Tola-Dragonetti 1985 copia

8/8/2019 Tola-Dragonetti 1985 copia

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FERNANDO TOLA AND CARMEN DRAGONETTI*

N . ~ G ~, RJ U N A' S CA TU S T A V A 1

Ndgdr]una's hy m nsIn the Tibetafi Buddhist Canon a series of h y m n s 2 attributed to N~g~rjuna,the founder o f the M a d h y a m a k a school of the Mahdydna Buddhism, hasbeen preserved.

In the Madhyamakagdstrastuti of Candrak~rti 3 (VII Century A.D.) stanza10, in the list of the eight treatises ascribed to N~g~rjuna, we f'md one entitledsam. tuti (bs tod pa in the Tibetan translation), which is a generic term todesignate the hymns (s tava, s totra) and which J. W. de Jong translates by"les Louanges".4

G. Tucci, M i n o r B u d d h i st T e x t s I (1956), pp. 235-246, published atext which presents itself under the title of Catuh.stavasamdsdrtha,includedin a Sanskrit manuscript which he found in Tibet. As its name indicates,this text is a commentary of a work entitled Catuh.stava ("Four Hymns").This commentary was composed by Amrthkara, an author about whomnothing is known. The text contains only a part o f the commentary of theNiraupamyastava and the complete commentaries of the Acintyas tava andParamdrthastava. According to Tucci, p. 237, the hymn commented in thepart that is lacking was the Lokdt i tas tava, although there is nothing in thetext of the commentary that has been preserved that gives support to thisaffirmation. Amrt~kara does not indicate who is the author of the Catuh.stavathat he comments. As we shall see later on the three stavas, Niraupam ya,A c i n t y a , and Paramdrtha, and also the L o k d t i t a , were attributed to N~g~rjunaby the Tibetan Buddhist Canon, and it is possible to think that Candrak~rtiattributes to Nfigfirjuna the Lokd t i ta and that PrajfiAkaramati does the samewith the Loka-tita and the Acin tya . We can therefore conclude that theCatuh.stavasamdsdrtha is a commentary of hymns that circulated underthe name of Nfigfirjuna, united in a whole under the title of Catuh.stava.Amrtfikara's commentary contains some quotat ions of parts of stanzas,of isolated words, taken from the hymns that he comments . A list ofAmrt~kara's quotations is given later on.Journal of Indian Philosophy 13 (1985) 1-54. 0022-1791/85/0131-0001 $05.40. 1985 by D. Re idel Publishing Company.


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2 F . T O L A A N D C . D R A G O N E T T ITh e r e a re a l so f ou nd in B uddh i s t a u th o r s qu o ta t ions in S a nsk r it o f s ta nz as

o f the hy m ns a sc ribe d to N~ g~ irjuna. A l i st o f quo ta t io ns f r om the f ou rh y m n s : Lo kdti ta, Niraupamya. Ac intya a n d Paramdrtha is given below .

F ina l ly , t he S a nsk r it t e x t o f the se f ou r hym ns i s a va il a ble . I n 1932 s G .T u c c i p u bl is h e d t h e c o m p l e t e S an s k ri t t e x t o f N i r a u p a m y a a n d Paramdrtha,pr e se r ve d in a no t ve r y o ld m a nusc r ip t wh ic h he f oun d in Ne pa l . I n 1982C hr . L ind tne r pub l i she d 6 the c o m p le te S a nsk ri t t e x t o f Loka-tita an dAcintya, pr e se rve d in f ou r m a nusc r ip t s 7 wh ic h c o n ta in a lso the tw o o th e rh y m n s a l re a d y p u b l is h e d b y T u c c i .

W e m u s t m e n t i o n t h a t t h e r e is a v e r y f a i th f u l r e c o n s t r u c t io n f r o m t h eT i b e t a n t r a n s l at i o n o f f o u r h y m n s : Niraupamya, Lo kdti ta, Acintya , a n dStutyat i ta , don e by P . P a tel be f o r e the d i sc ove r y o f the S a nsk r it o r ig ina lt e x t by T uc c i , a l thoug h i t wa s pub l ishe d som e t im e a f t e r t ha t d i sc ove r y .8

Le t u s ind ic a te tha t no t r a ns la t ion o f the h ym ns a sc ribe d to Nf ig~r junais p r e se rve d in the C h inese B uddh i s t C a no n , w i th the e xc e p t ion o fDha rmad hdtustava. 9The CatustavaP r a jf i~ ka r am a t i ( I X C e n tu r y A .D . ) , Paa]ika-,p. 20 0, 1 .1 , p . 22 9, 1 .10 andp . 249 ,1 .1 e d . P . L . Va idya (= p . 420 ,1 .1 , p . 488 , l a st l ine a nd p . 533 ,1 .9ed . L . de la Vall6e Pouss in) , quo tes som e iso la ted s tanzas , a t t r ibut ing the mexpress ly (catu .hstave'pyuktam; catuh,stave' p i; catuh, stave' p yu kta m ) t oa wor k de n om ina te d C a tu hs ta va , "Four hymns o f eulogy", b u t w i th o u tind ic a ting the a u tho r ' s na m e . 1 The s t anz a s qu o te d by P r a jf i~ ka ra m a t ic o r r e s p o n d t o t w o h y m n s a s c ri b ed t o Nhg~rjuna,Niraupamya ( 7 , 9 ) a ndLokdt i ta ( 1 8 - 2 0 ) .

B e s ide s tha t , a s a l r e a dy sa id , t he m a nusc r ip t f oun d by Tuc c i in T ibe tc o n t a in s a c o m m e n t a r y , Catuh.starasarndsdrtha, w h i c h c o m m e n t s t h eNiraupamya, th e Acin tya a n d t h e Paramdrtha a nd w hic h , a c c o r d ing toTuc c i , c om m e nte d in it s l o s t pa r t t he Lokdt i ta .

L i n d t n e r i n d i ca t es t h a t t h e t i tl e s a n d o r d e r o f t h e h y m n s i n t h e f o u rm a n usc r ip t s he u t il i ze s ar e w i tho u t e x c e p t ion Lok dti ta, Niraupamya, Acin tyaa n d Paramdrtha;a nd he ha s ha d the k indne ss to in f o r m us , i n a pe r sona ll e t t e r o f M a y 5 , 1984 , tha t "n on e o f the M ss spe a k o f C atuh .s ta va a s a who le " .

The se f a c t s c a n be e xp la ine d in se ver al wa ys :( 1 ) T h e r e e x i s t e d r ea l ly a n i n d e p e n d e n t w o r k c o m p o s e d e v e n t u a l ly b y


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N A G ~ , R J U N A 'S C A T U S T A V A 3N ~ g i ju n a , d e n o m i n a t e d Catustava, w h o s e f o u r h y m n s w e r e tr a n s l a te ds e p a r a t e l y in t o T i b e t a n , s i nc e in t h e T i b e t a n B u d d h i s t C a n o n t h e r e i s n o ta sin g le w o r k w i t h t h a t n a m e .

( 2 ) T h e r e w a s n o t a w o r k Catustava c o m p o s e d e v e n t u a ll y b y N ~ g ~ r ju n a ;t h e re w e r e o n l y i n d e p e n d e n t h y m n s c o m p o s e d b y t h a t a u t h o r . B y r e a so n sw e i g n o re , f o u r o f t h es e h y m n s w e r e u n i t e d b y s o m e p e r s o n u n d e r t h en a m e o f Catustava, a f t e r t h e y w e r e c o m p o se d b y N~ g fir ju na a n d b e f o r eP r a j fi ~ k a ra m a t i 's a n d A m r t ~ k a r a ' s ti m e . T h e s e a u t h o r s c o n s i d e re d a ss o m e t h i n g c e r ta i n th a t t h e r e e x i s te d a w o r k n a m e d Catustava b y N~ g h r j u n a .

W e p r e f e r t h e s e c o n d h y p o t h e s i s , b e c au s e w e t h i n k i t is n o t v e r y li k e ly ,i f th e r e r e a ll y w a s a w o r k Catustava c o m p o s e d e v e n t u a l ly b y N h g ~ rj un a ,t h a t t h i s w o r k s h o u l d h a v e b e e n d i s m e m b e r e d b y t h e i r T i b e t a n t r a n s la t o r sa n d i n c o r p o r a t e d i n th i s w a y i n t o t h e T i b e t a n B u d d h i s t C a n o n . T h e f a c tt h a t t h e se h y m n s c i rc u l a te d s e p a r a t e ly , a s i t is p r o v e d b y t h e m a n u s c r i p tf o u n d b y T u c c i, in w h i c h w e h a ve o n l y tw o h y m n s , Niraupamya andParamdrtha, a n d a l s o t h e f a c t t h a t i n t h a t m a n u s c r i p t a n d i n L i n d t n e r ' sm a n u s c r i p t s th e r e is n o i n d i c a ti o n t h a t t h e y f o r m e d p a r t o f a la r g er w o r k -t h e s e f a c ts c o r r o b o r a t e o u r i d e a t h a t t h e se f o u r h y m n s e x i s t e d originallya s s e p a r a t e wo r k s .Catustava's Com positionA n o t h e r d i f f i c u lt y c a u s e d b y t h i s w o r k w a s i ts c o m p o s i t i o n , i. e. w h i c h o ft h e h y m n s a t t r i b u t e d t o N ~ g ~ rj un a c o m p o s e d t h e Ca tustava, in e i th e r o ft h e t w o h y p o t h e s i s w e h a v e r e f e r r e d to b e f o r e : e i t h e r i f t h e Catustava isa n i n d e p e n d e n t t r e a t is e b y N~ g a r j u n a o r i f i t is a la t e r r e c o p i l a t i o n d o n eb y o t h e r p e r s o n .

I t is o u t o f d o u b t t h a t t h e Lokdt f ta a n d t h e Niraupamya a r e p a r t s o fth e Catustava, b e c a u se t h e s t a n z a s q u o t e d b y P r a j f i ~ k a r a m a t i a s p r o c e d i n gf r o m t h e Catustava b e l o n g t o t h e se t w o h y m n s a sc r i b e d t o N ~ gSrju na . 1~

As r e g a r d s t h e o t h e r t wo h y m n s , L . d e l a Va l l ~ e Po u s s i n ( 1 9 1 3 ) t h o u g h tt h a t t h e y w e r e th e Ottava]ra a n d t h e Paramdrtha, a n d G . T u c c i ( 1 9 3 2 )wa s o f t h e s a m e o p i n i o n . 12 P . Pa t e l ( 1 9 3 2 a n d 1 9 3 4 ) c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h et w o o t h e r h y m n s w e r e Stu tya t f ta (T6hoku 1 1 2 9 = Catalogue 2 0 2 0 ) a n dAcintya.

B u t T u c c i ( 1 9 5 6 ) , a s w e h a v e s a id , p u b l i s h e d a t e x t t h a t w a s c o m p o s e db y Am r t~ i k a ra , h a s Catuh.stavasamdsdrtha a s it s ti t l e , a n d c o n t a i n s a p a r t


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4 F . T O L A A N D C . D R A G O N E T T Io f a c o m m e n t a r y o f t h e Niraupamya a n d t h e c o m m e n t a ri e s o f t h e Acintyaa n d Paramdrtha.

W i t h th i s l u c k y d i s c o v e r y o f T u c c i it c o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e p r o b l e ma b o u t t h e c o m p o s i t io n o f t h e Catustava w a s a l r ea d y s o lv e d : th e f o u r h y m n st h a t c o m p o s e d i t w e r e : Niraupamya ( P r a j ~ k a r a m a t i a n d A m . r t ~ k a r a ) , Acintyaa n d Paramdrtha ( A m r t ~ k a r a ) , a n d Lokdt i ta ( P r a j ~ k a r a m a t i ) . 1 3

N o w w i t h L i n d t n e r ' s p u b l i c a t i o n , w h i c h c o n f i r m s T u c c i ' s o p i n i o n , t h e r ec a n n o t b e a n y m o r e d o u b t a b o u t t h e c o n te n t s o f Catustava.Authorship o f the Hym ns o f the CatustavaO f t h e f o u r h y m n s t h a t c o m p o s e th e Catustava o n l y t h e Lokdt i ta i s express lya t t r ibu ted to N~gf i r juna by Candrak~rti,Prasannapadd,p . 1 7 0 ,1 .1 0 e d . P . L .Va i d y a ( = p . 4 1 3 ,1 .5 e d . L . d e l a Va l l6 e Po u s s in ) . I n t h i s t e x t C a n d r a k ~ r t iq u o t e s s t an z a 4 o f th e Lokdt i ta a t t r i b u t i n g i t t o t h e dcdryapdda, " t h ev e n e r a b le m a s t e r " , b y w h i c h e x p r e s s io n w e m u s t u n d e r s t a n d Ndgdr]una.

