JAXA Activities

in Earth Observations from Space -- Recent Progress of the GPM and GCOM Programs --

Tomomi Nio

EORC / JAXA

APSDEU-7 September 20-22, 2006 @ Hawaii

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Topics

1. Earth Observation Program Outline1. Earth Observation Program Outline

2. Operation Status2. Operation Status

- TRMM- TRMM

- Aqua/AMSR-E- Aqua/AMSR-E

- ALOS- ALOS

- Network Interface- Network Interface

3. Future Program3. Future Program

- GOSAT- GOSAT

- GPM- GPM

- GCOM-W/C- GCOM-W/C

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1. Earth Observation Program Outline

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The Long Term Plan of JAXA Earth Observation for GEOSS

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2. Operation Status

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Current Operation Status

1. TRMM (’97.11- ) almost 9 years old– Post-Operations Phase– Operation has been extended

2. Aqua/AMSR-E (’02.5- )– Post-Operations Phase

3. ALOS (’06.1-)– Initial CAL/VAL Phase

2. Operation Status

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TRMM

• It is approved that TRMM continues to observe tropical rainfalls until September 2009, with possible additional extension after another senior review, allowing for a possible overlap with GPM. (TRMM may operate as long as September 2012.)

• Long, accurate record of quasi-global precipitation

Outstanding research benefit

• Data utilization– 8 years of PR data has been accumulated.

• Information on structure of precipitation systems brought by PR Precipitation System Climatology

• Estimation of estimated rain rate accuracy including effects of altitude change is important for climate research purpose

2. Operation Status

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Aqua/AMSR-E

• AMSR-E data utilization– JMA started to use AMSR-E data for the global

numerical prediction model on May 15, 2006.

2. Operation Status

Improved the forecast accuracy of the track of a typhoon

– “SST anomaly in the high latitude ocean of AMSR-E” site was released on September 14, 2006.

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Tropical Cyclone Data Base• JAXA EORC Tropical

Cyclone Data Base– You can search

tropical cyclone data observed by TRMM/PR, TMI, VIRS, Aqua/AMSR-E at the same time.

– You can access TRMM/PR 3D movies.

http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp

2. Operation Status

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Tropical Cyclone Data Base--TRMM 3D Movie--

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ALOS Overview

• JAXA’s High-Resolution Earth Observing Satellite• Mission

– Cartography (1/25,000)– Regional Environmental Monitoring– Disaster Monitoring– Resources Survey

Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for

Stereo Mapping (PRISM)

Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2

(AVNIR-2)

Data Relay Communication AntennaStar Tracker

GPS Antenna

Solar Array Paddle

9m

22m

Orbit : Sun Synchronous

Altitude: 691.65km

Repeat Cycle : 46days

Sub-Cycle : 2days

Launch Date : Jan.24, 2006Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar

(PALSAR)

2. Operation Status

Spatial Resolution: 2.5m (at Nadia)Swath Width: 70km(Nadia only) / 35km (Triplet mode)

Range Resolution: 7 to 44/ 14 to 88m (Fine) 100m (ScanSAR)

Swath Width: 40 to 70km (Fine) / 250 to 350km (ScanSAR)

Spatial Resolution: 10m (at Nadia)Swath Width: 70km(at Nadia)Pointing Angle: -44 to +44 degree

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ALOS Current Status

• Initial CAL/VAL Period;– Calibration and Validation of each sensors on

processing Level1 data from Level0 data are most important and necessary to improve the accuracy of high resolution DEM and biomass distribution data.

• We will have the review on October 23 for moving to “Routine Operations Period”.

• ALOS data utilization;– Disaster monitoring

2. Operation Status

Flooded areas in ChoeleChoele City, Argentina observed by "Daichi"(ALOS)/PRISM on July 30, 2006.

(Pre-disaster) (Post-disaster)

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Network Interface

NASA/GSFC(SDPF,TSDIS,EDOS,CSAFS)JAXA/EOC

APAN/SINET(effect 6Mbps)

NASA/JPL(PO.DAAC)

2. Operation Status

NOAA/NESDIS

JAXA/EOC

Wide area Ethernet

JAXA/EORC

JMA/MSC

JAXA/TKSCWide Area Ethernet(100Mbps) ATM 1Mbps

-EORC Tokyo office move to Tsukuba the end of October.

