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Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited.

Controlling DoD Organization: Army BiologicalLabs, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD.

OSD/WHS ltr dtd 1 Aug 2013; OSD/WHS ltr dtd 1Aug 2013

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ARMED SERVICES TECHNICAL INFORMATION AGENCY ARLINGTON HALL STATION ARLINGTON I 2, VIRGIN lA

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_______ .. ____________________ IAW..E0..1J62Uegtl0n_3..5__ + ---- ----- ---.. Date: JUL 1 9 3JII J

Nal'ICI: When gove.mment or ether d.rawinas, speci­:f'ication• or other data are uaed for any purpose other than in connection vi th a detini tel.y related sovernment procurement operation, the u. s. Govel'!UIIellt thereby incurs no respond bill ty1 nor &JlY obligation whatsoeve·rJ and the i"act that the Govern­ment J1JB.'3 have fo1'SII1J.ated1 turnished1 or in an;t way supplied the said drawings, specitioations, or other data is not to be regarded by implication or other­·iise as 1n a:cry lllallner licensill8 the holder or any otber person or corporation, or conveyiJlg any rishts or permission to manufacture, use or sell any patented invention that may in arJ¥ way be related thereto.

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DECLASSIFI!O IN FULL , Authority: EO 13S26 Chief. ReCOI"ds & Declass Dlv, WHS Date: JUL 1 9 2013

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Page -..,ined to be u- ~ . Reviewed Chief, RDD, WHS ~~ lAW EO 13626, Section 3.5

~ ---~-~----~-~--------~------~---0'1'!--------- --;-----------Oat&T-•-r-g--201-------------------------- -N CE. .

S DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMA

NG THE NATIONAL DEFE OF

ING OF THE E LAWS 1 TITLE 18,

and 794. THE

S IN ANY .MANNER

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a am !&L!S!E&

SEVENTH QUARTERLY PROOUSS REPORT

ON

DlSS!'.MINATlON OF SOLID AND LIQUID BW AGENTS

(Unclauiiied Title) -·----- -.. ~ .. ._._..""",..,... - ---~-

.lior Period December 4, 1961 -March 4, 196Z Contract No. DA·lB-064-CML-2745

U. S. Army Biolo1ic:a.l Laboratories 1 : ll!: 1

.

Prepared for: fl.

Fort Detrielr.. Maryland 1

Report No: a300 Project No: 82408 Date: June az. 1962

S11bmitted by:

Approved by:

Reaearch and Development Z003 Eaat Hennepin Avenue Minneapolta U. Minnesota

dP"NR'm'h

1:

0. R. Wnitn.a.h Project Manager

DECLASSIFIED IN FULL Authority: EO 13526 Chief, Records & Declass Div, WHS Date:

JUL 19 2013

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-----~---tAW EO 13626, 8eetleA 3.5

FOREWORD Date: JUl 19 8

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Staff Members of the Research and Development Departments who have participated in directina and performing thia work include Mr. S. P. Jonu, Jr. I Mr. a. Whitnah, Mr. M. Sandgren, Mr. A. Anderton, Dr. v. w. Greene, Dr. J. Park, ~41'. R. Lindquist, Mr. J. McGillicuddy, Mr. J, Upton, Mr. W. L. Torgeson, Mr. J. Nash, Mr. S. Steinberg, Mr. P. Stroom, Mr. A. McFarland, Mr. G. Mor£itt, Mr. L, Graf, Mr. I. Hall, Mr. G. Bec:lc, Mr. J. Walters, Mr. A. T. Bauman, Mr. T, Petereon, Mr. C. Lanon, Mr. D. Harrington, Mr. R. Ackroyd, Mr. D. Kedl, Mr, B. Schmidt, Mr. Q, Lundy, Mr. 'R. Dahlberg, Mr·. 4l.. Barrett, Mr. 0, Durigan. Mr. A. Kydd, Mr. E. Knutson. Mr. G. Leiter, Mr. N. Konopliv, Mr. J. Unga, and Miaa M. Johnson.

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AB:3TllACT Date: JUl 19 Ill

Tht. Seventh Quarterly Report pruenta the reaultl of continued work on a large number ol technical aapects of B W di .. emination.

P1-ogreu on the theoretical and experimental 1tudiea o£ powder mechanics is reported. Several new experimental techniques a.re die· cuued and more complete analyaea of the previouely obtained experimental data are aiven.

The design and fabrication of a new aeroaol chamber, equipped with light-scattering instrumentation it deacribed. Thh chamber will permit atudie• o! aerosol atability. The aerosol generation and sampling apparatu11 are dieeuaeed.

Studiee of the viability of~ and !J.• in the bulk and aero1ol forma, are presented. These are investigations o! the effects of elevated tempera­ture and additlvea.

Wind tunnel atudie• of diuemination and deagalomera.tion are dis· cussed. The reeulte of further atudiea of amall-ecale agglomer&tea and &

description of a new high-flow-rate diueminator model are given.

New experimental work on metering and conveyini dry powdera is des­cribed and da.ta are given on the performance ol a !ull-•cale laboratory feeding model.

Progreu in completing the wind tunnel and auociated apparatua for installation at Fort Detrick is reported.

Design studies coverinJ several fea•:urea of the dry-asent airborne disseminator are deacribed.

The results of computer atudies dealing with the line -aource diu em ina.· tion of. the agent UL- I are given.

The 1tatus of work on the deaign and fabrication o£ a liquid-agent &ir­borne diueminator ia reported, and many detailed aepeete of the deaign are presented,

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1.

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TABU OF CONTENTS

Title

lNTRODUCTION

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OJ'

THE MECHANICS OF DRY POWDERS

z. 1 2. 1. l

2. 1. 2 z.z z. z. l 2. z. z 2., 2. 3 2..3 z. 3. 1 z. 3. z z. 3. 3 2..4

Development o£ Experimental Appara.t\11 Appar&tu• for Determining Compactlon Characteristic• of Dry Powders Triaxial Shear Apparatus Related Experimental Studies Residual Shear Strength of Compacted Powders

Wall Friction Phenomena. Compaction Characteristics o£ Powders Bulk Tenlile Strength of Powden Apparatus and Technique Dl.scuuion of Experimental Results Future Work Mathematical Analysis of the Piston-Cylinder

T .. L

AEROSOL STUDIES

3. 1 3, z 3. z. 1 3. 2.. z 3. 3 3.-4 3. 5

Main Chamber Optical Light -Scattering Detection System Monochromatic Light Source Photomultiplier Detection System Powder Dispersing System The Aeroeol Samplini Syetem Future Work

VIABILITY STUDIES

4. 1 4.a 4. l

Viability o! Dry AeroaolJ o£ ~and Sm Eflect of Cab -0-Sil on ViabifitY -Toxic Effec o£ Buna. Rubber on ~

iv

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Z-Z Z-8 Z-8 ~-10 2-11 2-16 2.-18 2-22 Z-26 Z-27

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3-1 3-l l-1 3-4 3-7 3-10 3-16

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4-1 4-7 4-10

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Section Title Page

5. DISSEMINATION AND DEAOOLOMERATION STUDIES S-1

6.

7.

8.

9.

5. 1 5. 2

5.3

General Sm Diaeemination - Small-Scale Asalomerate Study Deeian of High Flow Rate Diuemtnato:r Mod~l (OMI ~3) and Related Equipment

EXPERIMENTS WITH THE FULL-SCALE FEEDER FOR COMPACTED DRY AGENT SIMULANT MATERIALS

6. 1 6.2 6. 3 6.4

Introduction General Procedure Driving Torque Determinations Motivating Gaa and Talc Discharge Rate Meuuremente

APPARATUS FOR DISSEMINATION EXPERIMENTS AT FORT DETRICK

DESIGN STUDIES ON A DRY ·AGENT DISSEMINATION SYSTEM

8. 1 a.z 8. 3 8.4

The External Configuration o£ the Store The Rotary Actuator The Power Generator Gaa Storaae Veaael and Flow Regulatin& Sy•tem

SYSTEMS STUDY

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6-1

8-1

8-1 8-Z 8-4 B-4

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DECLASSIFI!O IN FULL Authority: EO 13526 Chief, Records & Declass Dlv WHS Date: '

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Section

10.

11.

u.

TABLE OF CONTEN1·S (Continued}

Title

PROGRESS ON THE LIQUID DISSJCMINATINO STORE

10. 1 lO,l lO.l. 1 IO.l.l l o. ~. 3 10. z ... 10. z. 5 10. z. 6 10. z. 7 10. 3

Work on Design and Fabrication Disseminator Description and Information Structure Generator Nose Section Contenta Plumbing Auembly Fluid Handling System Operation Boom A• sembly Actuator Asaen.IJly Structural Te ating

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

vi

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10~1

10~1 10-6 10-6 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-10 10-13 10-13 10-14

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Figure

2.. 1

z.z 2.3

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Title

Apparatus for Measurement of Compaction Characteristics of Powders

Triaxial Shear Strength Apparatua

No Title

2. 4 No Title

2.5

2.6

2..7

z. a

2..9

2.. 10

2. 11

Z.lZ

2.. 13

z.u

No Title

Shear Characteriatic• of Talc using Direct Shear Technique

Frictional Reaieta.nce for Surface!! in Contact with Talc Powder

Compaction StreBe aa a Function of Powder Specific Volume

Compaction Energy as a Function of Powder Specific Volume ·

Elastic Modul11s '!!as a Function of Specific Volume !or Several P·.,wdere

Laboratory Setup for Measurement of Bulk Tensile Stren1th of Compreued Powders

Apparatu11 for Measurement oi Bulk Tensile Strength of Compreued Powders

Column Segment Crou -Section

Bulk Tensile Strength of Zinc Cadmium Sulfide (Curves A and B)

2. 15 Bulk Tensile Strength oi Zinc Cadmium Sulfide (Curve C)

2. 16 Compreseion of a Column of Powder

z. 17 Bulk Tent~~ile Strensth 110' 11 aa a Function ot Distance "L" from tho Compressive Force

vH

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Page

a-3

Z-5

2.-6

2-6

2.-7

2.~9

2.-lZ

2.-14

2.-15

2.-17

2.-19

2-20

Z-2.1

2.-2.3

2.-24

2.-2.5

2.-2.5

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Figure

2.18

2.19

3. 1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3. 10

4. 1

4.2

4. 3

4.4

5. 1

5.2

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

Title

Bulk Tensile Strength "00" Immediately Below Com­pres aive Piston ae a Function of Total Plug Length. L 1

Notation £or Pieton-Cylindu Analysis

Aerophilometer

Schematic Drawini o£ Aeroeol Chamber

Pe%'cent Transmiuion o£ 117-60 Filter over a Range ot Wavelengths

Response of IP21 Phototube over a Rante of Wave • lengths

Overall Response o£ System

Schematic Diagram of Powder Ditperaing Apparatus

Sketch o£ Filter and Holder Immerud in an Aero1ol

Sampling with a Needle Immersed in an Aerosol

Schematic Diagram o! Aerosol Samplina Apparatua lnlide Chamber

Schematic Diagram of Aerosol Sampling Syltem Con­trol Manifold and a Samplina Probe

Viability oi Sm and ~ Aerosola at Elevated Air Stream Temperature

Thermal Death 'Time Parameters of Sm and h Aeroeoh -

Effect of Cab-0-Sil on Viability of~ Aero1ola

Toxic Effect o£ Rubber

Model !or Statistical Analysis

Percentaie of Particles {by number) i.n ~Aerosol

viii

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Page

Z-Z6

2-28

3-2.

3-3

3-5

3-8

3·9

3-ll

3·12.

3-14

3-15

4-l

4-8

4-11

5-3

S-6

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5.3

5.4

UST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

Title

· Mechani•m• for Preparing Simulated Sm Sample (Fill) for Dissemination -

Hiih Flow Rate Diueminator Model (QMI-3) !or Wind Tunnel Application

S. 5 Disseminator Model and Related Equipment Mounted on Wind Tunnel

6. 1 Schematic Diagram o£ Teat Arrangement uaed with Experimental Feeder for Compacted Powder•

6. 2

6. 3

6.4

6.5

6.6

9. 1

1 o. l

1 o. z 1 o. 3

10.4

1 o. 5

Test Arrangement uaed with Experimental Feeder for Compacted Powders

Test Room used for Experimental Work with Dry Powder Materials

Thread Cleaner Scheme to Remove Powder from Screw

Discharge Rate Curve• for Series "A" Teats using Talc in the Experimental Dry Agent Feeder

Dilcharge Rate Curves for Series "B" Teets uaing Talc in the Experimental Dry Ag~nt Feed"r

Flow Rate veraus Downwind Distance for 11Average11

Weather Condition• - Agent UL-Z

Flow Rate veraua Downwind Distance !or "Good" Weather Conditions - Agent UL·Z

External View o£ Liquid BW Agent Diaseminator Showing Ram-Air Turbine Installation

Fluid Handling Syatem

View of Liquid Diaeemin&ting Store with Aft Section Removed to Show Installation of Fluid Handling System

Boom and Actuator Syatem

Plumbing Schematic

ix

"Qt!!'l lit I IX£

Page

5-8

5-9

.5-11

6-3

6-4

6-6

6-8

6-14

6-15

9-Z

9·3

1 0-Z

10-3

10-4

10-5

10-lZ

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4. 1

4. 2

4. 3

4.4

4.5

6. 1

DECLA!SIIJI!O IN FUU. CCtiiiiiMIM ~~."';>rrty: Eo 13526

.,,.,, R8COfda & "'--• Oete: ~ass Dlv, WHS

--------··---------------Jot J 9 201 .

LJST OF TABLES

Title Pase

Viability of Dry Aerosols of ~ at Various Exposures 4-3 j J

(~from Lot No. X-lZ, aeroaolbed with DeVi!biu

1 generator • S 1 trials)

Viability of Dry Aerosols of Sm at Various :S:xpoaures 4-5 (Sm !rom Pool 17, aerosolizecrby explolion - 35 trri'la)

EHect of Cab-0-SU Coating on Sh.ort Term Viability 4-9 of Sm -Influence of 1% Cab-0-SU on Viability Dry Aerosol of 4-9 ~Exposed to Elevated Air Temperatures

Effect o£ Rubber on Sm Suepenaions 4-10

Teat Results uains Compacted Talc in Experimental 6-13 Feeder

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&OMIPWPII DECLASSIFIED IN FULL Authority: EO 13526 Chief, Records & Declass Dlv WHS Date: JUl J 9 201 '

SEVENTH QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT ON

DISSEMINATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID BW AGENTS

I. INTRODUCTION

This is the Seventh Quarterly Progress Repol't on Contract Number

DA-18-064-CML-2.745 which is a program of reeearch on the dheemination

o! solid and liquid BW agentlll.

During thia reporting period, Phase IV of the program was initiated,

which provides £or a 2Z-month continuation of the contract. The scope of

work under Phase IV includes:

1) Continuation of theoretical analyses and experimental in· vestigations of the parameters which influence the behavior of finely-divided materials.

2) Continuation of studies of method• for uni£orm metering, conveying, dissemination and dcagglomeration of dry finely-divided materials.

3) Continuation of desi;n studies and preparation of a detailed design of a dry-agent di.uemi.nation system capable of dis­seminating dry powders at a practical and effective rate.

4) Fabrication a.nd testing of dry-aient line-source expet'i­mental hardware,

5) Preparation of f!.nal drawing• and specifica.tiun1 of the dry· agent dissemination system.

6) Preparation of an operating and instruction manual for thb equipment.

This report cover a proareae on studiea covered by Items ( l) through

( 3) above a a well a. work which wa1 initiated under Phases 11 and lllof the

project. Work on Items (4), (5) and (6) above is .scheduled for a later put

of the program.

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-------·---~-------------------------- JULJj _ _l0)3__ _________ . _-

~. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OJ' THE MECHANICS

OF DRY POWDERS

Studiea o£ the mechanical properties and behavior of dry powder• were

continued durina the period covered by this report. The major effort during

thia period wa.a devoted to deaignint and !a.bricatin& improved apparatus for

measuring •igniflcant mechanical properties of dry powdera. Recently ob·

tained experimental ruulta relatin& to powder 11hear strength and wall

friction phenomena are presented. Alao included is an analytical study of

the stress distribution in a powder subjected to compaction in a platen­

cylinder device.

z. 1 Development of Experimental Appa.ra.tua

Two types of experimental apparatua have been designed and fabricated

during the paat ~hree-month period: 1) an improved device for measurement

of the energy required to compact a powder to a given density atate, and

Z) a triaxial shear teat device. The triaxial apparatus should enable a more

precise measurement of the shear strenath of a powder than waa pouible

with the direct shear apparatus uaed in earlier teats. lt h hoped that testa

ca.rried out with theu devices will furnish baaie information required for

an undeutandina o£ the behavior of dry powders. At the same time, such

apparatus may prove useful in developing characterization teat• for powders.

Z. 1. 1 Ap;,aratua for Determining Compaction Characteriatica of Dry Pow era

Experimental results reported ea.rliu ln the current study proal'am

have indicated how the bulk denlity of a powder depend• on the energy in­

veated in compacting the powderl, The apparatus uaed in these experiments

waa subject to 11everal limitationt, however. The moat serioua problem

encountered with thia apparatus waa a lack of a~enaltivity in meaeuring the

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Oate: JUl 19 101

deformation of the powder sample. Thi1 precluded an accurate meaaure­

rnent of the elaatic p:ropertie s of compacted powdera. Alao, it wae not

po .. il>l• to apply hi1h cumpaction atreuee to the aample beeau .. of excel•

aive elaetic deformation of the compactio11 device.

Thue limit&dona have been largely eliminated with the appal'&tue ebown

in .Fi1ure 2., 1. Thie device enablu aimu1taneoua meaaurementl of the applied compres aive 1treu and the reaultina deformation of the powder eample. Lar1•·•cale movement of the phton ie measured by mean• of the dial indicator ahown in the photo1raph. The ela1t1c recovery of the •ample.

which ia obaerved when the applied load ia aradually reduced, ia meuured electrically by meana of a un1itive dtl!e.rential trauformer (located directly behind the central column of the device in .Fiaure z. 1 ). Both the elaatic de.flec::tion and the applied atress are recorded durin& the experiment by means of a dual channel Sanborl'l recorder.

