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AUTHORSHIP FROM THE ASIA AND PACIFIC REGION IN TOP LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE JOURNALS

TAEMIN KIM PARK Technical Services Department, Indiana University Libraries

Bloomington, Indiana 47405, U.S.A E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. Authorship characteristics from the Asian and Pacific region in the top 20 journals in library and information science category by ISI (Institute for Scientific Information) Journal Citation Reports’ impact factor are studied. Major findings of this study are: there are total of 1,273 articles for the period of 1967 to 2005; the most productive countries were, in rank order, Australia, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, New Zealand, Malaysia, Thailand and Philippines. 78% of authors in the top 20 library and information science journals contributed a single article. Regional collaboration was strongly linked between Australia and China; China and Singapore; and Australia and New Zealand. Out of the region, United States authors collaboratively contributed 15.7% of the total contribution. Most contributed individual authors and affiliated institutes are reported as well.

Introduction While numerous authorship patterns, in library and information science journals have been studied and reported, studies regarding the Asia and Pacific region as a whole have not been addressed. This research provides a profile of Asian authorship and its characteristics in leading 20 LIS journals. The top 20 journals by ISI (Institute for Scientific Information) Journal Citation Reports’ impact factors in the Information and Library Science category are used to study authorship in the Asia and Pacific region. The following questions are addressed: which countries are most productive; the number of items published by authors in the region; who are the most productive authors; the extent of collaborative authorship in terms of the number of articles written by more than one author; the extent of collaboration among countries within the region; which are the most productive affiliated institutes; and comparison between library science and information science journals. Literature Review Authorship studies in library and information science have been conducted using different sources: a single journal, a group of journals, or databases. Olsgaard and Olsgaard’s study (1980) provides a working model for authorship research. They studied the gender, occupation, and geographic location of the authors of articles in College & Research Libraries, Library Journal, Library Quarterly, Library Trends, and RQ from 1968 through 1977.

Selected studies are reviewed which report author’s characteristics and collaborative authorships reflected in an individual LIS journal or a group of journals. Cline (1982) studied the authorship characteristics in College & Research Libraries, 1939 through 1979. Her research included the number of articles, gender, coauthors, institutional affiliations, number of pages, number of references, subject matter, language, publisher name, journal title, form of documents, among other things. Metz (1989) reported authorship profiles for the period 1980 to 1988 for the same journal in order to update some of Cline’s analysis regarding referencing characteristics, gender, affiliated institutes, and collaborative authorship. Terry (1996) reported updated data for the Cline and Metz’s authorship study in College & Research Libraries regarding gender, institutional affiliation, and collaboration for the period 1989-1994. Herubel (1990) added internationality in an authorship study using the journals International Library Review and Libri. The institutional affiliation, production by countries, and origin of cited journals were studied. Studying the authorship characteristics in Library and Acquisitions: Practices and Theory (LAPT), 1977-1995, Nisonger (1996) reported a detailed analysis of authorship data and comparative data with previous studies regarding total numbers, collaborative authorship, author productivity, occupational/institutional affiliation, geographical distribution and international authorship. Several studies used a group of journals or databases in analyzing authorship characteristics. Buttlar (1991) studied author characteristics regarding gender, occupation, affiliated institutes and geographic location in 16 “basic library science journals” from 1987 to 1989.

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Another aspect of LIS authorship studies reports the ranking of the most productive authors. Budd (2000) used the Social Science Citation Index, 1993-1998 and reported the most productive 19 authors in published papers in LIS journals; White (1990) listed 41 most productive authors in the Journal of the American Society for Information Science; Cline (1982) listed the six most highly contributing authors who have contributed more than 10 articles in the College & Research Libraries. Nisonger (1996) listed the most highly contributing 22 authors in LAPT.

