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7/25/2019 TOA Concepts&Philos
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CONCEPTS &
PHILOSOPHIES
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CONCEPTS
Functional concepts
Environmental conceptsStructural concepts
Cultural concepts
Thematic conceptsTime-based concepts
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FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS
Traditional
definition of
good
architecture:
Vitruviuss
Utilitas, Firmitas,
Venustas
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FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS
Architecture is
a product of
programming
Existing State
The Setting
Cultural, Social, Political,
Historical, Economic
Physical Conditions/ Site
Data
Geography, Climate,
Archaeology, Geology
Client/User Profile
Demography,
Organizations, Needs,
Behavior
Constraints
Legal, Financial,
Technical, Market
Future State
Mission
Goals
Performance
Requirements
Concepts
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FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS
Durand:
There are only two problems in
architecture :
1) in private buildings, how to
provide the optimum
accommodation for the smallest
sum of money2) in public building, how to
provide the maximum
accommodation for a given sum.
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FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS
Ornament had nothing to do with architectural
beauty, since a building was only beautiful when
it satisfied a need.
Whether we consult our reason, or examine
ancient monuments, it is evident that the primary
purpose of architecture has never been to please,
nor has architectonic decoration been its object.
Public and private usefulness, and thehappiness and preservation of
mankind, are the aims of architecture.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
Light and coloras a modifyingelement of space;
artificial or natural,
light can be
manipulated by
design to identify
places and to give
places particular
character
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
Temperature,
ventilation,
sound, smell,texture
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ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCEPTS
Temperature,
ventilation,
sound, smell,texture
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
Using and
modifying things
that are alreadythere
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
Stratification
and climate
responsiveness
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
PassiveCooling
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
Le Corbusier
Architecture is the masterly,
correct and magnificent play of
masses brought together in
light. Our eyes are made to see
forms in light.
Thus, cubes, cones, spheres,
cylinders or pyramids are the
great primary forms whichlight reveals to advantage;they are not only beautiful
forms, but the most beautiful
forms.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
Rococo: multiplication of real effects ofparallax, which is the apparent displacement of
objects caused by an actual change in the point
of observation. Ex. Use of mirrors
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STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTS
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STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTS
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STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTS
ARCHES
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STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTS
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STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTS
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STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTS
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STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
Frames
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STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
Tube
Construction
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STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
Mushroom
Construction
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STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
Mushroom
Construction
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STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTS
SUSPENDED
SYSTEMS
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STRUCTURAL
CONCEPTS
PREFABRICATION
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STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
Stretched
Membrane
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STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
Stretched
Membrane
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
Stratification
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
EVOLUTIONARY ARCHITECTURE
Architecture can
create as nature
creates
A building can be
seen as a living
organism with
functional processes
tree
EVOLUTIONARY
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
EVOLUTIONARY
ARCHITECTURE
The overriding objective is
to reach the ultimateevolution of a design
so that it is a perfected
culmination of
function, form andpurpose within limits ofbudget, materials, and so
forth
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CULTURAL CONCEPTS
Habitual disposition to judgeforeign peoples or groups by
the standards and practices
of ones own culture or ethnic
groups.
ETHNOCENTRISM
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CULTURAL CONCEPTS
Factoring in cultural variations
and contextual realities.
CRITICAL
REGIONALISM
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CULTURAL CONCEPTS
Ledoux: the plan of
an edifice was not
something resulting
from its function but
was deliberately
designed to express
its function byassociation of ideas.
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THEMATIC CONCEPTS
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THEMATIC CONCEPTS
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TIME-BASED
CONCEPTS
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ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES
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ARCHITECTURE-ENVIRONMENT
The Ten Books of Archi tecture by
Vitruvius
The man of learning can fearlessly look
down upon the troublesome accidents of
fortune. But he who thinks himself
entrenched in defenses not of learning but
of luck, moves in slippery paths, struggling
though life unsteadily and insecurely.
