Torts and Damages - Introduction

7/24/2019 Torts and Damages - Introduction

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TORTS AND DAMAGES

Atty. Katlyn Anne Aguilar-Bilgera



TORT

Taken directly from te !renc and i"a deri#ation of te $atin %ord“torquere” meaning &to t%i"t'

Te %ord &tort' a" yet to o(tain auni#er"ally acce)ted de*nition

Encom)a""e" a num(er of di+erentci#il cau"e" of action )ro#iding a

)ri#ate remedy, almo"t al%ay" in teform of money damage", for an inuryto a )er"on cau"ed (y te tortiou"

conduct of anoter



TORT NDER /01$1//1NE $A2

Mem(er" of te 3ode3ommi""ion reected te u"e ofte term &tort' (ecau"e &tort' in

Anglo-American conce)t i"(roader tan te S)ani"-/ili))ine conce)t

Altoug te %ord tort doe" nota))ear in te Ne% 3i#il 3ode,tere are "tatutory )ro#i"ion"

tat u"e te %ord



2ile it i" true tat te 3ode3ommi""ion reected te term&tort' in fa#or of te term &4ua"i-

delict', it did not com)letelyreect te conce)t of te term a"e#idenced (y te 3i#il 3ode

)ro#i"ion" %ic "eem tocorre")ond to common la% tort"



Article" 56, 78 and 75 of te Ne%

3i#il 3ode are "aid to (e e#en(roader tan te common la%conce)t

/ili))ine la%" include tefollo%ing tort", "ome of %ic areal"o con"idered tort" in Americanla%9 a.: Defamation, (.:!raud, c.:

/y"ical 1nurie", d.: ;iolation of3on"titutional Rigt", e.:Negligence, f.: 1nterference %it

3ontractual Relation", g.:



Element" of Tort

DutyBreac

1nury

/ro<imate cau"e- i" tat %ic, inte natural and continuou""e4uence, un(roken (y an

e=cient inter#ening cau"e,)roduce" inury, and %itout%ic, te re"ult %ould not a#e

occurred.



3ul)a A4uiliana #. 3ul)a3ontractualCulpa Aquiliana Culpa Contractual

Nature ofnegligence

Negligence i"direct, "u("tanti#eand inde)endent

-you ougt to )ro#efault or negligence

Negligence i"incidental to te)erformance ofcontractual

o(ligation

-you only need to)ro#e te e<i"tenceof te contract andfailure to ful*ll te

o(ligationDefen"e of goodfater of a family

3om)lete and)ro)er defen"e

Not a com)lete and)ro)er defen"e

/re"um)tion ofNegligence

None Tere i" a)re"um)tion ofnegligence if tere%a" non-ful*llment



Te la% "ay" tat tere "ould (e

no dou(le reco#ery >ou can coo"e %ic action to

take (ut "all (e "u(ect to tea(o#e limitation



Tort #. 3rime

Tort Crime

Nature of rigt#iolated

A )ri#ate %rong orinury

An o+en"e again"tte )u(lic (eing a)uni"a(le act

Sanction or )enalty Seek" to indemnify

for damage orinury "u"tained%itout "eeking teim)ri"onment ofte tortfea"or

Generally "eek" te

curtailment of teli(erty orim)ri"onment ofte o+ender %it)o""i(le ci#illia(ility

/roof re4uired /re)onderance ofe#idence

/roof (eyondrea"ona(le dou(t

Go#erning $a% 3i#il 3ode Re#i"ed /enal 3ode



3i#il lia(ility ari"ing fromcrimeArt. 588. Civil liability of a person guilty of

felony . ? E#ery )er"on criminally lia(lefor a felony i" al"o ci#illy lia(le. @R/3:

Article 5559 3i#il o(ligation" ari"ing fromo+en"e" "all (e go#erned (y )enal la%","u(ect to te )ro#i"ion" of Aricle 75,and te )ertinent )ro#i"ion" of 3a)ter 7,/reliminary Title on 0uman Relation", andof Title C;111 of ti" Book, regulatingdamage". @N33:



Article 759 Re")on"i(ility forfault or negligence under te)receding article i" entirely

"e)arate and di"tinct from ci#illia(ility ari"ing from negligenceunder te /enal 3ode. But te