A few studies for regional and international collaboration are reviewed here. Using the Science Citation Index on CD-ROM, Gupta and Munshi (2004) investigated regional collaboration in science among South Asian countries through co-authored papers for the period 1992-1999. Among the five South Asian countries there were 194 co-authored papers. The total number of papers in each country were: 11,429 papers in India, 401 in Pakistan, 221 in Bangladesh, 118 in Sri Lanka and 65 in Nepal. India had the strongest collaboration with Bangladesh and had the most collaborative authorship with other countries. Arunachalam (2000) reported the international collaboration in science between India and China using the Science Citation Index 1998. The total number of papers published by some Asian countries were: 60,721 papers in Japan (2nd), 13,878 in China (11th ), 11,437 in India (14th). South Korea published 8,234 papers (15th). 30.7% of papers produced in China had international co-authors, while India showed 40.1% co-authored papers. Both China and India’s most frequent collaborators were the United States. For China, the second most frequent collaborator was Japan and for India, it was Germany. Using the Science Citation Index, 1994-1996, Korean international co-authorship in science was studied by Kim (1999) who reported that a total of 3,627 collaborative papers were published. Analyzing the institutional affiliation and collaborative countries, 84% of collaborative authors are affiliated with universities, 10% from government-supported institutes and 6% from industry. Korea has 25.7% of international co-authorship in science fields and has a strong collaboration with the United States, followed by Japan, Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France. Pao’s (1992) study reported that scientific collaboration is shown to be associated with research funding and to serve as a means to advance research.

Studies reporting on cited reference, subject, impact factor, methodologies used are beyond the scope of this literature review.

Methodology and Data Collection This research is modeled on the classic authorship study by Olsgaard and Olsgaard (1980) and a more recent study by Nisonger (1996) for some of the research questions. The top 20 journals ranked by ISI (Institute for Scientific Information) Journal Citation Reports’ impact factors in the Information and Library Science category were used to study authorship in the Asia and Pacific region. The top 20 journals in 2004 were: Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Information Systems Research, MIS Quarterly, Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Information & Management, Journal of Documentation, Information Processing & Management, Journal of Management Information Systems, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, College & Research Libraries, Government Information Quarterly, Scientometrics, Journal of Academic Librarianship, Library Quarterly, Journal of the Medical Library Association, Journal of Information Science, Journal of Information Technology, Library and information Science Research, Information Research-An International Electronic Journal. The JCR impact factor has been used frequently as a useful tool in ranking individual journals and evaluating journal collections. Nisonger (2004) reported the benefit and weakness of using JCR impact factor in managing journal collections. The method normalizes for journal age and journal size and, although controversial, it is usually considered the most valid citation measure. ISI defines the journal impact factor as the average number of times articles from the journal published in the past two years have been cited in the JCR year. Impact factor is calculated by dividing the number of citations received in 2004 to articles published in 2003 and 2002 by the total number of articles published in 2003 and 2002. It is conceptualized as the number of times an average article has been cited.

The Web of Science online database, a product of the ISI’s Web of Knowledge, was used for collecting data. All products of the Web of Science, the Science Citation Index, the Social Sciences Citation Index, and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index were selected for a comprehensive search. A preliminary search was conducted in August and data for this study was collected in early December 2005. Selected countries in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group were used for the study. Searches were conducted for each of 12 countries and each of 20 journal titles. Authorship in articles published in these 20 journals was analyzed for the following countries: Australia, China

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(including Hong Kong), Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. China and Hong Kong were searched separately for a more thorough search, but contributions from China and Hong Kong were combined together as China for data analysis. Vietnam was also searched under Viet Nam. Journals with title changes were all searched throughout the life of each journal. Initially the time span 1955 to 2005 was searched. However, the search result was limited to the period 1967 to 2005 due to the fact that search limit by date feature was available only after 1967. Also the search was limited to articles only, without any language limitation. Conference reports, letters, editorials, and book reviews were not included because these are not scholarly or research articles. The search result was analyzed using ISI’s analyzing tool to have the results ranked by country, author, institute name, journal title and publication year.

The journal profile in Table 1 shows all the searched journal titles with dates. Among the 20 journals there are 6 library science journals and 14 journals in the information science field. The distinction between library-oriented and information science-oriented journals was based on the journal name itself. It appears that the name itself identifies the journal’s focus and main area of disciplines. The oldest journal, Bulletin of the American Medical Library Association, the former title of the Journal of the American Medical Library Association began in 1911. The newest journal, Information Research in the information science category began in 1995.

