TOA Concepts&Philos

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    1/103

    CONCEPTS &

    PHILOSOPHIES

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    2/103

    CONCEPTS

    Functional concepts

    Environmental conceptsStructural concepts

    Cultural concepts

    Thematic conceptsTime-based concepts

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    3/103

    FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS

    Traditional

    definition of

    good

    architecture:

    Vitruviuss

    Utilitas, Firmitas,

    Venustas

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    4/103

    FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS

    Architecture is

    a product of

    programming

    Existing State

    The Setting

    Cultural, Social, Political,

    Historical, Economic

    Physical Conditions/ Site

    Data

    Geography, Climate,

    Archaeology, Geology

    Client/User Profile

    Demography,

    Organizations, Needs,

    Behavior

    Constraints

    Legal, Financial,

    Technical, Market

    Future State

    Mission

    Goals

    Performance

    Requirements

    Concepts

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    5/103

    FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS

    Durand:

    There are only two problems in

    architecture :

    1) in private buildings, how to

    provide the optimum

    accommodation for the smallest

    sum of money2) in public building, how to

    provide the maximum

    accommodation for a given sum.

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    6/103

    FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS

    Ornament had nothing to do with architectural

    beauty, since a building was only beautiful when

    it satisfied a need.

    Whether we consult our reason, or examine

    ancient monuments, it is evident that the primary

    purpose of architecture has never been to please,

    nor has architectonic decoration been its object.

    Public and private usefulness, and thehappiness and preservation of

    mankind, are the aims of architecture.

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    7/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS

    Light and coloras a modifyingelement of space;

    artificial or natural,

    light can be

    manipulated by

    design to identify

    places and to give

    places particular

    character

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    8/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS

    Temperature,

    ventilation,

    sound, smell,texture

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    9/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL

    CONCEPTS

    Temperature,

    ventilation,

    sound, smell,texture

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    10/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    11/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS

    Using and

    modifying things

    that are alreadythere

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    12/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS

    Stratification

    and climate

    responsiveness

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    13/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS

    PassiveCooling

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    14/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS

    Le Corbusier

    Architecture is the masterly,

    correct and magnificent play of

    masses brought together in

    light. Our eyes are made to see

    forms in light.

    Thus, cubes, cones, spheres,

    cylinders or pyramids are the

    great primary forms whichlight reveals to advantage;they are not only beautiful

    forms, but the most beautiful

    forms.

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    15/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS

    Rococo: multiplication of real effects ofparallax, which is the apparent displacement of

    objects caused by an actual change in the point

    of observation. Ex. Use of mirrors

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    16/103

    STRUCTURAL

    CONCEPTS

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    17/103

    STRUCTURAL

    CONCEPTS

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    18/103

    STRUCTURAL

    CONCEPTS

    ARCHES

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    19/103

    STRUCTURAL

    CONCEPTS

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    20/103

    STRUCTURAL

    CONCEPTS

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    21/103

    STRUCTURAL

    CONCEPTS

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    22/103

    STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS

    Frames

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    23/103

    STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS

    Tube

    Construction

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    24/103

    STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS

    Mushroom

    Construction

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    25/103

    STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS

    Mushroom

    Construction

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    26/103

    STRUCTURAL

    CONCEPTS

    SUSPENDED

    SYSTEMS

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    27/103

    STRUCTURAL

    CONCEPTS

    PREFABRICATION

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    28/103

    STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS

    Stretched

    Membrane

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    29/103

    STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS

    Stretched

    Membrane

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    30/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS

    Stratification

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    31/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS

    EVOLUTIONARY ARCHITECTURE

    Architecture can

    create as nature

    creates

    A building can be

    seen as a living

    organism with

    functional processes

    tree

    EVOLUTIONARY

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    32/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS

    EVOLUTIONARY

    ARCHITECTURE

    The overriding objective is

    to reach the ultimateevolution of a design

    so that it is a perfected

    culmination of

    function, form andpurpose within limits ofbudget, materials, and so

    forth

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    33/103

    CULTURAL CONCEPTS

    Habitual disposition to judgeforeign peoples or groups by

    the standards and practices

    of ones own culture or ethnic

    groups.

    ETHNOCENTRISM

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    34/103

    CULTURAL CONCEPTS

    Factoring in cultural variations

    and contextual realities.

    CRITICAL

    REGIONALISM

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    35/103

    CULTURAL CONCEPTS

    Ledoux: the plan of

    an edifice was not

    something resulting

    from its function but

    was deliberately

    designed to express

    its function byassociation of ideas.

