Transition to

Graduate School

Session 2

Session 2Transition to Graduate School

Topics for Today

Academic honesty & plagiarismAPA Documentation Style

What is What is plagiarism?plagiarism?

Turn to a neighbor and discuss.

Try to come up with a definition.

“Plagiarism is the act of taking someone else’s ideas, words, research, or other intellectual or artistic work and presenting it as if they were your own (Trinity, 2005).” Trinity University (2005).

Academic honesty, plagiarism, and the honor system: A handbook for students. p. 2.

Conventions of Academic Writing

• For ANY and EVERY idea that you didn’t make up yourself you have to give credit to the originator of the idea

• There must be an attribution (that is, a citation) showing where it came from

• … unless it is general knowledge

Example from a journal article

The example of academic writing on the next slide was found in

Dix, S. (2006). I’ll do it my way: Three writers and their revision practices. The Reading Teacher 59, 566-573.

The ability to revise is significant because it helps the writer reflect and clarify his or her thinking with the goal of improving the writing (Calkins, 1991; Corden, 2001; Dix, 2003a; Fitzgerald, 1987, 1988; Graves, 1979, 1983; Murray, 1978).

These are citations of articles and books

that originated the idea

Examples of PlagiarismExamples of Plagiarism

Turn to a neighbor and discuss.

Try to come up with three examples of plagiarism.

What about these?What about these?

A student includes part of a book review found at Amazon.com in a paper with no attribution

YES

In a paper about the moral development of children,

A student used the exact words found in a book by Robert Coles. There were quotation marks around the quote, and the book was listed in the reference list.

YES

Plagiarism can be

INADVERTENT

As well as deliberate

In a paper about current education initiatives

A student says that education in the United States has historically been a matter of local government

NO

The fact thatcontrol of education in the U.S.

is local is common knowledge

How do I know if something is “common knowledge”?

Especially if I didn’t already know it

Common Knowledge

• You find the same information without documentation in 5 sources

• It is information that a reasonably educated person will already know

• A person could easily find the information in general reference sources

(Trinity, 2005)

And

• Standard information such as historical dates

• Folk literature• Commonsense observations, Ex.

siblings will argue over little things

(Fowler, H.R, Aaron, J.E., & Limburg, K., 1992)

In a paper comparing two theories of human development

The student cuts and pastes into the paper from sources found on the internet --no documentation or original writing

YES

In a paper about management styles

A student builds on ideas obtained from interviews with principals, but does not acknowledge the individuals in the paper.

YES

That’s a lot of ways to

plagiarize.

I’ll be fine as long as I change the words of my source, right?

Paraphrasing

You must

provide documentation

for the source

of all paraphrases

Paraphrasing

• Must be done correctly

• Just changing a few words

DOES NOT

• turn a quotation into your own work

Examples of acceptable and unacceptable paraphrases can be found in the Academic Honesty . . . Handbook

http://www.trinitydc.edu/academics/acadaff/policy.php

If the ideas OR CHOICE OF WORDS did not originate with

you

You must give credit to the source

When in doubt . . .

DOCUMENT

Academic Honesty is

MOREMORE than avoiding plagiarism

Submitting the same paper or project for two different classes-- unless you have permission in advance from both instructors-- is contrary to the culture and ethics of academia.

When an instructor requests original work,

you cannot use a paper, lesson plan, case study, etc.

• Found on the internet

• Created by a friend or family member

• Provided by your school district

• Found in a book or article

Original work means just that, it is original, created

by you alone.

APA Documentation Style

What is APA?

A documentation style

??

I wonder what that means.

Documentation Styles

• Every profession has a particular way of showing where (documenting) ideas come from.

• English, LanguagesMLA

(Modern Language Association)• History, Philosophy

Chicago(Chicago Manual of Style)• Education, Psychology

APA(American Psychological

Association)

Why?