)lainti+ cannot reco#er damage"t%ice for te "ame act oromi""ion



Enforcement of ci#illia(ility

Te ci#il action for reco#ery ofci#il lia(ility ari"ing from teo+en"e carged i" im)liedly

in"tituted %it te criminalaction, unle"" te o+ended )arty@i: e<)re""ly %ai#e" te ci#il

action, or @ii: re"er#e" i" rigt toin"titute it "e)arately, or @iii:in"titute" te ci#il action )rior tote criminal action



3riminal and ci#il action" ari"ingfrom te "ame o+en"e may (e

in"tituted "e)arately (ut ci#ilaction cannot (e in"tituted until*nal udgment a" (een rendered

in te criminal action1f te ci#il action a" (een *led

aead of te criminal action, and

te criminal action i""u("e4uently commenced, teci#il action "all (e "u")ended in%ate#er "tage (efore *nal

udgment it may (e found, until



E<tinction of te )enal actiondoe" not carry %it it e<tinctionof te ci#il action, unle""

e<tinction )roceed" from adeclaration in a *nal udgmenttat te fact from %ic te ci#il

action migt ari"e did notactually e<i"t.



20AT 1S 1N3$DED 1N 31;1$$1AB1$1T>

Art. 58. Restitution; How made. ? Te re"titution ofte ting it"elf mu"t (e made %ene#er )o""i(le, %itallo%ance for any deterioration, or diminution of #aluea" determined (y te court.

Te ting it"elf "all (e re"tored, e#en toug it (e foundin te )o""e""ion of a tird )er"on %o a" ac4uired it (yla%ful mean", "a#ing to te latter i" action again"t te)ro)er )er"on, %o may (e lia(le to im.

Ti" )ro#i"ion i" not a))lica(le in ca"e" in %ic te tinga" (een ac4uired (y te tird )er"on in te manner andunder te re4uirement" %ic, (y la%, (ar an action forit" reco#ery.



Art. 58. Reparation; How made. ? Te court

"all determine te amount of damage,taking into con"ideration te )rice of teting, %ene#er )o""i(le, and it" ")ecial"entimental #alue to te inured )arty, and

re)aration "all (e made accordingly.

Art. 58. Indemnication; !at is included.? 1ndemni*cation for con"e4uential damage"

"all include not only to"e cau"ed te inured)arty, (ut al"o to"e "u+ered (y i" family or(y a tird )er"on (y rea"on of te crime.



Art. 58. Indemnication; !at isincluded. ? 1ndemni*cation for

con"e4uential damage" "allinclude not only to"e cau"ed teinured )arty, (ut al"o to"e

"u+ered (y i" family or (y atird )er"on (y rea"on of tecrime.



Art. 558. "everal and subsidiary liability of principals#

accomplices and accessories of a felony; $reference in payment. ? Not%it"tanding te )ro#i"ion" of te ne<t)receding article, te )rinci)al", accom)lice", andacce""orie", eac %itin teir re")ecti#e cla"", "all (elia(le "e#erally @in "olidum: among tem"el#e" for teir4uota", and "u("idiarie" for to"e of te oter )er"on"

lia(le.

Te "u("idiary lia(ility "all (e enforced, *r"t again"t te)ro)erty of te )rinci)al" ne<t, again"t tat of teaccom)lice", and, la"tly, again"t tat of te acce""orie".

2ene#er te lia(ility in "olidum or te "u("idiary lia(ilitya" (een enforced, te )er"on (y %om )ayment a" (eenmade "all a#e a rigt of action again"t te oter" for teamount of teir re")ecti#e "are".



1nde)endent 3i#il Action"

Art. 31. When the civil action isbased on an obligation not arisingfrom the act or omission complainedof as a felony, such civil action may

proceed independently of thecriminal proceedings and regardlessof the result of the latter.



Art. F7. Any )u(lic o=cer or em)loyee, or any )ri#ateindi#idual, %o directly or indirectly o("truct", defeat", #iolate"or in any manner im)ede" or im)air" any of te follo%ing rigt"

and li(ertie" of anoter )er"on "all (e lia(le to te latter fordamage"9

1n any of te ca"e" referred to in ti" article, %eter or not tedefendant" act or omi""ion con"titute" a criminal o+en"e, teaggrie#ed )arty a" a rigt to commence an entirely "e)arate

and di"tinct ci#il action for damage", and for oter relief. Succi#il action "all )roceed inde)endently of any criminal)ro"ecution @if te latter (e in"tituted:, and mat (e )ro#ed (y a)re)onderance of e#idence.