Thie apparatua il pruently undersoinl calibratioo check• with indica­tiona that the duign objectivee have been achieved. Preliminary reaulta

for talc agree rather well with previoualy reported data 1• It t• expected that a detailed account of compaction experimenta with our improved apparatus will be included in the next quarterly report.

2. 1. Z Triaxial Shear App&ratue

The •hear •tren&th char&cteriatica of dry powdere appear to be of

fundamental importance with rupect to the handlint characteristic• of the•• materiala, However, it haa been found to be very difficult to mea,ure the

•hear etrenath of a powder in an unequivocal manner,

Shear measunmenu made to date in the current atudy have employed a direct shear technique (eee Fisure Z. 6, paJe Z-9). Thi1 technique ie fully

ducribed in a previoue report1• While havinl the advanta1e o1 eimplic:Uy, the direct shear teat cannot be 1'~lied upon for ab•olute •hear meaaurementa

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JUL 19 LOl3

2-3

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Date: JUl 1 9 3J1S ---------,------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------

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since the material being tested in con•trained in an indeterminate manner

by the apparatus. This con1tra.int is likely to be evidenced as a.n apparent

increase in shear atrenath of the material.

The tria:xi&l teat m~thod, which ha• abo beell described in an earlier

report2., ia ba1ed upon controllii!.J the atreues applied to the sample durint

the 1hear test. The .sheal· resistance of the powder can then be found from

the known applied ltre .. ee as deac:ribed aubeequently.

A prototype triaxial test device has been developed in order to apply this

teat technique in dry powder research. The device, shown in Figure z. a, will be ua~d in the following way:

The sample is compacted in a thin rubber membranfl which is used to

seal the sample during the teat. As can be seen from Figure z. 3, the teat

sample ha.e the form oi. a. right circular cylinder, with a cylindrical fitting

placed at each end. The end fittings insure that the axial streuu applied

to the sample are properly distributed and also facilitate aealin1 of the tam­

pie. A vent is provided in the top fitting to avoid entrapment of air due to

compreuion of the sample (Figure Z. 4). The aample is placed in the teat

device aa thown in Figure i!. 2, and the chamber is preuurized. An axial

load is then gradually applied to the sample until shearing oecure. The

axial force il meaeured by means of strain ga1ea mounted inside the cham­

ber. Failure ia detected by mean1 of a aenaitive linear potentiometer which

indicates the motion of the loading pilton By feedtna both the potentio­

meter and strain aaae outputl to a dual channel recorder. a dmultaneous

recording of data ia pouible.

The shear characteri1tics are found by conducting triaxial tuta at

several chamber preuures and conatructing a. Mohr stres• circle at each

load condition. Two •tress circlet, corresponding to the chamber pres­

•urea Pz and p 21

• are shown in Figure Z. S. The point• Ci'2. and (1"'2.1 on the

diasram represent lateral stresses applied to the eample; thus, we have 1 1 l G"'z = Pz and O""z = Pz • The pointl C1j and CT'i are the axial 1treu ..

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Data: JUl 19 g

Figure Z. Z Triaxial Shf!ar Strength Apparatus

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_.. ---~h--- ---------·----------·-------------·--·--·------· ····-·-··--------· --·--·--· ;,,. '· r. ...

r;

~ I~ '· . t: . ~-

I I

' (

f I

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r r r

''··-·-

Compactins Pilton

.._ ____ Rubber

Membrane ------4

-+-4---- Breakaw&y Cylinder

Conical Counter __ ...,..'--__ Bore for Piaton Rod

Alignment ':""o----r""l"f -'--n zl).t for

Air Escape D1uin1 Teat

"011 Rins• to Sraal Sample

Fisure 2. 4

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-----·app~;:::-:.~~mp-1-e.-Il-th_e_a_pplle:~::-;.::~~ .. ~~:·;;.;Z:"_::~· :-;\ where A ia the cron -uetional area of the aample.

Retidual Shear Stungth.

I

c1i

Compressi'le Stress, o-

Fiaure 2. 5

In the general cate, the ahear strensth characterhtie i1 defined by the envelope of a aeries of 1treea circlea. The intercept of the ehear strenath charaeterhtic curve at 0"" • 0 is of particular intereat since this yields the residual shear strength of the compacted power aample, i.e., the atrensth of the powder undel" zero load.

Pl'eliminary testt With this apparatus have revealed several problema connected with sealing the eample to prevent infiltration uf high-preuure air from the preature chamber. At the preaent time, thi1 problem and eeveral other minor di!ficultiea have been cleared up and it ia expected th&t

routine shear testa with thlt triaxial thear apparatua can now be undertaken.

Experimental reeulta obtained with tho triaxial appara.tua will be com~

pared with ahear characteristic: a obtained from direct shear tests. H. as expected, these methoda yield different reaulta, a critical evaluation of both

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-----..0.·----:--~,fw~~~~-.. -~--.r.---~- ..... ..,....._.-:7•.

.. ,~-teat methode will be neceuary. Aa mentioned earlier, it appears l~ly that the direct shear tut will yield a hiaher ahear ruiat..nce than the tri· axial teat becaue of conatrainte applied to the powder aample in the clired shear teat. Another point of difference between thue teat methoda ia in the compaction proceu. or more apecifically, in the way atreaut are applied to produce sample compaction in each ca. a e. A 1eneral clitcue aion of the •• mattere will be de£erred until experimental data are available from testa of identical powder a&mplea by both technique a.

Z. Z Related Exp.rimental Stucliee

A number of experimenU were carried out durin1 the paat quarterly period for the purpote of providina intiaht into the atatic behavior of dry

powders. The retulta of these testa are preaented below. Alao, previously reported results ol compaction atudiea 1 have been reviewed and are pre­aented he:reift in a different and more meanina!ul form.

Z. 2. 1 Reaidual Shear Strenatb of Compacted Powden

• The residual shear atrenath of talc powder waa investigated by uling

the direct shear apparatut described in an earlier report1• Theae te•t• were conducted in the usual manner, with one important change. Prior to application of a tan1ential ehearina force to the upper ahear disk (see Flaure 2. 6), the aample wa. compacted by application of a compre81ive streu ~· Thit atreu waa then reduced to the value a;, and the •hearlna 11treu, ~c required to •hear the ea.mple wat determined. A eeriu of teat• of thia type were carried out o.ver a ranse of ~ompaction at:reuea o-c: while keeping O""r fixed, The reaulte of tbeee teet• are shown in Figure Z. 6 for

3 :z 3 z O"r = 4. 2 x 10 dynes/em and a;. = 8. 2 x 10 dynea/cm • Each data point shown in the figure ia the a.verage of 5 or more runa. The maximum devia­tion from the mean value• wae within ,:t5 percent.

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c: &'!o3 ,...~:!:r

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~OCT ~ !: . Q)

til !-» ~ §= .,en~

: ~

"'-~:-·~-

N • ~

-·- I

6.0

0

. ..., - I - - 1 - I -1 - - - -"

- -

·:~"l' -( .-~ i r 1 .:

· !';~ 1, r : "{:

.1'~

i~: ~-J~; ... ... ,. I·

·,·j •'.

·.·

F"fA Rough Circular Disk

(Dia. 4. 57 em) '.

Shea.r Strenath uncJer;:1:d ·I

Rough Surface

T

~

-~ 2.0

Symbol

X 0

z <rr (dyne•/cm )

4. Z X 103

8. Z X 103

Reeidual Shear Strength

~ ' -.__ X -~~

-4 ~ ~ x 10 (dyneal.o:m )

4.0 6.0 8.0 Fisure ~. 6 Shear Cha.l'a.cteristi'• of Talc u•lol Direct Shear TechDique

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Tbe shear strength of the powder waa found to incre&ae with the com·

paction atreu r:r in accordance with the power relationship: 't ,. constant 044 c 4 c

x cr. ' for cr ~ 10 • The residual ahear 1treagth of the cotnpacted pow-c c der ean be estimated by subtractini the shear stress corresponding to the

compreuive etreu err from the mea•ured values. The resulting ahear

atr-enath characteristics shown in Figure z. 6 were determined in this manner.

It ia apparent that the residual shear strength of the powder is dependent to

some extent on the compreuive streaa (Tr maintained during shearing of the

sample. Although then experiments and the interpretation given above may

not be conclusive, the trend exhibited in Fiaure 2. 6 is of considerable in·

terut.

Compa1'ina the shear strength of talc under load with the ruidual ahear

strength of the compacted powder. it il apparent that the ralative effect of

compaction on shear strength decreaae1 with increasing compressive

at:reue1.

A decilive teat of thil conclusion will be pouible by using the triaxial

te1t apparatus deacribed in the precedina section of thia report. It will of

courae be neceuary to teat a. number of powdera ln thia manner in order to

draw general concluaiona aa to the behavior of dry powders.

~. z. Z Wall Friction Phenomena

In many practical 1ituation1, it ia neceasary to underatancl the nature

of the mechanical interaction between a powder and a aolid aurfa.ce. ln

particular, the friction angle or coefficient of friction for a 1urface expoeed

to a powder t. of importance in the compaction of a. powder l.n piaton­

cylindu devices.

Accordingly. an experimental investigation of wall friction has been

undertaken, u1ing easentially the t\ame a.pparatua employed for direct shear

meaaurementa. In these te.ta, the rough disk u~ually employed in the

shear teat• is replaced by a geometrically similar disk, one face of which

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has beea prepared for the friction test. This face ia placed in contact with

the powder and, from this point·on, the teat is carried out in exactly the

same manner a.a the direct ahea.r teat.

Friction teats of this type ha.ve been pedormed for several ma.teriah of

'll&ryina surface roughness in contact with talc powder. Results of these e.x•

perimenta are plotted in Fiaure 2. 7. Three type• ol surfacu were investi­

gated: stainless steel, aluminum alloy and aluminum covered with an epoxy

resin yielding a smooth, gloaay surface. From Figure Z. 7 it can be aeen

that the frictional resistance is euentially proportional to normal stress lor

each surface tested. Furthermore, a substantial variation in friction angle

was o~aerved for the different surfaces, ransinj from 8 = 35. s• for an un­

polilhed stainleu steel surface (10 to U mic:roinchea nominal surface rough­

ness) to a. minimum of 9 = 30" lor a poliahed aluminum surface (6 to 8 micro­

inches a. r. ), These friction anglu are substantially below the shear angle·

for talc powder (- = 40•).

Further tesu of this type are planned for the immediate future. It ia of

particular interest and importance !or theoretical aa well aa practical rea·

son• to determine the influence of surface roughness on the friction angle.

Mean• fur minimizing wall friction are also of practical importance.

2. Z. 3 Compaction Characterietica of Powders

Data from compa.c:tion experiments reported in a previous report1 have

been re .examined during the current report period and subjected to further

analyai•. Theee results are presented in FiJUres z. 8, z. 9 and Z. 10 •hawing

respectively the compaction stre .. , compaction energy and equivalent elastic

moduli as a function of denaity for talc and~ powders.

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Z. Z. 3. 1 Streu Required for Compaction of a D\'y Powder

The compre .. ive 1treu required to achieve a given powder c!enaity in a

piston-cylinder compaction device {aee Reference 1) ia plotted aa a function

of the specific volume in Figure 2. 8. Two curve• are shown for each

material: 1) the c:ompreuive stres1 required to obtain the denaity undu

loaded conditions, and .Z) the stress required to obtain the density after re•

moval of the load; i.e., after allowance is made for elastic recovery of the

powder.

2. Z. 3 • .Z Eneru R.eq,uired for Compaction

The energy per 1ram required for compaction of a powder to a &iven

density is shown in Figure 2. 9. When allowance is made for elastic re­

covery of the powder a ahift in the eneray and density of the aample oc:cura

as indicated in the figure. It ia of intereat to observe that Figure Z. 9 indi­

cate. that the elastic energy ttored in the powder is proportional to the total

energy at a aiven denttty for the conditione of thete experiment• •

.Z. Z. 3. 3 Effective Elastic Moduli for Dry Powdera

I11 order to deecribe the elaatic properties of a powder, we may define

att equivale11t elaatic modulue of the form:

E '" (Z-1)

where:

rr .. the applied atreu

h8

= the compressed depth of the powder .ample

Ax = the me~a1ured elaatic recovery after removal of the load

Z-13

- - - -. IOl 100

90 90 ~0 - 80 70 0 Under Load 70~ 0 Under Load

60 A Load Removed 60 t. Load Removed 50 50

40 40

N N s 30 30 a CJ u ..._ ....... Ill Ill

" 4) Sm c d -

~ ~0 2.0 ~ .... ""' • ' 0 0 - -

N IC X

6 b t 10 ..... 10

"" CD • • 9 9 • II II ,.. 8 8 "' .... .... Ul 7 7 Ul c 6 s::: 0 6 .9 -.... u u s 5 u I'll cd c. (1.

E 4 4 a 0 0 0 0 .

3 3

2 2.

Specific Volw::ne 1/;0 Specific Volume 1/jO

1 L-------~----~--~~--~~~~ 1 2. 3 45·--l l 1 l 4 ~ ~ ~ 8 9 io

Figure Z. 8 Compaction Stress as a. Function of Powder Specific Volume

' . ' _, -, ··~

o-:::o-o I» > (!) Q)

a =E s.~ •• mIll o=:a. -_..&;.

2: ~03 r- ~ ;r. ::r !II'~ CD a· a.

- .:::o-CD &Co o~g

~~ ~ :Ec f-Ix:. oocntt

= • 5!i !.

~.:......._ ... ···~· .4o --- ---·----........... -~....-:. ! sr'