Results and Comparison

Country Productivity

There are a total of 1,273 items in the top 20 journals for the period 1967 to 2005 which were contributed by authors from the region. The result shows that there are no contributions from authors in Indonesia and Vietnam. The most productive countries were, in rank order, Australia (334 articles), China (304), South Korea (144), Taiwan (135), Singapore (127), Japan (126), New Zealand (108), Malaysia (17), Thailand (16), and the Philippines (9).

A total number of 119 articles was published in the library science journals while 1,154 articles were published in the information science journals. The 5 most productive countries in the library science journals were: Australia, New Zealand, China, Taiwan, and South Korea; while the 5 most productive countries in the information science category were: Australia, China, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.

Table 2 shows the number of articles in the top 20 library and information science journals contributed by each country in the Asia and Pacific region. The total percentage may not round to 100% due to the shared percentages through collaboration with authors in the countries outside the region. Table 3 shows the productivity of countries in the library science journals. The country productivity in the information science journals is displayed in Table 4. Examining the total contributions, 19,315 articles were contributed to the top 20 journals: 6,727 for library science journals, and 12,588 for information science journals. Therefore, authors in the 10 Asian and Pacific countries made 6.6% of the contribution in the top 20 journals, while making 1.8% in the library science journal and 9.2% in the information science journals respectively. Australia is the most productive country among the 12 countries in both library and information science journals. Comparing countries in both categories, New Zealand and Taiwan are strong in library science journals; while South Korea and Singapore are strong in information science journals respectively. China is relatively strong both in library and information science, being the second in information science and the 3rd most productive country in the library science journals.

Author Productivity

The author productivity by number of articles contributed indicated that a relatively small number of authors made multiple contributions. Co-authored articles were counted equally in the author productivity count. Hence, the results include authors outside the Asia and Pacific region who were coauthored with authors in the region. For example, one author contributed 17 articles, another contributed 14 articles; while two contributed 12, three contributed 11 and two contributed 10 articles. Table 5 shows a detailed distribution of author contribution in the top 20 journals in library and information science. In other words, 78% of the authors contributed a single article, while 6% wrote four or more articles. A total of 1,273 articles in library and information science journals were contributed by 1,922 authors.

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Table 1. Journal profile

Journal name Journal category

Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 1966- Information science Information Systems Research, 1990- Information science MIS Quarterly, 1977- Information science Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 1994- Information science Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2001-; Continues: Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 1970-2000

Information science

Information & Management, 1977-; Continues: Management Datamatics, 1974-1976; Absorbs: Systems, Objectives, Solutions, 1984

Information science

Journal of Documentation, 1945- Information science Information Processing & Management, 1975-; Continues: Information Storage and Retrieval, 1963-1974. Absorbed Information Technology, 1984; Information Technology, Research and Development, 1982-1983

Information science

Journal of Management Information Systems, 1984- Information science International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 1997-; International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 1987-1996

Information science

College & Research Libraries, 1939- Library science Government Information Quarterly, 1984- Library science Scientometrics, 1978- Information science Journal of Academic Librarianship, 1975- Library science Library Quarterly, 1931 Library science Journal of the Medical Library Association, 2000-; Continues: Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, 1911-2001

Library science

Journal of Information Science, 1979-; Information Scientist, 1967-1978 Information science Journal of Information Technology, 1986- Information science Library & Information Science Research, 1983- Library science Information Research, 1995- Information science

Table 2. Total number of articles in the top library and information science journals contributed by authors in the Asia and Pacific region. (total number = 1,273)

Country Number of articles Percentage

Australia 334 26.2% China (including Hong Kong) 304 23.9% S. Korea 144 11.3% Taiwan 135 10.6% Singapore 127 10.6 Japan 126 9.9% New Zealand 108 8.5% Malaysia 17 1.3% Thailand 16 1.3% Malaysia 17 0.7%

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Table 3. Total number of articles in the top library science journals contributed by authors in the Asia and Pacific region (total number = 119)

Country Number of article Percentage

Australia 40 33.6% New Zealand 28 23.5% China 19 16% Taiwan 11 9.2% S. Korea 9 7.6% Japan 7 5.9% Thailand 4 3.4% Malaysia 2 1.7% Philippines 2 1.7% Singapore 1 0.8%