Te indemnity "all include moral damage". E<em)lary

damage" may al"o (e adudicated.

Te re")on"i(ility erein "et fort i" not demanda(le from a udge unle"" i" act or omi""ion con"titute" a #iolation of te/enal 3ode or oter )enal "tatute.



Art. FF. 1n ca"e" of defamation,fraud, and )y"ical inurie" a ci#ilaction for damage", entirely"e)arate and di"tinct from te

criminal action, may (e (rougt(y te inured )arty. Suc ci#ilaction "all )roceed

inde)endently of te criminal)ro"ecution, and "all re4uire onlya )re)onderance of e#idence.



Art. FH. 2en a mem(er of a city ormunici)al )olice force refu"e" or fail" torender aid or )rotection to any )er"on inca"e of danger to life or )ro)erty, "uc

)eace o=cer "all (e )rimarily lia(le fordamage", and te city or munici)ality"all (e "u("idiarily re")on"i(le terefor.

Te ci#il action erein recogniIed "all (e

inde)endent of any criminal )roceeding",and a )re)onderance of e#idence "all"u=ce to "u))ort "uc action.



Art 75. 2oe#er (y any act or

omi""ion cau"e" damage or inuryto anoter, tere (eing fault ornegligence, i" o(liged to )ay for

te damage done. Suc fault ornegligence, if tere i" no )re-e<i"ting contractual relation(et%een te )artie" "all (ekno%n a" Jua"i-Delict and "all (ego#erned (y te )ro#i"ion" of ti"ca)ter.



/reudicial Jue"tionDoctrine

Rule 555, Sec. . Element" of)reudicial 4ue"tion. Teelement" of a )reudicial

4ue"tion" are9 @a: te )re#iou"lyin"tituted ci#il action in#ol#e" ani""ue "imilar or intimately related

to te i""ue rai"ed in te"u("e4uent criminal action, and@(: te re"olution of "uc i""uedetermine" %eter or not tecriminal action may )roceed.



/rinci)le of a(u"e of rigt"

Art. 19. E#ery )er"on mu"t, in te e<erci"e of i"rigt" and in te )erformance of i" dutie", act%it u"tice, gi#e e#eryone i" due, and o("er#eone"ty and good fait.

Art. !. E#ery )er"on %o, contrary to la%,%illfully or negligently cau"e" damage to anoter,"all indemnify te latter for te "ame.

Art. 1. Any )er"on %o %illfully cau"e" lo"" orinury to anoter in a manner tat i" contrary tomoral", good cu"tom" or )u(lic )olicy "allcom)en"ate te latter for te damage.



Element"

5. Tere i" a legal rigt or duty

7. Suc rigt %a" e<erci"ed in (adfait

F. !or te "ole intent of )reudicing

or inuring anoter



MA$131OS /ROSE3T1ON

-an action for damage" (rougt (yor again"t %om criminal)ro"ecution, ci#il "uit, or oter

legal )roceeding a" (eenin"tituted maliciou"ly and %itout)ro(a(le cau"e, after te

termination of "uc )ro"ecution,"uit or oter )roceeding in fa#or ofte defendant terein.



nu"t Enricment @Solutio1nde(iti:

Tere i" unu"t enricment %en @5: a)er"on i" unu"tly (ene*ted, and @7:

"uc (ene*t i" deri#ed at te e<)en"eof or %it damage" to anoter.

Solution 1nde(iti i" a uridical relation

%ic ari"e" %ene#er a )er"onunduly deli#er" a ting trougmi"take to anoter %o a" no rigtto demand it



30A/TER 11



TORT!EASOR

Art. 75. 2oe#er (y act oromi""ion cau"e" damage toanoter, tere (eing fault or

negligence i" o(liged to )ay forte damage done. Suc fault ornegligence, if tere i" no )re-

e<i"ting contractual relation(et%een te )artie", i" called a4ua"i-delict and i" go#erned (yte )ro#i"ion" of ti" 3a)ter.