A d v a y a v a j r a ( X I C . A . D . ), Advayava]rasam.graha, 3. Ta ttvara tndvali, p.2 2 ,1 .1 , q u o t e s s t a n z a 2 1 o f N iraupamya i n t ro d u c i n g i t w i t h t h e w o r d s :"ndgdr]unapddair ap y u kt a m '.B e s id e s t h a t t h e f o r m i n w h i c h P r a j fi ~ k a r a m a t i , Paff/ilai,p . 1 9 7 ,1 .2 6 ,p . 1 8 0 ,1 .2 7 , a n d p . 2 7 5 ,1 .1 8 e d . P . L . V a i d y a = p . 4 1 5 ,1 .1 , p . 3 7 5 , a n dp . 5 9 0 e d . L . d e l a Va l l6 e Po u s s in , q u o t e s t h e s t a n z a s 2 1 ofLoka-tita (etadevdha), a n d 1 8 a n d 4 0 o f t h e Ac intya (yad dha; ata evdha), se e m s t o i n d i c a t etha t he i s r e fe r r ing to N~gf ir juna a s the au tho r o f t hos e s t anzas .

A n o t h e r e v i d e n c e i n f a v o u r o f t h e a u t h e n t i c i t y o f t h e se f o u r h y m n s i st h e c i r c u m s t a n c e t h a t t h e Madhyamakagdstrastuti o f C a n d r a k ~ r ti , to w h i c hwe h a v e a l r e a d y r e f e r r e d , in t h e e n u m e r a t i o n o f N~ g ~ r j u n a 's wo r k s , in c l u d e sa ls o h y m n s u n d e r t h e n a m e o f sam. tuti. 14

P r o f . L i n d t n e r i n a p e r s o n a l le t t e r o f 5 M a y , 1 9 8 4 i n f o r m s u s t h a t t h em a n u s c r i p ts o f T o k y o a n d G o k h a l e ( se e n o t e 7 o f t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n ) e x p r es s lyasc r ibe the four hymns to Nf ig~i r juna .

O n i ts s id e th e T i b e t a n B u d d h i s t C a n o n a t t r i b u t e s t h e f o u r h y m n s ,Niraupam ya, Loka-tfta, Ac intya , a n d Paramdrtha to N~g~irjuna.

F i n a l l y we m u s t a l so h a v e i n m i n d t h a t t h e i d e a s e x p r e s se d in t h e seh y m n s i n t h e i r g e n e r a l l in e s b e l o n g t o t h e c e n t r a l n u c l e u s o f N~ g ~ r ju n a 'st h o u g h t .A l l th e se r e a so n s i n d u c e prima facie t o t h i n k t h a t t h e a u t h o r o f t h e f o u r


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N A G . ~R J U N A ' S C A T U S T A V A 5hym ns i s N~g~r juna . A c c or d ing ly m od e r n a u tho r s in ge ne ra l a t t r ibu te the sef ou r hym ns to N~ g~ rjuna . C f . T . R . V . M ur t i , The Central Phi losophy o fB u d d h i s m , p . 9 0 ; K . P o t t e r , Bibliography o f Indian Philosophies , p. 5 ; K.V e n k a t a R a m a n a m , Ndgdr]una's Ph ilosoph y, p . 3 7 ; P . L . V a i d y a , A ryadeva,p . 5 0 ; M . W i n t e r n i t z , A His tory o f lnd ian L i tera ture , p. 376; I~ . Lamot te ,L e Trait~ de la Grande Vertu d e Sagesse, T o m e I II , In t r o d u c t i o n , p . X L I I I ;D. S . Ruegg, The Li tera ture o f the Madhyamaka Schoo l , p p . 3 1 - 3 2 , 3 5 ,1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , 1 2 6 , 1 3 0 - 1 3 1 ; C h r. L in d t n e r, Nagarjuniana, spec ia l ly pp . 121 -122 ; be s ide s P . P a te l a nd G . T uc c i in the i r m e n t ion e d a r ti c le s .

Ne ve r the le ss L . de l a Va ll6e P ouss in , "No te s e t B ib l iog r a ph ie B oud dh iq ue s" ,p . 39 6 ( a l tho ugh the t i t l e o f hi s a r t ic l e is "Le s Qua t r e O de s de N~ g~ r juna " )c ons ide r s tha t t he a t t r ibu t ion o f the se hym ns to N~ g~ xjuna i s no t so su r eas Tucc i a f f i rms i s ( in h is quo ted a r t ic le o f 1932 ) . 16

I n sp i te o f the t i t l e o f ou r wor k , we a r e inc line d to a d op t the c a u t iouspos i t ion o f L . de la Va ll6e P ouss in un t i l a m o r e p r o f ou nd a nd c a r e f u l s tud yof the ide a s e xpo un de d in th i s hym ns a l low a m or e p r e c i se de f in i t ion ont h e m a t t e r .

Quotat ions o f S tanzas o f the Catustava in o the r Sanskr i t TextsM a n y s t a n za s o f t h e h y m n s , t o w h i c h t h e p r e s e n t w o r k r e fe r s, a re q u o t e din o the r S a nsk r i t B uddh i s t t e x t s , a s we ha ve a l r e a dy sa id . Of c our se the r eare a lso ma ny para l lel or s imi la r passages in o the r tex ts . Now we ind ica teo n l y t h e n u m b e r o f t h e s ta n za s o f e a c h h y m n t h a t h a v e b e en q u o t e d i n ac o m p l e t e f o r m i n o t h e r B u d d h i s t S an s k ri t t e x t s ; i n t h e n o t e s , th a t a c c o m p a n yt h e t e x t o f t h e h y m n s , w e h a v e g iv e n i n t h e c o r r e sp o n d i n g p la c e t h e f u l lr e f e r e nc e s o f the quo ta t ions . S e e al so the f o l lowing se c tion tha t i nd ic a te sthe qu o ta t ion s f r om Am .r tLkar a's c om m e nta r y .

( I ) Lokdt i tas tava . Th e S a nskr i t t e x t o f 12 s ta nz a s, o f the 28 s t anz a s tha tc o m p o s e t h is h y m n , h a s b e e n p r e s e r v ed i n q u o t a t o n s b y o t h e r B u d d h i s ta u t h o r s : s ta n z as 4 , 8 , 9 , 1 1 , 13 , 1 8 , 19 , 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 4 .

( I I )Niraupamyas tava . O f t h e 2 5 s ta n za s t h a t c o m p o s e t h i s h y m n , 7a r e qu o te d by o the r B uddh i s t a u tho r s . Th e y a re st a nz as 7 , 9 , 13 , 18 , 19 ,2 1 , 2 4 .

( I I I ) Acintyas tava . O f the 59 s t a nz a s o f th i s hy m n 7 a r e p re se r ve d inS a n sk r it i n q u o t a t i o n s b y o t h e r B u d d h i s t a u t h o r s . T h e y a re : 1 9 , 2 5 , 2 9 , 3 6 ,4 0 , 4 1 , 4 2 .


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6 F . T O L A A N D C . D R A G O N E T T IQuotations o f the Catustava in Am.rtdkara's comm entaryW e i n d i ca t e al so i n th e n o t e s t h a t a c c o m p a n y t h e t e x t t h e q u o t a t i o n s , f o u n di n A m r t L k a ra 's c o m m e n t a r y , o f p o r t io n s o f th e t e x t o f t h e h y m n s . T h e s equo ta t ions a r e t a ke n f r om Am .r tfikar a's c om m e nta r y a s e d i t e d by Tuc c i ,Minor Buddhis t Tex ts I , p p . 2 3 8 - 2 4 6 . I t is v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o o b s e rv e t h a tm a n y o f the w or ds f ou nd in Am .rt fikara 's quo ta t ions do no t a p pe a r w i ththe m o r pho log ic a l f o r m the y ha ve in the r e spe c t ive st a nz as , bu t w i th them o r p h o l o g i c a l f o r m t h a t c o r r es p o n d s t o t h e m i n th e p h r as e s t h a t c o m m e n tthe m . Am .r t~ ka ra 's quo ta t ions r e f e r to s t a nz a s 1 ,2 , 2 0 , 22 , 24 , 25 o fNiraupamya; s tanza 1 o f A c i n ty a , a nd s t a nza s 1 , 2 , 3 , 8 , 9 , 10 o f Paramdrtha.Doctrinary Contents o f the Fo ur H ym ns 17I n t h e h y m n s w e f in d e x p r e ss e d t h e f u n d a m e n t a l d o c t r i n e s o f t h eMadhyamaka sc hoo l , in a v e r y b r i e f f o r m o f c our se a s is r e qu i r e d bythe spe cial na tu r e o f th i s l i te r a r y ge nde r . The se f und a m e n ta l t he o r i e sa r e: ( 1 ) T h e c o n d i t i o n e d n e s s , t h e d e p e n d e n c e o n a n o t h e r , t h e c o m p o s e d n e s s ,t h e i m p e r m a n e n c y , i n a w o r d t h e contingency is t he t r ue na tu r e , t he t r uef o r m o f be ing o f the e m pi r i c a l r e a l ity . The wo r ds svabhdva~nyatd (absenceo f a n o w n b e i n g ) an d pratityasamutpdda ( o r ig ina t ion in de pe n de nc e ) ind ic a teth i s t r ue na tu r e o f the e m pi r i c a l r e a l i ty . ( 2 ) Th e f o r m u nde r w h ic h th i se m pi r i c a l re a l i ty a ppea r s to us ( a s subs ta n t i al , c om pa c t , c o n t inuo us a ndun i t a r y , pe r m a ne n t ) is on ly a f al se c r e a t ion o f ou r m inds . S o the e m pi r ic a lrea l i ty as i t app ears to us is an i l lus ion . (3) T here a re o nly tw o rea l i t ies , thef o r m und e r wh ic h the e m pi r ic a l r e a l i ty a ppe a r s to u s ( il l u sion , c onc e a lm e n tr e a l i ty ) a nd the t r ue n a tu r e o f the e m pi r ic a l r e a l i ty ( c on t inge n c y , t r uerea l i ty) . Besides these t w o rea l i ties there i s no th in g e lse . (4) A l l the mani-f e s t a t ions , e l e m e n t s , c a t e gor i e s e t c . o f the e m pi r i c a l r e a l i ty , wh e n the ya r e a na lyz e d , m us t be de n ie d a s r e a lly ex i s t ing : the r ope do e s no t e x i s ta s suc h , it i s on ly a c ong lom e r a te o f th r e a ds ; t he th r e a ds d o no t e x i s t assuc h , the y a r e on ly a c ong lom e r a te o f f i l a m e n t s a nd so on . ( 5 ) We ha ve theimpress io n th a t th is abol ish ing ana lys is leaves be for e us a grea t voidness,a great emptiness. T h e s e w o r d s " v o i d n e s s " a n d " e m p t i n e s s " a r e us e d t ode s igna te the t r ue r e a l i ty , c onc e a le d by the f a lse a ppe a r a nc e o f the e m pi r i c a lrea l i ty . (6) This voidness exis ts previou s ly to the abol ish ing ana lys is tha td i scove r s i t . ( 7 ) The e m pi r i c al r e a l i ty , a ll the be ings a nd th ings tha t c om pose


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N / ~ G A R J U N A ' S C A T U S T A V A 7it (sam. dra), a n d t h e nirvd.na, th e s um m um bonum , a re the same , s ince thet r u e n a t u r e o f b o t h is t o b e f o u n d b y t h e n e g a t io n o f e v er y m a n i f e s t a ti o n ,e l e m e n t , c a t e g o r y t h a t t h e e m p i r i c a l r e a l i t y p r e se n t s t o u s , a n d t h e f i n a lr e su l t o f t h i s n e g a t i o n i s t h e a b so l u t e a n d t o t a l v o i d n e s s . ( 8 ) W e h a v e s a idt h a t t h e e m p i r i c a l r e a l i ty a s i t a p p e a r s to u s is o n l y a f a ls e c r e a t i o n o f o u rm i n d s . T h is g re a t fu n c t i o n o f t h e m i n d m u s t n o t i n d u c e u s to b e m i s t a k e na b o u t t h e t r u e n a t u r e o f t h e m i n d : i t b e l o n g s al so t o t h e e m p i r i c al r e a l it ya n d a s su c h i t is c o n t i n g e n t a s e v e r y t h i n g e l s e , a n d t h e a b o l i sh in g a n a l y s i s ,w h e n a p p l i e d t o i t , l e av e s a l so t h e v o i d n e s s t h a t i s a t t h e b o t t o m o f a l l.( 9 ) L i b e r a t i o n c a n b e o b t a i n e d o n l y t h r o u g h t h e c o m p l e t e a n d la s ti n gc e s s at io n o f a l l m e n t a l a c t i v i ty , w h i c h i s to b e o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h g r e a tp e r s o n a l e f f o r t . O f c o u r s e , d e a t h d o e s n o t s ig n i fy th e c e s s a ti o n o f t h em e n t a l a c t i v it y , si nc e d e a t h i s f o l lo w e d b y a n e w b i r t h f o r t h e m a n w h oh a s n o t l i b e r a t e d h i m se l f . ( 1 0 ) S i n c e th e e m p i r i c a l r e a l i ty a n d a ll i t sc o m p o n e n t s a r e i ll u s o ry , t h e r e h a s n e v e r b e e n a t r u e a n d r e al f o r t h c o m i n go f a n y t h i n g a n d t h e r e f o r e n o r e a l t r a n s m i g r a t i o n , n o r e al d e s t ru c t i o n , n o t h i n gr e a l. An d t h i s s t a t e o f t h in g s , t h a t m e a n s t h e c o m p l e t e n e g a t i o n o f a ll , i s t h eu n i v e r sa l v o i d n e s s o r , wh a t i s t h e s a m e , th e nirvd.na, a n d i t h a s n e v e r b e e na b a n d o n e d . So we c a n s a y t h a t t h i n g s a r e n i r v a n i z e d ab aeterno.Importance o f the Fou r Hy mn sI n r e l a ti o n t o t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f th e s e f o u r h y m n s i t is e n o u g h t o s a y t h a tt h e y c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a m o n g t h e b e s t s a m p l e s o f t h e h y m n ' s l i t e r at u r e , 18n o t o n l y b e c a u s e t h e y c o n t a i n t h e b a s ic t h e o r ie s o f t h e g r e a t m a s t e r o f t h eMadhyamaka b u t a l so b e c a u se o f t h e i r c o n c i s e a n d e f f e c t i v e e x p o s i t i o n o ft h e s e th e o r i e s. T h e g r e a t n u m b e r o f ti m e s t h a t s t an z a s f r o m t h e s e h y m n sh a v e b e e n q u o t e d b y s e v e ra l a u t h o r s i s a p r o v e o f t h e g r e a t a p p r a i s a l i nw h i c h t h e s e h y m n s w e r e h e ld .Editions and Translations o f the CatustavaSanskrit Texte d . G . T u c c i, in " T w o H y m n s o f th e C a t u hs ta v a" , i n J R A S , 1 9 3 2 , p p . 3 1 2 -3 2 0 (Niraupamya) a n d p p . 3 2 2 - 3 2 4 (Paramdrtha);