MAN OVER
ENVIRONMENT
The Poetry of Architecture by John Ruskin
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ARCHITECTURE-ENVIRONMENT
y y
Everything about it should be natural, and should
appear as if the influences and forces which were
in operation around its had been too strong to be
resisted, and had rendered all efforts of art to checktheir power, or conceal the evidence of their
action, entirely unavailing it can never lie too
humbly in the pastures of the valley, nor shrink too
submissively into the hollows of the hills; it should
seem to be asking the storm for mercy, and themountain for protection; and should appear to owe
weakness, rather than strength, that it is neither
overwhelmed by the one, nor crushed by the
other.
ENVIRONMENTOVER MAN
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ARCHITECTURE-ENVIRONMENT
Architectural Principles in the Age of
Humanism by Rudolf Wittkower
Explores Renaissance use of ideal geometric
figures and ratios in their designs. Alsodiscusses why they believed that such figures
and ratios were powerful. Bases are the
relationship of the human body with nature.
Le Corbusier The plan proceeds from within to
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ARCHITECTURAL FORM
Le Corbusier The plan proceeds from within to
without; the exterior is the result of the interior
The New Architecture and the Bauhaus by
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ORNAMENTS
The New Architecture and the Bauhaus by
Walter Gropius
The ultimate goal of the new architecture was
the composite but inseparable workof art, in which the old dividing line betweenmonumental and decorative elements will have
disappeared forever
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ORNAMENTS
Bauhaus: Aim was to unite art andtechnology under a purifiedaesthetic that removed all ornamentand articulation from form and
stressed the beauty of expressedfunction.
Ornament was considered abourgeois decadence, if not an
actual crime- Walter Gropius,Marcel Breuer and Josef Albers
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ORNAMENTS
Less is More
Mies Van der Rohe
Less is Bore
Robert Venturi
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ORNAMENTS
Less is More
Mies Van der Rohe
Less is Bore Robert Venturi
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CONTRADICTIONS
An Architecture of complexityand contradiction has a specialobligation toward the whole- itstruth must be in its totality orimplications of totality.
It must embody the difficult
unity of inclusion rather than theeasy unity of inclusion
- Venturi
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DE STIJL
De Stijl: pursuit of socialrenewal through idealabstraction;
Close relationship betweenarchitecture and the finearts; pristine, geometric butmore decorative than theBauhaus:
Painter Piet Mondrian, DesignCritic Theo Van Doesburg,Architects J.J.P. Oud, GerritRietveld and Mart Stam
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INTERNATIONAL STYLE
The house is a machine to live in
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INTERNATIONAL STYLE
The house is a machine to live in.
the program for building a house should be
set out with the same precision as that for
building a machine;
structural frame should be separately
identified from the space-enclosing walls;
house should be lifted on pilotises so the
garden may spread under it;
roofs should be flat, capable of being used
as a garden;
interior accommodation should be freely
planned
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INTERNATIONAL STYLE
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INTERNATIONAL STYLE
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TECTONICS
Tectonics- the art andscience of shaping,
ornamenting or assemblingmaterials in buildingconstruction.
