Transforming IT With Cloud Computing

8/22/2019 Transforming IT With Cloud Computing

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Transforming IT with Cloud Computing

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JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida

A Technical Paper by:Ankita RoyNeha Singh


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Introduction

Cloud computing is the set of disciplines, technologies, and business models used

to deliver IT capabilities (software, platforms, hardware) as an on-demand,

scalable, elastic service.

Cloud computing is internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software

and information are provided to computers and other devices on-demand, like

electricity. It refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet

and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters that provide those

services.

It describes a new supplement, consumption and delivery model for IT services

based on the Internet, and it typically involves the provision of dynamically

scalable and often virtualized resources as a service over the Interne. It is abyproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites

provided by the Internet.

Cloud Computing, the long-held dream of computing as a utility, has the potential

to transform a large part of the IT industry, making software even more attractive

as a service and shaping the way IT hardware is designed and purchased.

Developers with innovative ideas for new Internet services no longer require the

large capital outlays in hardware to deploy their service or the human expense to

operate it. They need not be concerned about over provisioning for a service whose

popularity does not meet their predictions, thus wasting costly resources, or under-provisioning for one that becomes wildly popular, thus missing potential customers

and revenue.

Moreover, companies with large batch-oriented tasks can get results as quickly as

their programs can scale, since using 1000 servers for one hour costs no more than

using one server for 1000 hours. This elasticity of resources, without paying a

premium for large scale, is unprecedented in the history of IT.


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What is a cloud?

The term cloudis used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing

used in the past to represent the telephone network, and later to depict the Internet

in computer network diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it

represents.Typical cloud computing providers deliver common business

applications online which are accessed from a web browser, while the software and

data are stored on servers.

A technical definition of a cloud is "a computing capability that provides an

abstraction between the computing resource and its underlying technicalarchitecture (e.g., servers, storage, networks), enabling convenient, on-demand

network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be

rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service

provider interaction."

This definition states that clouds have five essential characteristics:

On-demand: Consumers have the ability to use cloud services as needs arise

Self-service: Increases IT agility to match the pace of business

Scalable: Cloud service appears infinitely scalable to consumers

Elastic: Consumers can rapidly provision and de-provision IT services

Measured service: Vendors charge consumers based on the amount of

resources used

Virtualized and dynamic: Virtualization creates a dynamic environment for

quick resource provisioning and better resource management


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Deployment Models

Public Cloud:Public cloudorexternal clouddescribes cloud computing in the

traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a

fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications web

services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a

fine-grained utility computing basis. It is an IT capability as a service that provides

offer to consumers via the public Internet.

Community Cloud: A community cloudmay be established where several

organizations have similar requirements and seek to share infrastructure so as to

realize some of the benefits of cloud computing. With the costs spread over fewer

users than apublic cloud(but more than a single tenant) this option is more

expensive but may offer a higher level of privacy, security and/or policy

compliance. Examples ofcommunity cloudinclude Googles "Gov Cloud".

Hybrid Cloud: A hybrid cloudenvironment consisting of multiple internal and/or

external providers"will be typical for most enterprises".

By integrating multiple

cloud services users may be able to ease the transition topublic cloudservices

while avoiding issues such as PCI compliance.

Another perspective on deploying a web application in the cloud is using Hybrid

Web Hosting, where the hosting infrastructure is a mix between Cloud Hosting for

the web server, and Managed dedicated server for the database server. It is an IT

capability spread between internal and external clouds.

Private Cloud:Private cloudand internal cloudare used to describe offerings that

emulate cloud computing on private networks. These products claim to "deliver

some benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls", capitalizing on data

security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns. They have been criticized

on the basis that users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and as such do

not benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less hands-on management,

essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an

intriguing concept". It is an IT capability as a services that provides offer to a

select group of individuals.


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Cloud Architecture

Cloud architecture,the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the

delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud components

communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually

web services.

Cloud Architecture


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Cloud computing describes services being provided at any traditional layer from

hardware to application. Cloud service providers tend to offer services that can be

grouped into three categories: software as a service, platform as a service, and

infrastructure as a service.