Table 4. Total number of articles in the top information science journals contributed by authors in the Asia and Pacific region. (total number = 1,154)

Country Number of article Percentage

Australia 294 25.5% China 285 24.7% S. Korea 135 11.7% Singapore 126 10.9% Taiwan 124 10.7% Japan 119 10.3% New Zealand 80 6.9% Malaysia 15 1.3% Thailand 12 1.0% Philippines 7 0.6%

Table 5. Author productivity by number of articles contributed in the top 20 journals

Number of articles Number of authors producing that number

17 1 14 1 12 2 11 3 10 2 9 2 8 8 7 8 6 12 5 16 4 53 3 84 2 239 1 1491

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Among 119 articles in the library science journals, the most productive author contributed 9 articles, another made 8 contributions. 90% of authors contributed a single article. A total of 168 authors contributed 119 articles in library journals. Table 6 shows the details of author productivity in the library science journals.

Table 6. Author productivity by number of articles contributed in the library science journals

Number of articles Number of authors contributing that

number 9 1 8 1 4 1 3 1 2 13 1 151

A total of 1,154 articles in the information science journals were written by 1,772 authors. The most productive author produced 16 articles. Another author made 14 contributions; two authors made 12 contributions, two made 11, and two made 10. In total, 77% of authors contributed a single article, while 6% wrote four or more articles. (see Table 7)

Table 7. Author productivity by number of articles contributed in the information science journals

Number of articles Number of authors contributing that number

16 1 14 1 12 2 11 2 10 2 9 3 8 7 7 7 6 11 5 17 4 49 3 79 2 227 1 1364

The most highly contributing individuals in the top 20 journals are listed in the Table 8; Table 9 shows the names of the most productive authors in library science journals; and Table 10 displays the most productive authors in the information science journals. Data from previous studies reveals that 80% of the articles in College & Research Libraries (Cline, 1982) and 80.6% in LAPT (Nisonger, 1996) were made by a single contributor.

Collaborative Authorship

Among the total 119 articles in library science journals, 60 articles were written by single author and 59 articles were written by two or more authors. This means that about 50 % of the articles in the library science journals have a single author and 50 % of the articles were collaboratively authored by two or more authors. Among the collaboratively written papers, 44 articles were written by two authors; 9 articles were written by three authors; 6 articles were written by four authors. When collaborative authorship was compared between the periods 1968 to 1989 (22 yrs.) and 1990 to 2005 (16 yrs.), the proportion of articles written by two or more authors increased from 10% to 59%.

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Table 8. Most contributed authors in the top 20 journals