REVOLUTIONARY
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REVOLUTIONARY
ARCHITECTURE (1800s)
Eclecticism or Indiferrentism- designing without
considering that any matter of principle wasinvolved
The new tendency to plan buildings
geometrically or symbolically without close
reference to functional requirements
HISTORIOGRAPHY
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ROMANTICISM
HISTORIOGRAPHYHistoricism and Exoticism: Notion of evolution
and chronology
Passion for Archaeology
INFLUENCE OF THE PICTURESUE
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ROMANTICISM
INFLUENCE OF THE PICTURESUE
Sculptural and picturesque
The villa concept- multiplicity, relatively modestdimensions, unrestricted sites, assymmetry,
irregularity of plan, fenestration and silhouette
Intricacy defined as the disposition of objects
which, by a partial and uncertain concealment,excites and nourishes curiosity
AWARENESS OF STYLE
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REVIVALISM
AWARENESS OF STYLE
Style : the fashion which each generation canpromptly recognize as its own; what ties together
the aesthetic achievements of the creativeindividuals of one age;
the expression of a prevailing, dominant or
authentically contemporary view of theworld by those artists who have most
successfully intuited the quality of human
experience peculiar to their day, and who are able
to phrase this experience in forms deeply
congenial to the thought or matter expressed
PRIMITIVISM AND PROGRESS
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REVIVALISM
PRIMITIVISM AND PROGRESS
Issues of birth, growth and decay were tackled
The value of historical study was that it showed
by what gradual steps the transition had beenmade from the first simple efforts of uncultivated
nature to a state of things which was so
wonderfully artificial and cultivated
Glorification of the noble savage
ECLECTICISM (1830s)
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REVIVALISM
ECLECTICISM (1830s)
A composite system of thought made up
of views selected from various other
systems.Eclectics claim that no one should
accept blindly from the past the legacy
of a single philosophical system to the
exclusion of all others but each should
decide rationally and independentlywhat philosophical facts used in the past
were appropriate to the present and then
recognize and respect them in whatever
context they might appear.
ROMAN REVIVAL
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REVIVALISM
ROMAN REVIVAL
Influences of the Roman monumental
compositional forms
The new tendency to fit public buildings into
antique temples
The tendency to incorporate the compositional
forms of Antique temples into public buildings
Importance of ruins and archaeological studies
GREEK REVIVAL
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REVIVALISM
Acknowledgement of the idea of
the Parthenon as the most perfect
building ever constructed; its
qualities have been interpreted to
justify every change in
architectural fashion,
from the servile duplication of its
composition and details to the mostindividualistic creations in
reinforced concrete and steel.
GREEK REVIVALT diti l f l b li d
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REVIVALISM
Traditional use of plumb lines, squares and
levels
Regard for public buildings as objects in
space rather than objects enclosing space.
Making pediments correspond to thestructural reality of the pitched roof
RENAISSANCE REVIVAL
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REVIVALISM
RENAISSANCE REVIVAL
the renaissance revival allowed an
architect to select and even to invent
for himself such compositional anddecorative forms as might be
considered suitable for the occasion.
Introduced common sense
into architectural design.
RENAISSANCE REVIVAL
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REVIVALISM
RENAISSANCE REVIVAL
Picturesque and lacked order and symmetry of
classical architecture.
RENAISSANCE REVIVAL
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REVIVALISM
RENAISSANCE REVIVAL
Skill of architects not to be found in
archaeological accuracy of facades but in the
orderly sequences of accommodation on
awkward sites, skillful combination of different
and new materials
GOTHIC NATIONALISM
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REVIVALISM
GOTHIC NATIONALISM
Buildings with pseudo-mediaeval details
Ideals with which to justify Gothic revival were
immensely varied and often diametrically
opposed.
GOTHIC NATIONALISM
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REVIVALISM
GOTHIC NATIONALISM
Neglect of practical comforts and
functional planning; spaces were
planned more with an eye to their
scenic effect than to their workability
POLYCHROMY
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REVIVALISM
POLYCHROMY
Introduction of variegations into the exterior
design of facades.
Exteriors should display colors of various hues.
Structural Coloration: architectural form was
necessarily structural form, and hence, effects of
color should result from the structural materials
by which an edifice was actually built.