e d . S . S a k ei , i n " R y f i j u n i k i s e r ar e r u S a n k a " ( " H y m n s a t t r i b u t e d t oN~g~irjuna"), in N B G N 2 4 , 1 9 5 9 , p p . 1 0 - 1 6 (Niraupamya), p p . 3 9 - 4 1(Paramdrtha);


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8 F . T O L A A N D C . D R A G O N E T T Ie d . C . Dr a g o n e t t i , i n "Niraupamyastava y Paramdrthastava", in Oriente-

Occidente, 1 9 8 2, p p . 2 5 8 - 2 6 6 (Niraupamya), p p . 2 6 8 - 2 7 0 (Paramdrtha);e d . C h r . L i n d t n e r , inNagar]uniana, 1 9 82 , p p . 1 2 8 - 1 3 8 (Loka-tita), and

p p . 1 4 0 - 1 6 0 (Acintya).Sanskrit Reconstruction fro m the Tibetan TranslationP . P a te l , in " C a t u s t a v a " i n lHQ 8 , 1 9 3 2, p p . 3 1 7 - 3 1 9 (Niraupamya),p p . 3 2 4 - 3 2 6 (Lokdtita), p p . 6 8 9 - 6 9 3 (Acintya); ( p p. 7 0 1 - 7 0 3 :Stutyatita).Tibetan Translation in the Bstan-h.gyurNiraupamya: T6hoku 1 1 1 9 = Catalogue 2 0 1 1 . I n b o t h e d i t io n s u n d e r t h et i t l e : Dpe-med-par bstod-pa ( = Sa n sk r i t Niraupamyastava); a t t r i b u t e d t oK lu-sgru b (= Nfigf ir juna) an d t ran sla te d b y IQ.s .n .a pan.d . it an d Ts hu l-kh r im srgya l -ba .

Loka-tita: T6hoku 1 1 2 0 = Catalogue 2 0 1 1 . I n b o t h e d i t io n s u n d e rt h e t i t le : H.]ig-rten-las h.das-par bstod -pa ( = Sa n sk r i t Loka-titastava) ;a t t r ibu ted to Klu-sgrub an d t r an s l a t ed by IQs.n .a pa0.d. it and Tsh u l -kh r imsrgya l -ba .

Paramdrtha: T6hok u 1 1 2 2 = Catalogue 2 0 1 4 . I n b o t h e d i t io n s u n d e r t h et i t le : Don-dam-par bstod-pa ( Sa n sk r i t Paramdrthastava); a t t r i b u t e d t oKlu-sgru b a nd t r ans l a t ed b y K.rs.n .a pan.d. it and Tsh u l -khr im s rgya l -pa .

Acintya: T6hoku 1 1 2 8 = Catalogue 2 0 1 9 . I n b o t h e d i t io n s u n d e r t h et i t l e : Bsam-gyis-mi-khyab-par bstod-p a ( = Sa n sk r i t Acintyastava); a t t r i b u t e dt o K l u - sg r u b a n d t r a n s l a t e d , a c c o r d i n g t o T6hoku, b y T i l a k a , Pa T sh a blqi -ma grags; Catalogue d o e s n o t m e n t i o n t h e n a m e o f th e t r a n s l a to r .

W e g iv e a l so t h e d a t a r e g a r d i n g t h e T i b e t a n t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e Ottavajrastava,wh i c h , a s we h a v e s a i d , wa s c o n s i d e r e d b y L . d e l a Va l l6 e Po u s s i n a s t h et hi rd h y m n o f th e Catustava a n d wh i c h h a s b e e n i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h i s a r t i c l ein an Appendix.

Ottava]ra: T6hok u 1121 = Catalogue 2 0 1 3 . I n b o t h e d i t io n s u n d e r t h et i t l e : Sem s-ky i rdo-rjeh, i bstod-pa ( = Sa n sk r i t Ottava/rastava); attributedt o K l u - sg r u b a n d t r a n s l a t e d , a c c o r d i n g t o T6hoku, b y Kr.s.n.a par~.d.it an dT sh u l - k h r i m s r g y a l - b a ; Catalogue d o e s n o t m e n t i o n t h e n a m e o f t h et r a n s l a t o r .


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N.~G.~RJUNA'S CATUSTAVA 9Ti b e t a n Tr a n sla tio n i n M o d em E d i t io n sed. L. de la Vall~e Poussin, in "Quatre Odes de N~g~rjuna", in L M n.s., 14,1913, pp. 1-3 (Niraupamya), pp. 7-1 0 (Lo kd t i t a ) , pp. 16-17 (Paramdrtha) ,pp. 14-15 (Cittava]ra);

ed. G. Tucci, in "Tw o Hymns of the Catuh.-stava", in J R A S , 1932, pp.312-320 (N i r a u p a m ya ) and pp. 322- 324 (Paramdrtha);

ed. P. Patel, in "Catustava", in 1H Q 8, 1932, pp. 319-323 (Niraupamya)and pp. 326-331 ( L o k d t i t a ) ; pp. 694-701 ( A c i n t y a ) y pp. 703-705(S t u t y a t i ta ) ;

ed. Chr. Lindtner, i n Nd g d r j u n i a n a , 1982, pp. 128-138 ( L o k d t i t a ) andpp. 140-160 (A c i n t ya ) .Eng l ish Translat ion o f the Sanskr i t Te x tG. Tueci, in "Two Hymns of the Catuh.-stava", 1932, pp. 313-321(N i r a u p a m ya ) and pp. 323-32 5 (Paramdrtha);

Chr. Lindtner, inNdgdr]uniana, 1982, pp. 129-139 ( L o k d t i t a ) and pp.141-161 (A c i n t ya ) .French Translat ion o f the Sanskr i t Te x t and o f the T ibe tan T ransla tionL. Silburn, in L e B o u d d h i s m e , 1977, pp. 201-209 (Niraupamya andParamdrtha) , from Sanskrit.

L. de la Vall6e Poussin, in "Quatre Odes", in L M n.s., 14, 1913, pp, 4-7(N i r a u p a m ya ) , pp. 10-14 (Lo kd t i t a ) , pp. 17-18 (Paramdrtha) , (and pp.15-16: Ottava j ra) , from Tibetan.I ta lian Translat ion o f the Sanskr i t T ex t and o f the T ibe tan Trans la t ionR. Gnoli, in Nd g d rju n a: M a d h ya m a ka Kd r i kd , 1961, pp. 157-179 (Niraupamyaand Paramdrtha, from S a n s k r i t ; L o k d t i t a and A c i n t y a , from Tibetan).Japanese Translat ion o f the Sanskr i t T ex t an d o f the T ibe tan Trans la tion (an dB esid es t h a t o f t h e S a n s kr i t Te x t o f A m .rtd kar a's Co m m e n t a r y ) .S. Sakei, in "Ryfiju ni kiserareru Sanka", in N B G N 24, 1959, pp. 10-16(N i r a u p a m ya , from Sanskrit), pp. 38-41 (Paramdrtha, from Sanskrit), pp.6-9 ( L o k d t i t a , from Tibetan), pp. 29- 33 (A e i n t ya , from Tibetan).


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1 0 F . T O L A A N D C . D R A G O N E T T ISpanish Trans la t ion f rom the Sanskr i t Tex t**C . Dr a g one t t i , "Niraupamyastava y Paramdrthastava", in Oriente-Occidente,1 9 8 2, p p . 2 5 9 - 2 6 7 (Niraupamya), p p . 2 6 9 - 2 7 1 (Paramdrtha) .Th e P r es en t W o rkW e g iv e t h e S a n s kr it t e x t o f th e f o u r h y m n s t h a t c o m p o s e t h e Catustava,r e p r oduc in g Tuc c i 's e d i t ion f o r Niraupamyastava an d Paramdrthastava, a n dL i n d t n e r ' s e d i t io n f o r Lo kd t i ta s t a va a n d A c i n t ya s ta va . We tha n k P r o f e s so rL i n d t n e r f o r h i s k i n d p e r m i ss i o n t o r e p r o d u c e t h e t e x t o f h is edi t io pr incepso f t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d t w o h y m n s i n Ndgdr/uniana.

We pr e se n t a lso a n Eng l ish t ra ns la t ion o f the f o u r hym ns f r o m the S a nsk r itw i th som e s im ple no te s .

I n A p p e n d i x w e i n c lu d e t h e t e x t o f t h e T i b e t a n t ra n s l a ti o n o f Cittavajrastavaand i t s Engl ish t rans la t io n , because L . de la Vall6e Pou ss in and Tu cc i (19 32 )c o n s i d er e d it t o b e t h e f o r t h h y m n o f t h e Catustava.

S A N S K R I T T E X TLOKAT]TASTAVAH.

lok~t~ta nam as tubh yam , viviktajf i~navedine /yas t ram jagaddhi t~ya iva khinnah, karun.ay~ c i ram//1 / /ska ndha m ~ t r a v in i r m uk to na sa t tvo ' st~ ti t e m a ta m /sat tv~rtham, ca param, kh eda m agam as t ram. m ah ~ m u ne / / 2 / /

te ' p i skandh~s tvay~ dh~man dh~m adbhyah, sam.prak~i t~h. /m ~y~ ma r ~cigandharvanagarasvapnasam. ni bh ~h ./ /3 / /hetutah , sam.bha vo yesf im tadabh~v~n na san t i ye /ka th am n~m a n a te spas.t.am, prat ibim basa m~ match. ~9 / / 4 / /bh fit~ ny acaks.urgr~hy~ni tan m aya m , c~ks.u.sam, k at ha m /rfipam, tvayaivam, bruv at~ rf ipagr~h o niv ~ri ta h. / /5 / /vedan~yam, vin~ n~sti v edan ~to nir~tmik~ /tac ca vedyam, svabh~vena n~st~ty ab him ata m ta v a / /6 / /