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    36/103

    THEMATIC CONCEPTS

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    37/103

    THEMATIC CONCEPTS

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    38/103

    TIME-BASED

    CONCEPTS

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    39/103

    ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    40/103

    ARCHITECTURE-ENVIRONMENT

    The Ten Books of Archi tecture by

    Vitruvius

    The man of learning can fearlessly look

    down upon the troublesome accidents of

    fortune. But he who thinks himself

    entrenched in defenses not of learning but

    of luck, moves in slippery paths, struggling

    though life unsteadily and insecurely.

    MAN OVER

    ENVIRONMENT

    The Poetry of Architecture by John Ruskin

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    41/103

    ARCHITECTURE-ENVIRONMENT

    y y

    Everything about it should be natural, and should

    appear as if the influences and forces which were

    in operation around its had been too strong to be

    resisted, and had rendered all efforts of art to checktheir power, or conceal the evidence of their

    action, entirely unavailing it can never lie too

    humbly in the pastures of the valley, nor shrink too

    submissively into the hollows of the hills; it should

    seem to be asking the storm for mercy, and themountain for protection; and should appear to owe

    weakness, rather than strength, that it is neither

    overwhelmed by the one, nor crushed by the

    other.

    ENVIRONMENTOVER MAN

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    42/103

    ARCHITECTURE-ENVIRONMENT

    Architectural Principles in the Age of

    Humanism by Rudolf Wittkower

    Explores Renaissance use of ideal geometric

    figures and ratios in their designs. Alsodiscusses why they believed that such figures

    and ratios were powerful. Bases are the

    relationship of the human body with nature.

    Le Corbusier The plan proceeds from within to

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    43/103

    ARCHITECTURAL FORM

    Le Corbusier The plan proceeds from within to

    without; the exterior is the result of the interior

    The New Architecture and the Bauhaus by

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    44/103

    ORNAMENTS

    The New Architecture and the Bauhaus by

    Walter Gropius

    The ultimate goal of the new architecture was

    the composite but inseparable workof art, in which the old dividing line betweenmonumental and decorative elements will have

    disappeared forever

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    45/103

    ORNAMENTS

    Bauhaus: Aim was to unite art andtechnology under a purifiedaesthetic that removed all ornamentand articulation from form and

    stressed the beauty of expressedfunction.

    Ornament was considered abourgeois decadence, if not an

    actual crime- Walter Gropius,Marcel Breuer and Josef Albers

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    46/103

    ORNAMENTS

    Less is More

    Mies Van der Rohe

    Less is Bore

    Robert Venturi

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    47/103

    ORNAMENTS

    Less is More

    Mies Van der Rohe

    Less is Bore Robert Venturi

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    48/103

    CONTRADICTIONS

    An Architecture of complexityand contradiction has a specialobligation toward the whole- itstruth must be in its totality orimplications of totality.

    It must embody the difficult

    unity of inclusion rather than theeasy unity of inclusion

    - Venturi

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    49/103

    DE STIJL

    De Stijl: pursuit of socialrenewal through idealabstraction;

    Close relationship betweenarchitecture and the finearts; pristine, geometric butmore decorative than theBauhaus:

    Painter Piet Mondrian, DesignCritic Theo Van Doesburg,Architects J.J.P. Oud, GerritRietveld and Mart Stam

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    50/103

    INTERNATIONAL STYLE

    The house is a machine to live in

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    51/103

    INTERNATIONAL STYLE

    The house is a machine to live in.

    the program for building a house should be

    set out with the same precision as that for

    building a machine;

    structural frame should be separately

    identified from the space-enclosing walls;

    house should be lifted on pilotises so the

    garden may spread under it;

    roofs should be flat, capable of being used

    as a garden;

    interior accommodation should be freely

    planned

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    52/103

    INTERNATIONAL STYLE

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    53/103

    INTERNATIONAL STYLE

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    54/103

    TECTONICS

    Tectonics- the art andscience of shaping,

    ornamenting or assemblingmaterials in buildingconstruction.