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FUNCTIONALISM
SYMBOLS OF
FUNCTION
BIOLOGICAL ANALOGY
MECHANICAL ANALOGY
GASTRONOMIC ANALOGY
LINGUISTIC ANALOGY
BIOLOGICAL ANALOGY
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FUNCTIONALISM
Architecture based on anatomy
Concept of Organic Architecture
Parts of a whole Morphology: science of form
Form follows function
Influence of the environment
MECHANICAL ANALOGY
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FUNCTIONALISM
MECHANICAL ANALOGY
Scientific evolution and artistic evolution
follow the same laws
Movement and function
Collaboration in the progressive accumulation
of technical knowledge
Precise destination and expression of
potentialities
GASTRONOMIC ANALOGY
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FUNCTIONALISM
GASTRONOMIC ANALOGY
Demands the combination of materials of
strength, ideal sequence or plan, analysis and
testing of efficacies
Goes beyond scientific analysis; requires
intuition, imagination, enthusiasm, immense
amount of organizational skill
GASTRONOMIC ANALOGY
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FUNCTIONALISM
GASTRONOMIC ANALOGY
Demands the combination of materials of
strength, ideal sequence or plan, analysis and
testing of efficacies
Goes beyond scientific analysis; requires
intuition, imagination, enthusiasm, immense
amount of organizational skill
LINGUISTIC ANALOGY
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FUNCTIONALISM
LINGUISTIC ANALOGY
Eloquence and expression
Emotions and experiencing emotionsVocabulary and composition
LINGUISTIC ANALOGY
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FUNCTIONALISM
LINGUISTIC ANALOGY
Eloquence and expression
Emotions and experiencing emotionsVocabulary and composition
INFLUENCE OF ENGINEERS Importance of mathematical studies in
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FUNCTIONALISM
Importance of mathematical studies in
constructional design
Straightforward, unadorned building unless
needs of decorum demanded ornament
Classical proportions were modified inaccordance with new materials
Architecture of iron
INFLUENCE OF THE ALLIED
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FUNCTIONALISM
INFLUENCE OF THE ALLIED
ARTS
Decorations and ornaments Abstract patterns on space layout
Furniture design on Architectural
composition
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FUNCTIONALISM
INFLUENCE OF
THE ALLIED
ARTS
Decorations and
ornaments
Abstract patterns on
space layout Furniture design on
Architectural
composition
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HOUSING AND URBAN PLANNING
CONCEPTS
Doxiadis:
A human settlement is made
up of five ekistic elements,
which are interactive and
interdependent with eachother. These are man, nature,
shells, networks and society.
EKISTICS
Linear and Nodal City- Le Corbusier
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URBAN DESIGN CONCEPTS
Broadacre City- Frank Lloyd Wright
Chandigarh Le Corbusier
The Freestanding Building/ Functionalism-Sigfried Giedion (Space, Time andArchitecture)
The Ideal City- Ludwig Hilberseimer
City of Setback Skyscrapers- Louis SullivanGarden City-Ebenezer Howard
A series of discontinuous movements in the
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MODERNISM
19th and 20th centuries;
opposes both the Zeitgeist and the Single
Strand theories that propose continuousevolution of styles.
Modernism is characterized by
mult i -valenceor by the presence of
multi-valued levels of meaning
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MODERNISM
ISSUES:
relativity
evolutionary
diversity
COMMON NOTIONS
ll t i
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MODERNISM
soulless container
absence of
relationship withthe environment
arrogant
unarticulated
monstrous
speculative
mass-produced
ASSOCIATED TERMS:
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MODERNISM
ASSOCIATED TERMS:
Functional
Industrial
Innovative/ Novel
Technology
Revolutionary and Opposing
Modernism is marked by the following:
Renunciation of the old world
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MODERNISM
Renunciation of the old world
Addressed mass housing
Explored potentials of materials and new forms Technological determinism and structural rationalism
Aesthetic self-expression
Belief in the power of form to transform the world
Sleek machined surfaces
Mass production and cost reduction
Skyscrapers and capitalism
Grand urban projects
Van Doesburg:
E hi i i it li ti f
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MODERNISM
Every machine is a spiritualization of an
organism the machine is par
excellence, a phenomenon of spiritual
disciplines The new spiritual artisticsensibility of the 20th century has not only
felt the beauty of the machine but also
taken cognizance of the unlimited
expressive possibilities for the arts.