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N A G . g .R J U N A 'S C A T U S T A V A 1 1s am . jf i~ r th a yo r a n a n y a t v e m u k h a m , d a h y e t a v a h n i n ~ /a n y a t v e 'd h i g am ~ b h ~ v a s t v a y o k t a m , b h t i t a v ~ d i n ~ / / 7 / /ka r t~ sva tan trah , ka rm ~p i tvayok tam , vyavah~ra tah . /p a ra sp a r~ p ek s .ik ~ t u s i d d h i s t e ' b h i m a t ~ n a y o h . 2 / [ 8 / [n a k a r t ~ s t i n a b h o k t ~ s t i p u n .y ~ p un .y a m , p r a t ~ t y a j a m /y a t p r a t ~ t y a n a t a j j ~ ta m , p r o k t a m , v ~ c a s p a t e t v a y ~ 21 / / 9 / /ajfi~yam~inam, na j f ieyam, vi jf if inam, ta d vin~ na ca /t a sm ~ t s v a b h f fv a t o n a s t o j fi ~ n a jf ie y e t v a m f i c i v ~ n / / 1 0 / /laks.y~l laks.anam an ya c c e t sy~ t ta l laks .yam alaks.an.am /t a y o r abh~ vo ' nan ya tve v ispas.t.am , ka th i t am, tvay ~ 22 / /1 1 / /laks .yalak sanan irmu ktam , v~gud~hfiravarj itam /~n tam . j ag ad idam. d.rs.t.am, bhav a t~ j f i~ na cak s .u~ / /1 2 / /n a s a n n u t p a d y a t e b h ~ v o n ~ p y a s a n sa d a sa n n a c a /n a s v a t o n ~ p i p a r a t o n a d v ~ b hy ~ m , j ~ y a t e k a t h a m 2 a / / 1 3 / /n a s a t a h , s t h i t i y u k t a s y a v i n a ~ a u p a p a d y a t e /n ~ s a t o '~ v av is fi n.e n a s a m a s y a ~ a m a t~ k a t h a m / / 1 4 / /bh~iv~in n~rth~ntaram, n~g o n~ py anarth~ntaram, m at am /a r th ~ n t a re b h a v e n n i t y o n ~ p y an a r th ~ n t ar e b h a v e t / / 1 5 / /

e k a t v e n a h i b h ~ v a s y a vin ~ ga u p a p a d y a t e /p r t h a k t v e n a h i b h ~ v a s y a v in ~ g a u p a p a d y a t e 24 / /1 6 / /v i n a s . t f i t k ~ r a n a t t a v a t k ~ r y o t p a t t i r n a y u j y a t e /n a c ~ vin as .tfit s v a p n e n a t u l y o t p a t t i r m a t ~ t a r a / / 1 7 / /na n i rudd h~ n m in i ruddhf id b i j~d a f lkurasa rp , bhaval3 /m ~ y o t p ~ d a v a d u tp ~ da h, s arv a e v a t v a y o c y a t e 2 s / / 1 8 / /a t a s tv a y ~ j a g a d i d a m . p a r i k a l p a s a m u d b h a v a m /p a r ij fi ~ ta m a s a d b h f i t a m a n u t p a n n a m n a n a ~ y a ti 26 / / 1 9 / /


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1 2 F . T O L A A N D C . D R A G O N E T T Ini ty as ya sam. . rt ir ngs t i n a iv~ ni ty asy a sam. .r tih . /sva pn ava t sam. .r tih , pro ktf i tvay~i ta ttvavid~m , vara 2 7 / / 2 0 / /svayam.k. rtam, parak.r tam, dv~bhy~'p , k . rtam ah etu ka m /t ~ r k i k a i r i s.y a te d u h kh am . t v a y ~ t fi kta m , p r a t i t y a j a m 2 8 / / 2 1 / /yah . p ra t i tya sam utp~ dah , g t inya t~ sa iva t e m a t~ /bh~vah, svatantro n~s t i t i s i re .h a n ~ d a s t av fi tu la h . 2 9 / / 2 2 / /sarvasamkalpan fig~ya ~finyat~m r.tade~an fi /y a s y a t a s y ~ m a p i g r ~ h as t v a y ~ s ~ v a v as fi di ta h . 3 o / / 2 3 / /n i r ~ v ag ik ~ih , g fi ny ~ m ~ y ~ v a t p r a t y a y o d b h a v ~ h . /sarvad harm ~s tvay ~ n ~th a nih .svabh~v~h, prak~gi t~h, a l / / 2 4 / /n a t v a y o t p f id i t a m , k i m . c i n n a c a k im . c i n n i r o d h i t a m /y a t h ~ p f ir va m , t a t h g p a g c ~t ta th a t~ m , b u d d h a v g n a s i / / 2 5 / /

a r y a i r n i s e v i t ~ m e n ~ m a n ~ g a m y a h i b h ~ v a n ~ m /n~nimi t tam, h i v ijf i~ inam, b h av a t ~ a ka tham, c an a / / 2 6 / /a n i m i t t a m a n ~ g a m y a m o k s . o n ~ s t i t v a m u k t a v g a /a t a s t v a y ~ m a h ~ y ~ n e t a t s a k a l y e n a d e g i t a m / / 2 7 / /y a d a w i p t a m , m a y ~ p u n y a m , s t u t v ~ t v ~ m s t u t i b h ~ j a n a m /n i m i t ta b a n d h a n ~ p e t a m , b h f i y a t te n~ k hila m , j a g a t / / 2 8 / /

N I R A U P A M Y A S T A V A .Hni raupamya 32 namas tubhyam n ih . svabhf iv~r thaved ine aa /yas tvam. d . rs .t .iv ipannasya lokasy ~sy a h i tod ya tah , a4 / /1 / /na ca n~ ima tvay ~ as k im .cid d.rs.t.am.36 ba ud dh en a caks.us fia7 /an ut ta r~ as ca te m itha d .rs.t.is ta t tv~ rtha dar ~in l -a9 / / 2 / /

n a b o d d h g n a c a b o d d h a v y a m 4 a s t ~ a p ar am f irth ata h. /a h o p a r a m a d u r b o d h ~ m d ha rm a t~ m , b u d d h a v ~ n a s i / / 3 / /


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N . ~ G A R J U N A ' S C A T U S T A V A 1 3n a t v a y o t p f i d i ta h , k a ~ c i d d h a r m o n f ip i n i r o d h i ta h . /s a m a tf id a r~ a n e n a iv a p r ~ pt am , p a d a m 4~ a n u t t a r a m / / 4 / /n a s a m .s ~ r fi p a k ar s .e n .a t v a y ~ n i r v ~ n . a m ~ p s i t a m /~ fin tis t e ' d h i g a t ~ n ~ t h a s am . s ~ r f i n u p a l a b d h i t a h . / / 5 / /t v a m . v i v e d a i k a r a s a t ~ m 4 2 s a m . k l e ~ a v y a v a d ~ n a y o h . /d h a r m a d h ~ t v a v i n i r b h e d ~ d v i ~ u d d ha ~ c fis i s a r v a t a h . / / 6 / /n o d ~ h r t a m , t v a y f i k i f i c i d e k a m a p y a ks .a ra m , v i b h o /k r. ts n ag c a v a i n e y a j a n o d h a r m a v a r s .e n . a t a r p i t a h . 4 3 / / 7 / /n a t e ' s t i sa k t i h , s k a n d h e s . u 4 4 d h fi tu s .v ~ y a t a n e s . u c a /f ik ~ i g a sa m a c i tt as t r am . s a r v a d h a r m e s . v a n i g r i t a h . / / 8 / /s a tt v a sa m . j fi fi c a t e n ~ t h a s a r v a t h ~ n a p r a v a r t a t e /d u .h k h ~ rt es .u c a s a t t v e s . u t v a m a t i v a k r p f i t m a k a h . * s / / 9 / /s u k h a d u . h k h f it m a n a i rf it m y a n i t y ~ n i ty f i d is . u p r a b h o /i ti n ~ n ~ v i k a lp e s u b u d d h i s t a v a n a s a j j a t e / / 1 0 / /n a g a t i r n f i g a t i h , k ~ c i d d h a n n f i n ~ m i t i t e m a t i h . /n a k v a c i d r f ig i bh a v o ' t o 's i p a r a m ~ r t h a v i t / / 1 1 / /s a r v a t r ~ n u g a t a g c ~ s i n a c a j a t o 4 6 's i k u t r a c i t /j a n m a d h a r m a g a r ir f ib h y h m a c in t y a s tv am . m a h ~ m u n e / / 1 2 / /

e k ~ n e k a t v ar a h it a m , p r a t i g r u t k o p a m a m j a g a t /s a m . k r~ n t in f ig ~ p a g a t am , b u d d h a v ~ m , s t v a m a n i n d i t a h . 47 / / 1 3 / /g f i ~ v a t o c c h e d a r a h i t a m , l a k s . y a l a k s . a n a v a r j i t a m /s a m .s fi ra m a v a b u d d h a s 4 a tv an 3, s v a p n a m f i y f id i v a t p r a b h o / / 1 4 / /v ~ s a n f i m t i l a p a r y a n t f i h , k l e g ~ s t e ' n a g h a n ir ji t~ h . /k l e ia p r a k r .t i t a g c a iv a t v a y fi m . r ta m u p f i r j i t a m / / 1 5 / /

a la k s. an .a m , t v a y ~ d h i r a d r s. t. am , r f i p a m a r t i p a v a t /l ak s .a n .o jj va la g ~ tr a~ 4 9 c a d r g y a s e r t i p a g o c a r e / / 1 6 / /


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14 F. T O L A A N D C . D R A G O N E T T Ina ca rtipen.a drs.t.ena d.rs.t.a t y ab h id hi y as e /dh arm e d rs.t.e sud.rs .t.o s i dh arm at~ na ca d r~ ya te / /1 7 / /~aus.iryam. n~sti te kfiy e m~m .s~sthirudhiram , na ca /ind r~y ud ham iv~k~e k~ yam dar~i tav~n asi so / / 18 / /m im ay o m i~ucila,k~ ye ks.uttrs.n.~isam, ha vo n a ca /tvay~i lok~ nuv rt tyartham , darfi t~ laukik~ kriy~ s l / / 1 9 / /karmhvaranados.a~ ca sarvath~nagha misti te /tvay~ lok~inukamp]rtham, karm aplut ih, s2 pra da rf i t~ / /2 0/ /dharm adh~itor asam.bhed~id yf inabhedo ' s ti na p rabho /y~ na tri tay am ~khy~tam. tvay~ sattv~vat~ratah, s3 / / 2 1 / /ni ty o s4 dhruvah, ss f ivah, k~yas tav a d ha rm am ay o j inah. /v ineya janahe to~ ca dar~ it~ n irvr t is tv ay ~/ /2 2/ /lokadh~itus.v anaeyesu tvadbhaktail3, pun ar ~ sa se 5 6 /cyut i janm~bhisam,bhodhicakranirv.rtil~lasaila.//23//n a t e ' s t i m any am i 57 mitha na vikalpo s8 n a cefijan~ s9 /an~bhogena te loke buddhak.r tyam, prav ar ta te 60 / /2 4/ /i t i suga tam 61 a cin tya m 62 aprameyam.gun.akusumair av aki rya ya n ma y~p tam /ku~alam iha bh ava ntu ten a sat tv~h.pa ramagabh~ ramun~ ndradhannabhf i j ah . / / 25 / /

ACINTYASTAVApratRyaj~in~m , bhfiv~n~m ,naih.sv~bh~v yam, ag~ida yah.6 3 /t am nam ~ m y a samajf i~ nam 64 ac in tyam 6s an id a r~ an am / /1 / /

ya th ~ tvay~ mahfiy~ine dha rm anai r~ tm yam ~tmanfi /v id i tam de~i tam, tadvad dh~madbhyal~ , k ar u n ~v a~ t / / 2 / /


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N . g.G A R J U N A ' S C A T U S T A V A 1 5p r a ty a y e b h y a h , s a m u t p a n n a m a n u tp a n n a m , tv a y o d i t a m /s v a bh ~ v e n a n a t a j j ~ t a m i ti ~ tin y am . p r a k ~ i t a m / / 3 / /y a d v a c c h ab d am , p r a t ~ t y e h a p r a ti ~ a b d a sa m u d b h a v a h . /m f iy ~ m a r~ c iv a c c h p i t a th f i b h a v a sa m u d b h a v a h . / / 4 / /m f i y ~ m a r~cigandharvanagarapratibimbakSh. /y a d y a jf it ~h , s a h a sv a p n a i r n a sy ~ t t a d d a r ~ a n f i d i k a m / / 5 / /he tu pra ty aya sam .bhf i t~ ya th a i t e k r tak~h , smr tf ih . /t adv a t p ra tyay a jam , v i~vam, vay oktam , n~ tha s~ im.v .r tam/ /6 / /as ty e ta t k . r takam, sarvam, y at kim.c id b~la lf ipanam /r i k t a m u s . t . i p r a t ~ a m a y a t h fi rt h a p r ak f i fi ta m / / 7 / /k .r ta k am , v a s t u n o j ~ t a m t a d 5 k i m . v S r t a m f i n i k a m /k a s y a n f i ~ d a t h a m , s y ~ d u tp i ts u h , k i m a p e k s . a t e / / 8 / /sv asm f in n a j~ y a t e b h ] va h , p a r a sm ~ n n o b h a y f i d a p i /n a s a n n ~ s a n n a s a d a s a n k u ta h , k a s y o d a y a s t a d ~ / / 9 / /a j~ te na svabhf ivo ' s t i ku tah , svasm~t sam udbh avah . /sv ab h Sv ~ bh ~ v as id d h ya iv a p a r a sm f id a p y a sa m b h a v a h . / / 1 0 / /svatve sa t i para tvam, sy~t para tve svatvam is .ya te /~peks. ik~ t ayoh , s iddh ih , p~r~vfi ram ivo d i t f i / / 1 1 / /

y a d ~ n fip e ks .a te k i m c i t k u t a h , k i m c i t t a d ~ b h a v e t /y a d ~ n ~ p ek s .a te d ~ rg h am , k u t o h ra sv ~ d ik a m , t a d ~ / / 1 2 / /ast i tve sa t i n~st i tvam, d~rghe hrasvam, ta th~ sa t i /n ~ s t i tv e s a t i c fi stit va m , y a t t a sm ~ d u b h a y a m n a s a t / / 1 3 / /e k atv a m , c a t a t h ~ n e k a m a t l ta n a g a t f i d i c a /s a m k le g o v y av a df in a m , c a s a m y a f i m i t h y f i sv a t a h k u t a h . / / 1 4 / /svata e va hi y o n~ st i bh~val3, sarvo ' s t i kas tadf i /p a r a i t y u c y a t e y o 'y a m . n a v in h sv a sv a b h h v a t a h . / /1 5 / /