Author No. of articles contributed

Wilson, CS 17 Foo, S 14

Chau, PYK 12 Tam, KY 12

Eto, H 11 Tsay, MY 11 Wei, KK 11 Yang, CC 10 Zobel, J 10 Aoe, J 9

Tan, BCY 9 Choi, KS 8 Lai, VS 8 Lee, S 8

Leong, TY 8 Liang, LM 8 Thong, JYL 8

Yap, CS 8 Zhang, HQ 8

Table 9. Most contributed authors in the library science journals

Author No. of articles contributed

Cullen, RJ 9 Calvert, PJ 8 Hernon, P 4 Bryan, H 4

Table 10. Most contributed authors in the information science journals

Author Number of articles contributed

Wilson, CS 16 Foo, S 14

Chau, PYK 12 Tam, KY 12

Eto, H 11 Wei, KK 11 Yang, CC 10 Zobel, J 10 Aoe, J 9

Tan, BCY 9 Tsay, MY 8 Choi, KS 8 Lai, Vs 8 Lee, S 8

Leong, TY 8 Liang, LM 8 Thong, JYL 8

Yap, CS 8

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Among the total 1,154 articles in information science journals, 310 articles were written by single author and 844 articles were written by two or more authors. Among the collaboratively written papers, 439 were written by two authors; 272 by three authors; 86 by four authors; 28 by five authors; 6 by six authors; 5 by seven authors; 4 by eight authors; and one by nine authors. Only 28% of the articles were written by a single author. Collaborative authorship is strong in information science journals in recent decade and has increased from 56.7% for the period 1973 to 1994 to 78.5% for the period 1995 to 2005. International Collaboration Strong collaboration within the region took place between Australia and China; China and Singapore; and Australia and New Zealand. Table 11 shows the details of regional collaboration in the library and information science journals. The United States was the country with the highest collaboration rate with authors in the Pacific and Asia region. U.S authors alone collaboratively made 15.7% of the total contribution, while 13.1% of the contributions were made by countries outside the Asia and Pacific region. Among 119 articles in the library science journals, U.S authors contributed 11.8%, while other countries contributed 7.6%; among 1,154 articles in information science journals, US authors made 16.1% of the contributions, while other countries contributed 14.3 % of the total articles.

Table 11. Collaboration in the top 20 library and information science journals Countries A

ustr

alia

Chi

na

Japa

n

Kor

ea

Mal

aysi

a

New

Z

eala

nd

Phili

ppin

es

Sing

apor

e

Tai

wan

Tha

iland

U.S

Oth

er

Australia 12 2 5 1 2 43 45 China 12 4 2 6 2 63 54 Japan 4 3 1 5 6 Korea 2 2 3 2 32 6 Malaysia 3 4 New Zealand 5 1 15 23 Philippines 1 1 2 Singapore 2 6 2 2 21 16 Taiwan 2 2 21 1 Thailand 2 4

Table 12. Most productive 10 institutions affiliated with authors in the region

Affiliated Institutes Number of contributions National University of Singapore 76 University of New South Wales 65 Chinese University of Hong Kong 54 Nanyang Technological University 44 City University of Hong Kong 36 University of Melbourne 35 Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology 34 Victoria University of Wellington 32 Hong Kong University of Science and technology 31 University of Hong Kong 27

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Affiliated Institutes Productivity

Most authors in the top 20 library and information science journals in the region were affiliated with universities. The most productive 10 institutions are listed in the Table 12. The National University of Singapore ranked first, followed by the University of New South Wales, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Nanyang Technological University, City University of Hong Kong, University of Melbourne, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, Victoria University of Wellington, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and University of Hong Kong.

Limitations Two types of limitations to this study are discussed: source data and the study itself. Using Web of Science online has both advantages and disadvantages. The powerful search engine allows searches for all products of the Science Citation Index, the Social Sciences Citation Index, and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index. The search can be very comprehensive and precise by limiting a search to a specific field (e.g., address) which contains information regarding author name, country, and affiliated institutes. The ISI database is one of a few databases which provides author’s affiliated institutional information. The search result can be easily analyzed and displayed in ranked order by key elements such as by authors, collaborate countries, affiliated institutes, publication year, journal titles, etc.

The drawbacks of ISI databases have been noted by many writers. For example, Budd and Seavey (1996) also recognized the limitation of using ISI database as a source for both publications and citations. It doesn’t cover all journals in the field. No books or chapters are included in the database. The covered journals are mostly in English. Searchable fields were developed at different times. For example, this author learned through private contact that a search by country name dates to 1967. For that reason, the result of this study were limited to the contributions made after 1967.

Tying errors or variations in word-divisions in author name, institutional name, country name and publication date are another limitation to using ISI without checking the volumes physically. For example, the most productive author, Cullen, RJ in the library science journals was variously entered as Culler, RJ and Culler, R and the second most contributed author was entered as Calvert, PJ and Calvert, P.

Contributions made outside of the top 20 journals were not considered. It is assumed that important contributions from the region were made beyond these 20 journals in local journals and in other scholarly publications such as monographs, conference papers, and other significant works. Using one year’s journal impact factor for selecting the journal titles may be considered another limitation. Significance of the Study and Further Research Although this region has assumed important roles in international economics and politics, Asian authorship in library and information science journals has not been studied. This research is significant because it adds an international dimension to existing authorship studies. Comparative data between library and information science journals illustrated significantly different authorship patterns. For example, the total number of articles published in the library science journal were 119, while there were 1,154 articles in information science journals. The most productive countries in the library science journals were Australia, New Zealand, China, Taiwan and South Korea; while the most productive countries in information science journals were Australia, China, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. Names of the most productive authors in the library science journals and information science journals were different. 90% of the articles in the library science journals and 77% in the information science journals were contributed by a single author. The extent of collaborative authorship differed between library science journals and information science journals as 50% of articles in library science journals and 72% in the information science journals were written by two or more authors.