~-----------------1

,__.._ - - _.. - -I .-100 :r-103

90 80

70 60

50

40

30 1 1\ 1\ I

'0 l- e bll ...... lD bll

"' Cl

>-

~~~"0

N

bl

1 "' .... w

.

Iii w

U\ ti

.. m~~ o~o.

6 c \

.::.. .... ~!!t

0

c:: ~olD

....

r- ~:::r3

5 ...

!» iD ::r

u

"'

...... f .. -.tD

Q,

~ :;;oo.

41- e

c.o ooo :1:

0

B gP2"

u \ 0 Under Lo•d

!o':E~

l X

o-ijn

Lo4ld Removed

Qj"

= 3i !

2

Specific Volume l/p Specific Vohune 1//)

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ; I' 1 1 z 3 4 - , - - - ·- - - - . -

Figure Z. 9 Compa.ctioo. Eo.ergy as a Futlction of Powder Specific Volume

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---------------·-c------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------

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The equivalent ela•tic modulus is plotted u a function of specific vol~ in

Figure l. 10 for talc, !!!!_and •ac::charin. It is apparent from the fi!JUI'e that

the elaetic properties of the three powders are remarubly aimilar, at lea•t

under the conditions of these teats.

Further studies of the els.atic properties of powders will be carried aut

with the more sensitive compaction apparatus discuueci in Section z. 1. 1.

a. 3 Bulk Tensile Strenstb of Powdera

A veuatile new apparatus for the determination of the bulk tensile

atrenath of a column of compreued powder baa been duiJnecl and perfected.

The apparatu• permits the bulk ten•ile strenath measurement to be made as

a function of 1) bulk density, Z) distance from compressive force application·

to !ra~_tu:t_~ pla~e, and J) total column length. ln addition to this, we should

by proper extrapolation of data bom 2.) and l) be a.ble to obtain a value for

the bulk tenaile atrenatb of a compreued powder which la dependent only

upon the physical propertiee of the compreued powder and on the maanitude

of the c:ompreeaivc force applied and therefore indep~ndent of the 1eometry

of the a.ppattatua. Thia ahould provide an absolute method Cor the c:ompartaon

of the bulk teauile 1trength of various c:ompreaaed powder e.

Theoretically the bulk ten1ile atrenith of a c:ompreued powder ia an

exponential function of the dilt&Dce from the compreuive pilton to the

fracture plane 3.

where:

(]"' "' bulk tenaile atrength of !1 column of compreased powder at dhtance L from the piston

(Z-Z)

07, = bulk tenaile strength of comprened powder immediately below the piston

2-16

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9

8

7

6

5

4

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0

Legend

®~

X Saccharin

B. Talc

z 3 4 Specific Volume 1/P

Figure Z. 10 Elastic Modulu• lr as a Function of Specific Volume for Several Powders

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---~---------------- ---------------------------- ---------------~---------------------- ----------r k • constant :l L • distance from piaton to fracture plane

An. experimental apparatua muat therefore be capable of frac:turin1 the • colurnn of c:ompreued powder at several dilferent diatancet !rom the pbton applying the com pre uive force. An apparatua has been duigned and per­fected to accomplish thia.

~. 3. 1 Apparatus and Technique

The column to be packed with powder it fabricated of aluminum a.nd baa

an I.P. o! 3/4~inch (see Fl1ure1 Z.ll and Z.lZ). The bottom half of the column ia divided into 1ix 1/Z-inch 1egmcnta (Figure Z. 13) whose conatruc:­tion eliminate• horizontal motion but allows a vertical force to break the powder column at the boundary of each sesment wihout a significant error

being contributed by frictional forcea between the metal aegmenta. Prior to fracture of the column. the column ugmenta are held in place by metal

\

aprinJ clipa. A vertical compreuive force i• applied to the powder by the piaton auembly shown (Figure Z. 1 Z). The platform at the top of the piaton auembly ie receued to accommodate the special set of weighta which have unilorm diameter• and varyinJ heiaht•. Thia technique aide the oparator in applying the force vertically above the powder column. After the column of powder is compresaed the individual eegment1 are caused to fracture by a

vertical force exerted by a lever arm a.nd pulley auembly c:ont&ininll a atrain gause system to meaaure thit applied force. The signal from the strain gauge syBtem ia electronically recorded by Sanborn equipment for a permanent record of the experiment, The entire apparatus with. the excep­tion o£ the electronic equipment b hou•ed in a11 isolator lab maintained at conat&nt humidity by a 1ynthetic mi~ure of dry ~nd moist a.ir. The huml·dity within the i1olator lab is constantly monitored by an infr&ud hygrometer.

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''· t·~,. . ~

1-.i:.

...

.. , k,

Apparatus for Measurement of Bulk Tensile Strength of Compressed Powders

Figure 2. 12

~)>::0"0 s-:E~IJ) •• _.<0 m<!!(!) o~g.

e_ (;)!it c:::: 01 () 3 r- ~~:;-*'--Ill - t! ::0 a. c.o~oo

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..

Figure 2. 13 Column Segment Crou -.Section

In experiment• conducted 10 far zinc cadmium aulCide haa bun used aa

a. teat powder. Althoup itt tensile etrenath ia comparatively low it b known

to Jive reproducible results for thia type of phyaic:&l mea.aurement3.

ln a typic&l experiment the powder il preconditioned in the iaolator lab

at the dealred humidity (15.,. in thie caae) for at leaat 48 houre. The column

il then .filled by aiftina the powder throu1h a glau powder funnel fitted with

a fine muh acreen to a .. ure uniform packin1 of the powdu. The pleton

auembly la then clamped into poaition and the vertical fol'ce ia applied.

Durinl early experimentation it waa found neceuary to clamp the entire

column ri1idly prior to e.pplication of the compreuive force aince the in·

dividual aegment cla.mpa were not etron1 enough to prevent bendina of the

c:olumn and thue c&uee partial fracture of the compacted powder prior to

meaeurement of the tenaile atren1th. After compre .. ion, the pilton aaeem­

bly and upper fillin1 tube are carefully removed. A "lift cap" aaaembly de­

•ilned to clamp firmly to the top of each eegment ia lhted into place and

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! . ··-·--·-·····---···-·-------·-·----· ----i, r-------------·-·-- ---··----------------·-··----·-----------· ··--·--·-------~~ r r I I I I I I l I f (

.-1 ~

r

connected co the lift a .. embly. By turninl a crank in the lift asaembly the

column i• fractured at the bottom of each ae1ment alter it it undamped.

The tec.stle force ia recorded by the atrain aauae auembly.

Z. 3. a Diacunion of Experimental Reaulta

The primary purpoee ift this preliminary ut of experiment• waa to

check the reliability of the equipment and apparatue, Aa shown in F\;uru

2. 14 and a. lS, the tensile strength data follow the exponential relationehip

quite well. It ia believed that the scatter of points at lara• value• of L c:an

be diminished by refinement of technique. It 1hould be noted that the data

indicate a dependence o! tenaile strength upon lenath of time of. c:ompal'i1on,

When the weight• were allowed to compre81 the powder overni11ht (16 houra)

a aipUicant change in ~occurred. Thh phenomenon will have to be es­

plored further, but for the purpose of comparing one powder with another it

may be found eJCiledient to a11ree upon a •tand&rd time of compression.

Aa each UJment of powder 11 broken, its weiaht can alao be recorded

10 that we c:a.n alao follow the c:han1e ln bullt ten1ile •trengtb with bulk den­

tity.

In our measurements we are actually mea1urint the tenaile atrensth at

the fracture point at a distance "L" from the pilton (Figure z. 16). We then

plot the tensile atrength "cr" vereue L at 1hown in Fiaure 2. 17.

By extrapolation to L • 0 we obtain 0""0

, the bulk tensile atrenJth of the

powder at the surface of the piaton. Thit a.uumea that ~ ia independent of

"L", the total plua length. Recent experiment• indicate that thil ia probably

not the caae. The design of thit apparatul ia such that we can allo vary the I .

value of L (total plu1 length). Thus by plotting L' versus c:J0

and extrapolatina

to L' • 0, u shown in Fiaure Z. 18, we would obtain a value rr 1 for the bulk 0

teneile atren&th of the powder which ia dependent only upon the physical pro-

pertiu of the powder and tho maanitude of the compreasive f.orc:e applied

but independent of. the geometry of the a.ppa.ratua. This should provide an

"r,!!!r •• -::-·

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..

~---~-..... ; ... v..:..__.. --+-~..:.. . ..a. . ..i.r-:.-. :·~.-. ,;;C --~--':-- ~·.:··~-.---.-{=-;~i .. _~~:;,;.;:'\;~ ~=--.. ____ , .:·· ,o.;._~::.-~-:::-:----~·-:-=--··: .. J_~ .. --· ... ---- -----. . ----- ~ :_-.. :..,Li..;::~~-:~'·~-~- .. :-...:··,...

~-----~---~----~--:.--~---·~--_______: __ :_~·~--·.....:._..:. __ ~ ____ _::__..::...__:__~---=---------·-_:__·--- . ,,, ··- ,j - -

-~-~-~. : .... :--:-::??:~:~:~~ ·~~

Curve A - 1/Z hour compreuion

Curve B - 1 hour compreaaion

L (em)

0

' t i l ! .

I

~

~

:,;_~

-·..:-..;.. :._ '.:'!.:... ~.-.

1~ ______ ._ ______ ~ ______ _. ________ ._ ______ ~--------~------~

t

J

0 1 z 3 4 s 6

Figure 2.14 Bulk Tensile Strength of Zinc: Ca.dmium Sulfide {Curvu A and B)

Z-Z3

7

1"1 I 0 ...

( H N e

I (,J -QfJ

~

r ~

b

r i 41

"' ... Ill

t 41

:;:1 QfJ a u

r E-t

~ r r r r I

1 I r 0

r • I

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Date: JUl 1 9 3)1 ··~·-· -~~--..-·· .. ......

. . . . _, - -~-. . .. - . -:-r-.. - ... ~~-~.~'"'""~-~--·~;:4JI~P ... t ···'·-'· ;.._ ~'!~~~..::::::~~~ ....

··-:--:-. - .. _>..:..::..·."-.: ·C:~~'·,. '"-L~-~~::~.:::. .. ~-;~: . :__-~~-~-~-"--L~~---~~---:~ .. ~-:- -~~.,-:~~-:'~ _;; ~ ~~~ ~'"~-"-

~~=:-~~·::•:·:::·'~·~J~~ ;:~~ ~ -- --=~

···-~.-~.:-

Curve C - 16 hour compreuion

•

•

• •

; ;

L (em} j

I I I I I z l 4 ! 6 7 I Figure 2. 1! Bulk Tensile Strenith of Zinc Cadmium Sulfide

I (Curv• C) I Z·Z4

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1

I f

I ,-r r I

r

--- .. ~~==========~~~~~------------

r

J -r----"' '--r I 1------+---'f"-Fracture Plane

L•

Figure 2., 16 Comprenl.on of a Column of Powder

L--

Fiaure 2. 17 Bulle Ten1ile Strength "a"" &I a. FuncUon of Diatance 11 L11 from the Compreseive Force

2-25

Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROO, WHS lAW EO 13628, Section 3,1

Date: JUL 1 9 J)l

• .... --M---.·•, • .... . ~· ~ .··- ~

l 1

,

)

' I

I J

-· ~ . ;;

_11, '~---~--~~-~-~~--~--- ----~-~-~------------------------~------~----~-~---~--- ~-}L--· t·· : _____ .. -- ·--~·- ..

---~ ti .- .. ,.

~·- [. I

r I l I I J r 4

f f r r I"

abaolute method for comparieon of the bulk ten1ile atren1th of a compreued

powder. The determination of c;0

1 would of course involve a ~onaiduable

amm1nt of laboratory time per powder aad for practical purposu timpler

compati•on.s of tenaile atrenJth can be made by further definina the method

by which tho moaaur,ement is made.

I

<ro

Ls

Fiaure z. 18 aulk Tenaile Stren.th II O"'o It Immediately Below Compreuive Pieton a.a a Function of Total Plug Lenath, L1

z. l. l Future Work

The apparatua aa deaigned i• capable of giving a wealth of information

c:oncernina the variation o£ bulk tenaile atronath throuahout a 1y1tem of

compreued powders. Reliable results do, however, depead upon very care­

ful work. The effect Q,f time of compreeaion upon bulk tensile strenath muat

be studied further to determine what time factor should be considered for

moat a&tialactory result a. When thia is done me&aurementa of bulk tensile

atrensth will be made on other powdeu.

Z-26

Pag~ determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD, WHS lAW EO 13526, S~ion 3,5 Date: JUL 1 ~ 201

I I

I ,· . t ' , : f t------------1L ·~-----------------------------

- • I• •

l --

1'

L [

1

\

I l r

r ~

r

2. 4 Mathematical Analysis o£ the Pilton-Cylinder Teat

The piston-cylinder test haa been deaeribed in pTevioua nporta fTom

both the experimental and theoretical points of view1• 4. Experimentally it

has been found that the ratio of applied Ioree FA to resistive force F R at the

point of slippage can be expreued by means of the empirical equation:

where:

L =

4KL = e ...,-

the length of che powder plUI

D = the cylinder diameter

(2-3)

The factor K wae found to be independent of the load for teats conducted with

a given powder in a given cylinder. Thi1 result it of con1iderable import­

ance aince it impU .. that the atreu di.ttribution in the powder is independent

of the degree of compaction produced by the applied loadl, From thit it may

be inferred that a powder element undergoing compaction tends to maintain

a lixed ratio of minor to major principal etreaaea. U we auume thia to be

true of the compaction proceae, it is pouible to determine the streu dh­

tribution in the powder. This analysis ma.y be carried out as followa, For

etatieal equilibrium, the atreu diatribution mutt tatitfy the !ollowins

equilibrium condition• (aee FiJUre 2.. 19 for notation):

c) CT"'r +

c)l'j}' +

Or Clz

c)'C" t c)~

+ or c:h

err - o-o r

't" 0 = r

Z-2.7

= 0 (2--4&)

Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROO, WHS lAW EO 13526, Station 3.6 Date:

JUl 19 201S

.. -----

I

l

I J

•

t i I.

...

I l I I l I I

I I ('

r r I

r I

,.-I

r

IL

+z

:

I r(~z

I

r

I r-

'

---r

\ \

'•

Detail of Powder Element showins Notation for Streuee

Figure z. 19 Notation for Piston-Cylinder Analysia

Z-Z8

Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROO, WHS lAW EO 13526, Sectlon3.5 Date: JUL 1 9 Dl

··•

j

I I

J

t tr ----l-~--------------------------------------~---'--'---~

f l i: t ~

! I 1/

L

I I I l r

U the 1hear atreaa il emaU, we may &IIUl'Jle that:

= c (Z-5)

where ; 11 the shear a.ngle of the powder. The meaning of thi• auumption

can be •een by referring to Figure 2. 19. In the atrest plane, it we impon

the condition that 't' i• small relative to the diUerence in prin.cipa.l atreuea

«7'i - ~· it i1 apparent that a; a <T'e .!: OZ and O"'z • C7j, Furthermore, if

shearinc is imminent, we must have 0"'1,1 Oj • C or ~/ u;. ~ C.

With these aasumpti.ons, the above equations become:

(:Z.-6a)

OO'"'r + £! 0 - =

Or clz (Z-6b)

c) l r"C") ~ 0"' 21 + r - = 0

Or oz {Z-6e}

Thia ay1tem of equation• can be eolved l.n a straiaht!orward manner, yieldina

the following expruaionl for the streuea:

F e K i' (]"" = R

z -z. ir-R""2-t-(Q.)-l + '-'·· r

{

00 ,..., 2n- :Z.n }

~ z.Zn {n 1 )! (Z-7a)

a ... n. F ., :Z.n + 1 } (Z·7b)

Page detennined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD, WHS lAW EO 13626, Section 3.5 Date: JUL 1 9 g

l

I I

,,, i

r-~-------r

, : r -I

r I I

I I

I r I r r f

r

.. ·'

·~·--­

---------------------------~c----~-----~

where:

K =a~

a.Z = 4)'2. c CX) a. Zn

f(a) = 1 + l: 2" 12n + Z) z2n. (n ! )Z 1

:a - l' z = L' r ;::: r

Thil solution applies at the point of 1lippage o£ the powder plug, the

wall friction coeilicient beins_p. By integration of Equation (Z-7a), the

applied force FA is found to be:

o-z dr = T ll e

Zp.CL R (Z-8)

which a1reu !ormally with Equation (Z-3) if we take K =pC. -1

Since by hypothesis the friction angle 9 = tan )I' ia small compared

with the shear angle;, we have a.Z « 1. Conse(iuently, it ia permiuible

to ignore hisher order term• in the uriu expressions £or the stresses,

yieldin& the following approximate equations:

F e IG' R

a z _z + r

4

K (~) r

~-30

(Z-9&}

Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD, WHS lAW EO 13626, Section 3.5

Date: JUL 1 9 201

---------li--1-J'----------------------------------------------------------------------------------;---·---------~--~c::-~-t-------

(

I

,. I

r f" f

Aa an example, il~ = 0. Z5 and - : 40•, we obtain C :a 0, .116 and aZ a 0. 054. The variation of f1"_ over a cron -aec:tion of the powder slut i• given by the z term:

Thua, the axial atre .. h&a a maximum variation of about 1. -1 pe1een.t over the croat• .. ction. On the other hand the ahearins atrett increaaet linearly from zero on the axit to the value:

(2-10)

at the wall.

The above analytb leada to concluliont which ia no way conflict with experimental reaultt for the pieton-cylindor contiguration, Thb lendt a degJ"ee of auppo:rt to the principal &llumption on which the analyail wae baaed: that compaction of a dry powder occurs under condition• ol imminent shear.

Z-31 Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD, WHS lAW EO 13526, Section 3.5

Date: cJUl 1 9 2013 I

, I· (i_· ~

----· ~-----------------------------

l 3, AmOSOL S'l'UDIES

(

I t I I l

t

r

The desiaa aad labricatioa ol an a.erophilometer, a li.aht-scattel'~rll in­

etrumented aeroeol chamber, for use in atudyittl the eettlina propertiee of

aeroaol• is almoat complete. A photograph and schematic drawin1 of thh

device in ita pruent state are pruented in Flgurea 3. 1 and 3.1 reapectively.

The aerophilometer conai1ta of: I) a main chamber, Z) an optic&! li1ht·

sc&ttednJ detection ayatem, 3) a powder diaperainl ayatem, and 4) an aero­

sol aampling eyatem.

3.1 Main Chamber

The main chamber, constructed of aheet aluminum, ha.• an internal

dimenlion of one cubic meter. The sides of the chamber are joined by

riveta and sealed with epoxy resin. The door (one entire aide o£ the cham·

ber) h connected on one edge by means of a hinge to the chamber. The

door clo1ea against a Dor-tite gasket and ia locked by Unk-loc.k faateners.

At the right lower corner of the chamber il a 4-ineb fan blade. The

motor !or the tan blade is located outlide the chamber and haa Us ah&ft pro­

jecting into the chamber through a Teflon aeal.

3. ~ Optical Liaht ·Scattering Detection System

The optical light-seatterinl detection system it shown as part of the

aerosol chamber (aerophilometer) aa depicted· in Fiaure 3. Z. This system

con1ilts of a monochromatic light source and two sensitive phc.tomultiplier

detection eyatema.

3. Z. 1 Monochromatic :Cight Source

The lamp is a General Electric projection lamp. In order to avoid

fluctuation• in the light, power is suppli•d from a Soreneon regulator a.nd

the lamp voltage i1 controlled by an autotransformer. In addition. the lamp

circuitry is such that the lamp cannot be turned on: unleu ita coolin1 blower

is operatina.

3-1 Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROO, WHS lAW EO 13&26, S•otion 3.5 Oatet

JUt 19 a1D

r

I I

-------------------------------------

--------------------·-- -------------·

Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROO, WHS lAW EO 13526, 9eotlon 3.6 Date:

tJ'Ul 19 201

• f .. ;r

{

' (

f f f ,

f

I •

r (

I

l-3

...

J .... i 0 .. N ~ .

1"'1

'S u k

·l ~

t Q

1 I ~

"" JJ

f

Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD, WHS lAW EO 13526, S•ction 3.5

Oate: JUl 19 2013

]

j

J J

' J

,. t ~

:[

iF h ;r I• ~.;

{

l I t I. I I I I I I I f f f f f

A cone of liaht from the la.mp ia admitted into the lena housing through

a 0. 5-inch aperture. Midway between thil aperture and the lena is a baffle

With a. l. ZS ·inch aperture. The ae two baffiea limit the amount of light

reaching the lena. To reduce the amount of undesirable light the lena hout­

ing i1 ~lack anodized.

A 5 em diameter len• with a focal length of about 19 em is placed auch

that the image of the l111.mp !llaments is at the floor of the main chamber of

the aerophUometer in a light trap. The light trap ia an open-end polyhedron

made of sheet aluminum. The angle8 of the polyhedron are chosen such that

the specularly reflected Ught undergoes many reflections before re-entering