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N A G A R J U N A ' S C A T US T AV Aut pa t t i r ya sy a naiv~sti tasy a k~ nirv.rti r bh ave t /m~ y~ ga jap rak~ a tv~ d ~ d i~ n ta tvam a r tha t ah . 69 / /2 9 / /u tpa nn o ' p i na co tpann o yad van m~ y~ gajo ma tah. /u tpannam, ca t a th~ v i~ vam anu tpannan3 ca t a t t v a t a h / /3 0 / /am ey air apramey~n~m, praty eka m , nirv.rtil3 k.rt~ /lokan~ tha i r h i sat tvhnam, na ka~ c in moci ta ca ta ih . / /3 1/ /te ca s a t t v~ ca no jh ta ye n i rvhnt i na te sphut.am /na ka~ c in m oc i t ah kai~ c id i t i p rok tan3 , m ah hm un e / / 32 / /m~ y~kh rakr tam yadvad vastu~t~nyan3 a the ta ra t /vastu~6nyam, jaga t sarvan3 tvayoktam , khrakas t a t h ~ / / 3 3 / /khrako 'p i k .r to 'ny en a k .r ta tvam n~t ivar ta te /a tha v~ tatkr iyhkar t .r k~]rakasya pr as a jy a te / /3 4/ /n~mamhtram, jagat sarvam i ty uccair bh~si tam, tvay~ /abhidh n~t p .r thagbht] tam abhidheyam, na v id ya te / /3 5 / /kalpa n~m ~tram i t y asm ht sarvadharm~h, prakh~ithh /ka lpan~ py asa t~ pro kth yay h ~uyan3.v i k a lp y a te 7 o / / 3 6 / /bh~vhbhhvadvayht~tam anat~tam, ca kutra ti t /na ca jf i~nam, na ca j fieyam, na c~sti na ca n~isti y a t / / 3 7 / /

yan na ca ikam na chnekam, nobhayam, na ca nob haya m /a n h l ay a m a t h ~ v y a k t am a c i n t y a m a n i d a r g a n a m / / 3 8 / /yan n ode t i na ca vye t i nocched i na ca ~ gva tam /tad hkh~apratik~i~am,n~ks .a ra j f ihnagocaram/ /39/ /yah. prat i tyasa m utpfid ah, gt inyat~ saiva te m ats /tathfividhag ca sad dh arm as tatsam ag ca tathhgatal3.71 / / 4 0 / /ta t ta ttvam, p aram firtho 'pi ta th ath dra vy am is.yate /bht~ tam tad avisam, ad i tadb od h~d bu dd ha ucy a te "r2 / / 4 1 / /

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1 8 F . T O L A A N D C . D R A G O N E T T Ibuddh~n~m, sa t tvadh~to ~ ca t en~ bh inn a tva m a r tha tah . /~ tm a na ~ c a p a r e ~ m , c a sa m a t ~ t e n a t e m a t ~ 7 a / / 4 2 / /bh~ vebhy ah . ~ finya t~ n~ny ~ na ca bh~ vo ' s t i t~m. v ina /t a s m ~ t p r a t ~ ty a j ~ b h ~ v ~ s t v a y ~ ~ f in y ~h . p r a k ~ i t ~ h . / / 4 3 / /h e t u p r a t y a y a s a m b h f t ~ p a r at a nt r~ c a sam .v.rtih. /p a r a t a n t r a i t i p r o k t a h , p a r a m ~ r t h a s t v a k . r t r i m a h . / / 4 4 / /svabh~vah, prak. r t is ta t tvan? dravyam, vas tu sad i ty api /n ~ s ti v a i k a l p i t o b h ~ v o p a r a t a n t r a s n a v i d y a t e 7 4 / / 4 5 / /a s t ~ t i k a l p i t e b h ~ v e s a m ~ r o p a s t v a y o d i t a h /n ~ s t ~ t i k r t a k o c c h e d ~ d u c c h e d a c a p r a k ~ i t a h . / / 4 6 / /t at tv a jf i~ n e n a n o c c h e d o n a c a ~ v a t a t ~ m a t ~ /vas tu~f inyam, j aga t s arvam, mar~c ipra timam, m a ta m / / 4 7 / /m r ga t.rs .n ~ ja la m , y a d v a n n o c c h e d i n a c a ~ v a t a m /t a d v a t s arv am , j a g at p r o kt am , n o c c h e d i n a c a ~ v a t a m / / 4 8 / /d r a v y a m u t p a d y a t e y a s y a ta s yo c c h ed ~ d ik a m , b h a v e t /a n t a v a n n an ta v~ m . ~ ~ pi l o k a s t a s y a p r a s a j y a t e / / 4 9 / /j f i~ne sa t i ya th~ j f ieyam, j f ie ye j fi~inam, ta th~i sa t i /y a t r o b h a y a m a n u t p a n n a m i ti b u d d ha m , t ad ~ s ti k i m / / 5 0 / /

i t i m~ y~did.rs .t .hntaib, sphut.am uk tv~ bhisagvarah. /de~ay~im ~isa saddharmam, sarva d.rs t . ic iki tsak am //51 ] /eta t ta t paramam, ta t tvam, ni l3 .svabh~v~rthade~anh /bh~vagrahag .rh it~ in~m, c ik i t s eya m anu t ta r~ ] / 5 2 / /dharm ay~ j f i ika t ena iva dh a rm aya j f io n i ru t ta rah . /ab h~ s .na m is .t.a s t ra i lo ky e n i skap~t .o n i ra rga lah . / /5 3 / /v a s t u g r ~ ih a b h a y o c c h e d i k u f f r t h y a m r g a b h ~ a r a h . /n a i r~ t m y a s im h a n ~ d o ' y a m a d b h u t o n a d i ta s t v a y ~ / / 5 4 / /


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NAGA.RJUNA'S CATUSTAVA~finyat~dhannagambh~r~ dh ar m ab he ri par~hat~i /nail3.sv~bh~vyamah~n~dodharmagafikhah, prapfiri tah. / /55/ /dh arm ay autu ka m ~khy~tam. buddhhn~m, g~san~m.rtam /nit~rtham iti nirdis. t .am,dharm~in.~m ~finya ta iva h i / /5 6 / /y~ ttitp~danirodh~d isattvaj~v~dideganfi /ney ~rth ~ c a tv ay~ n ~th a bh~s.it~ sam.v.rtigc a s f i / / 5 7 / /pra j f i~p~ram i t~mbhodh er yo ' ty an tam p~ram ~ga tah . /sa pun .yagun.aratn~.dhyas tvadgun .~rn.avap~ragah.//58//i t i s t u tv~ j aganr f i t ham ac in ty am an ida rganam /ya d av~ptam, may ~ pun.yam, ten~s tu tva tsaman3 j ag a t / / 5 9 / /

P A R A M A R T H A S T A V Akatham, stos.y~mi te 7s n~ tham 76 anu tpa nn am an~ layam 77 /l o k o p a m ~ m a t ik r ~ n t am v f i k p a t h ~ t i t a g o c a r a m / / 1 / /tath ~p i 78 y~d.rgo v~si tathat~ rthes .u gocarah. /l okapra jf i ap tim ~ gamya s tos.ye 'ham. bhak t i t o g u ru m / /2 / /anutpannasv abh~ven a 79 u tp~das te n a v idya te /na ga t i r nfiga ti r n~th~svabh~v~ya nam o ' s tu te / / 3 / /na bh~vo n~ py abh~vo 's i no cch ed o n~pi ~gvatah. /n a n i t y o n ~ p y a n it y a s t v a m a d v a y~ y a n a m o ' s tu t e / / 4 / /na ra kto haritam~m .jis.t .ho8o yarn.as te no pa lab hy ate 81 /na p~takrs.n.a~uklo82 v~ 'va rn .~ya nam o ' s tu t e / / 5 / /na m ah~ n n~pi h rasvo 83 'si n a d ~rghaparimand, alah. /apramfinaga tim, pr~pto 'pram~n.~ya nam o ' s tu t e / / 6 / /na dt i re n~pi c~sanne n~k~ge n~pi v~ ksi tau /na sam. ~re na n i rv~ne ' s th i t f iya nam o ' s tu t e / / 7 / /

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2 0 F . T O L A A N D C . D R A G O N E T T Iasthitah, sarvadharmes.u d harmadh ~itugatim, gatah. /par~m, gam.bh~rat~m, prfip to gam.b h~ r~ ya n a m o ' st u t e ~ / / 8 / /evam. stutah, as st ut o bhtiyfis 86 athavfi kim uta stutah. 87 /.~tinyes.u sarvadliarmes.u kah. stutah, k en a vfi st u ta h ./ /9 //kas tv~m. gaknot i sam. to tum as u tpf idav yayav ar j i tam /ya sya nAnto n a m a dhya m , v~ g r ~ ho g ra hyam , na v id y a t e / /1 0 / /na gatam, nfigatam, stutvfi sugatam, gativ arjita m /ten a pun.yena lok o 'yam. vrajatfim, saugatim, ga tim // 1 1 / /

T R A N S L A T I O NH Y M N T O H I M W H O H A S G O N E B E Y O N D T H E W O R L D

1

O y o u w h o h a v e g o n e b e y o n d t h e w o r l d , h o m a g e t o y o u v e rs e d i n p u r ek n o w l e d g e ,89 wh o ha ve su f f e r e d pa in , ou t o f c om pa ss ion , du r ing long t im e ,on ly f o r the be ne f i t o f a ll l iv ing beings .

2Yo ur o p in ion is t ha t a liv ing be ing doe s no t e x i s t , l i be r a t e d ju s t f r om theskandhas ;90 never the less yo u have suf fe red ext rem e pa in , o grea t muni ,fo r th e sake o f l iving beings. 91

3T h e skandhas a ls o h av e b e e n s h o w n b y y o u t o t h e i n t el li g e nt o n e s t o b es imi la r to a magica l il lus ion , a mirage , a gandharvas' c i ty , a d r e a m .

4W hy inde e d a r e no t c ons ide r e d ope n ly s im i la r to a r e f l e c t e d im a ge those(skandhas), wh ose b i r th i s ou t o f ca uses a nd wh ic h do n o t e x i s t in ( thecase of ) the inexis ten ce o f these (causes)? 92

5" E l e m e n t s a re n o t p e r c e i v e d t h r o u g h t h e e y e ; h o w w h a t c o n si st s o f t h e m( c o u ld b e ) p e r ce p ti b le b y t h e e y e ? " b y y o u w h o s p ea k t h u s a b o u t r@a,t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f r~pa ha s be e n r e j e c te d . 9a


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N.g.G.g,R J U N A ' S C A T U S T A V A 2 16

Y o u r o p i n i o n i s t h a t s e n s a t io n d o e s n o t e x i s t w i t h o u t t h e s e ns ib le ( o b j e c t ) ;t h e r e f o r e i t i s u n su b s t a n t i a l a n d t h e s e n s ib l e ( o b j e c t ) d o e s n o t e x i s t e i th e rw i t h a n o w n b e i n g . 94

7I f t h e re w e r e i d e n t it y b e t w e e n t h e w o r d a n d i ts o b j e c t, th e m o u t h w o u l db e b u r n t b y t h e ( w o r d ) " f i r e " ; 9s i f t h e r e w e r e d i f f e re n c e , th e r e w o u l d b ei n e x i st e n c e o f k n o w l e d g e ( o f t h e o b j e c t ) 96 - ( t h u s ) h a s b e e n s a id b y y o uw h o s p e a k t h e t r u t h .

8I t h a s b e e n s a id b y y o u , (s p e a k i n g ) f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f t h e e m p i r i c a lt r u t h , ( t h a t ) t h e a g e n t is i n d e p e n d e n t a n d a l s o t h e a c t i o n ; b u t t h e e s ta b li s h-m e n t 77 o f b o t h h a s b e e n c o n s i d er e d b y y o u t o b e ( o n l y ) m u t u a l l yd e p e n d e n t . g s

9T h e r e i s n o a g e n t , t h e r e i s n o e x p e r i e n c e r ; 99 m e r i t a n d d e m e r i t a r e b o r ni n d e p e n d e n c e ; w h a t i s i n d e p e n d e n c e , t h a t i s n o t b o r n - ( t h u s ) h a s b e e np r o c l ai m e d b y y o u , o L o r d o f w o r d s .

