Traditional Tibetan medicine

Traditional Tibetan medicine (Tibetan: , Wylie: Ggso ba rig pa ) is a centuries-old traditionalmedical system that employs a complex approach to diag-nosis, incorporating techniques such as pulse analysis andurinalysis, and utilizes behavior and dietary modification,medicines composed of natural materials (e.g., herbs andminerals) and physical therapies (e.g. Tibetan acupunc-ture, moxabustion, etc.) to treat illness.The Tibetan medical system is based upon IndianBuddhist literature (for example Abhidharma andVajrayana tantras) and Ayurveda.[1] It continues to bepracticed in Tibet, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Ladakh, Siberia,China and Mongolia, as well as more recently in parts ofEurope and North America. It embraces the traditionalBuddhist belief that all illness ultimately results from thethree poisons: ignorance, attachment and aversion. Ti-betan medicine follows the Buddhas Four Noble Truthswhich apply medical diagnostic logic to suffering.[2]

1 History

As Indian culture flooded Tibet in the eleventh andtwelfth centuries, a number of Indian medical texts werealso transmitted.[3] For example, the Ayurvedic Astn-gahrdayasamhit (Heart of Medicine Compendium at-tributed to Vagbhata) was translated into Tibetan byRinchen Zangpo (9571055).[4] Tibet also absorbedthe early Indian Abhidharma literature, for exam-ple the fifth century Abhidharmakosasabhasyam byVasubandhu, which expounds upon medical topics, suchas fetal development.[5] Awide range of Indian Vajrayanatantras, containing practices based on medical anatomy,were subsequently absorbed into Tibet.[6]

Some scholars believe that rgyud bzhi (the Four Tantras)was told by the Lord Buddha, while some believe it is theprimary work of Yuthok Yontan Gonpo (708 AD).[7] Theformer opinion is often refuted by saying If it was toldby the Lord Buddha, rgyud bzhi should have a Sanskritversion. However, there is no such version and also noIndian practitioners who have received unbroken lineageof rgyud bzhi. Thus, the later thought should be schol-arly considered authentic and practical. The provenanceis uncertain.Youthog Yontag Gonopo adapted and synthesized theFour Tantras in the 12th Century. The Four Tantras arescholarly debated as having Indian origins or, as Rem-edy Master Buddha Bhaisajyagurus word or, as authen-

tically Tibetan with Chinese origins. It was not for-mally taught in schools at first but, intertwined with Ti-betan Buddhism. The 5th Dalai Lama supported DesiSangye Gyatso to found the pioneering Chagpori Collegeof Medicine in 1696. Chagpori taught Gyamtsos BlueBeryl as well as the Four Tantras in a model that spreadthroughout Tibet along with the oral tradition.[2]

2 Four Tantras

The Four Tantras (Gyushi, rGyu-bzhi) are native Ti-betan texts incorporating Indian, Chinese and Greco-Arab medical systems.[8] The Four Tantras is believedto have been created in the twelfth century and still to-day is considered the basis of Tibetan medical practise.[9]The Four Tantras is the common name for the text ofthe Secret Tantra Instruction on the Eight Branches, theImmortality Elixir essence. It considers a single med-ical doctrine from four perspectives. Sage Vidyajnanaexpounded their manifestation.[2] The basis of the FourTantras is to keep the three bodily humors in balance;(wind rlung, bile mkhris pa, phlegm bad kan.)

Root Tantra - A general outline of the principlesof Tibetan Medicine, it discusses the humors in thebody and their imbalances and their link to illness.The Four Tantra uses visual observation to diagnosepredominantly the analysis of the pulse, tongue andanalysis of the urine (in modern terms known asurinalysis )

Exegetical Tantra - This section discusses ingreater detail the theory behind the Four Tantrasand gives general theory on subjects such asanatomy, physiology, psychopathology, embryologyand treatment.

Instructional Tantra -The longest of the Tantras ismainly a practical application of treatment, it ex-plains in detail illnesses and which humoral imbal-ance which causes the illness. This section also de-scribes their specific treatments.

Subsequent Tantra - Diagnosis and therapies, in-cluding the preparation of Tibetan medicine andcleansing of the body internally and externally withthe use of techniques such as moxibustion, massageand minor surgeries.

