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8/11/2019 Topic 3.4 Adjectival Phrase
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Lengua Inglesa II2009-2010Topic 3: Grammatical Units
Subtopic 4: The Adjectival Phrase
Tom Morton
IV-bis [email protected]
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3.4 The Adjectival Phrase
Adjectives can be premodified by either: Grading (slightly, somewhat, very, extremely, overly ):
A slightly bent wire, an extremely overweight dog Comparison (more, most, less, least )
the least bent wire, the most overweight dog
Not all adjectives can be graded or compared: Comparable : more beautiful, the most red Noncomparable (ungradable):
NATIONALITIES: French, Spanish , etc.MISC.: dead, alive, broken , etc.
Comparison can also be done morphologically:the bigger/biggest
3. Adjective Premodification
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3.4 The Adjectival Phrase
Say which of the adjectives as used in the following phrasescan be graded
(1) shallow water;(2) the closing date;(3) a daily newspaper;
(4) a small size;(5) the probable outcome;(6) the main reason;(7) a fast driver;(8) the political consequences.
(From Downing and Lock 2 nd edition)
Exercise 2: Gradability
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3.4 The Adjectival Phrase
Comparing with Adjective Phrases:
3. Adjective Premodification: Comparison
Morphological Premodifier
Absolute superiority the easiest the most difficult
Comparative sup. easier more difficult
Equality as easy/difficult
Comparative inf. less easy/difficultAbsolute inferiority the least easy/difficult
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3.4 The Adjectival Phrase3. Adjective Premodification: Comparison
Number of syllables Form Examples1 syllable adj +er small smaller
big bigger
2 syllables:- ending in y
- others
adj y +er
more adj
early earlier
social more social
3 or more syllables more adj difficult more difficult
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3.4 The Adjectival Phrase
Say which of the following adjectives should be inected (-er, -est) for grading and which take more/most):
riskyrealvariedbluetypicalmistakenfriendlyuser-friendlysmalltightgenerousbitter
(From Downing and Lock 2 nd edition)
Exercise 3: Morphology or Syntax?
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Inflected or analytic?
Inflected
risky
bluefriendlysmall
tightbitter* (bitterest)
Analytic
real
variedtypicalmistaken
user-friendlygenerousbitter (more bitter)
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3.4 The Adjectival Phrase
Provide the comparative and superlative forms for thefollowing:
Exercise 4: Comparative/Superlative
Absolute Comparative Superlative
big
brave
free
early
goodbad
far / /
old / /
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good
good at grammar
very good
very good indeed
very good indeed at grammar
Michael is
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ADJECTIVAL GROUP
m h m c
h good
hc good atgrammarmh very good
mhm very good indeed
mhmc very good indeed atgrammar
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3.4 The Adjectival Phrase
Adjectives that take complementation:I was afraid that he was not comingHe was conscious that he was late (aware, certain)She was fond of chocolate. (obligatory)
These represent mental states The complentation represents the object of the mentation Note the correspondence:
He was afraid that He feared that ... She was conscious that He knew that ... She was fond of She liked
4. Adjectival Post-modification
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Complement the adjectives
1. Jasmine and Nick are keen to take up golf .2. I am sorry .. 3. My girlfriend is insistent .. 4. You are right . 5. We are convinced .. 6. The manager is confident 7. You must be crazy
8. I am happy 9. Im glad .. 10. His new book is likely .
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3.4 The Adjectival Phrase
Comparative postmodification : Another form ofpostmodification makes the attribute relative tosome other case:
She was quicker than MaryThis music is livelier than the other.He is more eloquent than me.I am less talented at this than you.
Sufficiency (enough) :It is hot enough now
4. Adjectival Post-modification (ii)
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3.4 The Adjectival Phrase
Adjectives can be classified in terms of theslots they can fill:
Epithet vs. Complement Most adjectives can be both Epithet and
Complementthe beautiful girl / the girl is beautiful
Some can be Epithet only (with the intended sense):an old friend, a complete fool
Some can be Complement only: Health adjs.: ill, well, faint, unwell (vs. the sick man)
2. Classes of adjectives
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Syntactic functions of AdjPs/AdjGs
(pre-) modifier ina NG
heavy rain,an old friend
(post-) modifierin a NG
somethingcheap , the
personresponsible
head of a NG the French , theyoung , the mostexpensive
complement ofa prepostion
at last , for good ,in short
modifier in an AdjG
bright red, paleblue, red hot
AdjGs in groups:Subjectcompliment
The actingwas brilliant
Objectcompliment
I consider thatoffensive
AdjGs in clauses
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It was always a surprise to me that I was good at games. It was an evengreater surprise that I was exceptionally good at two of them: one calledfives, the other, squash-racquets. Fives, which many of you will know nothingabout, was taken seriously at Repton and we had a dozen massive glass-roofed fives courts kept always in perfect condition. We played the game ofEton-fives, which is always played by four people, two on each side, andbasically it consists of hitting a small, hard, white, leather-covered ball withyour gloved hands, The Americans have something like it which they callhandball, but Eton-fives is far more complicated because the court has allmanner of ledges and buttresses built into it which help to make it a subtleand crafty game.
Fives is possibly the fastest ball-game on earth, far faster than squash, andthe little ball ricochets around the court at such a speed that sometimes youcan hardly see it. You need a swift eye, strong wrists and a very quick pair ofhands to play fives well, and it was a game I took to right from the beginning.You may find it hard to believe, but I became so good at it that I won both the
junior and the senior school fives in the same year when I was fifteen.
AdjG as Cs in clause AdjG as m in NG AdjG as Co in clause