10T h e k n o w a b l e ( o b j e c t) d o e s n o t e x i s t w h e n i t is n o t k n o w n a n d w i t h o u ti t k n o w l e d g e d o e s n o t e x i s t e i th e r ; t h e r e f o r e t h e k n o w a b l e ( o b j e c t ) a n dk n o w l e d g e d o n o t e x i s t p e r s e - ( t h u s ) y o u h a v e s ai d .

11I f th e e s se n t ia l c h a r a c t e ri s t ic w e r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e o b j e c t w h i c h i tc h a r a c t e r i z e s , t h a t c h a r a c t e r i s e d o b j e c t w o u l d b e w i t h o u t a n e s se n ti a lc h a r a c t e r i s t i c ; 1 i f t h e r e w e r e i d e n t i t y ( o f b o t h ) , ( t h e r e w o u l d b e a l so )i n e x i st e n c e o f b o t h to l _ ( t h u s ) i t h a s b e e n c l e ar ly e x p r es s e d b y y o u .

12T h i s w o r l d , d e p r i v e d o f e s sen t i a l c h a r a c t e r is t i c s a n d c h a r a c t e r i z e d o b j e c t ,d e v o id o f u tt e r a n c e s t h r o u g h w o r d s , h a s b e e n s e e n as c a lm b y y o u w i t hy o u r e y e o f k n o w l e d g e ) 2


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2 2 F . T O L A A N D C . D R A G O N E T T I13

A th ing doe s no t c om e s f o r th , e i the r i f i t is ( a l r e a dy) e x i s t e n t , no r i f i t isnon - e x i s t e n t , no r i f it is e x i s t e n t a nd n on- e x i s t e n t , ne i the r f r o m i t se l f no rf r om o the r ( th ing ) no r f r om bo th . H ow i s i t bo r n? ~o3

14De s t r uc t ion i s no t poss ib le f o r a n e x i s t e n t be ing ( e s sen t i a ly ) un i t e d tope r m a ne n c e ; ho w c ou ld c e s sa t ion be f o r a non- e x i s t e n t be ing ( wh ic h i s )s imi la r to th e h orn s o f the horse . 14

15Th e be ing de s t r uc te d c a nn o t be c ons ide r e d a s som e th ing d i f f e r e n t f r omthe be ing e x i s t e n t , no r a s som e th ing non - d i f f e r e n t ( f r om i t ) . I f it ( = thebe ing de s t r uc te d ) we r e d i f f e r e n t ( f r om the be ing e x i s t e n t ) , i t ( = the be inge x i s t e n t ) w o u l d b e p e r m a n e n t . I f it ( = t h e b e i n g d e s t ru c t e d ) w e r e n o n -d i f f e r e n t ( f r o m t h e b e in g e x i s t e n t ) , it ( = t h e b e in g d e s t r u c t e d ) w o u l d n o texis t , ws

16F or in ( the c a se o f ) i de n t i ty ( o f bo th ) , t h e be ing de s t r uc te d i s no t poss ib lef o r the be ing e x i s t e n t ; f o r in ( the c a se o f ) s e pa r a te ne ss , t he be ing de s t r uc te di s no t poss ib le f o r the be ing e x i s t e n t .

17T h e f o r t h c o m i n g o f a n e f f e c t f r o m a n ( a l r e a d y ) d e s t r o y e d c a u s e is i n d e e dno t log ic a l, ne i the r i t is f r om a no t de s t r o ye d ( c a u se ) ) 6 Th e f o r thc om ingha s be e n c on s ide r e d by yo u ( to b e ) s im i l ar to a d r e a m .

18T h e b i r t h o f a s p r o u t i s e i t h e r fr o m a s e ed n o t ( y e t ) d e s t r o y e d o r ( f r o m ase e d) ( a l re a dy) de s t r o ye d ; w7 ( the r e f o r e ) al l b i r th is s aid b y y ou ( to b e )s imi la r to th e b i r th o f a magica l i l lus ion .

19T h e r e f o r e , t h is w o r l d , b o r n f r o m i m a g i n at io n , h as b e e n f u l ly u n d e r s t o o d b yyo u to be ine x i s t e n t : no t ( r e a l ly ) a r ise n , doe s no t p e r i s h ) 8


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N A G . ~ R J U N A ' S C A T U S T A V A2 0

T h e r e i s n e i t h e r t r a n s m i g r a t io n o f w h a t i s p e r m a n e n t , n o r t r a n s m i g r a t io no f w h a t is n o n - p e r m a n e n t ; t ra n s m i g r a ti o n h a s b e e n p r o c l ai m e d b y y o u ( t ob e ) l i k e a d r e a m , 19 o y o u t h e b e s t o f t h e k n o w e r s o f t r u t h .

21S u f f e ri n g h a s b e e n c o n s i d e re d b y l o g ic ia n s t o b e p r o d u c e d b y i ts e lf , to b ep r o d u c e d b y o t h e r s , to b e p r o d u c e d b y b o t h o r w i t h o u t c a us e , b u t i t h a sb e e n s aid b y y o u t o b e b o r n in d e p e n d e n c e .

2 2D e p e n d e n t O r i g i n a ti o n h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r ed b y y o u t o b e j u s t v o i dn e s s. 11" T h e r e i s n o t a n i n d e p e n d e n t b e i n g " : ( t h is is ) y o u r i n c o m p a r a b l e l io n ' sr o a r .

2 3T h e t e a ch i n g a b o u t t h e a m b r o s i a o f v o id n e s s is f o r th e d e s t r u c t i o n o f a llm e n t a l c r e a t io n s , b u t a ls o w h o h o l d s t o i t h a s b e e n b l a m e d b y y o u . 11t

2 4A l l d h a r m a s - i n e r t , d e p e n d e n t , m v o i d , l ik e a m a g i c a l i ll u s io n , a r is e no u t o f c o n d i ti o n s - h a v e b e e n d e c l a re d b y y o u , o M a s t e r , t o l a c k a n o w nb e i n g , n 3

2 5N o t h i n g h a s b e e n p r o d u c e d b y y o u a n d n o t h i n g h a s b e e n s u p p r e s s e d ; ~14y o u h a v e u n d e r s t o o d t h a t r e a li t y , as it i s b e f o r e , s o it i s a f t e r w a r d s } is2 6W i t h o u t e n t e r in g i n t o t h a t m e d i t a t i o n p r a c t i s e d b y t h e n o b l e o n e s , c o n -sc i o u sn e ss d e v o i d o f c h a r a c t e ri s t ic s is n o t p r o d u c e d i n t h i s wo r l d i n a n yw ay . 116

2 7Y o u h a v e s a id ( t h a t ) w i t h o u t e n t e r i n g i n w h a t i s d e v o i d o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,t h e r e i s n o l i b e r a t i o n ; 117 t h e r e f o r e t h a t 11s h a s b e e n t a u g h t ( b y y o u ) i ni t s i n t e g r i t y i n t h e Ma h ~ y f i na .

2 3


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24 F. TOLA AND C. DRAGONETTI28

Let all living beings be liberated f rom the bonds of what has characteristics, 119through the merit I have obtained by praising you, receptacle of praises!

HYMN TO THE INCOMPARABLE ONE 12o1

Homage to yo u, o incomparable one, who know the inexistence of an ownbeing, 1~1 to you who exert yoursel f for the benefit of this world, goneastray by the false doctrines.

2Nothing really has been seen by you with your buddha's eye, but yoursupreme vision, o Lord, perceives the truth.

3According to the supreme truth there are not in this world either a knoweror a knowable (object). All!, you have known the dharmas' nature 122extremely difficult to be known.

4No dharma has been produced or supressed by you; only with the perceptionof the (universal) sameness 123 the supreme state 124 has been attained (byyou).

5Nirvd.na has not been aimed at by you through the elimination of thesamsdra; 12s peace has been obtained by you, o Lord, through the non-perception of samsdra. 126

6You have known the identity of essence o f purity and impurity ; 127 becauseof the non-difference in the fundament of the dharmas, 128 you arecompletely pure.


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N.g.G.g,RJUNA'S CATUSTAVA7

Not a single syllable has been uttered b y you, o Lord, but any man whohas to be converted, has been gladdened by the rain o f your Doctrine.8

There is no attachment in you for the skandhas, dhdtus and dyatanas; t29with your mind equal to the space, you are not dependent on any dharma.

9Perception o f living beings by you does not take place, o Lord; but, in ahighest degree, yo u are pervaded by compassion for living beings torturedby suffering.

10Your mind is not attached, o Lord, to the various mental creations:happiness, s u f f e r i n g ;d t m a n , inexistence of dtman; eternal, non eternal;etc.aa

11"For the dharmas there is no going, no coming at all" - such is your idea.Nowhere there is existence of conglomerates, TM therefore you are theknower of supreme truth.

12Everywhere you are followed, but nowhere you have been born; 132 youare unthinkable, o great m u n i , in terms of birth, attributes (dharma), body.

13You, the irreprochable one, has known the world to be deprived of unityand multiplicity, similar to an echo, devoid of transmigration 133 anddestruction.

14You have known, o Lord, the sam. dra to be deprived of eternity andannihilation, lacking characterized objects and characteristics - as adream, as a magical illusion.

25


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The kle~a s, la4 up to their root, the vasa nas , 1as have been subdued by you,o immaculate; but the ambrosia (extracted) out of the matter constitutedby the k l egas , has been procured (to us) by you .

16The form has been seen by you, o sage, as (something) without characteristics- as no-form; but you are seen, in the realm of form, possessing a bodyresplendent b y its characteristics.

17It is not by seeing a form (of yours), that you are said to be seen; whenthe Doctrine is seen, you are well seen, but the nature of the d h a r m a s isnot seen. ~36

18In your body there are not either any hollow, or flesh or bones or blood;you have shown a body similar to Indra's arch in the s k y . 1 37

19In your body there are not either illness or impurity or appearance ofhunger and thirst; (but) to adequate yourself to the world a humanbehaviour has been shown by you.

20For you, o immaculate, there is not absolutely the evil constituted by theobstacles that are the actions; 138 (but ) out of compassion for the world,submersion (of yourself) into action has been shown by you.

21Because of the non-difference in the fundament o f the d h a r m a s , there isno difference between the Vehicles, 139 o Lord, (but) the Three Vehicleshave been preached by you, according to the (form of) appearance of beings.

22Your body is eternal, inalterable, fortunate, made out of Doctrine, 14victorious;but because of men who are to be converted, extinction 141(of yourself) has been shown by you.


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28 F. TOLA AND C. DRAG ONE TTI

5I f t h e m a g i c a l i ll u s io n , t h e m i r a g e , t h e gandharvas'c i t y , th e r e f l e c t e d i m a g e ,t o g e t h e r w i t h d r e a m s , w e r e n o t b o r n ( i n s o m e w a y ) , t h e re w o u l d n o t b ev i s io n e t c . o f t h e m . ~ sl

6I n t h e s a m e w a y a s t h o se ls2 ( t h in g s ) , a r i s e n o u t o f c a u se s a n d c o n d i t i o n s ,a r e d e c la r e d ( t o b e ) e f f e c t e d , ls a so a l l t h i n g s b o r n o u t o f c o n d i t i o n s h a v eb e e n s ai d b y y o u , o L o r d , ( t o b e ) e x i s te n t ( o n l y ) b y c o n v e n t i o n .

7" A l l t h e t h i n g s e f f e c t e d , wh a t e v e r t h e y a r e , e x i s t " - ( t h is ) is a fo o l i sh t a l k ,s i m i la r t o a n e m p t y f i s t , d e c l a r e d t o b e f a l s e.

8A n e f f e c t e d th i n g is n o t ( r ea l ly ) b o r n , h o w t h e n ( c o u l d i t b e a ) p r es e n t( t h in g ) ? T h r o u g h t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f w h a t c o u l d i t b e ( a ) p a s t ( t h in g ) ? W h a td o e s t h e f u t u r e ls4 ( t i m e ) r e l a te t o ?

9A t h i n g is n o t b o r n f r o m i ts e lf , ( n o r ) f r o m o t h e r ( t h i n g ) n e it h e r f r o m b o t h ,wh e t h e r i t b e e x i s t e n t o r n o n - e x i s t e n t o r e x i s t e n t a n d n o n - e x i s t e n t . T h e nf r o m w h e r e , o f w h a t ( c o u l d i t b e ) a f o r t h c o m i n g ? ls s

10T h e r e is n o t a n o w n b e i n g f o r a n u n b o r n ( th i n g ) . H o w ( c o u l d i t b e f o r i t)a f o r t h c o m i n g f r o m i t s e l f ? ls6 B e c a u se o f t h e a d m i s s i o n o f t h e i n e x i s t e n c eo f a n o w n b e in g , t h e r e i s n o n - p r o d u c t i o n f r o m a n o t h e r e i th e r . 1s7

11I f t h e re w e re " t h e o n e " , t h e re w o u l d b e " t h e o t h e r " ; i f t h e re w e r e " t h eo t h e r " , " t h e o n e " c o u l d b e a c c e p t e d ; t h e a d m i s s io n o f t h e s e t w o h a s b e e nsa id ( b y y o u ) t o b e m u t u a l l y r e l a ti v e , l ik e t h e o b v e r se a n d r e v e rse ( o f th esa m e t h i n g ) , l sa


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N , g . G A R J U N A ' S C A T U S T A V A 2 912

W h e n i t i s n o t r e l a t e d t o so m e t h i n g ( e l s e ) , h o w t h e n c o u l d so m e t h i n ge x i s t ? ls9 W h e n i t is n o t r e l a t e d t o ( so m e t h i n g ) l o n g , h o w t h e n c o u l d( so m e t h i n g ) sh o r t e t c . ( e x i s t ) ?