A cor)oration i" ci#illy lia(le in

te "ame manner a" natural)er"on" @$%& v. C'# LF S3RA 7F:

3lo"e cor)oration"9 te

"tockolder" %o are )er"onallyin#ol#ed in te o)eration of tecor)oration @Section 588 of te3or)oration 3ode:

3or)oration (y E"to))el9 All)er"on" %o a""ume to act a"cor)oration "all (e lia(le a"

general )artner"



/artner"i)9 /artner"i) i"

"olidarily lia(le %it te )artnerfor te latter" tortuou" act"



;13AR1OS $1AB1$1T>

2o are te )er"on" #icariou"lylia(le

5. !ater, or in ca"e of deat orinca)acity, moter9

Damage cau"ed (y minor cildren

$i#ing in teir com)any



2o i" re")on"i(le for anillegitimate cild

1f te cild i" illegitimate andackno%ledged (y te fater andli#e" %it te latter, te fater i"

re")on"i(le. 0o%e#er, anillegitimate cild %o i" notrecogniIed (y te )utati#e fater

(ut i" under te cu"tody and"u)er#i"ion of te moter, it i"te latter %o i" te one#icariou"ly lia(le



7. Guardian"

-!or minor" or inca)acitated)er"on"

-under teir autority

-li#ing in teir com)any

F. O%ner" and manager" ofe"ta(li"ment"9

-!or teir em)loyee"

-in te "er#ice of te (rance" in%ic tey are em)loyed or

-



H. Em)loyer"

-Damage" cau"ed (y em)loyee"and ou"eold el)er"

-acting %itin te "co)e of teira""igned ta"k"

-e#en if te em)loyer i" notengaged in any (u"ine"" orindu"try



Em)loyer" /rimary and Direct$ia(ility under Article 75L8

Em)loyer-Em)loyee Relation"i)

Te inury %a" committed at te

time te em)loyee %a")erforming i" function"

◦ Need not )ro#e tat em)loyer i"

engaged in te (u"ine"" or indu"try◦ De#iation from te "co)e of te

em)loyment, te em)loyer i" notlia(le



(iability under t!e R$C#subsidiary

Em)loyer-em)loyee relation"i)Em)loyer mu"t (e engaged in

te (u"ine"" or indu"try

1nury %a" cau"ed at te time teem)loyee i" e<erci"ing i"function"

Em)loyee i" in"ol#ent



. State- acting t!roug! a specialagent and not %en te damage

a" (een cau"ed (y te o=cial to%om te ta"k done )ro)erly)ertain"



J9 2ould te defen"e of duediligence in te "election and

"u)er#i"ion of te em)loyeea#aila(le to te em)loyer in (otin"tance"

A9 Te defen"e of diligence in te"election and "u)er#i"ion of te

em)loyee under Article 75L8 of te3i#il 3ode i" a#aila(le only to to"e)rimarily lia(le (ut not to to"e

"u("idiarily lia(le under Article 58F



. Teacer" or ead" ofe"ta(li"ment"

-of art" and trade"

-for damage" cau"ed (y teir)u)il" and "tudent" or a))rentice"

-"o long a" tey remain in teir

cu"tody



2at i" te (a"i" of te teacer"#icariou" lia(ility

(oco $arentis @in )lace of te)arent":



/ROC1MATE 3ASE

3au"e %ic, in natural andcontinuou" "e4uence, un(roken(y any e=cient inter#ening

cau"e, )roduce" an inury, and%itout %ic te re"ult %ouldnot a#e occurred



"#$%&'AT( CA)*( &+T(#(+&+- CA)*(1t i" tat cau"e,%ic, in naturaland continuou"

"e4uence,un(roken (ye=cientinter#ening cau"e,)roduce" te inury,and %itout %icte re"ult %ould nota#e occurred.

One tat de"troy"te cau"alconnection

(et%een tenegligent act actand inury andtere(y negate"lia(ility.

-3au"e %ic i"ne% andinde endent not



Tere i" no e=cient inter#ening

cau"e if te force created (y tenegligent act or omi""ion a#eeiter9 5.: remained acti#e it"elf

or 7.: created anoter force%ic remained acti#e until itdirectly cau"ed te re"ult or F.:created a ne% acti#e ri"k of (eingacted u)on (y te acti#e forcetat cau"ed te re"ult.



