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed productsexpressed products

4. Exert certain mechanical and biological influences 4. Exert certain mechanical and biological influences to modify the behavior of the cell phaseto modify the behavior of the cell phase

Page 7: Tissue Engineering By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

MaterialsMaterialsScaffolds need to be Scaffolds need to be made with made with Biodegradable Biodegradable substances so that substances so that it body could accept it body could accept the implant.the implant.

Common material is Common material is PLA (polylatic acid)PLA (polylatic acid)

This polyester This polyester degrades within the degrades within the human body to form human body to form lactic acid lactic acid

Page 8: Tissue Engineering By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

BioreactorsBioreactorsThe purpose of a bioreactor is to create The purpose of a bioreactor is to create an artificial environment in order to an artificial environment in order to promote cell or tissue growth in vivopromote cell or tissue growth in vivo

Page 9: Tissue Engineering By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

Why this is usefulWhy this is usefulBetween 1987 and 1989 over 4,166 liver Between 1987 and 1989 over 4,166 liver transplants were performedtransplants were performed

After 5 years the costs for survivors and After 5 years the costs for survivors and those 1,887 patients who died came to those 1,887 patients who died came to $960 million$960 million

Estimates for an artificial liver plus surgical Estimates for an artificial liver plus surgical procedures came to $50,000 with follow procedures came to $50,000 with follow cost of 2,000 per year for the 5 year periodcost of 2,000 per year for the 5 year period

The total cost for that period would be The total cost for that period would be $250 million and the patients have a higher $250 million and the patients have a higher chance of survival and better quality of lifechance of survival and better quality of life

Page 10: Tissue Engineering By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

Work CitedWork Cited"Medscape Log In." "Medscape Log In." Medscape Log InMedscape Log In. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. . N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/566133_2>.2013. <http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/566133_2>.

"Tissue Engineering." "Tissue Engineering." Tissue EngineeringTissue Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 . N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://textile.iitd.ac.in/highlights/fol8/01.htm>.Feb. 2013. <http://textile.iitd.ac.in/highlights/fol8/01.htm>.

"Discovery of Cells and the Developmwnt of Cell Theory." "Discovery of Cells and the Developmwnt of Cell Theory." Discovery of Cells and the Developmwnt of Cell TheoryDiscovery of Cells and the Developmwnt of Cell Theory. N.p., . N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.smithlifescience.com/celltheory.htm>.<http://www.smithlifescience.com/celltheory.htm>.

"Tissue Engineering." "Tissue Engineering." WikipediaWikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 . Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Feb. 2013. Web. 24Feb. 2013. Feb. 2013. Web. 24Feb. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering>.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering>.

"Tissue Engineering." "Tissue Engineering." Tissue EngineeringTissue Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. . N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.atp.nist.gov/focus/tissue.htm>.24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.atp.nist.gov/focus/tissue.htm>.