    REVOLUTIONARY

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    55/103

    REVOLUTIONARY

    ARCHITECTURE (1800s)

    Eclecticism or Indiferrentism- designing without

    considering that any matter of principle wasinvolved

    The new tendency to plan buildings

    geometrically or symbolically without close

    reference to functional requirements

    HISTORIOGRAPHY

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    56/103

    ROMANTICISM

    HISTORIOGRAPHYHistoricism and Exoticism: Notion of evolution

    and chronology

    Passion for Archaeology

    INFLUENCE OF THE PICTURESUE

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    57/103

    ROMANTICISM

    INFLUENCE OF THE PICTURESUE

    Sculptural and picturesque

    The villa concept- multiplicity, relatively modestdimensions, unrestricted sites, assymmetry,

    irregularity of plan, fenestration and silhouette

    Intricacy defined as the disposition of objects

    which, by a partial and uncertain concealment,excites and nourishes curiosity

    AWARENESS OF STYLE

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    58/103

    REVIVALISM

    AWARENESS OF STYLE

    Style : the fashion which each generation canpromptly recognize as its own; what ties together

    the aesthetic achievements of the creativeindividuals of one age;

    the expression of a prevailing, dominant or

    authentically contemporary view of theworld by those artists who have most

    successfully intuited the quality of human

    experience peculiar to their day, and who are able

    to phrase this experience in forms deeply

    congenial to the thought or matter expressed

    PRIMITIVISM AND PROGRESS

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    59/103

    REVIVALISM

    PRIMITIVISM AND PROGRESS

    Issues of birth, growth and decay were tackled

    The value of historical study was that it showed

    by what gradual steps the transition had beenmade from the first simple efforts of uncultivated

    nature to a state of things which was so

    wonderfully artificial and cultivated

    Glorification of the noble savage

    ECLECTICISM (1830s)

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    60/103

    REVIVALISM

    ECLECTICISM (1830s)

    A composite system of thought made up

    of views selected from various other

    systems.Eclectics claim that no one should

    accept blindly from the past the legacy

    of a single philosophical system to the

    exclusion of all others but each should

    decide rationally and independentlywhat philosophical facts used in the past

    were appropriate to the present and then

    recognize and respect them in whatever

    context they might appear.

    ROMAN REVIVAL

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    61/103

    REVIVALISM

    ROMAN REVIVAL

    Influences of the Roman monumental

    compositional forms

    The new tendency to fit public buildings into

    antique temples

    The tendency to incorporate the compositional

    forms of Antique temples into public buildings

    Importance of ruins and archaeological studies

    GREEK REVIVAL

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    62/103

    REVIVALISM

    Acknowledgement of the idea of

    the Parthenon as the most perfect

    building ever constructed; its

    qualities have been interpreted to

    justify every change in

    architectural fashion,

    from the servile duplication of its

    composition and details to the mostindividualistic creations in

    reinforced concrete and steel.

    GREEK REVIVALT diti l f l b li d

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    63/103

    REVIVALISM

    Traditional use of plumb lines, squares and

    levels

    Regard for public buildings as objects in

    space rather than objects enclosing space.

    Making pediments correspond to thestructural reality of the pitched roof

    RENAISSANCE REVIVAL

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    64/103

    REVIVALISM

    RENAISSANCE REVIVAL

    the renaissance revival allowed an

    architect to select and even to invent

    for himself such compositional anddecorative forms as might be

    considered suitable for the occasion.

    Introduced common sense

    into architectural design.

    RENAISSANCE REVIVAL

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    65/103

    REVIVALISM

    RENAISSANCE REVIVAL

    Picturesque and lacked order and symmetry of

    classical architecture.

    RENAISSANCE REVIVAL

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    66/103

    REVIVALISM

    RENAISSANCE REVIVAL

    Skill of architects not to be found in

    archaeological accuracy of facades but in the

    orderly sequences of accommodation on

    awkward sites, skillful combination of different

    and new materials

    GOTHIC NATIONALISM

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    67/103

    REVIVALISM

    GOTHIC NATIONALISM

    Buildings with pseudo-mediaeval details

    Ideals with which to justify Gothic revival were

    immensely varied and often diametrically

    opposed.

    GOTHIC NATIONALISM

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    68/103

    REVIVALISM

    GOTHIC NATIONALISM

    Neglect of practical comforts and

    functional planning; spaces were

    planned more with an eye to their

    scenic effect than to their workability

    POLYCHROMY

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    69/103

    REVIVALISM

    POLYCHROMY

    Introduction of variegations into the exterior

    design of facades.

    Exteriors should display colors of various hues.

    Structural Coloration: architectural form was

    necessarily structural form, and hence, effects of

    color should result from the structural materials

    by which an edifice was actually built.