"#$%&'AT(CA)*(

#('$T( CA)*( C$+C)##(+TCA)*(

1t i" tatcau"e, %ic,in natural andcontinuou"

"e4uence,un(roken (ye=cientinter#eningcau"e,

)roduce" teinury, and%itout %icte re"ult

%ould not

Tat %ic"omeinde)endentforce merely

tookad#antage ofto accom)li""ometing notte natural

e+ect tereof.

3au"e (rougta(out (y teact" andomi""ion" of

tird )er"on"%ic make"te defendant"till lia(le.



TESTS SED

3au"e-in-!act Te"t"

◦ &But for Te"t' cau"e "ould (e tat

%itout %ic te damage" %ouldnot a#e re"ulted

◦ Su("tantial !actor Te"t- defendant"conduct could (e regarded a" a

&"u("tantial factor' in (ringing a(out)lainti+" arm



NEG$1GEN3E, DE!1N1T1ON

2ant of care re4uired (y tecircum"tance

!ailure to o("er#e tat degree of

care, #igilance and )recaution%ic te circum"tance" u"tlydemand

3onduct %ic create" undue ri"kof arm to oter"



NEG$1GEN3E

Ground"9◦ Jua"i-Delict Act or omi""ion con"tituting fault or

negligence

Damage cau"ed

3a"ual connection (et%een damage andte act or omi""ion

◦

3ontract Article 558- &To"e %o, in te

)erformance of teir o(ligation are guiltyof fraud, negligence, or delay, are lia(lefor damage".'



Delict

Article F- <<< Reckle"" im)rudence con"i"t" in

#oluntarily, (ut %itout malice, doing or failing todo an act from %ic material damage re"ult" (yrea"on of ine<cu"a(le lack of )recaution on te)art of te )er"on )erforming or failing to)erform "uc act, taking into con"ideration i"

em)loyment or occu)ation, degree ofintelligence, )y"ical condition and otercircum"tance" regarding )er"on", time and )lace.

Sim)le im)rudence con"i"t" in te lack of)recaution di")layed in to"e ca"e" in %ic tedamage im)ending to (e cau"ed i" notimmediate nor te danger clearly manife"t.



(lements of recless imprudence/

◦

O+ender doe" or fail" to do an act◦ Tat te doing or te failure to do tat act

i" #oluntary

◦ Tat it (e %itout malice

◦ Tat material damage re"ult" from reckle""im)rudence and

◦ Tat tere i" ine<cu"a(le lack of )recautionon te )art of te o+ender, taking into

con"ideration i" em)loyment oroccu)ation, degree of intelligence, )y"icalcondition, and oter circum"tance"regarding )er"on", time and )lace.



Art. 55F. Te fault or negligence

of te o(ligor con"i"t" in teomi""ion of tat diligence %ic i"re4uired (y te nature of te

o(ligation and corre")ond" %itte circum"tance" of te )er"on",of te time and of te )lace. 2ennegligence "o%" (ad fait, te)ro#i"ion" of Article" 555 and7785, )aragra) 7, "all a))ly.



TEST O! NEG$1GEN3E

Did te defendant in doing tealleged negligent act u"e tatrea"ona(le care and caution

%ic an ordinarily )rudent)er"on %ould a#e u"ed in te"ame "ituation

3ould a )rudent man, in te ca"eunder con"ideration, fore"eearm a" a re"ult of te cour"eactually )ur"ued @$icart v."mit! F /il. L86 565L



E$EMENTS

duty(reac

inury

)ro<imate cau"ation

/ i 3iti d



/ro#ince", 3itie" andMunici)alitie"

Art. 75L6. /ro#ince", citie" andmunici)alitie" "all (e lia(le fordamage" for te deat of, or

inurie" "u+ered (y, any )er"on(y rea"on of te defecti#econdition of road", "treet",(ridge", )u(lic (uilding", andoter )u(lic %ork" under teircontrol or "u)er#i"ion. @n:

O2NER O! MOTOR



O2NER O! MOTOR;E013$E

Art. 75LH. 1n motor #eicle mi"a)", teo%ner i" "olidarily lia(le %it i" dri#er, ifte former, %o %a" in te #eicle, coulda#e, (y te u"e of te due diligence,

)re#ented te mi"fortune. 1t i" di")uta(ly)re"umed tat a dri#er %a" negligent, if ead (een found guilty or reckle"" dri#ing or#iolating tra=c regulation" at lea"t t%ice%itin te ne<t )receding t%o mont".