the chamber, The inaide o! the trap ia painted black to inaure a large

amount of absorption at each reflection of the light.

Positioned between the lena and the main chamber is a Corning glaa1

light filter f7 -60. This filter transmits only light within narrow banda of

wavelengths. Figut-e 3. 3 gives the percent tranaml.asion over a range of

wavelengths for this filter. An optical flat glau window uala the main

chamber from the lens houaing.

3. 2. 2 Photomultiplier Detection Syatern

There are two complete identical photomultiplier detection ayatema.

Both are placed in the center of one aide of the chamber perpendicular to

the lisht beam. One ia l/3 of the diatance down the aide from the top of t..'-:e

chamber and the other ia 2/3 of the dhtance down.

The photomultiplier tube• uud in thia apparatu1 are RCA type lPZl.

These tubes have a projected sensitive area of 5/1611 x 15/1611• In order to

ma.ke a well-delined aperture for the sensitive area and attempt to reduce

the pauibility of extraneous light reaching this area, the tubea except for

the sensitive area have been completely masked with black tape. There­

aponae of phototube lPZl is given in Figure 3. 4 over a range of wavelengths.

3-4 Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD, WHS lAW eo 13528, Section 3.5

Oate: JUL 1 9 2013

1 l 'j

j

J

•-'-

I[! '~":~::::::: + b------ ------------------ ------------------- ---------------~--------__::_: _____ ~~-_ -~-~-'-'---_=-==...__= t --

--'_:'~

"

l (

cs 0 .... Ill Ill

·a t al g ... ..

30 E-1

( ~ 41

20 lJ

"' 41

{ Pt 10

J 0 ·0

{

{

f -~

f r f r r il

r

o. 1

Corning #7 -60 Filter

0,2 0.3 0.4 o.s o. 7 0, 8

Wavelenath (microns)

Figure 3. 3 Percent Tranaminion of f7 -60 Filter over a Range of Wavelen1tha

3-5 Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROO, WHS lAW EO 1312&, ieatiM 3.6 Date\ JUl 19 201!

-,;:_

J

;_.

l I

' t (

I f r r r r ' r

100

t -- ---------------~---.... ~- ' I

~

Wavelength (microns)

Figure 3. 4 Ruponu ol IP~l Phototube over a Range of Wavelengthll

3-6 Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD. WHS lAW EO 13526. Section 3.S

Date: JUl 1 9 ZOI

.. ,-.·

r

r r

' I

I I I

r I

. . .-..:-- .... __ :-·~ .. ~~-:;::.::-:~--~-=-""""":·"-·~

ln. order to reduce extran.eoua light aourcee, the photo~ult!plier tube

houtina• aod photomultiplier lena houalnga are bl&c:k in color. Aa in the

ca .. of the Hsht aourc:o lena houaina. the chamber is ae&lecl from the photo­

tube lena houeing by an Oj)tical fla.t slau window.

The phototube leneea, which are aimilar to the light source letu, are

poaitioned such that the imaae plane of the phototube aperture ia in the cen­

ter of the light beam. Tbia image dimenaion ia 4-1/Z cm x 1-1/2. em. Thua,

only particle• within a rectangularly ahaped volume (whoae width ie deter­

mined by the light beam and height ia 1-1/Z em) are capable of acatterinJ

Ught into the phototube. Each of the two phototubea receivu equal amounta

of light fiux. Therefol'e. if each volume contains the •ame number and lise

of particlea, each will acatter the a&me amount of li1ht into the phototubea.

Each photomultiplier tub• il connected to an Aminco photomultiplier

mic:rophotometer which iR turn il connected to a Brown recorder. The

microphotometer il a power supply for the tube, a coutroller-. a signal

amplifier, and & meter, while the Brown recorder give• a contin.uoua re­

cord of the output alanala fl'om the microphotometer.

In order to relate output aianal• to the cuncentration and size of parti­

cles o£ the aerosol by me ana of electromagnetic wave acattering theory,

the Uaht flux received should be monochromatic. By the choice of light

filter and phototube uaed in thia apparatua, & nearly monochroma.tic liaht

beam haa been achieved. lte wavelenath is 0. 365 .± 0. OZ micron• and il

illustrated in Figure 3, 5 which 11ivea the overall reaponae of the system

over a range of wavelengtha.

3, 3 Powder Diaperling Syatem

The powder diaperoaing ayetem, ahown in Fiaure l. 6, i.e loc&ted on top

of the chamber and it of the b\1ratin1 dia.phraam variety.

3-7

Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD. WHS lAW EO 13526, Section 3.5

Date: JUL 1 9 201J

I j

.·.: .. :::.:::...;.;;·-1...,......:~~~·-:.'!,:-.= •• ;.;..;:;.'::1' -

---~~--:. ..... ·-- ._- .-=~-

-~----~---- -- ~--·~--~-~~-~~ .. -.. ~~-.. -.-- .. ....,.,._.,_....,..~..,,_,..,...,,~~:1: jiL J&:a4Da ·. ..----l· n-·--~--------···-~----·-·-·--·---.. -----·----·

r ,=. !' !~

I I f

I

I l t

r f f r f I' r

30

20

10

0 o. 1

o. 365 + o. 02

...

o. z 0,3 0,4 o. 5 0.6 0.7 o. 8

Wavelength (microns)

Flaure 3. 5 .ov~rall ruponse o£ Syatem

3-8

Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROO, WH: lAW EO 13&2&, seotlon3.

Datet JUl 1 9 2013

1 l !

!

I I j

I

.u

I l

l I t

I

r

I r

Piston Ringa (Teflon 110 11 Rini•)

Piston Auembly

/Housing

Diaphragm

~ -~-;~-::-~~:---:-~-;·;.._._-; r:=<r.-.;:;.._ ...,. ""•-

............ -.-.:;:~~·- . .,...,

' ' J'igure 3. 6 Schematic: Df.agram of Powder Diapei'IJing Apparatua

I 3-9

Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD, WHS lAW EO 13526, Section 3.5

Date: JUl l 9 2013

J

J

I

•,

-· .-.-~ -~--··,.-

--~-~-. ----------- --~- --- ~--------~--- ---~----------------------~~~ 4~t .~~

The cycle of operation of the dt.aperaina unit is aa follows: Firat, the

housing ia removed from the mounting flange which is permanently aealsd

to the top of the cha111ber and a diaphragm ia in1talled. Next the hauling il

reaec:ured and the cap. which alao carriea the phton auembly, il removed.

Thil permits loading of the powder. The cap ia then replaced. Dry nitro•

a en, the cliape:rainl IILB, ia metered in throuJ&h a needle valve and the J&•

preuure b monitored by a. gauge. When the diaperaina gae baa reached the

desired preuure, dry nitrogen is then diverted to the drivinl g&l inlet by

means of a togale valve. The drivinJ gas pushes the piston downward,

simultaneously cloein& the diaper sing gas inlet and puncturiag the diaphrasm.

With a proper combination of diaperainagaa preuure and diaphragm

material, it is believed that the diaphragm will rupture cleanly and the pow­

der will be efficiently dispersed. Bem;b tuting oi the unit, however, ia in

ita ea.rly stagu; further experimentation will be neceua.ry to find the suit­

able combination.

3. 4 The Aeroaol Samplinl System

An aeroeol sampling eyetem baa been installed in the chamber. This

will enable "spot checka11 of the aerosol by direct sampling. This data may

then be correlated to the data !rom the liab.t scattering system, which con•

tinuously monitore the aeroaol condition.

The direct eamplina of the aerosol b ac:compliehed by drawing an

aero1ol apecimen through a filter, The filter uaed is the Millipo:re 13 mm

diameter Type AA, which haa an 0. 8-mlcron pore size. Design conaidera•

tioru for the aampling ayatem center around the filter. Theee conaidera­

tlon• will be cliacuued prior to preaentlna the 1ampltni ayetem aa a whole.

Fiaure 3. 7 shows a filter and ita holder immeued in an aeroaol. When

the apprgpriate valve i1 opene:i, for a period of time the pllrnp draws the air

contained in the volume roughly indicated by the da1hed line tbroullh the fil·

ter. It haa been estimated that for typical aerosol densities lt will be

3-10 Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD, WHS lAW EO 13526, Stotlon 3.5 Date:

Jut 19 m

I i

I j

, : l li ~.- \'. --~-----r ~r----~---------------------------------- ________ :__ _____ . --

t- .. ~ J; necessary to draw from 10 to 100 cc throu&h the filter to provide a con•

1 1; r l ;

,_.

L

I t

t

r I r J

r r !

r

venlently couatable aample. A aecond requirement concern• the aampllnJ

apeed. U the aample il withdrawn too slowly, aerodynamic: forcet will 1Je

incapable of overcoming anvttational forcu for the laraer particle.. The

sample will thu1 be biased ill favor of the amaUer particles. In order to

avoid auch biatlng, it waa stipulated that the velocity of all air elementa

which eventually pau throuah the !Uter muat at all t1me1 be large compared

to the Stokea' fall velocity of a 10-micron particle. Thia inaurea unbiased

aamplin& for particlcG: of diameter le .. than 10 micron1.

Figure 3. 7 Sketch o! Filter and Holder Immersed in an Aerosol

I

The natriction concerning sampling time may be applied by consider·

ing a comparable, but airnpler, aituation. Suppo•e that the air i• with­

drawn. thl'ough a very small orifice, say that of a hypodermic needle (s~e

Fijure 3. 8). The volume withdr&win in thia case will be •pherical, ao

that the followin1 relation hold•:

3-11

•

Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD. WHS lAW EO 13526. Section 3.5 Uate: JUL 19 •

.:· ........ : ... -.:. .... - ·- -· . .. _..-.... ..._ _,.___,_ ---,:.:...:

H----~~-~ ~-~~ -::~~~

·-·-:-:"--!

' J

I I

l-:- . f' r l I I

' I I I I I I r i

r r c J •

r

---- - --- ----

..• , ... - • .,-.... ___ !!!" __ ..... ._. __ ,_~ ---·

where:

J'lgure 3. 8 Samplins with a Needle Irnmereed in an Aerosol

v (r)

f = the £low rate thruuiJh the ori£ice

·-~·;::;_:;.·~ .. ~·-:-~.1~~ - ..... ~.-~· .... :-

-.. -...::::.;..._..~ .. ' .... _._~ ..

v(r) = the veloc:ity o£ an element of air located a. distance r from the orifice.

Further, the aampled volume V is given by

v • £t • !f a3

where:

t = the sampling time

R • the racliua o£ the region sampled.

Now, since we nee'd con•tder r S R, it may be noted that

3-ll

Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROO, WHS lAW EO 13526, Section 3.5 f.Jate:

JUl 19 20J!

l . i

! i

.~.- -··-

-~.;:--

.'{~~

i

I \

' I

I

n r [

l l I I

I

r r r

r

v(r) • f 41T r:a

f • v{l\.) 41rR~

lmpodna the condition

v(R) >> 0. 35 em/sec

which ls the Stokes' fall velocity of 10-rnicron particle, it is seen that

but

v(R) » a

0, 35 em/ sec • 41TR

ftz = lV 2./l ... (tlr}

so that the condition is

£» 3V 1./l

0.35cm/tec x 41T x Cw> ·

Since alto V /f = t tbexoe \1 the condition

t « v 3V 'l.}j

0, 35 em/sec X 41T X ( 4lf")

on t. For V.:: 10 cm3

then conditions imply f » 8 cm3/sec and t « 1, 3

sec while lor V • 100 cm3, there reault1 l » 37 cm3/nc t <<. Z. 7 eec.

It ahould be noted that increaaina the sampled volume V increatel both

the lower limit on. f and the upper limit on t.

Page determined to be Unclassified

Reviewed Chief, ROO, WHS

lAW EO 13526, Section 3.5

Uatl\ JUl 1 9 2013

I

J

L· ---·----. -r---·-------··-- ----- .. ------------------------------- ------------r------

I I I

r

r

The actual sampling situation, of course. i• more nearly th•d depictecl

in Figure J. 7. Further etudy will probably ehow that the relation between v

and f, thoush more complicated than the one analysed for Fisure 3. 8 will

result in leu stringent conclition• on ! and t.

The filter .ayatsm in~talled in the aerophUometer utilises a. 3/S~inch

dia.meter portion of the filter disk. The Millipore Co. published curve•

show that the prenure differential required to produce a !low of 8 cm3/sec

is about 3 em Hg. while for 37 cm 3/aec the requirement is about 18 em Hi•

Both conditions are eaaily attainable.

The aeroaol samplins system comprise• eight filter holders auapencled

in the aeroeol cha.mber by four probes. Theae probes are located in the

chamber as ahown in Figure 3. 9. The filter holder• form the eight corners

of a cube of ed1e length 3l em. This cube is centrally located within the

chamber.

Fiaure 3. 9

33 em --33 cr;0

Schematic Diagram of Aeroaol Sampling Apparatus In•ide Chamber •

3-14 Page determined to be Unclassified

Reviewed Chief, ROD, WHS lAW eo 13526, Section 3.5

Uatt: JUL 1 9 2013

1 I i I

I ! t

'

I.

J.

I

I r

Each of the four probes is separately controlled, which eanbles sam­

plea to be dra.wn at !our different time. in the history of a liven aerosol.

The control manifold for the aamplins system is shown schematically

(only one of the probu h shown) in Fipre 3. 10.

Solenoid Valve-

\ t f To Other Probes

U U ~ /Meterini Valve l

To __... J ~- Bleed Exhaust Pump L._fl ~

' j ~To Manometer \Solenoid Va.lve Meterini Vaive 1

-Inlet Tube

-Inlet Tube

Figure 3. 10 Schematic DiaJram of Aerosol Sampling System Control Manifold and a. Sampling Probe

This system operatu aa follows: The four solenoid valve. on the probes

are hormally clo1ed, while that on the bleed il normally open; the wiring is

such that actuating any one of the four probe sol"noida actuate. the bleed

solenoid. With one o! the probe solenoids open, Metering Valve 1 ia

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adjusted to give the desired flow &I indicated by the manometer, After the

probe solenoid i8 closed (which action also re ·opens the bleed aolenoid)

Metering Valve 2 is adjuated to reproduce the preaeure drop on the m&no•

metet'. Thus, the manifold ia continuously run at the ne11ative pre11ure

(with respect to a.tmoapheric) which c:orreaponda to the de1ired flow rate.

Thia, to11ether with the fact that the manifold piping maku up the bulk of the

sampling system volume, in1ure1 minimum respon1e time of the system.

The .filter holden are so constructed that they may be easily removed

from the probe inlet tubes. Thi• enables carrying of the filter holder -

filter unit to a microscope for examination without disturbing the filter.

3. 5 Future Work

A1 previously stated, the tabrication of the aerosol chamber described

above h nearly complete, Preliminary teats. though few in number to date,

have indicated that duign eatimatu are luffic:lently clou to reality aa to

require no major modif'icattona of the varioua systems.

The work of. the first few week• of the next reportin.a period will be con­

cerned with determining optimum oper&ting conditione nec:eaea.ry to produce

a well diaperaed aero$ol, The variable. primarily under 1tudy will oe dis­

persing gae preeaure, diaphra1m material, and amount of initial fan stir·

ring.

The main objective after detail• o! operation are worked out ia investi­

gation of factors &!.fectini the settlina rate of aeroaola. Thill eseentially is

a •tudy o£ agglomeration rate• of pa.rticlu in the aerosol. Factou to be

studied Will ln.clude, but neceuarily be limited to:

1) Concenb•ation of aerosol

Z) Particle size and type

3) Charge chara.c:teriatlca of particle• and environment

4) Wate% vapor content of particle

3-16

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5) Relative humidity of environment

6) Turbulent and tranquil aettlina

Aerosol turbulence may be an important factor in agglomeration o£

aerosol particles. In view o£ the low Stokes' fall velocity of a typical parti·

cle (0. 7 mm/aec for a 5 -micron diameter particle}, a truly tranq,uU settlina

condition is difficult to achieve in practice. Because of thie fact, the use of

two separate phototube scanning unita la highly advantageoue. While detail•

of individual light-scattering curvea are related to aerosol condition• in a

complicated way, the relative behavior of two such curves ia more eaeHy

understood.

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4. VIABILITY STUDIES

In previous reports data were presented on the viability of wet and dry

aerosol• o£ S. marc:ucens and B. globigii after exposure to & aeriee of

temparaturea rangins from 75'C to uo•c for periods up to 1. 68 seconds.

During the preaent reporting period, the same apparatus and techniques

wue employed to extend this study over a wider temperature range (up to

2oo•c). The data were then used to calculate the thermal-death-time para­

meters which are characteristic for these systems.

Preliminary studies were undertaken to evaluate the effect which coat­

ing ~with Cab-0-Sil (an amorphous silica composed of 1 S to 20 millimicron

particles) had on the viability of the system, its culturing properties and its

susceptibility to elevated air streams •

The appa't'ent toxic influence of the buna rubber liquid-store liner on

proli!erating and resting cella was investigated and was !ound to be a bac­

teriostatic rather than a bactericidal effect.

4. 1 Viability o£ Dry Aerosols of Bi and Sm

Until the present reporting period, no effect of beat on the viability of

~aerosols could be observed. At the higher temperature• studied during

this pel'iod, however, a significant diminution in viability waa demonstrated.

These observations are summarized ln. Table 4. 1 and are plotted in Ft1ure

4.1. Expoaure at temperatures up to 150 detrees £or 1. 68 seconds and 175

degrees for 0. S seconds manifested no observable effect. More severe

treatments. either at increased temperature~ or for more extended periods

markedly &f!ected viability. Since the apparatus used in these ~Jtudiea was

not designed to 11tudy expoeurea greater than 20o•c for l, &8 seconds, l.t was

impouible to extend these observations further. However, examination of

the few reliable points obtained indicates that the characteriatic of thermal

death for .!s spores after dry aerotolization would not differ markedly from

4-1 Page detennined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD, WHS lAW EO 13528, Seotlon 3,5 [.late:

JUL 19 1013

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I ..... A~ 0. !5 0 sec

lie 0

I ~

I o. 01

f f 0,001

f f 0,0001 j

so 75 100 1a! 150 175 ~00

' f Temperature °C

Figure 4, 1 Viability of Sm &nd ~Aerosols at 1

r Elevated Ai~ream cmpc rature :; t

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those of ~aerosols. In each c:a.ae, apparently, the destruction il retarded

l.n the initial phau, then becomes accelerated until logarithmic death occurs.

The major difference between !J and ~ ie the critical expoeure at which

thermal effect becomes apparent.

Table 4. 1 Viability of Dry Aeroaob of !J at VaJ'ious Exposures (~from Lot No. X-U, a.ero11olized with DeVilbiu generator - Sl triala)

Exposure Time (sec) Average Corrected Temperature (Calculated at Viability (Gfo) Viability* (~)

(•c) Room Temperature) (Experimental) (Calculated)

Room Temp. 1. 68 100 100 1Z5 1. 68 100 100 150 1. 68 100 100 175 1. 68 14.Z 16.5 zoo 1. 68 0.63 0,77 J75 0. s 94. 0 lOO zoo 0. s 54.5 67.0

• Values corrected for differences in sample volumes from heated and con­trollega due to variation in flow ratu at different temperature~.

During this study period it was pouible to obaerve the logarithmic

thermal death of aerotolized §!!!.through aeveral ordere of maanitude, Pre·

vioua reporta, which included data only up to 13o•c for 1. 68 second• did not

illustrate the true shape of the destruction curve. The results reported in

Table 4. ~ a.nd Figure 4. z. on the other hand, are high •igni!icant. lt is

evident that at the le., severe exposures, the death rates resemble those

obtained for multicellular organiams. Thil type of curve is always ob­

tained with clumped cella where all member• of the clump muat be killed

before it !aile to form a. colony5 . Since the aerosolized ~ and ~ sus pen•

aion• probably exist in the form of multicellular c:lumpa, these experimental

4-3 Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROO, WHS lAW EO 13628, Section 3.5

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o. 1 70

Sm 90~ - ~99.0%

~50.0~

Sm 99. 9"

80 90 100 110 lZO 130 140 150 loO 170 180 190 200

Temperature •c

Figure 4, 2 Thermal Death Time Parameters of Sm and~ Aeroaola

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curve• aaree well with the theory, This phenomenon, however, could not

be ob1ervecl (and waa not previously observed) unlea• the ob1ervationa were