-EORC will connect Tsukuba WAN and increase 200Mbps with EOC next April.

-Internet (VPN) is used for ALOS. -Wide width network will be implemented for GOSAT

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3. Future Program

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GOSAT

Greenhouse gasses Observing SATellite

3. Future Program

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• Mission– To observe greenhouse effect gasses globally

GOSAT Overview3. Future Program

Designed Life Span: 5yearsOrbit Plan: Altitude 666km Sun-Synchronous Sub-Recurrent OrbitOrbit Inclination: 98deg.Launch: Aug.2008 by H-IIA (TBD)

TANSO-FTS(Greenhouse gasses observing Sensor)Atmospheric absorption observation by Fourier Theorem Spectroscopy

Wavelength band1 0.38μm band2 0.67μm band3 0.87μm band4 1.62μm

Spectrum resolution 0.2 – 1cm

TANSO-CAI(Cloud/Aerosol Sensor)ImagerWavelength band1 0.38μm band2 0.67μm band3 0.87μm band4 1.62μm

FSSH-1XANT-1XANT-2SANT-1

ESH

CAM-H1

CS光学系ユニット

GOS光学系ユニット

FSSH-2/3 TEDA-LPT2

TEDA-LPT1

PDL

Z（地心方向）

（進行方向、ロケット機軸方向）X

Y

FSSH-1XANT-1XANT-2SANT-1

ESH

CAM-H1

CS光学系ユニット

GOS光学系ユニット

FSSH-2/3 TEDA-LPT2

TEDA-LPT1

PDL

FSSH-1XANT-1XANT-2SANT-1

ESH

CAM-H1

CS光学系ユニット

GOS光学系ユニット

FSSH-2/3 TEDA-LPT2

TEDA-LPT1

PDL

Z（地心方向）

（進行方向、ロケット機軸方向）X

Y

Z（地心方向）

（進行方向、ロケット機軸方向）X

Y

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GPM

Global Precipitation Measurement

3. Future Program

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From TRMM to GPM

NASA, JAXA and

NICTInternational Cooperation

Mission

3. Future Program

Cooperation(Expected partners) ： NOAA(US),NASA(US),CNES/ISRO(France/India) and others

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GPM Overview3. Future Program

• Mission:Core Satellite– Observation of rainfall

with more accurate and higher resolution

– Adjustment of data from constellation satellites

Constellation Satellites– More frequent

ObservationGPM – Global Observation

every 3 hours↓↓– Earth heating Earth heating

PhenomenaPhenomena– Study of Climate ChangeStudy of Climate Change– Improvement of Improvement of

forecasting systemforecasting system

Core Satellite Constellation Satellites

Orbit Sun-asynchronous

Sun-synchronous

Inclination Approx. 68 deg. Approx. 90 deg.

Altitude Approx. 600 km Approx. 600 km

Period Approx. 92 minutes

Approx. 100 minutes

Mission Instrument

DPR*GMI

Microwave Radiometer

Resolution

KuPR:245km

KaPR:120km

Approx. 800ｋｍ

Range Res. 250m ---

Launch Date 2013 (TBD) ---

Mission of Life

3 years and 2 months

---

*DPR=Dual Frequency Radiometer 14GHz KuPR and 35GHz KaPR

2 satellites

8 satellites

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GPM project status• Core satellite:

– GPM core launch schedule was slipped to June 2013 because of NASA budget problem

– Currently JAXA is in phase B. – JAXA proceed to phase C/D in JFY 2007.

• Constellation satellites:– A lot of changes!

• EGPM : reduced• NPOESS : scale downed (reduced time orbit and CMIS)• NASA constellation : Non-sun synchronous (inclination 40°)

etc.– Microwave radiometers get fewer at the operation period of GPM

core.It is very difficult to achieve our objectives.JAXA started to use not only microwave radiometer but also

microwave sounder data for frequent precipitation observation.