Software as a service (SaaS)

Software as a service features a complete application offered as a service on

demand. A single instance of the software runs on the cloud and services multiple

end users or client organizations.

The most widely known example of SaaS is salesforce.com, though many other

examples have come to market, including the Google Apps offering of basic

business services including email and word processing. Although salesforce.com

preceded the definition of cloud computing by a few years, it now operates by

leveraging its companion force.com, which can be defined as a platform as a

service.

Platform as a service (PaaS)

Platform as a service encapsulates a layer of software and provides it as a service

that can be used to build higher-level services. There are at least two perspectives

on PaaS depending on the perspective of the producer or consumer of the services:

SomeoneproducingPaaS might produce a platform by integrating an OS,

middleware, application software, and even a development environment that is

then provided to a customer as a service.

Someone usingPaaS would see an encapsulated service that is presented to them

through an API. The customer interacts with the platform through the API, and the

platform does what is necessary to manage and scale itself to provide a given level

of service. Virtual appliances can be classified as instances of PaaS.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a service delivers basic storage and compute capabilities as

standardized services over the network. Servers, storage systems, switches, routers

and other systems are pooled and made available to handle workloads that range

from application components to high-performance computing applications.


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Cloud Benefits for IT

In order to benefit the most from cloud computing, developers must be able to

refactor their applications so that they can best use the architectural and

deployment paradigms that cloud computing supports. Some of the benefits are asfollows:-

Simplifies and Optimizes IT

Reduce complexity by abstracting infrastructure

Enables IT to offload non-essential IT processes; refocuses staff on driving core

business value

Allows IT organizations to defer capital costs

Cloud services enable act as a release value for data centers that are power and

space constrained, deferring new data center construction

Converts capital expenses into operational expenses

On demand, self-service models increase IT agility

Using the cloud, IT organizations can quickly provision IT resources whenever

business demands, especially for short-term IT resource needs

Reduces run time and response time

For applications that use the cloud essentially for running batch jobs, cloud

computing makes it straightforward to use 1000 servers to accomplish a task in

1/1000 the time that a single server would require.

For applications that need to offer good response time to their customers,

refactoring applications so that any CPU-intensive tasks are farmed out to workervirtual machines can help to optimize response time while scaling on demand to

meet customer demands.

Cloud computing vendors employ highly skilled IT professionals

Cloud computing business models require providers to hire, train, and retain

highly skilled employees to ensure service quality

As cloud computing trust increases, IT organizations will use cloud services

as a disaster recovery option

Rather than using a co-location facility or a new data center, IT organizations will

backup data to the cloud

Public and externally facing private clouds can more easily support a mobile

workforce

Ubiquitous access to external IT services better support mobile workforce than

internally hosted IT services accessed via VPN


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Drawbacks and Concerns

Some of the concerns relating to the field of cloud computing are as follows:-

Privacy The Cloud model has been criticized by privacy advocates for the greater ease in

which the companies hosting the Cloud services control, and thus, can monitor at

will, lawfully or unlawfully, the communication and data stored between the user

and the host company.

Compliance

In order to obtain compliance with regulations, users may have to adopt

community orhybriddeployment modes which are typically more expensive and

may offer restricted benefits.

Security

The relative security of cloud computing services is a contentious issue which

may be delaying its adoption. Some argue that customer data is more secure when

managed internally, while others argue that cloud providers have a strong incentive

to maintain trust and as such employ a higher level of security.

Sustainability

Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of "green computing",

there is as of yet no published study to substantiate this assumption.

Why cloud computing to transform IT?

A new era is here.

Information technology is changing rapidly, and now forms an invisible layer that

increasingly touches every aspect of our lives. Power grids, traffic control,

healthcare, water supplies, food and energy, along with most of the world's

financial transactions, now depend on information technology.

An emerging IT delivery modelcloud computingcan significantly reduce IT

costs & complexities while improving workload optimization and service delivery.