A citation study may add an additional profile to authorship studies for the region. Also increasing the numbers of countries and journal titles in future studies may provide more comprehensive data about the authorship characteristics in the region. Acknowledgments

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The author would like to thank Thomas Nisonger in the School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, for his critical readings and valuable suggestions on this work.

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Afternote: Comments Tables 8 and 10 listed Schubert Foo (Foo, S) as the second most contributed author in the top 20 LIS journals in the Asia and Pacific region with 14 publications in the period of this research from 1967 to 2005. The top most contributed author is Wilson, C.S. with 17 and 16 journals in these Tables respectively. The actual number of Foo’s publications in the top 20 LIS journals during this period is 18 publications. This difference could be attributed to word divisions in the author name as noted in the Limitations section of the paper. Foo, S - List of Publications in Top 20 LIS Journals [1] Foo, S., & Lim, E.P. (1997). A hypermedia database to manage World-Wide-

Web documents. Information and Management, 31(5), 235-249. [2] Ding, Y., Chowdhury, G., & Foo, S. (1999). Mapping intellectual struture of

information retrieval: An author cocitation analysis, 1987-1997. Journal of Information Science, 25(1), 67-78.

[3] Ding Y, Chowdhury, G., & Foo, S. (2000). Journal as markers of intellectual space: Journal co-citation analysis of information retrieval area, 1987-1997. Scientometrics, 47(1), 55-73.

[4] Ding, Y., Chowdhury, G.G., & Foo, S. (2000). Incorporating the results of co-word analyses to increase search variety for information retrieval. Journal of Information Science, 26(6), 429-452.

[5] Ding, Y., Chowdhury, G.G., Foo, S., & Qian, W. (2000). Bibliometric information retrieval system (BIRS): A web search interface utilizing bibliometric research results. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(13), 1190-1204.

[6] Meyyappan, N., Chowdhury, G.G., & Foo, S. (2000). A review of the status of twenty digital libraries, Journal of Information Science, 26(5), 337-355.

[7] Liew, C. L., Foo, S. & Chennupati, K. R. (2001). A proposed integrated environment for enhanced user interaction and value-adding of electronic documents – An empirical evaluation. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, (Special Topic Issue: ‘Still the Frontier: Information Science at the Millennium’), 52(1), 22-35.

[8] Liew, C. L., Foo, S. & Chennupati, K. R. (2001). A user study of the design issues of PROPIE: A novel environment for enhanced interaction and value adding of electronic documents. Journal of Documentation, 57(3), 377-426.

[9] Meyyappan, N., Chowdhury, G.G., & Foo, S. (2001). Use of a digital work environment prototype to create a user-centred university digital library. Journal of Information Science, 27(4), 249-264.

[10] Ding, Y., Chowdhury, G.G., & Foo, S. (2001). Bibliometric cartography of information retrieval research by using co-word analysis. Information Processing & Management, 37, 817-842.

[11] Liew, C. L., Foo, S. & Chennupati, K. R. (2001). Towards a new generation of electronic documents. Journal of Information Science, 27(5), 327-342

[12] Meyyappan, N., Hawamdeh, S., & Foo, S. (2001). Task based design of a digital work environment (DWE) for an academic community. Information Research, 7(2), [Online], http://InformationR.net/ir/7-2/paper125.html

[13] Ding, Y., & Foo, S. (2002). Ontology research and development, Part 1 - A review of ontology generation. Journal of Information Science, 28(2), 123-136.

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[14] Ding, Y., & Foo, S. (2002). Ontology research and development, Part 2 - A review of ontology mapping and evolving. Journal of Information Science, 28(5), 375-388.

[15] Lim, J.C., & Foo, S. (2003). Creating virtual exhibitions from an XML-based digital archive. Journal of Information Science, 29(3), 143-158.

[16] Foo, S., & Li, H. (2004). Chinese word segmentation and its effect on information retrieval. Information Processing & Management, 40, 161-190.

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