Provides Consistency

A documentation style has rules for

• Showing the sources of ideas in a paper

• Compiling a reference list

• Capitalization, punctuation, and selected aspects of usage

APA Style is

Exceptionally comprehensive

and complex

. . . but required

Coming up next:

• In-text citations

• Reference list

• Cover Page

• Running Head

• Style issues - just a few

In-text citations

• In-text citations are what you put into the actual text of a paper to document the source of your ideas

• You must indicate the source of ideas as well as direct quotes and paraphrases

• APA uses an author/date format• APA does NOT use footnotes for citations

Study the first complete paragraph on the third page of the article on year round school, 2nd sentence:

For example, Ballinger (2000) and Barber

(1996) found that students’ attendance and

academic achievement at year-round schools

improved; some studies suggest that this

schedule may especially benefit at-risk

students (Kneese, 1996; Shields & Oberg,

1999).

Author

date

Semi-colon used to separate citations when

more than one article listed in a parenthesis

Period outside parens

Author of a 2nd

article reaching the

same conclusion as

Ballinger

What information needs to be included?

The author or authors of your sourceThe publication dateSometimes the page number

When do you need a page number?

ALWAYS when you have a direct quote (that is you use the EXACT words of your source)

Highly recommended when you paraphrase (p. 171)

You do NOT need a page number

When you are summarizing the general idea or conclusions of a source

Citation information within the text (your sentences) should

NOT be repeated in the parenthesis

For example, Ballinger (2000) and Barber

(1996) found that students’ attendance and

academic achievement at year-round schools

improved; some studies suggest that this

schedule may especially benefit at-risk

students (Kneese, 1996; Shields & Oberg,

1999).

Author’s name is

part of th

e

sentenceDate, b

ut not n

ame,

is put in

parenthesis

The names of these authors were NOT included within the text of the sentence so authors names and pub dates are put in the parenthetical citation.

A semi-colon is used to separate more than one work cited within the same parenthesis.

Example: Direct quotation

In explaining their choice of profession, aspiring teachers often mention the long summer vacation as a contributing factor, yet at a school in Fairfax County, Virginia, “ teachers viewed the year-round schedule as an improvement in their working conditions” (Haser & Nasser, 2003. p. 67).Note period comes at the very end.

No punctuation even though there’s a period there in the original sentence.

Quotation marks for direct quote

Longer quotations

• Direct quotations 40 words or longer are placed in block form without quotation marks around the words

• See pp. 170-171

Online Material

• Provide author, date, and page no.

• If there are no page numbers, but paragraph numbers, provide the paragraph number in the parentheses in place of page number

Example of in-text citation of online material, no page number

In reviewing a new book on high-stakes testing, Nichols (2009) states that “the authors’ primary argument is that the practice of high-stakes testing presents an inherent paradox” (para. 2).

Author, date

Locationin source

Period at end of everything

More on on-line material

If there are no paragraph numbers, but section headings, provide the section heading and the number of the paragraph following the heading.

Shorten long heading titles and enclose short title in quotation marks.

See pp. 171-172

By now you must be wondering:

When do I use single vs. double quotation marks? Where do I put periods and commas? What do I do if there is a misspelled word in the

source I am quoting? Where does the parenthetical citation go within a

sentence or paragraph? What do I do if I use a quote but want to leave out a

few words that won’t change the meaning?

For the answer to those and other fascinating questions

READ THE BOOK!

(pp. 171-173)

All you need to know about in-text citations can be found on pp. 169-173.

If your source contains a direct quote from another source that you want to use, you must indicate the original source of the quote in your writing, and also state the source you found it in. Do not omit in-text citations from material you are quoting.

BUT only sources you have read yourself go into your reference list.

See example 6.09 on p. 173.

How many authors belong in a a citation?

Discuss with a neighbor

It all depends on

1) How many people wrote the source

being cited

AND

2) Whether it is the first or subsequent

mention of that source

The first mention:

ALL authors last names

UNLESSUNLESS

There are 6 or more authors

If there are 6 or more authors,

Use first author’s name followed by et al. every time

Like this:

(Smith, et al.)

Note: A period follows the al, but NOT the et

comma

For a work with just 1 author

Use the author’s last name every time

Like this:

(Jones, 2006)

For a work with 2 authors

• Use both last names every time

• Use the word and in the text

• Use an ampersand (&) in parentheses

Two authors

Hans and Blitz (2004) demonstrated that a border collie can understand at least 200 words.

OR

The German dog can understand at least 200

words (Hans & Blitz, 2004).

The word and

ampersand

3-5 Authors

First Mention: Use all of the last names

Subsequent mentions: Use the first author only

followed by et al.