extended over a wide range of lethal expo1urea such aa per!ormed in this

study.

Tabla 4. 2 Viability of Dry Aero1ola of Sm at Various Exposures (~from Pool 17, a.ero•ollziCJ"l,y explotion - 35 trial a)

Temperature Expoaure Time Averaae ViabUity, % Corrected Viability, ~· ('C) (sec) (Experimental) (Calculated)

75 1, 12 71. 0 71. 0 1. 68 55.0 55.0

100 0.5 99.0 100.0 l. lZ 61. z 64. 0 1. 68 43.6 46.0

125 0.5 54.7 59.0 1. 12 33.3 36. 0 1.68 6, 1 6. 4

150 0.5 7.Z 7.9 1. 68 0.25 0.275

175 0.5 o. 03Z 0,035 1.68 o. 00024 0.00026

*Values corrected fo1· dulerence1 in sample volume !rom heated and con• trollega due to variation in flow rates at different temperatures.

Figure 4. 1 alao illustrates the variation that may be expected ln results

lor any given exposure, a.nd the need for multifold replication of trials in

order to gain valid paint• for the plot of thermal destruction curves. It

appeara that significance should be a.acribed only to differences which vary

by an order of ma.gnitude or more.

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During this phase o£ the study several pouible sources of error auo­

cia.ted with our techniques were considered. Aside from the norm&l experi­

mental error which could occur, it was recosnized that the two following

corrections might have to be applied because of the vuiation in !low rate

through the heated leg o£ the apparatus at elevated temperatures:

1) correction for sample volume difference .Crom heated and unheated leg during simultaneous sampling for identical time period

Z) correction for actual exposure time which would differ from the theor ... tical one calculated for room temperature

The first correction wa1 made on the bash o£ observed flow rate mea­

surements for each individual run and is included in the tabulated data. The

second correction can be calculatl'ld as follows:

where:

Troom

:: Tobserved

Froom temp

F obaerved ' tcalculated

tactual

Troom

Tobserved

F room temp

Fobaerved

tcalculated

= the time exposure time in seconds

= absolute temp in control leg

= abaolute temp in heated leg

= flow rate through control leg = 0, 43 dm

= !low rate through heated leg

= expoaure time calculated for control leg between oriain and sampler

These correctiona were included in the data plotted in Figure 4. 2. which

repreaent the thermal death time parameteu !or the syatem under study.

4-6 Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROO, WHS lAW EO 13628, Section 3.5

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The values in Figure 4. Z are calculated £rom the experimental value a

obtained and are characteriatic "Z" value curvet from which interpolation•

can be confidently made for the timet and temperatures shown. Euentia.lly

thia chart permits the prediction of the level of destruction which would be

expected at any expo•ure Within the range shown.

4:. Z Effect of Cab -0-Sil on Viability

Preliminary experiments were performed to determine the ef1ect of

Cab-0-Sil on the viability of~ and~ powder•, under storage and elevated

air atream conditiona.

To determine any inhibitory effects, Cab-0-Sil waa incorporated into

nutrient agar in concentration• ranging from 0. 1 to 5. 0 percent. Both .!!~

and Sm arew on these media with no sian of inherent inhibition. Cab·O-Sil

waa then mixed with ~powder in concentration• of 0. 1 and 1. 0 percaLlt.

The dry mixtures were refrigerated and samples were taken at interval•

!or culturina. The teet results are shown in Table 4. 3 and indicate that no

demonstrable bactericidal effects occur during short term storage periodt

under these conditions.

Mixtures of Cab-0-Sil a.nd ~were aerosolized into the elevated tem·

perature air atream apparatus and viability wa1 measured by previously

described techniques a.t 125, 150 and 175 degreea. The results of theae

triall are tabulated in Table 4. 4 and plotted in Figure 4. 3 tosether with the averaged data for pure powders of Sm at the same exposures. There

appears to be a. very 1light protective effect exerted by Cab-0-Sil; however,

too few triala have been performed at thia date to lend any aigniiicance to

the obaerved deflections. It can be concluded, nevertheleu, that Cab-0-Sil

doce not exert any deleterioua influence on the viability of ~during growth,

short tf!rm atorage, a.nd upon aerosolization.

4-7 Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD. WHS lAW EO 13526, Section 3.6 uate~ JUL 1 9 2013

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10. 0

1.0

0. 1 0,5 sec: Cab·O·Sil

0.5 sec No Cab·O-Sil

o. 01

o. 001

1. 68 aec Cab-0-Sil

1. 68 aec: No Cab-0-Sil:

0.0001~------~----------~--------------~----------------ll5

Fiiure 4. 3

150 175

Temperature •c

Effect of Cab-0-Sil on Viability of~ Aerosols

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Table• 4. 3 Eflec:t of Cab·O-SU Coating on Short Term Viability of ~

Storage Period (Days)

0

0

3

s

!o Cab-0-SU

1. 0 0.1

1.0 o. 1

1.0 0. 1 1.0 o. 1

Diluent

" II

II

II

II

II

'I' ween ZO ( 0, 1 o/t) Tween 20 (0. 1%)

Viable Count per gm x 10-10

8,0

5.0 •• 0

4. 8 3. 6

3.4 6, 7 4. 8 3.7

Table 4. 4 Influence o! 1% Cab-0-Sil on Viability of Dry Aero•ol of~ Exposed to Elevated Air Temperatures

Temperature ("C)

150

175

Time (sec)

0. 5 1. 68

0 . .5 1, 68

o. 5 l. 68

4-9

Average Viability, % Control Ca.b-0-Sil

54.7 84.0 6. 1 16. 6

7.Z 7. 3 0.25 o. 25

0.03Z. o. 090 o. 00024 0,0006

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4. 3 Toxic E!!ect of Buna Rubber on Sm

Several stripe of cured, sterile buna rubber (Stoner Rubber Co.) were

embedded into nutrient agar plates, and overlajd with a. thin layer of clear

a.11a.r, Streak inoculations were made on the overlay of~· h• a mold

euapendon and an actinomycete. The results are diagrammed in Fi11u:re

4. 4. In each case, growth waa markedly inhibited in the vicinity of the

rubber, indicating the presence of some soluble, dif!ulible toxic agent.

Triplicate suspenaiona of~ in tryptose phosphate buffer were pre­

pared and refrigerated. Square sections of sterile rubber were placed in

two of the flaska, and the third flaek was retained aa a control. Aliquota

were taken at Z4-hour intervals a.nd viability of the~ was determined by

plating. The results, shown In Table 4. 5, indicated that the rubber did not

exert a bactericidal effect and that ita toxic principle was euentially bac­

teriostatic.

Table 4. 5 Effect of Rubber on ~Suspensions

Storage Period (hours)

0 24 48 96

uo 144 168

No Rubber

2.9 2, 3 2. 3 2.0 1.3 1.6 0.8

Viable Count per cml X 1 o·4 ~ z Rubber (25 em ) Rubber (l en;· }

4-10

0.9 1.2 1.3 0.6 1.5 o. 9 o. 7

1, 5 1. 1 1.6 o. 5 1. z 1.3 0. 7

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R\tbber Strip

---Ag&r

Aspetgillu• ~·

Sm -Streptomycu !f:

Figure 4. 4 Toxic Effect of Rubber

4-11 Page determined to be Unclassified Reviewed Chief, ROD, WHS lAW EO 13626, Section 3.5

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S. DISSEMINATION AND DEAGGLOME.RATION STUDlES

S.l General

The dearee o£ deagglomeration during disaemination of ~ in the wind

tunnel was further studied. during thia period by making an analytical eatima­

tion oi the effect of filtration on determinations of small-scale agglomeration

in the 1 to 20-micron range. In th11 previous report it waa stated our data

repre1ented the upper limit on the degree of deagglomeration, !Iince all

apparent agglomerate~, viewed under a light microscope, were counted even

though some of them resulted !rom filtration proc .. 1 employed in aamplins

the aerosol. This study shows that a aiani!icant percentage oi the apparent

agglomeration may be due to filtration.

Considerable effort during this period was devoted to the design, fabri­

cation and development of a new diuemination model capable of a 30 lb/min

powder flow rate, similar to the full-acale diueminator currently being de­

aigned. Apparatus used for preparation a£ the powder samples were also

constructed. These included a compaction device and a mechanical deag­

glomeratar for reducins the resu.ltini dugs o! material to small aiilome r­

ates and ba~tic particle•. Th11 equipment will be utilized in wind tunnel tuts

both in our labora.tory a.nd in !orthcomina experiments in the Fort Detrick

la.rge aerosol sphere.

5. 2 Sm Diuemination -Small-Scale Asalomerate Study

ln ouzo previous work, apparent agglomerates present in the aeroaol in

the small-scale range, 1 to ZO microns, were collected on Millipore filters

and counted under a light microscope. The statistical analyais which follow•

was conducted to eatimate the quantity of agglomerates formed by filtration.

Due to the complexity of the problem, it is neceuary to assume that

the particles are uniform in size. By definition, an agglomerate ia formed

5-l

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du!'ins filtl'ation if one or more particles fall within one diameter of the

center of a particle which already rona upon th@ filter. Fiaure S. l depict•

thil situation where:

At • total filter area ~bserved under the micro1cope

z A

1 "' fT Dp = projected filter area

Dp • particle liiameter

The filtration effect ie dependent on the projected area of the particle•

in the aerosol. Therefore, the particle dimen.ton uaed in the c&lc::ulation is

the mean diameter with reapeet to the surface. ddined from the particle

lise diatribution by:

where:

D ~ ,. p

n = number of particles in any interval (i)

N = total particles in diltribution

The value of this term waa obtained for the ~ sa.mple diueminated in the

te ata.

Pohaoll 11 law c::an be used to predict the probability of two or more

aeparate particles .lalllnJ on the filter within the area A • The law ia valid I

lor caaea with a large number of va.riabl .. and a amall probability, both of

which are satiahed in thi• a.nalys1a.

In general, Poiuon •a law states that the prob.ability of findina any

number (x) of bade partices in the area A1

is

P(x) = -m x e m x!

5-~

(5-l)

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At

A •

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where m is the mean number of parti<:lu in all area• (A ) 8

m • (S-Z)

where n • total number of particles oburved.

Since the sum of the probabilitiea of all pouible valuca (x) must equal

one, the probability of finding two or more particle• in A1 il

P (Z or mon) = 1 • P(o) • P(l) (S-3)

Thus,

P (Z or more) = 1 - e-m (5-4)

or

P (Z or more) :: 1 - e-m (1 + m) (5-5)

The expected number of agglomerate& (a) on the obaerved area of the

filter due to !iltration ia aimply:

[ ~.] E(a) • ~- P (Z or more) (5-6)

In analysing the experimental data preunted in the previous report,

the surface mean diameter of the aeroaol particle diltribut1on wa• calcu­

lated and the following reeulta were obtained6.

5-4

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A • I. 96 x 10·7 cm2

" m = 0. 075 particles/area (A

11)

Thus:

P (Z or more) = 26. 7 x 10·4

and

E(a.) = 40 agglomerate•

The percentages o! particulate materia.l in the aerosol which formed

apparent agglomerates and thoae estimated to be formed durina filtration

are shown in Figure S. Z. The computation ahowe that filtration does have

a ligniflcant eflect l)n our data analysis: at lew bulk density (0, 33 gm/ cc)

about 57 percent of the apparent agalomerate• present may be attributed to

filtration, whereas at bulk density (0. 65 gm/cc) this value ia 31 percent.

lt should be noted that the expected agglomeration due to filtration is

directly proportional to the particle size. Therefore, data preunted in the

laat report in the 5 to 20-micron range are i.n!luenced more by filtration

than thoae ln the 1 to 5 -micron range.

3. 3 Duisn of High Flow Rate Diueminator Model (GMI-3) and Related !qulpmont

Experim~ntal work on the diuemination of~ in the wind tunnel up to

the present time baa provided a baeic underatanding Qf the aerodynamic

break-up procea 1 and characteriltica of both mechanical and pneumatic

diueminatora. At this time, it ia deeirable to inveadgate more specifically,

parameters that are being considered in the deaign and development of the

prototype unit. Therefore, a new model diueminator baa been deaigned

and fabricated to accompliah thh objective.

5-5

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0.3 0.4

0

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Apparent Agalomera.tes Observed in ~ to 20-Micron Range

Apparent Agglomerates Cauaed by Filtration Effect

0.5 0.6 Bulk Density (gm/ cc:)

Figuu 5. Z Porcenta1e of Particles (by number) in~ Aerosol

0.7

(which conaitt of apparent agjlomeratee in the 1 to 20-micron range as com­pared to apparent agalomerates caused by filtration effect (wind tunnel Mac:h number o. 5)

5-6

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The prototype unit will utilize a mechanical mechamam lo partially

break up the larie compacted sluga of material into small agglomerate•

and basic p&E'ticlea. The rnater1al will form a bed ill the diuemina.tor

which will be traneported from the unit into the atmoaphere by a gas.

To limulate the complete proceaa, equipment baa been constructed for

compacting the powder in the density ra.n;e 0. 40 t'-' 0. 65 gm/cc and •hearing

the slugs. Figure 5. 3 shows the devicea, Compa.ction ia accomplished by

ueing a low friction pia.ton and dead weiahte. Mechanical break-up ia

achieved by rotating andadvancing the compacted slugs into a single blade

with a cuttin.ll depth of 0. 050 ineb.

Modele udng a purely pneumatic; mechanism for tran1porting material

into the wind tunnel were inveatigatecl for this new eyatem. However, it was

found difficult to disseminate one gram of material in 0, OQ.f second, re­

quired for a 30 lb/min flow rate. Thus, a mechanical piaton concept was

employed as shown in Figure 5. 4. The tran1port mechanism in this case

doea not tend to break up the material prior to itlf entry into the tunnel,

whereas in the case of gae transport, there is partial reduction of agslo­

meratea. Therefore, deagglomer&tion data obtained with the model 1hould

be on the conservative aide - performance o£ the prototype should be slightly

better.

The system utilizes compreued gaa to actuate the piston. In compari­

son with the previously uaed spring eyatem, thia method provides 1reater

llexibility for varying the ejection velocity and aimpliliu the loading opera­

tion. For this high speed ejection process it is neceuary to apply the

actuating force to the piston rapidly. This ia achieved by retaining the

pilton with an electromagnet and pressurizing the air chamber to 12 paia.

The phton ill released when the circuit to the coil ia opened.

For a 3Cl lb/min flow rate the orifice diameter is 0, 394 inehu anci the

ejection velocity ilf 33. 5 ft/ aec,

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Wind Tunnel

Micro -Switch

!:lectromagnet

Figure 5. 4

'Powder Sa.mple

Air Chamber

High Flow Rate Diueminator Model (GMI ·3) for Wind Tunnel Applicatton

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valve which il connected to a miero-awitch ill such a way that the coil cir•

cuit il opened whel\ the slider ia pull1d open •

The complete apparatua nt•qp il 1how11 in Figure 5. 5 where the model

ia mounted to the wind tunnel. Related equipment include. a power 1upply

coneilting of two, 6·volt dry cella and a regulator and preuure gauge.

At the present time the appa.ratu1 ha.1 been tested for operational

characterbttca. In the immediate future, experiment. will be conducted to

determine the de;ree of deagglomeration dul"i.ng diuemina.tion of~· The

aame analysis techniquea aa were diacusaed in our previou1 report will be

uaed in thi• work. Also, during thi1 next pniod the unit will be uaed in

viability recovery teata at Fort Detrick in the 40-foot teat aphere.

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6. EXPE.Rl.MENTS WITH THE FULL-SCAl..E FEEDER FOR COMPACTED DRY AQENT SIMULANT MATERIALS

6. 1 Introduction

A full-scale device for disaggregating and feeding compacted powder 7 materials waa described in the sixth quarterly progl'ess report . This de·

vice embodies the euential design features proposed for u .. in an airborne

store capable o! disseminating dry BW agent materials which are carried

aboard the store in a compacted state. The main objectiv .. o£ the experi­

ment. with the full-scale feeder are to demonstrate the feasibility of the

propoaed deaign concept8 and to obtain data required for the design and

fabrication of a disseminator suitable for flight testing.

Perhaps the two most important queations relative to the proposed de­

sign concept have been:

1) Will the force required to translate the compacted powder down the cylinder be low enough to allow a practical drive ayatem?

Z) Will the amount of gaa required to motivate the diaaggre­gated powder be low enough to permit storing sufficient gas a.board the store?

The desired objective ia to have a driving torque which does not exceed

Z500~tnch-pounde and a gas consumption which does not exceed approxi­

mately 3 percent by weight of the agent material.

During the reporting period covered by this document, it was demon­

atrated that both the torque and gae requirements are low enough to con ..

aider the deeign feasible in thete regards.

The experiments which are being reported have alao served to provide

qualitative information relative to items such as: the size of dilcharse

opening required, the effectivenea a of the cutters in shaving off and break·

ing up the compacted powder, gaa preuurea required for proper operation

of the feeder, uniformity of powder flow rate, and other behavior char­

acterhtics of the !eeder and the compacted dry talc. In general, the

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"lUll'S: 1! DEC~SSIFIED IN FULL ., • Authonty: EO 13526 ~·~

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JUL 19 D! .. ,; performance of the experimental feeder haa been very encouraging and indi­

cations are that the proposed concept for disseminating compa.cted dry agent

materi&la ia quite feaaible. Even though the r81ulta obtained thu1 far are

somewhat preliminary in nature, it ia believed that the following diacu .. ion•

will prove to be o£ value to thou following the progreu of work .on the dil­

aemination of dry agent materials.

6. Z General Procedure

The procedure employed in the experimental work is to load and com­

pact the powder mate7'i&l into the feeder and then to mount the unit in a teat

stand where the powder can be collected and weighed a.s the feeder is driven

by a variable speed drive. As the feeder is operated, several operational

characterietica such as driving speed, driving torque, time to discharge a

given quantity of powder, aa• flow rate, gas pressure inside feeder, and

gas preseure at the supply regulator are observed an~ recorded.

A schematic diagram of the arrangement used in the experiments il

presented ln Figure 6. 1. A photograph of the actual equipment ia shown in

Figure 6. 2. In thie picture the feeder is shown in the teet stand and con­

nected to the drive unit. The gas manometera and !low meter are mounted

on the cart so that they can be readily disconnected and moved out of the

way during the loading operation.

The torque required to drive the feeder ie mea•ured two ways. When

the drive ecrew ia rotated manually a torque wrench bused, When the

power drive is used. torque ie determined by meaeuring the reaction torque

on the drive unit. The drive unit is mounted on two bearinge in line with