1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliterationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxabustionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_poisonshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truthshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagbhatahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinchen_Zangpohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasubandhuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional%2520Tibetan%2520medicine#Four_Tantrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutog_Yontan_Gonpohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lamahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desi_Sangye_Gyatsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desi_Sangye_Gyatsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rlunghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkhris_pahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_kanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxibustionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage

2 6 REFERENCES

Some believe the Four Tantra to be the authentic teach-ings of the Buddha 'Master of remedies which was trans-lated from sanskrit, others believe it to be solely Tibetanin creation by Yuthog the Elder or Yuthog the Younger.Noting these two theories there remain others scepticalas to its original author.Believers in the Buddhist origin of the Four Tantras andhow it came to be in Tibet believe it was first taught inIndia by the buddha when he manifested as the 'Masterof Remedies. The Four Tantra was then in the eighthcentury translated and offered to Padmasambhava byVairocana and concealed in a monastery called samye. Inthe second half of the eleventh century it was rediscov-ered and in the following century it was in the hands ofYuthog the Younger who completed the Four Tantras andincluded elements of Tibetan medicine, which would ex-plain why there is Indian elements to the Four Tantras.[10]

Although there is clear written instruction in the FourTantra, the oral transmission of medical knowledge stillremained a strong element in Tibetan Medicine, for ex-ample oral instruction may have been needed to knowhow to perform a moxibustion technique.

3 Three principles of function

Like other systems of traditional Asian medicine, and incontrast to biomedicine, Tibetan medicine first puts fortha specific definition of health in its theoretical texts. Tohave good health, Tibetan medical theory states that it isnecessary to maintain balance in the bodys three prin-ciples of function [often translated as humors]: rLung(pron. Loong), mKhris-pa (pron. Tree-pa) [often trans-lated as bile], and Bad-kan (pron. Pay-gen) [often trans-lated as phlegm].[11]

rLung[11] is the source of the bodys ability to circulatephysical substances (e.g. blood), energy (e.g. nervoussystem impulses), and the non-physical (e.g. thoughts).In embryological development, the minds expression ofmaterialism is manifested as the system of rLung. Thereare five distinct subcategories of rLung each with specificlocations and functions: Srog-'Dzin rLng, Gyen-rGyurLung, Khyab-Byed rLng, Me-mNyam rLung, Thur-SelrLng. mKhris-pa[11] is characterized by the quantitative andqualitative characteristics of heat, and is the source ofmany functions such as thermoregulation, metabolism,liver function and discriminating intellect. In embry-ological development, the minds expression of aggres-sion is manifested as the system of mKhris-pa. There arefive distinct subcategories of mKhris-pa each with spe-cific locations and functions: 'Ju-Byed mKhris-pa, sGrub-Byed mKhris-pa, mDangs-sGyur mKhris-pa, mThong-Byed mKhris-pa, mDog-Sel mKhris-pa. Bad-kan[11] is characterized by the quantitative andqualitative characteristics of cold, and is the source of

many functions such as aspects of digestion, the main-tenance of our physical structure, joint health and men-tal stability. In embryological development, the mindsexpression of ignorance is manifested as the system ofBad-kan. There are five distinct subcategories of Bad-kan each with specific locations and functions: rTen-Byed Bad-kan, Myag-byed Bad-kan, Myong-Byed Bad-kan, Tsim-Byed Bad-kan, 'Byor-Byed Bad-kan.

4 Usage

The only Tibetan medicine manufactured outside of Indiais PADMA 28. It is produced in Switzerland and is madefrom 22 different herbs . PADMA 28 is mainly used totreat circulatory disorders and atherosclerosis . It also hasthe anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties thatare beneficial for our body.[12]

A key objective of the government of Tibet is to pro-mote traditional Tibetanmedicine among the other ethnicgroups in China. Once an esoteric monastic secret, theTibet University of Traditional Tibetan Medicine and theQinghai University Medical School now offer courses inthe practice. In addition, Tibetologists from Tibet havetraveled to European countries such as Spain to lectureon the topic.[13]

The Tibetan government-in-exile has also kept up thepractise of Tibetan Medicine in India since 1961 whenit re-established the Men-Tsee-Khang (the Tibetan Med-ical and Astrological Institute). It now has 48 branch clin-ics in India and Nepal.[14]