Cloud computing is massively scalable, provides a superior user experience, and is

characterized by new, internet-driven economics.


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Business needs are straining IT

Business dependency on IT continues to grow

Business and IT are becoming one

As business dependency grows, so do the IT resources necessary to run the

business

Many organizations have built massive, overly complex, underutilized, rigid IT

infrastructure

Why we are seeing some IT initiatives

Data center consolidation, application rationalization, virtualization

These efforts arent enough to stem the tide; revealing some harsh realities

IT is too expensive, rigid, and complex

Owning and operating IT is an expensive, and time consuming proposition

Many data centers are out of power/ space Complex infrastructures decrease the ability to respond to business needs

Install new applications, provision additional capacity, and secure their

environment

Limits business agility and growth

Business units are forced to go outside their IT organizations to meet their needs

IT organizations have more work than personnel can reasonably manage


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Many data centers house extraneous, infrastructure that has nothing to do with the

organizations core business

From a hardware point of view, three aspects are new in Cloud Computing:

1. The illusion of infinite computing resources available on demand, thereby

eliminating the need for Cloud Computing users to plan far ahead for provisioning;

2. The elimination of an up-front commitment by Cloud users, thereby allowing

companies to start small and increase hardware resources only when there is an

increase in their needs; and

3. The ability to pay for use of computing resources on a short-term basis as

needed (e.g., processors by the hour and storage by the day) and release them as

needed, thereby rewarding conservation by letting machines and storage go when

they are no longer useful.

A variety of factors might influence these companies to become Cloud Computing

providers:

Make a lot of money. Although 10 cents per server-hour seems low,

Very large datacenters (tens of thousands of computers) can purchase

hardware, network bandwidth, and power for 1=5 to 1=7 the prices

offered to a medium-sized (hundreds or thousands of computers)

datacenter. Further, the fixed costs of software development anddeployment can be amortized over many more machines. Others

estimate the price advantage as a factor of 3 to 5 [37, 10]. Thus, a

sufficiently large company could leverage these economies of scale to

offer a service well below the costs of a medium-sized company and

still make a tidy profit.


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Leverage existing investment. Adding Cloud Computing services on

top of existing infrastructure provides a new revenue stream at

(ideally) low incremental cost, helping to amortize the large

investments of datacenters.

Defend a franchise. As conventional server and enterprise applications

embrace Cloud Computing, vendors with an established franchise in

those applications would be motivated to provide a cloud option of

their own. For example, Microsoft Azure provides an immediate path

for migrating existing customers of Microsoft enterprise applications

to a cloud environment.

Attack an incumbent. A company with the requisite datacenter and

software resources might want to establish a beachhead in this space

before a single 800 pound gorilla emerges. Google AppEngineprovides an alternative path to cloud deployment whose appeal lies in

its automation of many of the scalability and load balancing features

that developers might otherwise have to build for themselves.

Leverage customer relationships. IT service organizations such as

IBM Global Services have extensive customer relationships through

their service offerings. Providing a branded Cloud Computing

offering gives those customers an anxiety-free migration path that

preserves both parties investments in the customer relationship.

Become a platform. Facebooks initiative to enable plug-in

applications is a great fit for cloud computing, as we will see, and

indeed one infrastructure provider for Facebook plug-in applications

is Joyent, a cloud provider. Yet Facebooks motivation was to make

their social-networking application a new development platform.


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New Application Opportunities

While we have yet to see fundamentally new types of applications enabled by

Cloud Computing, we believe that several important classes of existing

applications will become even more compelling with Cloud Computing andcontribute further to its momentum. We examine what kinds of applications

represent particularly good opportunities and drivers for Cloud Computing.that

will help in transforming IT:

Mobile interactive applications

Tim OReilly believes that the future belongs to services that respond in real time

to information provided either by their users or by nonhuman sensors.. Such

services will be attracted to the cloud not only because they must be highly

available, but also because these services generally rely on large data sets that are

most conveniently hosted in large datacenters. This is especially the case forservices that combine two or more data sources or other services, e.g., mashups.

