Trading Patterns - Reformation

Major Trading Patterns

Silk Road – overland trade route that carried goods from the Mediterranean cultures across Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia to China and back

Maritime Routes (Indian Ocean) – brought Chinese products by sea to destinations around the Indian Ocean and beyond

Major Trading Patterns

Trans-Saharan Routes – trade of gold and salt

Mediterranean Trade Network – linked up with the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan Routes to distribute products to Mediterranean ports (connected Europe to North Africa, Byzantine Empire, and Muslim Empires)

TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE ROUTE

Renaissance

Definition – period of rebirth and creativity

Humanism - Study of classical culture & focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues (differed from Middle Ages – focus was on salvation and the church)

Renaissance

Italian Renaissance - stressed education and revival of classical themes

Northern Renaissance - stressed education and the revival of classical themes + religious and moral reform

World Religions (Judaism) Founder – Abraham Holy Book – Torah Main Beliefs – Ten

Commandments (moral and religious conduct)

Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle East

Location Today – North America and Israel

World Religions (Christianity) Founder – Jesus Holy Book – Bible Main Beliefs – Jesus is the

Son of God, life after death, New Testament (life of Jesus)

Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle East

Location Today – North America, South America, and Europe

World Religions (Islam)

Founder – Muhammad Holy Book – Quran Main Beliefs – Muhammad (prophet)

& Five Pillars + Mecca & Medina (holy cities)

Location in 1500 – Southeastern Europe, North Africa, and Asia

Location Today – Asia, North Africa, and Middle East

World Religions (Hinduism) Founder – N/A Holy Book – Vedas and

Upanishads Main Beliefs – Caste System,

Reincarnation, Karma, and Dharma

Location in 1500 – India & Southeast Asia

Location Today - India

World Religions (Buddhism) Founder – Siddhartha

Gautama Holy Book – N/A Main Beliefs – Four Noble

Truths, Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, Eightfold Path

Location in 1500 – East and Southeast Asia

Location Today – East and Southeast Asia

Reformation (Four Major Problems) Great Schism Usury (supported by

merchants/opposed by the Church) Italian Domination (German and

English Nationalism) Corruption (Indulgences)

Martin Luther

Major Issue – sale of indulgences Actions – created 95 Theses

(arguments against indulgences) and posted them on the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church – believed indulgences had no basis in the Bible

Salvation – Faith Alone (only needed to believe to get to heaven)

Views about the Bible – only source of religious truth (do not need a priest to interpret it for you)

Martin Luther

Luther’s Church 1. Priests and church hierarchy do

not have special power 2. “Priesthood of all Believers” – we

all have equal access to God through faith and the Bible (do not need priests)

John Calvin

Bible – only source of religious truth Salvation – predestination (god had

long ago determined who would gain salvation – saints and sinners)

Church Hierarchy – theocracy (government run by church leaders)

Religious Practices – hard work, discipline, honesty, morality, etc… (want people to believe that you are among the saints)

English Reformation

Henry VIII – Defender of the Faith (attacked Luther for the Catholic Church) + Broke with Rome (wanted a male heir) Anglican Church (Elizabeth I) + Act of Supremacy – made king or queen of England head of the Church + took land and wealth from Catholic Church in England

English Reformation

Queen Elizabeth Helped to create the Anglican Church Called for the end to persecution of

Catholics so that there was religious tolerance in England

Expanded the navy and established colonies

British navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588

Impact of Reformation

Peace of Augsburg – allowed German princes to select religion (protestant or catholic)

Thirty Years’ War – Holy Roman Emperor wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism (war between Protestants and Catholics) + Germany remained divided

Anglican Church – Church of England Edict of Nantes – religious freedom

for French Protestants (Huguenots)

Catholic Reformation

Jesuits – seek out and punish heretics + spread Catholic Faith

Inquisition – enforce Catholic doctrine/punish heretics

Successful – stopped spread of Protestantism and some came back to the Catholic Church

Changing Cultural Values, Traditions, and Philosophies Growth of Secularism (opposite of

religious), individualism (humanism), and religious tolerance

No longer a unified Church in Europe (multiple Christian groups)

Printing Press

Invented by Guttenberg Bible – first book printed Books became cheaper/knowledge

increased