the axis of the feeder and restrained by a dynamometer. The force regia­

tered on the dynamometer is multiplied by the lever arm to obtain the

torque.

Since relatively low preuuree are employed in the gas system beyond

the regulator, llimple manometer tubet are used to measure presaures.

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Variable -Speed Drive

Figure 6. l

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Collecting Drum

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Platform ScAle

Feeder

Schematic Diagram of Teat Arrangement used with Expedmental Feeder fox- Compacted Powde:ra

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-- ------·--·------

Test Arrangement used with Experimental Feeder for Compacted Powders

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The amount of gas being uaed i8 meaaured with a variable-area type

!low meter placed· in the eupply line between the prusure reaulator and the

!eeder. The r .. trlctor ia used to control the amount of air Ilowina into the

!eeder .

"Mbtron Vapor" talc produced by the Sierra Talc lr Clay Co., haa

been used in all of the experiments thua far. Thia material haa a maximum

particle size of 8 microns, a mean diameter of 1. 03 microna, and a 1pecific

aravity of 2. 75. The p&rticlea have a plate-like shape, Talc i1 being uaed

in the preliminary work becauae with talc it is not neceuary to operate

with low humidity conditions in the teat area and there ia no explosion

hazard. However, it la important that face maaka be worn by personnel to

prevent inhalation of the material.

The talc il loaded into the feeder by separating the cylinder at the cen­

ter eection and standing each half on end. The piaton h moved to the fully

retracted podtion at bottom of the cylinder. Talc is loaded into the cylin­

der a.nd compacted in increments to obtain a uniform density throughout.

Denlity is calculated from the weight of talc required to fill the known

volume within the feeder. The denaity obtained waa 0. 44 grams per cc in

the first loading and 0, 46 gramt per cc in the second loading. The feeder

wa• loaded with 438 lba of talc in the !irst loading and 443 lb• ln. the ucond.

The experimental work i1 being conducted in a special test room fabri­

cated for the purpoeee of confinins powder materials to a specific area and

ol subsequently providing a means of operating under controlled humidity

conditions. The room is shown ln Figure 6, 3. It ha• a floor 9 by 1 S feet

and ia 11 feet 8 inches hiah. The teet room ia Cabricated from rigid plastic­

fibre glass aheeLs secured to a structural aluminum framework with epoxy

resin to obta1n an air-tight enclosure, There is an air lock to minimize

influx of unconditioned air u pereonnel pa.as through the doot'way. The

current work haa been conducted with the door open and ueing a blower to

pull air through the rooM and out through a filter before discharging it to

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All electrical equipment installed in the test room is explosion prool.

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6. 3 P_tiving Torque Determination•

While operatina the feeder to discharge the first load of talc, a con­

siderable portion of the operating time was devoted to studying the driving

torque problem. Belore proceeding with power·driven operation o£ the

loaded feeder, the drive screw was turned manually with a torque wrench.

Two important observations were made. Firat, the pistons moved approxi­

mately lilix inches alona the cylinder before the other end of the powder alug

started moving into t!1e diaaggregator cutter•. Second, as tlut feed a crew

waa rotated the required torque gradually increa.sed until a value ol 250ft·

lbs was exce~ded. Since the desired torque objective o£ ZOO ft-lbs had been

exceeded, steps were taken to reduce the torque before proceeding with the

power operation.

The cylinder was opened at the ends and the pistona were removed

without disturbing the powder. It was oh1.1erved thnt the talc being forced

out of the threads of the drive screw wa1 highly compacted and appeared to

be locking the piaton nut to the drive screw. In addition, the oil was coming

out o£ the bronze Oilite material of the nut and mixing with the talc to form

a hard gummy residue in the threads.

The thread friction was reduced by changing to a free -machining brau

material for the piston nuts and by incorporating a thread cleanout feature

in the nut, as shown in Figure 6. 4, This nut is constructed eo that powder

material in the •crew thread is removed at the front face of the nut and

directed throuah a radial paa aagewa.y to the rear face of the piston where it

falla into the cylinder behind the piston.

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Piston Nut

Screw

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Compacted Powder

-Path of Powder Scraped from Thread

(Half Size)

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After modifying the piaton nuta the torque required to drive the feeder

was approximately 200 ft-lbl indicating that the modification reduced the

threa.d friction by a little more than 50 ft-lbs. No attempt wa.a made to ob-

tain a torque reading for thread friction independent o£ other forcea con­

tributing to the overall driving torque requirement.

Having achieved a sufficiently low driving torque value it was poaaible

to proceed with power-driven operation of the feeder, In operating the

feeder, the material was discharged in a eeriea of short runs of one to two

minutes duration. It was observed that the torque required to start the

feeder after each shut·down waa excessive because the talc waa bearing

against the disaggregator disc• at the center of the cylinder. By rotating

the disaggregator back and forth manually. it wa.e posaiblct to clear the

powder back to the cutting plane (approximately 3/lZ inches from the disc

in the first teat series). When this waa done the torque reduced to an

acceptably low value of ZOO ft-lba or leu. It waa noted that eomething was

cauaini the compacted powder to expand when the feeder was stopped at th.e

end of a run.

As a consequence of the series oi runs with the first load o£ talc it was

learned that the following factors can contribute to the torque load which

must 'be overcome by the drive unit:

1) force required to translate the powder slug down the cylin­der - approxiinately 180 ft-lba.

Z) torque required to rotate the dhaggregator dhca if the powaer beau against the diacs - variable depending upon bearing preuure: calculated to be 86 ft-lbe for a pressure of 0. 5 psi.

3) torque required to stir powder in the center section alter it has been shaved off by the cutters - calculated to be approximately 2 ft-lbs.

4) torque to rotate the feeder when empty (friction from bear­inga, acrew-threada, piston rubbing on cylinder, diaaggre­gator rubbing on cylinder)- approximately 15 !t-lba.

5) torque from powder being forced out of feed screw aad resisting travel of the nut - approximately 50 ft-lba.

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With the above knowledge o! factors contributing to torctue it waa easy

to ue why the total torque initially exceeded the desired ZOO ft·lbt objec •

tive and why it waa necu aary to take action directed at reducing torque

where i)osaible. The thread clean-out feature incorporated in the piston

nut wt\ich eliminated torque Item ( S) has already been described. Correc ~

tive action taken to lower other torque items is diacusted below.

The force required to trantlate the powder tlug down the cylinder,

Item { 1) above, waa reduced by allowing the compacted powder to expand

radially after compaction thua eliminating sidewall forces of powder

asainst the cylinder. Thh waa accompliahed by lining the cylinder with

at1•ip1 of 1/8-inc:h thick aluminum before loading and compacting the pow·

der i11 the cylinder. Theae stripe were then removed to form a radial

clearance apace all around the elua of powder. When the cylinder wa1

poai.tioned horizontally it waa observed that the space created in thh man~

ner wa.1 .more than adeq_ua.te to relieve compaction stresses and that the

powder was not contacting the cylinder wall on the upper aide.

An attempt wa• made to reduce the torque resulting from powder bear­

ina againat the disaggregator discs by mounting the cutters on the outer

surfaces (toward compacted powder) of the discs, This placed the cutting

plane approximately l3/3Z inches away £rom the disc. This arrangement

provided additional apace !or the powder to expand and contributed to a re•

duction in the required driving torctue. However. subsequent teats demon•

strated that thia was not the complete solution to the powder expansion

problem and that further torque reductions should be po .. ible if the powder

expansion can be minimized.

The torque required to rotate the diaaggregator was reduced by mount·

in& rollers en the perimeter of the disca which support the cuttera.

The succeu of theu measures in reducing torque was demonatratcd in

the urie• of te•ts made with the aecond loading. The torque was only 3!5

£t-lba during the first teat of this series when the feeder wu full o£ pown~r.

By the end of the second tut run the torque had increased to 150 ft·lbe.

During the reat o( the ?'uru the torque ranged from 100 to 160 ft·lbs.

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The loading procedure employing removable stripe to create a radial

expanaion spa.ce for the powder also eliminated the initial delay in powder

feeding. In the preceding discuuions o! the results without uaing remov­

able stripe during loading, it was pointed. out that the piaton moved approxi­

mately six inc:hee before the central end of the alug of material started

feedin1 into the cutters. When the powder was allowed to expand radially

after compaction, the piston pushed the powder slug into the cutters without

noticeable initial compreuion of the slug.

6. 4 Motivatins Oaa and Talc Discharge Rate Mea1urements

In the proposed design of the dry agent diueminator a gas stored aboard

the diueminator will be employed to move the powder from the center sec­

tion of the unit out into the slip stream. As the compacted agent matedal

is shaved off by the diaaggregator cutters, it is mixed with gas and flaws

out through the discharge opening. The powder flow rate will be controlled

by the rate at which compacted powder is fed into the rotatins disaggregator,

Even though the gas and discharge opening is not used to meter the agent

material, the size of the opening, the rate of gas £low and tho gas pressure

within the cylinder muet be adequate to insure that the material is carried

out of the center section as it is disaggregated. Material muat not accumu­

late in the center aection. However, the space and weight allowed !or ga1

storage is limited and, consequently, the gas must be used sparingly if the

diuemination concept is to prove i'easible. An objective of no more than 3

percent by weight of the agent material was established. Experiments have

demonstrated that this condition can be achieved.

In the experiments being discussed here, air ha.• been uaed to move the

powder fror..1 the diaaggregator section of the feeder through the diacharge

opening into the drum where it is c:ollected and weighed. Eventually dry

nitrogen will be used for this purpose, However. plant air i• leas expen­

sive and more convenient to uae than nitrogen and is quite adequate £or the

initial experiments. By the time the experimental work progresses to the

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stage wh~re it becomes neceuary to use dry nitrogen, it is expected that

teat techniques will have been developed to the extent that gas wastase will

be a minimum.

Much of the talc: discharged in the two series of testa being reported on

wa.a expended while working on the torque problem and developing suitable

operating procedures. However, six runs provided good powder and g&a

Oow rate d&ta a.nd these results are summarized Ln Table 6. 1. The two

moat significant accomplishments evidenced by the tabulated results are:

1} Powder flow rate& of 30 lbe per min were achieved and exceeded,

a} The powder was discharged succea afully with a ga1 quantity aa low as 0. 8 percent by weight of powder.

These favorable powder and gas flows were obtained with auita.bly low gas

preuures within the feeder.

The diameter of the dischal'ge opening waa 0. 375 inches on Runs A-3

and A-4 and 0. 500 inches on the others. On Run A-4 the conditions werp

such that the talc did not discharge as fast as it was being fed through the

diaaggregator. As a eonaequence the center section filled with talc and the

feeder jammed. When the discharge opening waa increased to 0, SOO inches

in Run A-5 it was posaible to feed talc at a high"r rate ( 35 lbs per min

compared to Z8 lbs per min) while uaing a lower air preuure in the feeder

(2.1 em Hg compared to 36 em Hg) than waa required with the 0. 375-inch

opening. The Hmitins condition• result1ng in jamming were not obtained

with the a. 500-inch opening during these testa.

For the "A" series of runs the air pressure in the feeder is only 2 or

3 em Hg below the supply preuure set by the regulator, whereas in the

"B" rune the feeder preuure is from 6 to 2.5 em Hg below the supply pres­

sure. This difference in the two series of runs is explained by the pre­

sence of a flow restrictor between the regulator and the feeder on runs B--4,

B-5 and B-6. This restrtctor is used to provide a control over the amount

of air entering the feeder. Without the reatrictor the air flow is dependent

upon the amount of powder being discharged. The powder tends to choke off

the iiir.

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Table 6. 1 Teat Results Uaing Compacted Talc: in Experimental Feeder

Run Talc Flow Air Flow Air-Ta~c Air Preuure, em. Hs. Diacharge No, lba/mi11 lbs/min Ratio Supply Feedel' Diam., rnchea

A-3 28.0 0.425 o. 015 38 36 o. 375 A·4 30.3 0.359 o. 012 3Z 29 o. 375 A-5 35.0 0.296 0.008 Z3 21 0.500

B-4 27.5 O.ZZl 0.008 zo 14 0,500 B-5 34.0 o. 418 o.ou 44.5 19 0,500 B-6 34.0 o. 403 0.012 41 22 a. 500

~ 1. Average density o£ compacted talc in feeder wu 0. 44 gm per cc: in

the series "A11 runs and 0. 46 gm per cc in the series "B" rune.

2. On Run A-4 the center section filled up with talc because it waa not discharging fast enough.

The curves in Figures 6. 5 and 6. 6 are preaented to ahow the uni£ormity

oC powder flow observed during the teat•. With the exception o£ teat Run

B-6, the time wa1 recorded at 10 lb interval• a• the powder accumulated in

the collection drum. Five-pound intervala were used on Run B-6. The

pointl have very little scatter from the straight line which was drawn

throuah the pointa for the purpoae o£ determining the flow rates for the

various runs.

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60

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40

30

zo

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o~~~~------------------~----------------0 zo 40 60 80 100 lZO Time, Seconds

Fiaure 6. 5 Diacharae R&te Curves !or Series "A11 Testa ueing Talc in the Experimental Dry Aaent Feeder

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40

30 Runs B-5 and B-6

zo

10

0 2.0 40 60 80 100

Time, Second•

Figure 6. o Discharge Rate Curves for Series 11 B11 Testa using Talc in the Experiment&! Dry Agent Feeder

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f i l DECLASSII'I!O IN FULL

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' {t 7. APPARATUS FOR DISSEMINATION EXPERIMENTS AT FORT DETRICK

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Durina this reporting period. the wind tunnel apparatu1 and disumina­

tion teat fixture wore completed in prepara.tion for shipment to Fort Detrick.

The dissemination test fixture was used at General Mills, Inc. in a uries

of experiment. in the wind tunnel in our laboratories. Thia unit and the

ex:pP.rimental work with it is discuued in Section 6 ol this report. The

wind tunnel design and fabrication were completed, incorporatini the features

outlined in our Sixth Quarterly Proareu Report9. The main components

included:

1) A nozzle and teet section

2) A atilling chamber

3) A heat exchanger

4) Three air-storage tanks

51 Five oil-free, two-stage reciprocating air compressors

The installation of this equipment in the' Fort Detrick facility and the

dissemination experiments conducted with thie apparatus will be covered in

the next quarterly progreu report.

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I ,­i 1-t---------------Date: JUL 1 9 20D

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8. DESIGN STUDIES ON A DRY-AGENT DISSEMINATION SYSTEM

During thh reporting period, considerable progress was made on

deaign •tudiu covering the dry-agent diuemination ayatem.

The initial concept of this external aircraft store wae set forth in our

Fifth Quarterly Progress Report 8 • The main features of this dissemina­

tor concept are: 1) an aerodynamically-shaped outer store ttructul'e with

Z) a cylindrically-shaped inner aaent container which holds two compacted

slugs of dry agent; 3) a. ram-air turbine which furnishes power to 4) a

rotary actuator which drivea S) a piston feeding system, and 6) a rotating

diaaigresator which removes powder from the advancini slugs and utilizes,

for conveying purposes, compressed gas £rom 7) a self -contained gaa

atoraae veuel.

In our Sixth Quarterly Progress Report 10, we reported the results of

preliminary experimental work on a laboratory model o£ the center section

of the dis seminate;,r which includes the piston feeding system and rotating

disagareaatol'. Additillnal experimental evaluation of this laboratory model

ia diacuased in Section 6 of this report. This feeding concept hal been very

auccea8ful in providing a uniform powder feed rate, as outlined in the above

mentioned diac:ua a ions,

We have also given attention to several of the other principal con•­

ponenta o£ the airborne dry-agent disseminator and have eatabHahed •orne

o£ the characteristics of these as discussed below.

8. 1 The External Configuration of the Store

As a result of atudiea of store shapes, we recommended two alternatives

to Fort Detrick. One of these waa the Douglas store configuration which was

used fot the liquid-agent db aerninator fabricated under this contract, and

the other waa a smaller store (ll. 12 inches in diameter by 180 inches in

length) which waa originally used (or a. 150-gallon fuel tank on the Qrumma.n

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F9F-6, F9F-6P, F9F-7, F9F-8, and F9F-8B aircraft. Alter review of

this question of the size of the store, including diac:uuiona with re;vre­

aentaiivee of the Air Force and Navy, the Fort Detrick staff asked us to

proceed with the design on the basis of the amallar store. This decision

was influenced by aevflral considerations including target size and com­

patibility of the store with operational and obaoleacent aircraft,

Aa currently enviaioned, it will be po1aible to provide a cylindrical

agent container in the center section of this store which will have a di­

ameter of 16. 5 inchea and a length o£ approximately 80 inc:hea. With com­

pacted dry agent, the payload will be approximately 350 pounds.

8. Z The Rotary Actuator

The feeding mechanism in this diueminator concept must be driven at