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    70/103

    FUNCTIONALISM

    SYMBOLS OF

    FUNCTION

    BIOLOGICAL ANALOGY

    MECHANICAL ANALOGY

    GASTRONOMIC ANALOGY

    LINGUISTIC ANALOGY

    BIOLOGICAL ANALOGY

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    71/103

    FUNCTIONALISM

    Architecture based on anatomy

    Concept of Organic Architecture

    Parts of a whole Morphology: science of form

    Form follows function

    Influence of the environment

    MECHANICAL ANALOGY

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    72/103

    FUNCTIONALISM

    MECHANICAL ANALOGY

    Scientific evolution and artistic evolution

    follow the same laws

    Movement and function

    Collaboration in the progressive accumulation

    of technical knowledge

    Precise destination and expression of

    potentialities

    GASTRONOMIC ANALOGY

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    73/103

    FUNCTIONALISM

    GASTRONOMIC ANALOGY

    Demands the combination of materials of

    strength, ideal sequence or plan, analysis and

    testing of efficacies

    Goes beyond scientific analysis; requires

    intuition, imagination, enthusiasm, immense

    amount of organizational skill

    GASTRONOMIC ANALOGY

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    74/103

    FUNCTIONALISM

    GASTRONOMIC ANALOGY

    Demands the combination of materials of

    strength, ideal sequence or plan, analysis and

    testing of efficacies

    Goes beyond scientific analysis; requires

    intuition, imagination, enthusiasm, immense

    amount of organizational skill

    LINGUISTIC ANALOGY

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    75/103

    FUNCTIONALISM

    LINGUISTIC ANALOGY

    Eloquence and expression

    Emotions and experiencing emotionsVocabulary and composition

    LINGUISTIC ANALOGY

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    76/103

    FUNCTIONALISM

    LINGUISTIC ANALOGY

    Eloquence and expression

    Emotions and experiencing emotionsVocabulary and composition

    INFLUENCE OF ENGINEERS Importance of mathematical studies in

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    77/103

    FUNCTIONALISM

    Importance of mathematical studies in

    constructional design

    Straightforward, unadorned building unless

    needs of decorum demanded ornament

    Classical proportions were modified inaccordance with new materials

    Architecture of iron

    INFLUENCE OF THE ALLIED

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    78/103

    FUNCTIONALISM

    INFLUENCE OF THE ALLIED

    ARTS

    Decorations and ornaments Abstract patterns on space layout

    Furniture design on Architectural

    composition

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    79/103

    FUNCTIONALISM

    INFLUENCE OF

    THE ALLIED

    ARTS

    Decorations and

    ornaments

    Abstract patterns on

    space layout Furniture design on

    Architectural

    composition

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    80/103

    HOUSING AND URBAN PLANNING

    CONCEPTS

    Doxiadis:

    A human settlement is made

    up of five ekistic elements,

    which are interactive and

    interdependent with eachother. These are man, nature,

    shells, networks and society.

    EKISTICS

    Linear and Nodal City- Le Corbusier

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    81/103

    URBAN DESIGN CONCEPTS

    Broadacre City- Frank Lloyd Wright

    Chandigarh Le Corbusier

    The Freestanding Building/ Functionalism-Sigfried Giedion (Space, Time andArchitecture)

    The Ideal City- Ludwig Hilberseimer

    City of Setback Skyscrapers- Louis SullivanGarden City-Ebenezer Howard

    A series of discontinuous movements in the

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    82/103

    MODERNISM

    19th and 20th centuries;

    opposes both the Zeitgeist and the Single

    Strand theories that propose continuousevolution of styles.

    Modernism is characterized by

    mult i -valenceor by the presence of

    multi-valued levels of meaning

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    83/103

    MODERNISM

    ISSUES:

    relativity

    evolutionary

    diversity

    COMMON NOTIONS

    ll t i

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    84/103

    MODERNISM

    soulless container

    absence of

    relationship withthe environment

    arrogant

    unarticulated

    monstrous

    speculative

    mass-produced

    ASSOCIATED TERMS:

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    85/103

    MODERNISM

    ASSOCIATED TERMS:

    Functional

    Industrial

    Innovative/ Novel

    Technology

    Revolutionary and Opposing

    Modernism is marked by the following:

    Renunciation of the old world

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    86/103

    MODERNISM

    Renunciation of the old world

    Addressed mass housing

    Explored potentials of materials and new forms Technological determinism and structural rationalism

    Aesthetic self-expression

    Belief in the power of form to transform the world

    Sleek machined surfaces

    Mass production and cost reduction

    Skyscrapers and capitalism

    Grand urban projects

    Van Doesburg:

    E hi i i it li ti f

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    87/103

    MODERNISM

    Every machine is a spiritualization of an

    organism the machine is par

    excellence, a phenomenon of spiritual

    disciplines The new spiritual artisticsensibility of the 20th century has not only

    felt the beauty of the machine but also

    taken cognizance of the unlimited

    expressive possibilities for the arts.