5 See also

Ayurveda

Yoga and Naturopathy

Unani

Siddha medicine

Homoeopathy

List of branches of alternative medicine

Music therapy

Eliot Tokar

6 References

[1] Garrett, Frances (2008). Religion, Medicine and the Hu-man Embryo in Tibet. Routledge. pp. 2332.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhavahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vairocanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samyehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_in_Tibethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoterichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_University_of_Traditional_Tibetan_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai_University_Medical_Schoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetologisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men-Tsee-Khanghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturopathyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha_medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoeopathyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_branches_of_alternative_medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_Tokar

3

[2] Gyamtso, Sangye. Intro card. Tibetan Medicine Cards:Illustrations and Text from the Blue Beryl Treatise ofSangye Gyamtso (1653-1705). Pomegranate Communi-cations. p. 32. ISBN 978-0764917615.

[3] Garrett, Frances (2008). Religion, Medicine and the Hu-man Embryo in Tibet. Routledge. p. 23.

[4] Garrett, Frances (2008). Religion, Medicine and the Hu-man Embryo in Tibet. Routledge. p. 24.

[5] Garrett, Frances (2008). Religion, Medicine and the Hu-man Embryo in Tibet. Routledge. pp. 2627.

[6] Garrett, Frances (2008). Religion, Medicine and the Hu-man Embryo in Tibet. Routledge. p. 31.

[7] Mirror of Beryl: A Historical Introduction to TibetanMedicine Desi Sangye Gyatso, translated by Gavin Kilty,Wisdom Publications 2009. ISBN 0-86171-467-9

[8] Bynum, W.F. Dictionary of Medical Biography. London:Greenwood Press. p. 1343.

[9] Alphen, Jon Van. Oriental Medicine- An illustrated Guideto the Asian Arts of Healing. London: Serindia Publica-tions. p. 114.

[10] Alphen, Jan Van. Oriental Medicine An Illustrated Guideto the Asian Arts of Healing. London: Serindia Publica-tions. p. 114.

[11] The Basic Tantra and the Explanatory Tantra from the Se-cret Quintessential Instructions on the Eight Branches of theAmbrosia Essence Tantra Men-Tsee-Khang: India 2008ISBN 81-86419-62-4

[12] http://www.padma.ch/en/products/padma-28/use-of-padma-28.html. Retrieved 24 April 2014.Missing or empty |title= (help)

[13] Wen, Fu (2010-11-19). Push to bring Tibetan medicineto the world. Global Times. Retrieved 2010-11-19.

[14] Tibetan Medical & Astrology Institute of the Dalai Lama

Avedon, John F. (1981-01-11). Exploring theMysteries of Tibetan Medicine. The New YorkTimes.

Lowe, Justin (1997) The wisdom of Tibetanmedicine, Earth Island Journal, 0412:2, | 9(1)ISSN: 10410406

Evaluation of medicinal plants as part of Tibetanmedicine prospective observational study in Sikkimand Nepal. Witt CM; Berling NEJ; Rinpoche NT;Cuomo M; Willich SN | Journal of Alternative &ComplementaryMedicine | 2009-01-0115:1, | 59(7)| ISSN: 10755535 |

Analysis of Five Pharmacologically Active Com-pounds from the Tibetan Medicine Elsholtzia withMicellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography.Chenxu Ding; Lingyun Wang; Xianen Zhao; YulinLi; Honglun Wang; Jinmao You; Yourui Suo | Jour-nal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technolo-gies | 200730:20, | 3069(15) | ISSN: 10826076

HPLCAPCIMS Determination of Free FattyAcids in Tibet Folk Medicine Lomatogonium rota-tum with Fluorescence Detection and Mass Spec-trometric Identification. Yulin Li; Xian'en Zhao;Chenxu Ding; HonglunWang; Yourui Suo; GuichenChen; Jinmao You | Journal of Liquid Chromatogra-phy&Related Technologies | 200629:18, | 2741(11)| ISSN: 10826076

Stack, Peter. The Spiritual Logic Of Tibetan Heal-ing.(Review). San Francisco Chronicle. (Feb 20,1998)

Dunkenberger, Thomas / Tibetan Healing Hand-book / Lotus Press - Shangri-La, Twin Lakes, WI/ 2000 / ISBN 0-914955-66-7

Buddhism, science, and market: the globalisationof Tibetan medicine. JANES, CRAIG R. | Anthro-pology & Medicine | 2002-129:3, | 267(23) | ISSN:13648470 |