Exception: If more than one citation shortens to the

same last name, include as many of the authors as

necessary to distinguish the sources.

With 3 or more authors

Place a comma before the and

Example:

Greer, Riccio, and Brereton (2006)

Dorr, Greer, Riccio, and Williams (2005)

Review Talk to your neighbor and come up with 3 things

to remember about

In-text citations

In APA style the list of references is titled References NOT

Bibliography or Works Cited.

ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences

The List of References

MUST match up exactly with sources mentioned in the text of a paper In other words, EVERY source mentioned

in the paper must have an entry in the reference list

BUTBUT nothing should be put in the reference list that was NOT mentioned in the text of the paper

In addition, sometimes a work is mentioned in one of the

sources you read,

If you did not read the source yourself, DO NOT include that source in your reference list!

If you did not read the source yourself, DO NOT include that source in your reference list!

So, what do I do if I want to use the same quote I find

quoted in an article?

You can track down the original source and read it yourself

Then you are entitled to list it in your reference list

Otherwise, list the secondary source in the reference list and include reference to the original source in your in-text citation in the body of the paper following example 6.17 on p. 178

Study the example in the next slide

Do you see anything that perplexes you?

Do you see anything that looks different from what you have done in other reference lists or bibliographies?

Talk to a neighbor. Point out important features to each other.

Reference list example References

Allington, R.L. (1994). The schools we have. The schools we

need. The Reading Teacher, 48, 14–29.

Allington, R.L. (2004, October). What really matters for

struggling readers. Keynote paper for the Lower Mainland

Council of the International Reading Association

Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Anderson, R.C., Wilson, P., & Fielding, L. (1988). Growth in

reading and how children spend their time outside of

school. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 285–303.

doi:10.1598/RRQ.23.3.2

Capitalization

Did you notice that most of the words in the book and article titles were NOT capitalized?

The titles of the periodicals and the books are capitalized, but not the article titles.

Can you find the word volume or the abbrev vol. or the word page or the abbreviation pp. in journal references?

Reference list example References

Allington, R.L. (1994). The schools we have. The schools we need. The

Reading Teacher, 48, 14–29.

Anderson, R.C., Wilson, P., & Fielding, L. (1988). Growth in reading and

how children spend their time outside of school. Reading Research

Quarterly, 23, 285–303. doi:10.1598/RRQ.23.3.2

Applebee, A.N., Langer, J.A., & Mullis, I.V.S. (1988). Who reads best?

Factors related to reading achievement in grades 3, 7, and 11.

Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Features of APA references

• In APA reference lists, journal citations do NOT use the abbrev. vol. at all

• The periodical title and the volume number are italicized, but the page numbers are not.

• An issue number is ONLY used if pagination begins with one for each issue. (see p. 186 & p.198)

More features

• For periodicals use month or season of publication ONLY if there is no volume number.

Reference list example

Allington, R.L. (1994). The schools we have. The schools we need. The Reading Teacher, 48, 14–29.

Allington, R.L. (2004, October). What really matters for struggling readers. Keynote paper for the Lower Mainland Council of the International Reading Association Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Anderson, R.C., Wilson, P., & Fielding, L. (1988). Growth in reading and how children spend their time outside of school. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 285–303. doi:10.1598/RRQ.23.3.2

Applebee, A.N., Langer, J.A., & Mullis, I.V.S. (1988). Who reads best? Factors related to reading achievement in grades 3, 7, and 11. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

References

Journaltitle

Volume Number

Page numbers

digital object

identifier

On-line materialsGeneral Principles

See pp. 191-192

All of the forms are because . . .

The reader of your paper needs to be able to locate the material

General PrinciplesDOI- Digital Object Identifier

Always include this number when

provided even if you read a hard copyCopy and paste if possible to avoid

mistakes

Learn ALL about DOIs on pp. 188-191

More on on-line sources

If there is no DOI provide a URL– Don’t add a period at the end of the URL

• Check URLs just prior to submission to ensure they are still accurate

• Do NOT include retrieval dates unless the material is likely to change over time

Even more on on-line materials

• Reference form for many types of electronic materials begin with “Retrieved from”

• Determine the type of source and follow examples in the APA Manual- Ch. 7

• Section 7.11, pp. 214-215 for discussion groups, blog posts and the like

Journal article without a DOI

• If you read a hard copy, everything stays the same except there is no DOI number at the end of the reference entry.