    The Metaphysical School of Architecture-

    th i ti l i it f h t th

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    88/103

    MODERNISM

    the quasi-mystical spirit of what the

    building wants to be.

    Les Corbusier:

    The frame of a building or buildings is

    like the laws that govern society. Without

    these laws there is anarchy and without

    the frame there is visual anarchy.

    Thomas Ava Edison

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    89/103

    MODERNISM

    experimented with Portland concrete and

    subsequent mass production of pre-

    fabricated houses made of concrete.Then came the technology of casting with

    the use of scaffolding that allowed for

    variation and alteration

    A diverse and unstable concept that

    ft

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    90/103

    POST-MODERNISM

    started in the United States after

    1965 then spread to the rest of the

    industrialized world.

    Post-modernists focused on the

    differences and brought to fore that which

    had been marginalized by dominant

    cultures. In other fields, the movement is

    characterized by a rejection of a unitary

    world view

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    91/103

    POST-MODERNISM

    Architecture came with cartoon-

    like trivialization and packaging

    Urban planning under post-

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    92/103

    POST-MODERNISM

    Urban planning under post

    modernism celebrated

    heterogeneity in place of

    central, grand statues

    Venturi:

    An Architecture of complexity and

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    93/103

    POST-MODERNISM

    An Architecture of complexity and

    contradiction has a special obligation

    toward the whole- its truth must be in its

    totality or implications of totality. It mustembody the difficult unity of inclusion

    rather than the easy unity of inclusion

    Venturi and Scott Brown:

    the architects task was to express

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    94/103

    POST-MODERNISM

    the architect s task was to express

    meaning to the general public,

    whether in the design of a house or

    a civic building; people becamemobile bearers of meaning.

    Jacques Derrida- the foundingfather of Deconstruction

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    95/103

    DECONSTRUCTION

    father of Deconstruction

    Something has been constructed, a

    philosophical system, a tradition, a

    culture, and along comes a de-

    constructor (who) destroys its

    stone by stone, analyzes the

    structure and dissolves it

    One looks as systems and examineshow it was built, which keystone, which

    angle supports the building; one shifts

    them and thereby frees oneself from the

    authority of the system.

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    96/103

    DECONSTRUCTION

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    97/103

    DECONSTRUCTION

    Structuralism study of

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    98/103

    STRUCTURALISM & POST-STRUCTURALISM

    Structuralism- study ofrelationships between say, words in

    a language, etc.

    Post-structuralism- wasconcerned with questions of

    meaning and how individuals order

    the world. In architecture, PS

    focused on meaning rather thanprocess.

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    99/103

    FORDISM AND POST-FORDISM

    Fordism- refers to the state-regulated system of mass production

    and mass consumption which,undergirded by welfare and security,

    dominated advanced capitalist

    societies in the west, roughly from

    the Depression to the crisis of the

    1970s.

    Post-Fordism- characterized by:

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    100/103

    FORDISM AND POST-FORDISM

    flexible communication

    niche market consumption

    flexible machinery equipment that can

    be adapted to different tasks relatively

    quickly

    flexible accumulation of goods in order

    to respond quickly to demand

    more temporary and part-time labor

    geographical clustering of information,transnational cultural and population

    flows

    information superhighways

    Dry-bulb Temperature (DBT): This isELEMENTS

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    101/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS

    the measurement of the temperature of the air

    and as far as possible excludes any radiant

    temperature

    Relative Humidity (RH): The amount of

    water in the air

    Precipitation: This is mainly rainfall but

    could also be dew

    Sky: Cloud cover

    Wind: The direction, frequency and force of

    the wind throughout the year

    ELEMENTS

    OF CLIMATE

    NEEDED IN

    DESIGN

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    102/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL

    CONCEPTS

    COMFORT ZONE: The range of

    conditions under which most people feelcomfortable;

    It is a function of many variables, among which

    is the annual mean temperature

    CHARACTERISTICS OF

    TROPICAL CLIMATE

  • 7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos

    103/103

    ENVIRONMENTAL

    CONCEPTS

    TROPICAL CLIMATE

    Warm Humid: High Temperature; High RH;

    Heavy rains esp. during monsoonHot Dry: Very high DBT; low humidity; low

    precipitation; little or no cloud; sparse/bare

    ground

    Composite: mixture of warm, humid and hot/dry

    Macro and Micro: region and site