relatively low rotational speeds. It ia also desirable that several speeds

be available, thereby providing a. selection of the agent diesemination rate.

A preliminary design study has been conducted on this rotary actuator be­

cause it is important to establish the feasibility of providing a suitably

compact and lightweight drive unit before detailed design of th~ store is

initiated,

The principal requirements which were used as a basis for this pre­

liminary design study are lbted below:

1) Output Speeds - 8, 12, 16, Z4 and 32. rpm in either direction.

Z) Output Torque - 2., 500 inch-pounds in either direction at the above speeds.

3) Maximum Allowable Overhung Shaft Load - 1. 500 pounds.

4) Maximum Allowable Inward Thrust Load on Shaft -2, 000 pounds.

5) Maximum Allowable Outward Thrust Load on Shaft -Z, 000 pounds.

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Duty Cycle - Continuous Cor periods up to 1/Z·hour.

Lifo - 200 hours.

Operating Altitude -Sea level to 15, 000 feet.

1 0) Acceleration - 1 0 g 111 in any direction.

11) Vibration - 5 to 500 cps at 0. 036-tnch double amplitude or !. 1 0 g whichever il the lower value.

lZ) Input Electrical Characteristics - 400 cycle, ZOO volt, 3 phase, AC.

13) Connectors - Water -tight connector at cable entrance to actuator housing.

The actuator unit for this application will conaiat o£ an AC aircraft

motor, a variable speed-reducing a.uembly and a fixed speed-reducing

assembly. The motor will be a 4-pole moto1', which has a nominal speed

o£ 12, 000 rpm at 400 cyclea. The use of a relatively high-speed motor

makes the actuator more compact and reduces the weisht. The a.nalysia

shows that the motor will have a rating of approximately 2 horsepower.

The variable speed-reducing auembly will be duigned so that the motor

pinion gQar can be meshed with any one o£ five idler gears by rotating a

supporting sleeve. The fixed speed-reducing auembly consists of a three­

stage planetary gear package having an overall reduction ratio of 433. 5 to 1.

A comprehensive analysil of the gear performance hal been made

which shows that the required life o£ 200 hours is feasible under the condi·

tions of this deeign. The physical dimensions of the actuator unit, u cur­

rently envisioned, are an overall length of approximately Z4 inches and a

maximum diameter of approximately 8 inchea. Depending on the final

selection of the motor, the physical shape will vary somewhat. A pre­

liminary weight analysis haa been made which indicatelt that the complete

actuator unit should weigh approximately 65 poundA, including the electri­

cal motor.

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8. 3 The Power Generator

Baaed on the above analysis, it is anticipated tlul.t the motor power

input requirement will 'be appro~mately Z ldlowatte. The ram-air turbine

(General Moton, Allison Divilion) uaed on the liquid di1eeminator has a

rating of 4. S kva. Si.nce thi• unit h&l adequate power and il relatively

small and lightweight, we plant to incorporate it into the dry-agent db­

aeminator design.

8. 4 G&l Storage Vea sel and Flow Regulating 8y1tem

Experimental investigations usins the laboratory model of the feeding

system have shown that successful operation can be achieved uaing talc

powder. when the ratio of air flow to power flow (on a masa basis) h

approximately 0. 01 to 0. OZ. In our prelimit'lary studies of the pressure•

veuel requirements in thiS airborne dia semination syatem, we have set the

air (or nitrogen) storage requirement at 3 percent of the maximum payload

(350 pounds) or 10. S pounds of gas.

Since volume thould be minimized, we have bated our calculations on

a storage pressure of 3000 psi. At this pressure, the required quantity uf

a.ir will occupy a volume of approximately 0. 7 et3 , which is definitely com­

patible with the apace available in the store. It appears that the most utis­

!a.ctory 1hape will be a conical center section with (essentially) hemilpheri­

cal ends.

With rupect to materiall, tanks of this type are available in glau

fiber, 1teel and other alloys. Due to the major importance of 1a!ety in a

system of the type under coneideration here, we recommend the use of a

steel tank. It ia believed that inspection of glaea -fiber reinforced plastic

pressure vessels b not as well developed as procedures for steel tanks.

The preliminary estimate for the weight of a suitable steel tank ia 40 pound1.

Two manufacturers of these tanl<.s are Tavco and Kidde.

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Initial studies o£ the fiow-resulatinll system indicate that the moat

suitable technique for providin1 aeveral levele o! constant (but aelect.a'ble)

flow rate ia to opera:te the ayatem with a critical orUice in the line to the

disaggre11atin1 section and an adjuatable preuure resulator upatream of

this orifice. Experiment• with tlte (ull-tcale laboratory f .. dina model

have confirmed this opinion. It has been found that this mode of operation

h superior to method• where the flow is controlled in response to the pru­

sure in the center section.

Additional work on the proper sequencing of control functions is

planned in the future.

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DECLASSIFI!O IN FULL Authority: EO 13526 Chief. Records & ~claani'lv, WHS Date: JUL 19

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i ate: JUL 1 9 2013 _, II ( 9. SYSTEMS SfrUDY 1 t I! In our Sixth Quarterly Proireu Report

11, we pruented the results o£

computer studiu of the problem of line-source diuemination of two solid

a1ent1 LE and N. The variable decay-rate model was used to determine

J the agent !low rate (versus downwind tra.vel) required to deliver a. minimum

r of the ro50 dose to the area covered.

Durina this reportina period, the same type of computer &n•lY sia haa

been conducted for the agent UL-Z. However, in this case, information a.s

to the dependence of decay-rate on time wae not available ao that a fixed

decay-rate assumption was necessary.

The equati~>ns of the model were proiJr&rnmf'ld on the Bendix G-15 com­

puter and the results a.re preunted in Figures 9. 1 and 9. Z. The following

values for the various paramctora were uaed:

1) Biological decay rate {conatant): 4. 5~ min -l.

Z} Concentration- to-in!ective-doae ratio, c/IDso: 1. 36xlo13 lb- 1.

3} Height of the aircraft, h: 200 feet.

4) Efficiency of diuemination, E: ZO~.

5) E£1iciency of particle retention, Er: 33%.

61 Speed of the aircraft, v: 546 mph.

It will be noted from Figures 9. 1 and 9. Z that, over the ranae of down­

wind diatancu investigated, tho flow rates are well below the maximum

delivery rate (30 to 60 lb/min) which ia planned for the dry-agent diuemina­

tor. It may also be uen that the Influence of we&ther condition• i1 im­

portant, although it is laaa pronounced than in the case of the a1ent N, dis·

cuaaed in Reference ll. This is tra.ceaule to the diiference in decay rate,

the a1ent N having a lower decay rate.

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10, PR.OGRE.CJS ON THE UQUID DISSEMINATINO STOllE

Phase II of this contract ln~l11dea the design and fabrication of a liquid

BW agent diaaeminating atol'e. The confiauration and general charac:terhM 12

tics of thia unit are described in our Fifth Quarterly Pl'ogreaa Report

Additional work toward completion of this taak wa• covered in our Sixth

Quarterly Progress Report13 which outlined progress on deliin of the tank

assembly, fluid handUna system, electrical system and the boom anemb1y,

and reported the status of the orders for purchased parts,

10, 1 Work on De sip and Fabrication

During this reporting period, work on this liquid agent disseminating

store progressed so that the unit was completed to the point where success­

ful laboratory-functional testing a.nd demonatra.tion was accomplished,

Figure 10. 1 il an external view of the di!lseminator, showing the ram-a.ir

turbine mounted on the nose o£ th., unit.

One o£ the principal areas of work during this periond was on the de"

tailed utn•.i.an. fabrication and teetina of the fluid handling •yatem.

Figure 10. Z showr the plu1nbing a.uembly and Figure 10. 3 is a view of the

store with the aft section removed to show the completed in•tallation.

Another important ae aembly is the boom and actuator system whieh is

ahown ln i'lgure 10, 4. The twin·boom auembly ia mounted in the aft-end

of the store. These boom"' contain the slit-type nozzles through which the

agent is diecharged into the slipstream. The actuator ia an electrically

driven unit which it capable of extending or retracting the booma.

During this reporting period. the electrical components were a.lao pro•

curred and {where neceuary) specially fabricated and installed in thea atore.

The mechanical and electrical aspects of the liquid agent diueminating

atoro ara diaGuued in more detail in the section which follows.

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DECLAS$11'1!0 IN FULL Authority: EO 13526 Chief, Records & Declass Dlv, WHS Date:

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10. Z E!!!!minator Description and Information

The aeneral cha.racteristice of the dieseminator a.re lbted below:

Length: 2Z7 inchee Maximum Diameter: Z6. ! inches Loaded Weight: 2075 pound• Empty Weight: 575 pounds Capacity: 180 gallons Discharae Rate: 18. 7!S gallon• per minute at 70 psig Aerodynamic Cotlfigura.tion: Ooualas store Mounting Provisions: Standal"d luge on 30-inch centers.

Details of the structure, .the generator, the note section content•, the

plumbins aasembly, the fluid handling aystem operation, the boom asaembly

and t"te actuator auembly are given in the paragraphs which follow.

1 0. 2. 1 Structure

The structure conaiata of three major aeparable uctlone: the noee,

the centeJ' section and the taU section. In all o! theee eec:tion•• the skin ia

a major structural element for which the material it 6061-T6 aluminum.

For the nose and tail uetions the thickneu of the Aluminum ie 0. 071 inch

and for the middle 3 feet o! the center section it ia 0. 080 inch. At the separa­

tion stations between the three separable sections, rings are welded to the

skin. These rings provide the flanges through which the section• are joined

by bolts. Other structul'al rin1s extending around the inner circumference

of the tank are used for supporting components within the ta.nk. The joining

and structural rings are alao made out o£ 6061-T6 aluminum. All parte of

the structure are o£ welded construction except for the door fra:rn••· the

bulkheads and rin111 uaed for mounting componenh, and the wells in the tail

of the tank into which the booma retract. The•• parta are riveted in place.

In mora detail, the nose section which ends at the rea.r mounting sur·

face of the air turbine generator has a spun aluminum akin, a forward

mounting ring to which the air turbine generator ill attached, a rear joining

rin& and an access door.

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Tho center section conailts of a akin, the front joining ring and bulk­bead aa one integral part, the inner tank mountina rillJ located toward the rttar of the center section, the rear joinillJ ring at the extreme rear u! the tank, two aec:eu doors. and Weld backup :ringe. The akin for the center section coneieu of three major sections welded together, one coneiatina originally of a nat aluminum sheet rolled into a cylindrical shape and welded alon1 a longitudinal element and two made from flat aluminum sheet fol'mcd and welded into the !ruatrum of a cone. Thea,, two sections, having the shape of the fruatrum of a cone, were then fo1•med into the final complex oiihape by the use of pot diu, The term complex here is used to describe a surface in which none of the elements are straight Hnee. All the inertial loadinr and air loading applied to the tank h transmitted to the pylon of the transporting aircraft through a central atructure. Major elements of the central structure are the strongback, the ma:.in support rings, and the attachment lugs that extend outward from the tank on the upper aide. The strongbac:k is an aluminum casting of Z20-T4 aluminum extending approxi­mately from lug to lug and being about 14 inches wide. The two main sup­port rings a.re bolted to the atrongback and extend around the inner circum­ference of the tank, Each rinfl is made in. two pieces joined at the bottom of the tank by an expansion turnbuckle that ia used to force the ring outward into tight contact with the tank. The material used for these rina• is 4130 steel, heat -treated to a tensile 1trength of 170, 000 to 190, 000 pound• per square inch. The luga are made of 4340 chrome, nickle, molybdenum ateel. heat-treated to a tensile strength of 180, 000 to ZOO, 000 pounds per square inch. The skin and structure (exclusive of inner tank) ha.ve a weight of about 285 pounds.

The center section also contains the inner tank which ia supported by being foamed·ill .. place and alao being held by screws !utening it at the rear to the mounting ring riveted to the outer tank akin. In addition to serving aa an inaulation the foam joins the outer aluminum akin and the inne2' tank together into a laminated atrucb.lre of great strength. Material for the inner tan.k is plastic -impregnated, filament -wound ffberJl&u built

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......... DEeLASSIJi'I!O IN I'ULL Authority: EO 13526

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l up into wall• of l/10-inch thic::knue. This material waa selected becau•e

of ita resistance to C01'rOI!Iion and itfll light weight. The weight of the it-.ner

( tank ia 12.0 pound•.

The foamed-in-place inlulation is a proprietary product called H!TCO

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made by the H. I. Thompson Fiberalau Co, It baa a deru~ity of 2. pounds.

pel' cubic foot, a.nd a. K value of 0, 14 BTU per hour per square foot p"'r de·

gree Fahrenheit per inch uf thickneas. The compreeaive strenJth is 4~

pound• per square inch a.t 160°F, and it will withstand 300'F. The thick­

neu of the foam insulation ia not uniform but varies from 1-3/8-inch to

1·5/8-inch. It was installed through holes drilled in the outer akin and

these holes are filled with smoothing compound number 5-3000 called

Organiceram ma.de ln Anaheim, California.

Immediatel.y to the rear of the inner tank, but within the limits of the

center section, ia an inaulated compartment about 12 inches long. Thia

compartment ia insulated with about 5/8-inch o£ foamed-in-placed insula­

tion to protect the plumbing from freeaina. A removable circular cover

covere the rear opening to thia compartment. The two doo:ra providing

access to thle compartment are alao insulated. Two pad-type hea.ting ele •

menta thermostatically controlled supply 90 watts.

The unin.sulated tail section consist a of a apun aluminum akin, the for •

ward joining ring, two actuator auembly mounting ring• riveted to the akin

and one accea a door. lt alao contains the boom wa.lla into which the boom•

rt~tract.

10. 2. 2 Generator

The generator ia manufactured by the Alliaon Diviaion of General

Motore. It baa the following characteristics:

t) Output 4. 5 kva at 0. 75 power factor

Z) The current: 115/200 volt 400 cps 3 phase wye

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ll F DECLASSIFI!O IN FUll ! 't_l_ Authority: EO 13526

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I 3) Speed control is by a mechanical governor that &djuata the 1

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The speed range is from 11, 500 to u. 900 rpm over a spe~d range 300/650 knots true air speed, at 500 !t altitude.

It usee a solid state voltage regulator separately packaaed in a box about 4 x 4 x 3 inches.

Weight is 43 pounds.

lt has a maximum drag of 1 00 pounds.

10. 2. 3 Nose Section Contents

Mounted on the forward end o£ the center section but actually located in the noec section are some electrical acceuuries and supports. The func­tions performed are: voltage regulation, switching for operation on ground power or generator power, and ovedoad protection. The voltage regulator con.ailte of solid state circuitry that regulates the voltage of the air turbine generator through regulation of the field excitation. Thle regulator il built by Alli•on. Three connector• al'e provided: one !or connection to the power output ot the generator, one for connection to the generator for voltaae regulation, and one for connection to the ground power supply. The connec• tor for connection to the ground power supply is very large in comparison to the aise of the connector for connection to the gener&tor output. The rea•on for ita large aize is that it muat mate with the standard around pnwer supply socket.· A circuit breaker ie included for protection of the ayatem and the power supplies. One relay b provided to automatically connect the active power supply to the ey etem. In the normal poeition thb relay connects the generator output to the diueminator circuita. When ground power is sup­plied, the relay acta automatically to disconnect the air turbine generator from the system and in1tead connect the around power supply to the system. Alao, whenever voltage is not being aupplied by the ground power supply the contact• in the ground power supply connector a.ro disconnected from the diueminator circuits, Another relay ia used to control the supply of power

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to the system in accordance with the position of & switch on the control

panel located in the cockpit, All of the electric:al COlTiponenta diacussed so

far (except for the air turbine generator) are mounted on a dishpan shaped

mount attached to the !o1'ward end of the center taction. The relayo nnd

circuit breakers are mounted inside of thie mount and the voltage regulator

is mounted on the outtidc a.a shown. 'l'he dust cap covers the circuit

breaker reset button.

10. Z. 4 Plumbing Auembly

The plumbing auembly il located l.n the apace of the aft insulated com­partment. Much of the support for the plumbing assembly is provided by the inner tank cover which is made ouL of Type 304 etainlesa steel. This

cover not only support• the plumbing auembly but al1o provide• a seal for retaining the contents of the tank. A ridge on this cover fits into a groove

o£ the mner filament-wound tank and the aea.l i• provided by an 110 11 ring fitted into tho groove. To the rear of the cover plate is the fluid control and

plumbing a.ssembly. The functions performed by the equipment hero include filling, venting, pumping. pressure relief, by-pass and flow sensing. Fill· ing and venting are accomplished through the two flexible tubes. The flexible

tubin& ia Aero AQuip Type 666. It consists of a teflon inner tube, a woven

stainlua ac:eel jacket, and a neoprene dip coat. The pump is a 1. 5 horse­power u.nil (motor pump) made by Lcn.rARomec and it il a. vane type having

a capacity of 18, 75 gallon• per minute at a pump outlet prea•ure of 70

pounda per square inch gauge. The weight of the pump ia U. 9 pounds.

The preuure drop from pump outlet to far end of boom is 3S psi. Pressure drop along boom does not exceed 1/'l. psi,

10. Z. 5 Fluid Handling Syatem Operation

The primary function of the fluid handling system is to tranafer under

preuure the liquid from the store to the disseminating boom8. To accom­plish tnils task aatisfa.ctorily the £luid handling system must also provide