Through the Tibetan Looking Glass. Bauer, JamesLadd | Journal of Alternative & ComplementaryMedicine | 2000-086:4, | 303(2) | ISSN: 10755535

So What if There is No Immediate Explanation?"Jobst, Kim A. | Journal of Alternative & Comple-mentary Medicine | 1998-014:4, | 355(3) | ISSN:10755535

7 External links Tibetan Medicine Thangka Painting Gallery

Traditional Tibetan Medicine Forum at Health Un-folded

Tibetan Medical & Astrology Institute of the DalaiLama

Tibetanmedicine.com

Central Council of Tibetan Medicine

Academy for Traditional Tibetan Medicine

Tibetan medicine and astrology

This article incorporates text fromAmericanized En-cyclopdia Britannica: rev. and amended A dic-tionary of arts, sciences and literature, to which isadded biographies of living subjects. 96 coloredmaps and numerous illustrations, Volume 9, a pub-lication from 1890 now in the public domain in theUnited States.

This article incorporates text from The home ency-clopdia: compiled and revised to date from theleading encyclopdias, Volume 18, a publicationfrom 1895 now in the public domain in the UnitedStates.

http://www.amazon.com/Tibetan-Medicine-Cards-Illustrations-1653-1705/dp/0764917617/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1361142054&sr=8-1&keywords=tibetan+medicine+cardshttp://www.amazon.com/Tibetan-Medicine-Cards-Illustrations-1653-1705/dp/0764917617/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1361142054&sr=8-1&keywords=tibetan+medicine+cardshttp://www.amazon.com/Tibetan-Medicine-Cards-Illustrations-1653-1705/dp/0764917617/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1361142054&sr=8-1&keywords=tibetan+medicine+cardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0764917615https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0861714679https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men-Tsee-Khanghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8186419624http://www.padma.ch/en/products/padma-28/use-of-padma-28.htmlhttp://www.padma.ch/en/products/padma-28/use-of-padma-28.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_titlehttp://china.globaltimes.cn/society/2010-11/593924.htmlhttp://china.globaltimes.cn/society/2010-11/593924.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Timeshttp://www.men-tsee-khang.org/Istatus/establish.htmhttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C05E3D8173BF932A25752C0A967948260http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C05E3D8173BF932A25752C0A967948260https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0914955667http://traditionalartofnepal.com/product-category/thangkas/medicine-thangka/http://healthunfolded.com/index.php/board,9.0.htmlhttp://healthunfolded.com/index.php/board,9.0.htmlhttp://www.men-tsee-khang.org/http://www.men-tsee-khang.org/http://www.tibetanmedicine.com/http://www.tibmedcouncil.org/http://www.iattm.net/http://www.mentsee.org/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain

4 7 EXTERNAL LINKS

This article incorporates text fromAmericanized En-cyclopdia Britannica, revised and amended: A dic-tionary of arts, sciences and literature; to which isadded biographies of livings subjects ..., a publi-cation from 1890 now in the public domain in theUnited States.

This article incorporates text from The encyclop-dia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, litera-ture and general information, Volume 26, by HughChisholm, a publication from 1911 now in the publicdomain in the United States.

This article incorporates text from The Encyclop-dia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, andgeneral literature, Volume 23, by Thomas SpencerBaynes, a publication from 1888 now in the publicdomain in the United States.

This article incorporates text from The Encyclop-dia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, litera-ture and general information, Volume 26, by HughChisholm, a publication from 1911 now in the publicdomain in the United States.

This article incorporates text from The Encyclopdiabritannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and generalliterature ; the R.S. Peale reprint, with newmaps andoriginal American articles, Volume 23, by WilliamHarrison De Puy, a publication from 1893 now inthe public domain in the United States.

This article incorporates text from The Life of theBuddha and the early history of his order: derivedfrom Tibetan works in the Bkah-hgyur and Bstan-hgyur followed by notices on the early history of Ti-bet and Khoten, by Translated by WilliamWoodvilleRockhill, Ernst Leumann, Bunyiu Nanjio, a publi-cation from 1907 now in the public domain in theUnited States.

This article incorporates text from The life of theBuddha: and the early history of his order, byWilliam Woodville Rockhill, Ernst Leumann, BunyiuNanjio, a publication from 1884 now in the publicdomain in the United States.

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