3. Future Program

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Overlap of satellite operation

3. Future Program

Note: Not written about FY-3/MWRI and MWHS

In order to achieve our GPM mission, we hope to know more details of constellation candidate.

-Possibility of FY-3 data use.

-Korea (KMA/KARI) will plan to have satellite with microwave radiometer or not?

-NPOESS update information. etc.

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GPM Related Meetings• Workshop:

– The 6th GPM International Planning Workshop, • Date: 6-8 November 2006• place: USA

– GPM Data Working Group:GDaWG• Not hold this year

3. Future Program

** We started to study the possibility of multi sensor data use such as other agency’s sensors or microwave sounder.

If possible, I want to discuss data exchange in specific.

- What type of data format ?

- How to get data to use in real-time, operationally?

- Can we get Point of Contact?

Update information, idea, advice, comments are

welcome!!

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GCOM

Global Climate Observation Mission

3. Future Program

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GCOM System OverviewGCOM-W & -C characteristics

ConfigurationGCOM-W GCOM-C

Orbit (TBD)

•Sun-synchronous•Altitude: 699.6km•Inclination: 98.19deg•Descending local time: 1:30

•Sun-synchronous•Altitude: 798km•Inclination: 99.36deg•Descending local time: 10:30

Instruments•AMSR2•SeaWinds F/O (-W2, -W3:TBD)

•SGLI

Launch Date 2010 2011Mission Life 5 years (3 satellites; total 13 years)Launch Vehicle H-IIA

3. Future Program

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GCOM-W

Targets of GCOM-W/AMSR2 are water-energy cycle.

GCOM-W AMSR2 characteristics

Scan Conical scan microwave radiometer

Swath width 1450km

Antenna 2.0m offset parabola antenna

Digitalization 12bit

Incident angle Apporox. 55 degree

Polarization Vertical and Horizontal

Dynamic range 2.7-340K

Band(GHz)

Band width (MHz)

Polarization

Beam width [deg] (Ground

resolution [km])

Sampling interval

[km]

6.925 350

Vand

H

1.8 (35 x 62)

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10.65 100 1.2 (24 x 42)

18.7 200 0.65 (14 x 22)

23.8 400 0.75 (15 x 26)

36.5 1000 0.35 (7 x 12)

89.0 3000 0.15 (3 x 5) 5

AMSR2

AMSR-2 will continue AMSR-E observations (water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, wind speed, sea ice concentration etc.).

If GCOM-W2, W3 has scatterometer,

GCOM-W scatterometer in afternoon orbit will increase time resolution and data coverage in combination with the METOP/ASCAT in morning orbit (to achieve every 6 hours observation).

3. Future Program

AMSR-2 data will contribute to operational users such as meteorological agencies

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AMSR-Products (ADEOS-II)

Wind speed Wind speed (ocean)(ocean)

Sea ice Sea ice conc.conc.

Sea surface Sea surface temperaturetemperature

Snow depthSnow depth

Cloud Cloud liquid liquid waterwater

Water Water vapor vapor (ocean)(ocean)

PrecipitatiPrecipitationon

Soil Soil moisturemoisture

Products Comments

Integrated water vapor

Over global ocean*, columnar integrated value

Integrated cloud liquid water

Over global ocean*, columnar integrated value

Precipitation

Global (except over ice and snow), surface rain rate

Sea surface temperature *

Global ocean

Sea surface wind speed

Global ocean

Sea ice concentration

High latitude ocean areas

Snow depthLand surface (except dense forest regions)

Soil moisture

Land surface (except ice sheet and dense forest regions)

AMSR product table

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GCOM-C

SGLI channels

CHλ Δλ Lstd Lmax IFOV

VN, P, SW: nmT: μm

VN, P: W/m2/sr/mT: Kelvin

m

VN1 380 10 60 210 250VN2 412 10 75 250 250VN3 443 10 64 400 250VN4 490 10 53 120 250VN5 530 20 41 350 250VN6 565 20 33 90 250VN7 670 10 23 62 250VN8 670 20 25 210 250VN9 763 8 40 350 1000