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for controlllnJ the flow of fluid, recirculating or mixing the fluid, filling

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the tank with fluid and prt:>vide adequate mean• to allow decontamination, of the tank. Figure 10.5 shows a schematic o£ the plumbing ayatem.

Followihl is a brief description of the function of the component• in the system. As a .. tatting point it ia assumed that all th"ree manual valves are in the Cull open positions aa they would be for an airborne operation. The system will be in one of three statu while airborne. They are: STATIC (pump shut off), RECIRCULATE, or DISSEMINATE. Sequence functions have been neglected.

In the STATIC mode solenoid valves 4, 5, and 6 are closed. The f'luid ta thus confined by check valve 8, •olenoid valve Sand check valve 7.

In the RECIRCULATE mode solenoid valve 4 is opened and the pump started. The fluid is thua drawn from the tank and pumped through the plumbing system back into the tank at a 18 gpm rate. Solenoid valve 5 re • mains closed thua preventing £low ol fluid into the booms. Solenoid 6 re• mainf closed thus backing up check valve 7 and preventing any lou of fluid through the vent line. Under normal conditions the relief valve also t'emaina eland but if, due to lome malfunction, the !low of fluid in the recirculate line is restricted with a conseque-nt rise in pressure, the relief valve opens and allows fluid to !low into the tank through the vent line.

In the DISSEMINATE mode aolenoid valve 4 remains closed while sole • noid valves 5 and 6 are opened, the pump il started and fluid flows through solenoid valve 5 into the boom a.uembly and is diuem1nated, Aa the fluid flow• out of the tanlc a negative pressure h created within the tank. Thu1, Iince 10lenoid valve 6 ia open the prelll!lure differential c&uaes check valve 7 to open allowing flow of air into the tank. The relief valve again ia nor· mally closed and function• only when the flow i1 rutric:ted cauling rilel in fluid preuure beyond the preset relief preuure.

10-11

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This is a welded auembly consisting of the two booma, their £airinga,

the shaft and the boom arm. The boom a are made of 17 -7· preciplt&tioo h&rdened stainleu ateel one-inch in diameter and 35 inches long. l!:&ch boom ha.• two rowa of orifices diametrically opposed and each row has 13

orifices. Each orif1ce i1 located in a flat apot milled on the boom. Knife edges uaed for cutting glau filament tape cover. applied over the boom wells are welded to the booms. Fairins• made of the s&me metal aa the boorna are welded to the booms to provide greater strength to resist bending

cauaeci by aerodynamic drag. The boom• and the tube• traaulmitting the fluid to the boom shaft in the tail compartment are coated with Electrofilm. The Electrofilm consilta of four layers: an i.nsulatin& ~.:o!lting applied to the surface of the boom or other pazot to be heated, the conductive coating applied to the insulating surface, another inaulating coating, and finally on the outlide a white ceramic coating. 1140 watts are supplied to each boom. A thermostat located in tho fairint of each boom controls the electric cur­

rent supplied to the Electrofilm by on-off control. The boom abaft has machined journal aurfacu at each ettd. Cams located on the boom arm actuate microswitchea for making the indicator lights. on the cockpit control panel, tell whether the boom is extended or retracted. The aerodynamic

drag h about lZ psi or about 750 pounda total for the two booms.

10. ~.7 Actuator Auembly

The actuator (made by AiResearch) haa a normal push-pull of ~400 pounds, (clutch slips at 3, 000 pounds) wei1ha 15.6 pounds, extenda the boom in approximately 20 seconds and retracts it in the same length o£ time. The

actuator operates on three phase curr"11t. The boom a.c:tuator !Support atructure consists of two mountin11 platet joined by a structure of round bars.

The rear mounting plate and the bara are of type 30• 1tainlea1 steel and they are welded into one a.a.sen1bly. The !ront plate is of lllumittum and is

10-13

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f [ the front mounting plate are equipped with Oilite bronze bearings in which 1 f the boom shaft i• free to turn. -

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Durina thb reportin& period, structural testa were performed on the

liquid a1ent diueminating store. Theae tests included a 1tatic atructural -~ teat, aloah and vibration testa and ejection testa. All of the teats were

auccenfully passed. The results of theee teats &re being analyzed further

and are beina uaed in preparina a structural report on the store. Thia

teatlna proir&m will be covered in detail in another report.

10-14

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DECLASSIFIED IN FULL Authority: EO 1352B Chief, Records & Declass Dl WHS Date: v,

JUL 19 20D

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11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Dul'ing this reporting period, important progrea • was made in many areas of the program, as summarized below in the order the topics appear in the body of thia report.

To support the theoretical atudiea of powder mechanics, two types o! experimental appara.tua have been dosiaaed and fabricated. These are: 1) au improved device !or measurement of_ the energy of compaction, and Z) a triaxial shear teat device, Further 1tudy has been given to the shear at:t-ength data obtained with the direct-shear apparatus, with the result that. the residual shear strength (after the compreuive load has been removed) has been recoanized as an important parameter. Additional data were ob­tained relative to the wall friction of powder against various surfaces, showing that the friction angles were in several caaes aubatantially below the shear angle for the powder. The data from earlier compaction experi­ment• have been re-examined and the equivalent elastic modulus ha.a been determined (for three powders} ae a function o£ specific volume. A new technique for mea1urement of bulk tensile strength of compreued powder I hae been developed and it appears that this property of the powder can be isolated without dependence on the geometry of the system. A mathematical a.nalyli• of the piaton·cylinder friction test ha.a been made which supports the belief that the r.ompaction of a. dry powder occurs under condition• of imminent ahear (Section 2.),

The deai1n and fabrication of au aerophilometer, a light-scatterin1 instrumented aerosol chamber wa• euentially completed during thia period. To permit experimente on aerosol stability in thia chamber, a bureting· diaphragm type powder·dhpersing apparatus is bt~ing developed, a11 well as a filter sampling system for obtaining confirming dau {Section 3).

The etudiee of the viability of ~and ~ aerosols were continued, Meaeurementa of the effect of heated airstreams were extended up to ZOO •c to provide data for calculation of the thermal-death-time parameters.

11-1

DECLASSIFIED IN FULL Authority: EO 13526 Chief, Records & Declass Dlv WHS Date: JUL 19 2013 '

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Preliminary atudiea were undertaken to evaluate the effect which coating ~with Ca.b-0-Sil baa en tho viability. of tho system. ita culturing proper-tiea and the susceptibility to heated au·etrea.ma. No lou of viability waa indicated when the ~was stored undel' refrigeration for short periods under these conditions. In the elevated temperatul'e expertmentt. the a.ddition of the Cab-0-Sil did not exert any deleterioua influence on the viability. Pu•uible toxic: e££ec:ta of buna. rubber (a sample of the liner in the liquid a.aent diaaell'linator) on~ were atuclied experimentally. The re'aulta indi· cate that the rubber did not exert a bactericidal effect and that its toxic pr1nc:iple wa.a euentially bacterioatat1c (Section 4);

The wind tunnel atudiea of dissemination and deagglomeration were continued. Attention waa focused during thia period on a study of amall­tcale agglomerate• in the 1 to ZO-micron range. An analyaie revealed that previouely reported eatimat.,s of deagglomeration efficiency are conserva­tive, due to the probability of forming agglomeratu during the filtration proceu. Durina this reporting period, a new hish-flow-ra.te diuemination teat fixture wae developed, which employe a pneumatically driven piaton feeding system which will aive inetantaneoua ma .. flow ratea of 30 to 40 p~unda per minute when charged with approximately one gram of powder. Auxiliary apparatue for preparing the sample {in a. manner which eimulatee the procoaaea in the airborne dry-agent dia aeminator) hat a.leo been de. veloped (Section S).

The experimental work on metering and conveying finely-divided dry solid• h&• been continued, u•ing the !ull-•cale l&boratory model !eedin11 sy•tem. Meaeurenumta of the air flow required in the pneumatic conveying •Y•tem a.nd the torque and power required to drive the machine have beP.n made. Aleo, the genera.l operation of the machine hat been obaerved, with very 1ucceu!Ul performance being achieved (Section 6).

The detlsn and fabrication of the winci tunnel and as sociatecl apparatus waa completed in preparation !or installation in the Fort Detrick Teat Sphere Facility (Section 7;.

11-~

DECLASSIFI!O IN I'ULL Authority: EO 13526 Chtef.Records & Dec!ass Dlv WHS Date: JUl 1 9 20l3 •

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Design atudiu were made, dealing with several importact aapectl o! the new dry-agent airbo:rne disseminator. Recommendation• on the overall size and confiauration were submitted to Fort Detrick and the ae features were eatablithed. A de~ailed analysts of the rotary actuator required to drive the inter~l mechaniltn wa.a made. The characteristics of the gaa storage and flow regulating ayetem were studied (Section 8),

The computer studies on line-source dissemination were extended to include the agent UL-Z. 'I'he flow rates required under difierent wea.ther conditions were determined (Section 9).

Work on design and {abrica.tion of the airborne liquid agent diueminator prosreeeed very well during this period. The unit was completed to the point where it wa1 aucc::eesfully functionally teet~d in the labor&t()ry. ·rhl.~

unit wae (at a later period) al10 eucceu!ully !light-tested at the Naval Ail' Teat Station ilt Patuxent River, Maryland (Section 10).

11-3

DECLASSIFIED IN I'ULL Authority: EO 13526 Chief, Records & Declass Olv, WHS Date: JUL 1 9 2013

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12. REFERENCES

1) Oeneral Mille, Inc. El~ctronica Div. Report no. Z249. Diaaeminati011 of solid and liquid BW agents {U), by 0. R. Whitnah et al, Contract DA-l8·064-CML-Z745. 5th Quart. Prot• .Report (Nov. 30, 1961). Confidential.

a) ----. Report no. ~2.00. Diuemination of aolid and liquid BW aaent• (U). by G. R. Whitnah et al. Contract DA-18-064-CML-Z745. 3rd Quart. Prog. Report (:May 15, 1961). Confidential. (AD 323, S98),

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

S)

9)

1 0)

11)

••••• Report• no, 2112 and Zl48. Fundament&! ttudiu of the ditpeUi· bility of powdered materiab, by J. H. Naeh et al. Contract DA-18-108· 405-CM.L-824. I.t and 2nd Quart. Prog. Report• (Sept. 26, 1960 and Dec. 31. 1?60). (AD Z43, 607 and AD Z49, 913).

-.- -. Repol't no. 2216. DiUClminatioa of solid and liquid :BW aaenU (U), by Q. R. Whitnah et al. Contrac1 DA·l8·064·CML·Z745. 4th Quart. Pros . .Report (Aus. 10, 1961 ). Confidential. (AD 325, z.t7),

Wyse, 0. Chemical factors a£fectins growth and death. ln Bacterial physiology, ed. by C. H. Werkman and P. W. WUaon. N:""t., Academic Preu. 1951. pp. 17B-al3.

General Mills, tnt. Electronicl Div. Report no. Z2.64. Dinem\n~&tton of aolid and liquid BW a1ent• (U), by Q, R. Whltnah. Contract DA·IIl· 064-CML-2745. 6th Quart. Prog. Report (Feb. 23, 19U). pp. !·10 ttJ 5 .JZ. Confidential.

Ibid. pp. 6-L to 6-11.

-- .. -. Report no. U-49, op. cit., pp. 33-46.

...... Report no. U64, op. cit,, pp • 7·1 to 7•4,

·---. Report no. 2ZU, op. cit., pp. 6·1 to 6·1 0.

Ibid. pp. 9·1 to CJ.u. 1~) ----. Report no, ZlZ!!. nl.uemination of solid and lhl•lld BW •1•nt• tU). by 0. R. Whitnah et al. (Oct. 13, 1960). Cgntract DA·U·06··CWL• '745. Jlt QtJ&rt. Prog. Report (Oc:t. 13, 1960), pp. 5?··~8. Secut, (AD JZ-4, 746),

13) ·-··· Rep<)rt no. 2264. op. cit., pp. 8·1 to 8-!.

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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WASHINGTON HEADQUARTERS SERVICES

1 1 55 DEFENSE PENTAGON WASHINGTON, DC 20301-1155

MEMORANDUM FOR DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER (ATTN: WILLIAM B. BUSH)

8725 JOHN l KINGMAN ROAD, STE 0944 FT. BELVIOR, VA 22060-6218

SUBJECT: OSDMDRCases 12-M-3144through 12-M-3156

AUG 1 2013

At the request of , we have conducted a Mandatory Declassification

Review of the documents in the above referenced cases on the attached Compact Disc (CD)

under the provisions of Executive Order 13526, section 3.5, for public release. We have

declassified the documents in full. We have attached a copy of our response to the requester. If

you have any questions, please contact Ms. Luz Ortiz by phone at 571-372-0478 or by e-mail at

luz.ortiz@whs.mil, luz.ortiz@osd.smil.mil, or luz.ortiz@osdj.ic.gov.

Robert Storer Chief, Records and Declassification Division

Attachments: 1. MDR request w/ document list 2. OSD response letter 3. CD (U)

..

April 26, 2012

Department of Defense Directorate for Freedom of Information and Security Review Room2C757 1155 Defense Pentagon Washington, D.C. 20301-1155

Sir:

I am requesting under the Mandatory Declassification Review provisions of Executive Order 13291, copies of the following documents. I have tried several times to acquire them through DTIC, but the sites stated they are not available.

I am conducting research into the previous methods used to disseminate biological agents. Many source I use to have access to have been deleted from the internet. On numerous occasions I have been informed that formerly classified information that was declassified, have now become classified again (since 911). My attempts to locate such Executive Orders, regulations, laws, or other changes to this question have not successful nor revealed a specific source. As such I would appreciate any infonnation you can shed on this question.

Documents requested.

AD 348405, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid BW (Biological Warfare)Agents Quarterly l2..-M-3 \~ Progress Report Number 14, 4 Sept - 4 Dec 1963, G. R. Whitnah, February 1964, General Mills Report number 2512, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, Contract number DA 18064 CML 2745,lOl.pages. Prepared for U.S. Anny Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Maryland. Approved by S.P. Jones, Director of Aerospace Research at General Mills. Project No. 82408. General Mills Aerospace Research Division, 2295 Walnut Street, St. Paul 13,Minnesota. AD 3467 51, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid B W (Biological Warfare) Agents, Quarterly !l-Af- 31 'f)" Progress Report Number 12, March 4- June 4, 1963, G. R. Whitnah, July 1963, General Mills Report number 2411, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, Contract number DA 18064 CML 2745. 184 pages. Approved by S.P. Jones, Director of Aerospace Research at General Mills. Project No. 82408. General Mills Aerospace Research Division, 2295 Walnut Street, St. Paul13, Minnesota. AD 346750, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid BW (Biological Warfare) Agents, Quarterly ll-AA~31'1(, Progress Report Number 13, 4 June- 4 Sept 1962, G.R. Whitnah, October 1963, General Mills

Report number 2451, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, Contract Number DA 18064 CML 2745. 19 pages(?)

AD 332404, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid BW (Biological Warfare) Agents, Quarterly 12.-~-31'11 Progress Report Number 7, Dec. 4, 1961 - March 4, 1962, by G.R. Whitnah, February 1963, General Mills Report Number 2373, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, Contract Number DA 18064 CML 2745. 123 pages.

AD 333298, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid BW (Biological Warfare)Agents, Quarterly tz-.JA-5/C/ 8 Progress Report Number 9, June 4, 1962 - Sept. 4, 1962. by G.R. Whitnah, October 1962, General Mills Report Number 2344, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, Contract Number DA 18064 CML 2745. 130 (or 150) pages.

AD 332405, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid BW (Biological Warfare) Agents, Quarterly 1 ~-.M-31'-f? Progress Report Number 8, Period March 4, 1962 - June 4, 1962. G.R. Whitnah, August 1962, General Mills Report Number 2322, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, Contract Number DA 18064 CML 2745. 198 pages.

AD 329067, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid BW (Biological Warfare) Agents, Quarterly 12--M- Jl J'l> Progress Report Number Six, G.R. Whitnah, February 1962, General Mills Report Number 2264, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, Contract Number DA 18064 CML 2745. 103 pages. Approved by S.P. Jones, Manager, Materials and Mechanics Research, General Mills Research and Development Office, 2003 East Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis 13, Minnesota.

AD 327072, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid BW (Biological Warfare) Agents, Quarterly /2-M-Jf'f{ Progress Report Number Five, 4 June- 4 Sept 1961. by G.R.Whitnah, November 1961, General Mills Report Number 2249, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, Contract Number DA 18064 CML2745.

AD 325247, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid BW (Biological Warfare) Agents, Quarterly ,z.-M- ll a Progress Report Number 4, 4 March- 4 June 1961, by J.E. Upton for G.R. Whitnah, Project Manager. February 1963, General Mills Report Number 2216, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, Contract Number DA 18064 CML 2745. General Mills Electronics Group, Research Dept., 2003 East Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis 13, Minnesota. 225 pages.

AD 324746, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid BW (Biological Warfare) Agents, Progress 12-.M- ~11.3 Report 3 Juen - 3 Sept. 1960. by G.R. Whitnah, October 1960, General Mills Report Number 2125, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, Contract Number DA 18064 CML 2745. 78 pages AD 323599, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid BW (Biological Warfare) Agents, Quarterly 12-M- "'JI.r'l Progress Report Nwnber 2, for period 4 Sept- 4 Dec 1960, by G.R. Whitnah, February 1961, General Mills Report Number 2161, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, Contract Number DA 18064 CML 2745. 90 pages? Mechanical Division of General Mills, Inc., Research Departmen~ 2003 East Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis 13, Minnesota.

AD 323598, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid BW (Biological Warfare) Agents, Quarterly 12-.#- 31 rs­Progress Report, for period 4 Dec. 1960-4 March 1961, by G.R. Whitnah, May 1961, General Mills Report Number 2200, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, Contract Number DA 18064 CML 2745. 95 pages.

AD 337635, Dissemination of Solid and Liquid BW (Biological Warfare) Agents, Quarterly 12-/H-315'(, Progress Report No. 10, period Sept. 4, 1962 - Dec. 4, 1962. G.R. Whitnah, Project Manager, Approved by S.P. Jones, Aerospace Research, February 1963.247 pages.

Sincerely