1f te o%ner %a" not in te motor #eicle, te)ro#i"ion" of Article 75L8 are a))lica(le. @n:

/RO/R1ETORO2NER O!



/RO/R1ETORO2NER O!B1$D1NG OR STR3TRE

Art. 7568. Te )ro)rietor of a(uilding or "tructure i"re")on"i(le for te damage"

re"ulting from it" total or )artialcolla)"e, if it "ould (e due to telack of nece""ary re)air". @568:



Art. 7565. /ro)rietor" "all al"o (e re")on"i(lefor damage" cau"ed9

@5: By te e<)lo"ion of macinery %ic a"not (een taken care of %it due diligence, andte inPammation of e<)lo"i#e "u("tance"%ic a#e not (een ke)t in a "afe and

ade4uate )lace @7: By e<ce""i#e "moke, %icmay (e armful to )er"on" or )ro)erty @F: Byte falling of tree" "ituated at or near ig%ay"or lane", if not cau"ed (y force maeure @H: By

emanation" from tu(e", canal", "e%er" orde)o"it" of infectiou" matter, con"tructed%itout )recaution" "uita(le to te )lace.@568L:

A t 7567 1f d f d t i t t



Art. 7567. 1f damage referred to in te t%o)receding article" "ould (e te re"ult ofany defect in te con"truction mentioned

in Article 57F, te tird )er"on "u+eringdamage" may )roceed only again"t teengineer or arcitect or contractor inaccordance %it "aid article, %itin te

)eriod terein *<ed. @5686:Art. 756F. Te ead of a family tat li#e" in

a (uilding or a )art tereof, i" re")on"i(lefor damage" cau"ed (y ting" tro%n or

falling from te "ame. @5658:Art. 756H. Te re")on"i(ility of t%o or

more )er"on" %o are lia(le for 4ua"i-delict i" "olidary. @n:

3a)tain of te Si)



3a)tain of te Si)Doctrine

Te doctrine old" te "urgeon incarge of an o)eration lia(le forte negligence of i" a""i"tant"

during te time %en to"ea""i"tant" are under te"urgeon" control. @Cantre v. +o,G.R. No. 58LL6, A)ril 7, 788:

D t i f / d



Doctrine of /re"umedNegligence

A doctrine of la% tat one i")re"umed to (e negligent if ead e<clu"i#e control of %ate#er

cau"ed te inury e#en tougtere i" no ")eci*c e#idence ofan act of negligence, and %itoutnegligence te accident %ouldnot a#e a))ened.



Re" 1)"a $o4uitor

Te ting ")eak" for it"elf Te fact of te occurrence of an

inury, taken %it "urrounding

circum"tance", may )ermit aninterference or rai"e a)re"um)tion of negligence, or

make out a )lainti+" )rima facieca"e, and )re"ent a 4ue"tion offact for defendant to meet %itan e<)lanation



Re4ui"ite"

Te accident i" of a kind %icordinarily doe" not occur in tea("ence of one" negligence

1t i" cau"ed (y an in"trumentality%itin te e<clu"i#e control of tedefendant"

Te )o""i(ility of contri(utingconduct %ic %ould make)lainti+ re")on"i(le i" eliminated.

3a"e" %ere te doctrine %a"



3a"e" %ere te doctrine %a"eld to (e ina))lica(le

Direct )roof of a("ence ofnegligence

2ere oter cau"e", includingte conduct of te )lainti+ andtird )er"on", are not "u=ciently

eliminated (y te e#idence2en one of te re4ui"ite" i"

a("ent



A("olute Defen"e"

E<erci"e of due diligence!ortuitou" e#ent

Damnum a("4ue inuria

/re"um)tion of RegularityDoctrine of $a"t 3lear 3ance

ECER31SE O! DE



ECER31SE O! DED1$1GEN3E

Documents

Torts and Damages - Introduction