• If you retrieved from the internet, provide a retrieval statement that includes the URL.

Example- Journal reference, no DOI

Bustle, L.S. (2004, February). The role of visual representation in the

assessment of learning [Media Literacy department].

Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 47(5). Available: http://www.readingonline.org/newliteracies/lit_index.asp?HREF=/newliteracies/jaal/2-

04_column/index.html

The indentation

ought to be

uniform. Ppt

issue.

No period

Look at the pp. abbreviations on

following slideDiscuss with neighbors when/where it is used

Brozo, W.G. (2000). Hiding out in secondary classrooms:

Coping strategies. In D.W. Moore, D.E. Alvermann, &

K.A. Hinchman (Eds.), Struggling adolescent readers: A

collection of teaching strategies (pp. 51–56). Newark, DE:

International Reading Association.

Elkins, J., & Luke, A. (1999). Redefining adolescent

literacies. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 43,

212–215.

How do I know what form to use?

1. Determine the type of work you are citing2. Find the example in the list on pp.193-198

(The numerals following the type of work refer to the number of the example, not a page)

3. Follow the format provided in the example and

4. READ EVERY WORD OF THE EXPLANATION (Probably several times)

Most common types of works used in student papers

• Periodical article• Book• Book chapter or

section• Article in an edited

book

• SO-O-O-O- Mark those pages and get familiar with the formats

Common error with electronic sources

• Many students mistake the database through which they found an article for the source

• Proquest, PsychInfo, ERIC, Questia, etc. are NOT the sources. They are not periodicals or books. They are merely a service providing you access to an article, abstract, or whatever.

Typing instructions

• Double-space (2.11, p. 37)• Hanging indent• Alphabetize by last name of first author• Multiple sources by the same author appear in

chronological order• Extensive instructions on order, p. 181• Located after the text of the paper; appendices

follow references• Starts on a clean sheet of paper• Heading of “References” (centered)

Details to Notice

• Capitalization• Parentheses• Periods• Italics• Spacing• Commas

APA is picky

ReviewTalk to your neighbor and come up with 5 things

to remember about

ReviewTalk to your neighbor and come up with 5 things

to remember about

APA reference lists

Websites for assistance

• http://apastyle.apa.org/• http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/

index.htm• http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

resource/560/01/• http://www.umuc.edu/library/tutorials/

citation/html/

APA documentation style is VERY COMPLEX

There’s WAY too much to remember

Use the book!!!Use the book!!!Use the book!!!Use the book!!!

According to the Trinity According to the Trinity Academic Success and Academic Success and

Writing GuideWriting Guide

Cover Page

• Title of paper (assignment)

• Your name

• Course name and number

• Instructor’s name

• Date submitted

Running Head: SHORT TITLE

Article Review 1

Pat McGuire

EDCC 580

Dr. Elmore Leonard

October 16, 2006

Example

What’s all this about running heads?

Don’t worry, they’re not very fast.

APA Running Heads, p. 229

• A “running head” is just a short title– 50 characters or less including spaces and

punctuation

• Use a running head if requested by your instructor

• For a short assignment it may not be needed

• If using a running head, use the header function of your word processing program to make it appear on every page.

Running Head Location

At the top of the title page

Flush left

ALL CAPS

A few pointers

• Avoid colloquial usage in academic writing• Only one space after a period• Know when to write out the word for a numeral and

when to use the numeral, i.e., one vs. 1; thirty vs. 30. See pp. 111-112

• Always use a comma prior to the and in a series

And more tips

• Hyphens– In APA style hyphens are NOT used in

many instances where we are used to using them

– Pages 97-100

• Guidelines on unbiased language, pp. 71-77

Avoid common confusions

• An activity that took place in the past is something you used to do NOT use to do

• Could have NOT could of• Pique her interest Mountain peak• Affect vs. effect

• www.confusingwords.com

• When speaking of ages:• A seven-year-old or the three-year-olds

(note hyphens) but He is seven years old.

• Do NOT use they or their (plural) in place of he/she or his/her (singular).– Each teacher finished his or her lesson

plan.– The teachers finished their lesson plans.

Many good tips on writing

Chapter 3, Writing Clearly and Concisely

READ IT!!!

Thank you for

coming