13I f t h e r e i s e x i s t e n c e , t h e r e i s n o n - e x i s t e n c e ; i f t h e r e i s so m e t h i n g l o n g ,s i m i l a r ly , ( t h e r e i s) so m e t h i n g sh o r t ; a n d i f t h e r e i s n o n - e x i s t e n c e , ( t h e r ei s) e x i st e n c e ; th e r e f o r e b o t h a re n o t e x i s te n t .

14U n i t y a n d s o m u l t i p li c i ty , a n d p a s t , f u t u r e e t c . , d e f i le m e n t a n d p u r i f ic a t i o n ,c o r r e c t a n d fa l se ( o p i n i o n ) - h o w c a n t h e y e x i s t per se ?

15Since a th ing tha t i s per se d o e s n o t e x i s t , t h e n w h i c h ( t h i n g ) - w h a t e v e ri t b e - e x i st s ? T h a t ( t h in g ) w h i c h i s c a ll ed " o t h e r " , d o e s n o t e x i st w i t h o u ta n o w n b e i n g o f i t se l f. 16

16S i n c e, f o r t h in g s , t h e r e i s n o t a n o w n b e i n g n e i th e r t h e r e is t h e b e i n g " o t h e r " ,t h e n w h i c h d e v o t e d n e s s t o t h e h o l d i n g to t h e b e l i e f i n t h in g s , b e in g d e p e n d e n t( o n n o n - e x i s t e n t t h i n g s ) , c o u l d e x i s t ( w i t h g r o u n d ) ? 161

17Dharmas h a v e b e e n s a id b y y o u t o b e , f r o m t h e b e g i n n in g , b o r n a li ke a n de x t in g u i s h e d b y t h e i r o w n n a t u r e , a n d t h e r e f o r e , i n t r u t h n o n - a r i s e n ) 62

18F o r m e t c . h a v e b e e n f u l ly p r o c l a im e d b y y o u , o i n te l li g e nt o n e , t o b e w i t h o u ta n o w n b e i n g , s i m i l a r t o f o a m , b u b b l e s , m a g i c a l i ll u s io n , m i r a g e s i n t h ec l o u d s , kada lf ) 63

19I f w h a t i s g r a sp e d b y t h e s e n ses e x is t e d i n t r u t h , t h e i g n o r a n t o n e s wo u l dh a p p e n t o b e k n o w e r s o f t ru t h . T h e n w h i ch w o u l d b e t h e u s e o f k n o w l e d g eo f t r u t h ? 164


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30 F. TOLA AND C. DRAGONETTI2O

You have mentioned the inertness, the not being a means of knowledge,and the indistinctness 165 also, the wrong knowledge, 166 (as proper) of thesenses.

21It has been said by you, (after) having meditated, that the world does notproperly attain the truth, because of the ignorance by which it is covered. 167

22"I t exists" - the doctrine of eternality; "It does not exist" - the doctrineof annihilation. Therefore the doctrine free from the two extremes hasbeen taught by yo u. 16a

23Therefore the dharmas have been said by you to be free from the fouralternative positions, 169 unknowable even for the consdousness, how muchless objects o f words?

24Like what arises in dreams and magic, (like) the vision of two moons, sothe world has been seen by you: it is an existing and non-existing thing.

25And like a son born, existing, perishing in a dream, so also the world hasbeen said by you not to be born, existing, perishing in reality.

26As the forthcoming out of a cause, seen in a dream, and also the contrary(process are considered to be), so is considered to be the forthcoming ofall beings - and (so) also (their) destruction. 17

27As well as suffering born from passion etc., and also impurities andtransmigration, (so) liberation through the fulfilling of (the two) requisites 17Jhas been said by you to be like a dream.


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N.~G,~RJUNA'S CATUSTAV A 3128

O n e w h o c o g u iz e s ( so m e t h in g as) " b o r n " a n d " u n b o r n " , " c o m e " a n d " g o n e " ,and a lso ( som ebo dy as ) "e nch a ine d" and " l i be r a t ed " , accep t s dua l i t y ;172i s n o t a k n o w e r o f r e a l i ty .

29F or w ha t t he re i s no t a r i s ing , fo r t ha t wh ich ces sa ti on cou ld be? B ecauseo f ( i ts ) be ing ( li ke ) t he appearance o f t he e l ephan t o f t he mag ica l i ll u s ion ,there i s in rea l i ty (as character i s t i c of every th ing) the being ex t ing uishedabor i g i ne . 1~

3 0As t he e l ephan t o f t he mag ica l i ll u s ion is cons ide red t o be a r is en , a l thoug h(i t i s) no t (re al ly) arisen, so al l i s ar isen and n ot arisen in re al i ty . TM

31The cessa t ion of num ber less beings has been rea l ized ind iv idual ly byn u m b e r l e s s p r o t e c t o r s o f t h e w o r l d , b u t ( in r e a l i ty ) n o b o d y h a s b e e nl i be ra ted by t hem . 17s

32O g rea t m u n i , i t h a s b e e n p r o c l a im e d ( b y y o u ) t h a t t h e y ( t h e p r o t e c t o r so f t he w or ld ) and be ings have no t been bo rn ; t ha t t hose w ho a re ex ti ngu i shed(do ) no t ( ex i s t ) ce r t a i n ly ; ( t hus ) n o b od y i s li be ra t ed by any b od y . 176

33As wh at i s don e ~- (and ) a lso the co nt ra ry (--- w ha t i s de s t ro ye d) - by ani ll u s ion -maker is devo id o f r ea l i t y , so t he who le wor ld has been s aid b y y outo be devo id o f r ea l i t y ; so (a l so ) t he m aker .

34The m aker a lso ( i f he i s ) mad e by a no th e r does no t pas s be yo nd t he s t a t eof being (a th ing) m ade ;177 or e l se h i s (ow n) ac t ion w ou ld resu l t be ingthe ( t h ing ) m aker o f t he mak er . 178


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I t h a s b e e n l o u d l y d e c la r ed b y y o u t h a t t h e w h o l e w o r l d i s o n l y n a m e ; 179s e p a r a t ed f r o m t h e w o r d ( t h a t e x p r e ss e s i t) , t h a t w h i c h i s e x p r e s s e d d o e sn o t e x i s t .

3 6T h e r e f o r e a ll dharmas h a ve b e e n s h o w n ( b y y o u ) t o b e o n l y m e n t a l c r ea t io n ;t h e m e n t a l c r e a t i o n i t s e lf , b y wh i c h v o i d n e s s is c o n c e i v e d , h a s b e e n p r o c l a i m e d( b y y o u ) t o b e n o n - e x i s t e n t. I s

3 7( T h a t ) w h i c h i s b e y o n d b o t h , e x i s te n c e a n d n o n - e x i s t e n c e , b u t ( w h i c h is )n o t p a s se d o v e r t o a n y p l a c e , 181 a n d ( w h i c h i s ) n e i t h e r k n o w l e d g e n o r ak n o wa b l e ( o b j e c t ) a n d ( wh i c h ) n e i t h e r i s n o r i s n o t . 182

3 8W h i c h is n e i t h e r o n e n o r n o t o n e , n e i th e r b o t h n o r n o t b o t h , ( w h i c h i s)w i t h o u t b a s e a n d n o t m a n i f e s t , u n t h i n k a b l e , w h i c h c a n n o t b e p o i n t e d o u t .

3 9W h i ch n e i t h e r a r is e s n o r d i s a p p e a r s , ( wh i c h i s) n e i t h e r l i ab l e t o d e s t r u c t i o nn o r e t e r n a l - t h a t , s i m i la r t o t h e sp a c e , is n o t w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f wo r d sa n d k n o w l e d g e J sa

4 0W h a t i s O r i g in a t io n i n D e p e n d e n c e , t h a t i n d e e d h a s b e e n c o n s i d e re d b y y o ut o b e v o i d n e s s ; a n d o f t h e s a m e so r t 184 i s t h e G o o d D o c t r i n e , a n d i d e n t i c a lto i t i s t he tathdgata.

41Th a t 18s i s r ega rd ed a s the t ru th , t he sup rem e rea l i t y , t he suchness , 186 thesu b s t a n c e ;187 t h a t i s t h e n o t d e c e iv i n g e l e m e n t ; t h r o u g h i t s k n o w l e d g e(bodha) on e i s ca l l ed buddha.

4 2T h e r e f o r e t h e r e i s t r u l y n o n d i f f er e n c e b e t w e e n t h e buddhas a n d t h e e s se n c eo f b e i n g ; t h e r e f o r e t h e s a m e n e s s b e t w e e n o n e s e l f a n d t h e o t h e r s h a s b e e na p p r o v e d b y y o u . laa


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N A G A R J U N A ' S C A T U ,S T A V A 3 34 3

Voidne ss i s no t d i f f e r e n t f r om th ings a n d a th ing doe s no t e x i s t w i th ou t R , ~s9t h e r e f o r e t hi ng s b o r n i n d e p e n d e n c e h av e b e e n s h o w n b y y o u t o b e v o id .4 4

Th e c onc e i l ing ( r e a l i ty ) is p r odu c e d f r om c a use s a nd c on d i t ions , a nd i sd e p e n d e n t o n s o m e t h i n g el s e; i t h a s b e e n c a ll ed ( b y y o u ) " t h e d e p e n d e n t( r e a l i t y ) " ; b u t t h e s u p r e m e r e a l i ty is n o n e f f e c t e d .

45A l so ( i t c o u l d b e ) c a l le d : a n o w n b e i n g , t h e p r i m a r y m a t t e r , t h e t r u t h , t h esubs ta nc e , e x i s t ing e n t i t y ;~9o a n im a g ine d th ing do e s no t e x i s t , a de pe nde n t( th in g) does no t ex is t . 191

4 6( The a f f i r m a t ion : ) " I t e x i s t s " in r e l a t ion to a n im a g ine d th ing ha s be e nsa id to b e a supe r im po s i t ion ; ~gz a nd ( th e a f f i r m a t ion ) " I t d oe s no t e x i s t " ,a s a co n s e q u e n c e o f t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f a m a d e t h i n g , ha s b e e n s h o w n t obe a nn ih i l a t ion .

4 7T h r o u g h t h e k n o w l e d g e o f t r u t h , n e i t h e r a n n i h i la t io n n o r e t e r n i t y h a v eb e e n t h o u g h t ( b y y o u t o e x i st ); t h e w h o l e w o r l d h a s b e e n t h o u g h t ( b yyo u) to be v o id o f r e a l ity , sim i la r to a m i r a ge .

4 8As the w a te r o f a m i r a ge is no t l i a b le to d e s t r uc t ion n o r e t e r na l , so thew h o l e w o r l d h as b e e n p r o c l a i m e d ( b y y o u t o b e ) n e i t h e r li ab l e t o d e s t r u c t i o nn o r e t e rn a l .

4 9F o r w h o m a s u b s ta n c e c o m e s f o r t h , f o r h i m t h e r e w o u l d b e d e s t r u c t i o n a n dso on ; f o r h im the wor ld wo u ld r e su l t be ing l im i t e d o r n o t l im i t e d . ~93

50As , wh e n kno wle dg e e x i s ts , t he kn ow a b le ( ob je c t e x is t s ), so , wh e n theknow a b le ( ob je c t ) e x i s ts , knowle dge ( e x i s t s ) ; wh e n i t i s r e a li z e d tha t bo thdo n o t a r ise , t he n wh a t do e s e x is t ?


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Thu s the be s t o f phys ici a ns , ha v ing spoke n c l e a rly , by m e a ns o f the a na log ie so f the m a g ic a l i l lu s ion a nd so on , t a ugh t th e G oo d Do c t r ine he a le r o f allw r o n g o p i n io n s .

5 2Th i s is t he sup r e m e t r u th : t he t e a c h ing o f the un subs ta n t i a l i t y ; t h i s one i st h e i n s u p e ra b l e m e d i c i n e f o r t h o s e c a p t u r e d b y t h e m o n s t e r o f ( t h e f al sebe l i e f i n ) be ing .

53O sacr i fice r o f the D octr in e , 194 fo r th is reason in dee d th e sacr if ice o f theD o c t r i n e , th e s u p r e m e o n e , h as b e e n c o n s t a n t l y o f f e r e d ( b y y o u ) i n t h et h r e e w o r l d s w i t h o u t o b s t a c le s , w i t h o u t i m p e d i m e n t s .