VN10 865 20 8 30 250VN11 865 20 30 300 250

P1 670 20 25 250 1000P2 865 20 30 300 1000

SW1 1050 20 57 248 1000SW2 1380 20 8 103 1000SW3 1640 200 3 50 250SW4 2210 50 1.9 20 1000T1 10.8 0.7 300 340 500T2 12.0 0.7 300 340 500

Visible & near infrared (VN) push-broom radiometer

Polarization muti-angle radiometer (P)

Shortwave (SW) & thermal infrared (T) scanning radiometerTargets of GCOM-C/ SGLI is surface and

atmospheric valuables related to carbon cycle and radiation budget.

SGLI will follow almost of the GLI observations (sea surface temperature, ocean color, aerosols, cloud, vegetation, snow/ ice, and so on). The new SGLI features (250m (VN) and 500m (T) channels and two polarization/ multi-direction channels (P)) will enable to improve land and coastal monitoring and retrieval of aerosol over land.

GCOM-C SGLI characteristics

ScanPush-broom electric scan (VN & P)Wisk-broom mechanical scan (SW & T)

Scan width1150km cross track (VN & P)1400km cross track (SW & T)

Digitalization 12bit

Polarization 3 polarization angles for P

Along track direction

+45 deg and -45 deg for PNadir for VN, SW and T

3. Future Program

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GLI products on ADEOS-II

Land Land vegetationvegetation

Ocean Ocean chlorophyllchlorophyll

TOA radianceTOA radiance Snow Snow grain grain sizesize

Sea Sea surface surface temperaturtemperaturee

AerosolsAerosolsCloud Cloud optical optical thicknessthickness

water vapor water vapor (land)(land)

Target Product

Land

Geometric correction

Geometric correction by GCP

Surface reflectance

Land surface reflectance

Vegetation indexes (NDVI, EVI)

Atm

osphere

AerosolOcean aerosols (Tau, Alpha)

Cloud

Cloud flag (area, phase)

Cloud optical thickness (water/ice)

Ice cloud effective radius

Water cloud top height

Cloud top temperature (water/ice)

Cloud liquid water cloud

Cloud fraction

water vaporcolumn water vapor (over land)

Ocean

Ocean atmospheric correction

Normalized water leaving radiance

Ocean aerosols (Tau, Alpha)

Photosynthetically available radiation

In-water

chlorophyll-a concentration

Suspended solid concentration

Coloured dissolved organic matter

Attenuation coefficient at 490nm

temperature Sea surface temperature

Cryosphere

AreaCloud detection over snow/ice

Snow/ice covered area

Surface

Snow/ice surface temperature

Snow grain size

Snow impurities

GLI product table

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Future marine exploration technology

・ Global environment problem・ GHG・ Understand of weather anomaly and climate change

Earth Observation

GOSATALOS GPM/DPR GCOM

CloudAerosol

GHG

Quasi-Zenith Satellite

Ocean color

Rainfall

・ Marine exploration under ocean bottom ・ Resource exploration by satellite and marine probe

Marine exploration

Deep sea drilling

Vegetation

Positioning

・ Disaster monitoring of earthquake, heavy rain etc. ・ Trench giant earthquake

Disaster Monitoring

Ocean windSST

Integ

ration

of o

bservatio

n d

ata

Users

Integrated dataset

Policy making

Data Data Integration Integration & Analysis& Analysis

Research institutes

Ministry and agency

緯度

経度時間

“Integrated Marine Exploration and Earth Observation System”Establishment of a fundamental system for Earth observation, disaster monitoring and marine exploration system as a national key technology for Japanese national security

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Summary

• Current satellite:– TRMM/PR, Aqua/AMSR-E and ALOS are oper

ating well.• Future Program:

– GOSAT is developing for the launch in 2008.– GPM project is studying the new possibility of

data utilization for frequent precipitation observation.*We need your cooperation!

– GCOM-W project will be approved soon. AMSR-2 data will contribute to improving clima

te change prediction and operational use.