While not all mobile devices enjoy connectivity to the cloud 100% of the time, the

challenge of disconnected operation has been addressed successfully in specific

application domains, so we do not see this as a significant obstacle to the appeal of

mobile applications.

Parallel batch processing

Although thus far we have concentrated on using Cloud Computing for interactive

SaaS, Cloud Computing presents a unique opportunity for batch-processing andanalytics jobs that analyze terabytes of data and can take hours to finish. If there is

enough data parallelism in the application, users can take advantage of the clouds

new cost associativity: using hundreds of computers for a short time costs the

same as using a few computers for a long time. For example, Peter Harkins, a

Senior Engineer at The Washington Post, used 200 EC2 instances (1,407 server

hours) to convert 17,481 pages of Hillary Clintons travel documents into a form

more friendly to use on the WWW within nine hours after they were released [3].

Programming abstractions such as Googles MapReduce and its open-source

counterpart Hadoop allow programmers to express such tasks while hiding the

operational complexity of choreographing parallel execution across hundreds of

Cloud Computing servers. Indeed, Cloudera is pursuing commercial opportunities

in this space.


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The rise of analytics

A special case of compute-intensive batch processing is business analytics. While

the large database industry was originally dominated by transaction processing,

that demand is leveling off. A growing share of computing resources is now spent

on understanding customers, supply chains, buying habits, ranking, and so on.

Hence, while online transaction volumes will continue to grow slowly, decision

support is growing rapidly, shifting the resource balance in database processing

from transactions to business analytics.

Extension of compute-intensive desktop applications

The latest versions of the mathematics software packages Matlab and Mathematica

are capable of using Cloud Computing to perform expensive evaluations. Other

desktop applications might similarly benet from seamless extension into the cloud.

Again, a reasonable test is comparing the cost of computing in the Cloud plus the

cost of moving data in and out of the Cloud to the time savings from using theCloud. Symbolic mathematics involves a great deal of computing per unit of data,

making it a domain worth investigating. An interesting alternative model might be

to keep the data in the cloud and rely on having sufficient bandwidth to enable

suitable visualization and a responsive GUI back to the human user. Offline image

rendering or 3D animation might be a similar example: given a compact

description of the objects in a 3D scene and the characteristics of the lighting

sources, rendering the image is an embarrassingly parallel task with a high

computation-to-bytes ratio.

Earthbound applications

Some applications that would otherwise be good candidates for the clouds

elasticity and parallelism may be thwarted by data movement costs, the

fundamental latency limits of getting into and out of the cloud, or both. For

example, while the analytics associated with making long-term financial decisions

are appropriate for the Cloud, stock trading that requires microsecond precision is

not. Until the cost (and possibly latency) of wide area data transfer decrease such

applications may be less obvious candidates for the cloud.


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Conclusion

Cloud computing is all the rage. "It's become the phrase du jour," says Gartner

senior analyst Ben Pring, echoing many of his peers. Cloud computing comes into

focus only when you think about what IT always needs: a way to increase capacityor add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure, training new

personnel, or licensing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any

subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the Internet,

extends IT's existing capabilities. Cloud computing is at an early stage, with a

motley crew of providers large and small delivering a slew of cloud-based services,

from full-blown applications to storage services to spam filtering. Yes, utility-style

infrastructure providers are part of the mix, but so are SaaS providers such as

Salesforce.com. Today, for the most part, IT must plug into cloud-based services

individually, but cloud computing aggregators and integrators are already

emerging.


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References

1. Cloud Computing. Available from http://www.wikipedia.org

2. Introduction to Cloud Computing. Available from

http://www.sun.com/featured-articles/CloudComputing.pdf3. Cloud Computing. Available from

http://www.netseminar.stanford.edu/seminars/Cloud.pdf

4. Peering into the future of cloud computing- Microsoft Research. Available

from http://www.research.microsoft.com/en-us/news/.../ccf-022409.aspx

5. Study: Cloud computing to brighten future of data centers. Available from

http://www.news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9889947-7.html

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Transforming IT With Cloud Computing