5 4Th i s wond e r f u l l ion ' s r oa r wh ic h i s t he unsub s ta n t i a l i ty , de s t r uc to r o f thef e a r ( p r ov oke d) by the m ons te r o f ( the f a lse be l i e f i n ) r e a l i ty , a nd c a usingd r e a d t o t h e d e e rs w h i c h a r e t h e h e r e t i c te a c h e rs , h a s b e e n u t t e r e d b y y o u .

55T h e d r u m o f t h e D o c t r i n e , ( d r u m ) p r o f o u n d b e c a us e o f th e d o c t r i n e o fv o id n e ss , h a s b e e n b e a t e n ( b y y o u ) ; t h e t r u m p e t o f t h e D o c t r i n e, l o ud -s o u n d in g b e c a u se o f ( th e d o c t r i n e o f ) u n s u b s t a n t ia l i ty h a s b e e n b l o w n( b y y o u ) .

5 6I t ha s be e n de c la r ed tha t t he a m br os ia o f the t e a c h ing o f the buddhas, called" the g i f t o f the D oc t r ine " , is o f we l l- e st a b li shed m e a n ing : ( i t is ) on ly thevo idne ss o f th e dharmas.

5 7B u t the in s t r uc t ion a bou t c om ing f o r th , c e ssa t ion e t c . , be ing , sou l e t c . ha sb e e n d e cl a re d b y y o u , o L o r d , t o b e o f a m e a ni n g w h i c h h a s t o b e d e t e r m i n e d ,a nd i t i s (r e f e r ring on ly to ) the c onc e i ling ( r e a l ity ) .


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NAG.~RJUNA'S CATUSTAVA 35

58That (man) who has gone to the extreme limit of the ocean of Pra/adpdramit~,(that man) richly endowed with the jewels of merits and good qualities, hascrossed over the ocean of your good qualities.

59May the world be similar to you through that merit, that has been obtainedby me (while) thus praising (you) the Lord of the world, unthinkable, whocannot be pointed out.

HYMN ACCORDING TO THE SUPREME TRUTH19S

1

How shall I praise you, the Lord who has not been born, who remains nowhere, who is beyond all comparison proper of the world, something beyondthe path of words. 196

2Any how - be you whatever you may be in the sense of the true reality -I, abiding by the world's conventions, 197 shall praise the Master out ofdevotion. 198

3Since there is not a forthcoming with an own being, 199 there is not forth-coming for you, neither going nor coming, o Lord. I pay homage to youdevoid of an own being.

4You are neither an existing being nor a non existing being, nor (liable to)destruction nor eternal, nor permanent nor impermanent. I pay homage toyou devoid of duality.

5No colour is perceived in you, neither red nor green nor garnet nor yellownor black nor white. I pay homage to yo u devoid of colour.


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You are neither big nor small, neither long nor round; you have reached ameasureless state. I pay homage to you devoid of measure.7

(You are not) either far or near, either in the space or on earth, either inthe samsdra or in the nirvd.na, z I pay homage to you who are in no place.

8You are not in the dha rm as; 21 you have reached the state of the fundamentof the d h a r m a s ; you have reached the extreme profoundity. I pay homageto you profound.

9Praised in this way, so may you be praised - but have you been praised intruth? Since all the d h a r m a s are void, who is praised? by whom is he praised?

10Who can praise you devoid of birth and destruction, for whom there isneither end nor middle, nor perception nor perceptible object?

11Having praised him who has neither gone nor come, the well-gone, devoidof going - thanks to this merit, let the world follow the path o f the wellgone.

APPENDIXTIBETAN TEXTS E M S - K Y I R D O - R J E H . I BSTOD-PA

(CITTAVAJRASTAVA)1

gaff gis sems byuh dra ba ni /sems fiid kyis ni bsal mdzad de /sems kyi rmofis pa sel ba yi /rah seres de la phyag h.tshal 1o//


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N ,g ,G ,I,R J U N A ' S C A T U S T A V A 3 7

s em s c a n m o s p a s n a t sh o g s rn a m s /t h a d a d I li a y i d m i g s p a l a /r i n c h e n s e m s n i r n a m g r o l l as /lh a g a n b s g ru b t u y o d m a y i n / /

s e m s t h o b p a n i b y ar i c h u b s te /s e m s n i h .g ro b a l fi a p o y i n /b d e d a f t s d u g b s f i a l m t s h a n f ii d d a g /s e m s la s m a g t o g s c u ff z a d m e d / /

h .g ro b a k u n g y i s 22 m t h o r i b a r n a m s /c u f f z a d b s g o m p a.h i r n a m p a y a f i /d e k u n s e m s k y i d r a b a r u /d e f ii d g s u h b a s b s t a n p a y i n / /

r n a m p a r r t o g p a s p a ri s p a.h i s e m s /r n a m p a r r t o g p a s b s h o s b y a s p ah .i /. h k h o r b a r n a m r t o g t s a m f ii d d e /r n am r to g m e d p a th a r p a y i n / /

6d e b a s k u n g y i s h.b a d p a y i s /b y a n c h u b s e m s l a p h y a g b y al3 .o /s e m s k y i r d o r j e b s g o m p ah i." p h y i r /d e n i b y a ri c h u b m c h o g c e s b y a / /

7k h a m s b s k y e d s e m s n i l u s k y i s b c i fi s /s e m s m e d k h a m s n i b d e b a r .h ju g /d e p h y i r s e m s n i k u n t u b s r u f i /b d e l e g s s e m s l a s sa ris r g y a s . h b y u r i / /


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3 8 F . T O L A A N D C . D R A G O N E T T IT R A N S L A T I O N

H Y M N T O T H E J E W E L O F T H E M I N D1

H o m a g e t o o n e ' s o w n m i n d , w h i c h s u p p re s s es m i n d ' s c o n f u s i o n a n d t h r o u g hw h i c h , i n it s m i n d ' s c o n d i t i o n , t h e ( e r r o r 's ) w e b , p r o d u c e d b y j u s t t h e m i n d ,i s e l im inate d. 2a

2B e i ng s i m a g i n e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r d i f f e r e n t t e n d e n c i e s , d i f f e r e n t g o d s , b u t f o rt h e je w e l o f t h e m i n d n o g o d c a n b e p r o v e d ( t o b e ) b e s i d es t h e l ib e r a t io n . 24

3A t t a i n m e n t o f t h e m i n d i s i l l u m i n a t i o n ; o n l y m i n d a r e th e f iv e d e s t in i e s ; 2 st h e e s se n c e o f h a p p i n e s s a n d su f f e r i n g d o n o t e x i s t a t a ll o u t s i d e t h e m i n d .

4T h i n g s s e e n b y a ll b e i n g s ( a n d ) e v e n so m e f o r m s o f m e d i t a t i o n , 26 t h e y a r e a lli n t h e ( i l lu s o r y ) w e b o f t h e m i n d - s o it w a s t a u g h t b y h i m w h o p r e a c h e d t r u t h .

5Fo r t h e m i n d wh i c h i s d e p r i v e d o f i m a g i n a t i o n , 27 t h e sam. dra, p r o d u c e d b yi m a g i n a t i o n , is o n l y i m a g i n a t i o n ; w h e n t h e r e i s n o i m a g i n a t io n , i t i s li b e r at io n .

6T h e r e f o r e a ll m e n , w i t h e n d e a v o u r , m u s t r e n d e r h o m a g e t o t h e i l lu m i n a t i o n ' sm i n d ; 28 s i n ce i t p r o d u c e s t h e m i n d ' s j e we l , i t i s c al le d " Su p r e m eI l l u m i n a t i o n " . 2 o9

7M i n d , p r o d u c e d b y t h e e l e m e n t s , i s e n c h a i n e d t o t h e b o d y ; w h e n t h e m i n dd o e s n o t e x i s t , e l e m e n t s g e t i n t o ( a s t a t e ) o f c a l m ; t h e r e f o r e g u a r d we l ly o u r m i n d ; B u d d h a s a ri se f r o m a c a l m an d p u r e m i n d .Centro de Investigaciones Filos6ficas,SeminaHo de Indologia,Mi~ones 2073, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina


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N A G A R J U N A ' S C A T U S T A V A 39

N O T E S F O R T H E I N T R O D U C T I O N* N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l f o r S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h , B u e n o s A i r es , A r g e n t i n a .I T h e n a m e o f t h e p r e s e n t w o r k c a n b e w r i t te n 1. Catusstava, 2. Catuh.stava,a n d 3 .Catustava, a c c o r d i n g t o P a n i n i 8 , 3 , 3 6 ( s o r h . ) ; K a t y a y a n a , Vdrttika ad Vydkara.na-mah&bhds.ya 8 , 3 , 3 6 ( o p t i o n a l e l i s i o n o f h.) ; Rigveda-prdti~khya 4 , 3 6 , p . 2 7 2 e d .V i r e n d r a K u m ~ r a V a r m a , a n d Taittir~ya-prdtikdkhya 9 , 1 ( t h e t w o l a s t t e x t s c o n s i d e rt h a t t h e e l i s i o n o f h. i s o b l i g a t o r y ) . F o r m o r e r e f e r e n c e s s e e J . W a c k e r n a g e l , AltindischeGrammatik I , p . 3 4 2 ( e d . o f 1 9 5 7 ) . W e h a v e a d o p t e d Catustava f o l l o w i n g P . P a t e l .2 S e e , f o r e x a m p l e : T6hoku 1 1 1 8 , 1 1 1 9 , 1 1 2 0 , 1 1 2 1 , 1 1 2 2 , 1 1 2 5 , 1 1 2 6 , 1 1 2 7 , 1 1 2 8 ,1 1 2 9 , 1 1 3 0 e t c . = Catalogue 2 0 1 0 , 2 0 1 1 , 2 0 1 2 , 2 0 1 3 , 2 0 1 4 , 2 0 1 7 , - , 2 0 1 8 , 2 0 1 9 ,2 0 2 0 , 2 0 2 1 e t c . r es p e c ti v e ly . O n t h e B u d d h i s t h y m n s i n g e n e r a l s e e D i et e r S c h l i n g lo f f ,Buddhistische Stotras, p p . 8 - 1 5 . O n N ~ g a r ju n a 's h y m n s s e e D . S . R u e g g , The Literatureof the Madhyamaka School, p p . 3 1 - 3 2 a n d p p . 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 .a W i t h t h i s n a m e J . W . d e J o h n d e s i g n a t e d a p o e m i n 1 4 s t a n z a s c o n t a i n e d i n a S a n s k ri tm a n u s c r i p t r e l a t iv e l y m o d e r n , i n N e p a li a l p h a b e t , w h i c h G . T u c c i d i s c o v e r ed a n dp h o t o g r a p h i e s o f w h i c h h e g a ve t o d e J o n g f o r i t s e d i t i o n . D e J o n g e d i t e d t h e S a n s k r i tt e x t , t h e T i b e t a n t r a n s l a ti o n a n d h i s F r e n c h t r a n s l a ti o n o f t h e p o e m i n Oriens ExtremusI X , 1 ( 1 9 6 2 ) , p p . 4 7 - 5 6 . I n p . 4 8 o f t h i s a r t ic l e d e J o n g i n d i c a te s t h a t i n th e m a n u s c r i p t ,a f t e r t h e s t a n z as , t h e r e a r e s o m e l i n e s w h i c h h e s u p p o s e s w e r e w r i t t e n b y t h e c o p y s t .F r o m t h e s e l in e s h e t a k e s t h e e x p r e s s i o n 'Madhyamaka~dstrastuti' t o d e s i g n a t e th i sp o e m o f C a n d r a k f r t i . T h e s e s t a n z a s w e r e k n o w n , p r e v i o u s ly t o T u c c i ' s d is c o v e ry , i nt h e i r T i b e t a n t r a n s l a t i o n , w h i c h i s i n c l u d e d a t t h e e n d o f t h e T i b e t a n t r a n s l a t i o n o fC a n d r a k i r t i ' s Prasannapadd (T6hoku 3 8 6 0 = Catalogue5 2 6 0 ) . T h e m a n u s c r i p t s o f t h eS a n s k r i t o r ig i n a l t e x t o f t h e Prasannapaddd o n o t c o n t a i n t h e s e s t a n z as . S e e t h e e d i t i o n so f L . d e l a V a l l 6 e P o u s s i n a n d P . L . V a i d y a .4 j . W . d e J o n g , " L a Madhyamaka~dstrastutid e C a n d r a k ~ r t i " , p. 4 8 .s G . T u c c i , " T w o H y m n s o f t h e C atttl3 . s t a v a " , i n JRAS, 1 9 3 2, p p. 3 0 9 - 3 2 5 .6 C h . L i n d t n e r , Nagar/uniana, Studies in the writings and philosophy of Ndgdr/una( 1 9 8 2 ) .7 A b o u t t h e s e m a n u s c r i p t s s e e L i n d t n e r , Nagarjuniana,p p . 1 2 3 - 1 2 4 (Sigla). T h e s em a n u s c r i p t s a re : ( 1 ) a m a n u s c r i p t k e p t i n T o k y o U n i v e r s i t y ; ( 2 ) a m a n u s c r i p t f r o mM o n

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