The Metaphysical School of Architecture-
th i ti l i it f h t th
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MODERNISM
the quasi-mystical spirit of what the
building wants to be.
Les Corbusier:
The frame of a building or buildings is
like the laws that govern society. Without
these laws there is anarchy and without
the frame there is visual anarchy.
Thomas Ava Edison
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MODERNISM
experimented with Portland concrete and
subsequent mass production of pre-
fabricated houses made of concrete.Then came the technology of casting with
the use of scaffolding that allowed for
variation and alteration
A diverse and unstable concept that
ft
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POST-MODERNISM
started in the United States after
1965 then spread to the rest of the
industrialized world.
Post-modernists focused on the
differences and brought to fore that which
had been marginalized by dominant
cultures. In other fields, the movement is
characterized by a rejection of a unitary
world view
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POST-MODERNISM
Architecture came with cartoon-
like trivialization and packaging
Urban planning under post-
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POST-MODERNISM
Urban planning under post
modernism celebrated
heterogeneity in place of
central, grand statues
Venturi:
An Architecture of complexity and
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POST-MODERNISM
An Architecture of complexity and
contradiction has a special obligation
toward the whole- its truth must be in its
totality or implications of totality. It mustembody the difficult unity of inclusion
rather than the easy unity of inclusion
Venturi and Scott Brown:
the architects task was to express
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POST-MODERNISM
the architect s task was to express
meaning to the general public,
whether in the design of a house or
a civic building; people becamemobile bearers of meaning.
Jacques Derrida- the foundingfather of Deconstruction
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DECONSTRUCTION
father of Deconstruction
Something has been constructed, a
philosophical system, a tradition, a
culture, and along comes a de-
constructor (who) destroys its
stone by stone, analyzes the
structure and dissolves it
One looks as systems and examineshow it was built, which keystone, which
angle supports the building; one shifts
them and thereby frees oneself from the
authority of the system.
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DECONSTRUCTION
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DECONSTRUCTION
Structuralism study of
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STRUCTURALISM & POST-STRUCTURALISM
Structuralism- study ofrelationships between say, words in
a language, etc.
Post-structuralism- wasconcerned with questions of
meaning and how individuals order
the world. In architecture, PS
focused on meaning rather thanprocess.
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FORDISM AND POST-FORDISM
Fordism- refers to the state-regulated system of mass production
and mass consumption which,undergirded by welfare and security,
dominated advanced capitalist
societies in the west, roughly from
the Depression to the crisis of the
1970s.
Post-Fordism- characterized by:
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FORDISM AND POST-FORDISM
flexible communication
niche market consumption
flexible machinery equipment that can
be adapted to different tasks relatively
quickly
flexible accumulation of goods in order
to respond quickly to demand
more temporary and part-time labor
geographical clustering of information,transnational cultural and population
flows
information superhighways
Dry-bulb Temperature (DBT): This isELEMENTS
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
the measurement of the temperature of the air
and as far as possible excludes any radiant
temperature
Relative Humidity (RH): The amount of
water in the air
Precipitation: This is mainly rainfall but
could also be dew
Sky: Cloud cover
Wind: The direction, frequency and force of
the wind throughout the year
ELEMENTS
OF CLIMATE
NEEDED IN
DESIGN
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ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCEPTS
COMFORT ZONE: The range of
conditions under which most people feelcomfortable;
It is a function of many variables, among which
is the annual mean temperature
CHARACTERISTICS OF
TROPICAL CLIMATE
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ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCEPTS
TROPICAL CLIMATE
Warm Humid: High Temperature; High RH;
Heavy rains esp. during monsoonHot Dry: Very high DBT; low humidity; low
precipitation; little or no cloud; sparse/bare
ground
Composite: mixture of warm, humid and hot/dry
Macro and Micro: region and site