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Transnational Families and Remittances:
A Study of Haitian and Jamaican Origin Communities in Canada
Alan Simmons, Dwaine Plaza & Victor Piché
Preliminary findings!
Do not cite, quote or reproduce without permission from the authors!
Map of the Presentation:
Map of the Presentation:1. Background
2. Model of Household Remittance Flows
3. The Data
4. Main Findings
5. Policy Issues and Conclusions
Map of the Presentation:1. Background
2. Model of Household Remittance Flows
3. The Data
4. Main Findings
5. Policy Issues and Conclusions
Map of the Presentation:1. Background
2. Model of Household Remittance Flows
3. The Data
4. Main Findings
5. Policy Issues and Conclusions
Map of the Presentation:1. Background
2. Model of Household Remittance Flows
3. The Data
4. Main Findings
5. Policy Issues and Conclusions
Map of the Presentation:1. Background
2. Model of Household Remittance Flows
3. The Data
4. Main Findings
5. Policy Issues and Conclusions
Part 1. Background
Part 1. Background Immigration Trends Total Remittance Flows Goals of the Research
Part 1. Background Immigration Trends Total Remittance Flows Goals of the Research
Part 1. Background Immigration Trends Total Remittance Flows Goals of the Research
Chart 1. Immigrant Landings in Canada
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Jamaicans
Haitians
Salvadorians
Guatemalans
Mexicans
Chart 2. Estimated Remittance Receipts(Figures in millions of U.S.$)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
El Salvador
Guatemala
JamaicaHaiti
Honduras
Guyana
Goals of the Research:
Goals of the Research:
Gather basic facts: How much is remitted? To whom? Through what channels? With what transfer costs?
Assess policy implications: For financial institutions For development programs
Goals of the Research:
Gather basic facts: How much is remitted? To whom? Through what channels? With what transfer costs?
Assess policy implications: For financial institutions For development programs
Goals of the Research:
Gather basic facts: How much is remitted? To whom? Through what channels? With what transfer costs?
Assess policy implications: For financial institutions For development programs
Goals of the Research:
Gather basic facts: How much is remitted? To whom? Through what channels? With what transfer costs?
Assess policy implications: For financial institutions For development programs
Goals of the Research:
Gather basic facts: How much is remitted? To whom? Through what channels? With what transfer costs?
Assess policy implications: For financial institutions For development programs
Goals of the Research:
Gather basic facts: How much is remitted? To whom? Through what channels? With what transfer costs?
Assess policy implications: For financial institutions For development programs
Goals of the Research:
Gather basic facts: How much is remitted? To whom? Through what channels? With what transfer costs?
Assess policy implications: For financial institutions For development programs
Goals of the Research:
Gather basic facts: How much is remitted? To whom? Through what channels? With what transfer costs?
Assess policy implications: For financial institutions For development programs
Part 2. The Model
Part 2. The Model
Resources & Motivations
Part 2. The Model
Resources & Motivations
Channels and Barriers
Amounts Remitted
Part 2. The Model
Resources & Motivations
Channels and Barriers
Amounts Remitted
Outcomes for Recipients
Part 2. The Model
Resources & Motivations
Channels and Barriers
Amounts Remitted
Outcomes for Recipients
Outcomes for Senders
Part 3. The Data Survey design Questionnaire content
Survey Design
Criterion sample of individuals:
Survey Design
Criterion sample of individuals: Born in Haiti (Montreal) and Jamaica (Toronto) Eighteen years of age or over Living in Canada for at least one year Knowledgeable of household expenditures Both males and females, at all income and
schooling levels In different parts of each city
Survey Design
Criterion sample of individuals: Born in Haiti (Montreal) and Jamaica (Toronto) Eighteen years of age or over Living in Canada for at least one year Knowledgeable of household expenditures Both males and females, at all income and
schooling levels In different parts of each city
Survey Design
Criterion sample of individuals: Born in Haiti (Montreal) and Jamaica (Toronto) Eighteen years of age or over Living in Canada for at least one year Knowledgeable of household expenditures Both males and females, at all income and
schooling levels In different parts of each city
Survey Design
Criterion sample of individuals: Born in Haiti (Montreal) and Jamaica (Toronto) Eighteen years of age or over Living in Canada for at least one year Knowledgeable of household expenditures Both males and females, at all income and
schooling levels In different parts of each city
Survey Design
Criterion sample of individuals: Born in Haiti (Montreal) and Jamaica (Toronto) Eighteen years of age or over Living in Canada for at least one year Knowledgeable of household expenditures Both males and females, at all income and
schooling levels In different parts of each city
Survey Design
Criterion sample of individuals: Born in Haiti (Montreal) and Jamaica (Toronto) Eighteen years of age or over Living in Canada for at least one year Knowledgeable of household expenditures Both males and females, at all income and
schooling levels In different parts of each city
Questionnaire
Questionnaire
Individual level Household level Monetary remittances Goods (via “barrel”, etc.) Collective-institutional transfers Measures of transnational links
Questionnaire
Individual level Household level Monetary remittances Goods (via “barrel”, etc.) Collective-institutional transfers Measures of transnational links
Questionnaire
Individual level Household level Monetary remittances Goods (via “barrel”, etc.) Collective-institutional transfers Measures of transnational links
Questionnaire
Individual level Household level Monetary remittances Goods (via “barrel”, etc.) Collective-institutional transfers Measures of transnational links
Questionnaire
Individual level Household level Monetary remittances Goods (via “barrel”, etc.) Collective-institutional transfers Measures of transnational links
Questionnaire
Individual level Household level Monetary remittances Goods (via “barrel”, etc.) Collective-institutional transfers Measures of transnational links
Part 4. Findings
Part 4. Findings How much is sent? To whom? Through what channels? With what transfer costs?
Part 4. Findings How much is sent? To whom? Through what channels? With what transfer costs?
Part 4. Findings How much is sent? To whom? Through what channels? With what transfer costs?
Part 4. Findings How much is sent? To whom? Through what channels? With what transfer costs?
Table 1. Transfers
Haitians Jamaicans
Percent of respondents sending money 2004 87.9 87.8
Mean - dollars sent in last transfer $269.20 $395.00
Median - dollars sent in last transfer $195.00 $200.00
Upper outlier – dollars sent in last transfer $1,830.00 $5,000.00
Mean - total household transfer in 2004 $2,255.00 $1,657.84
Median - total household transfers in 2004 $1,407.00 $1,000.00
Upper outlier - total household transfers in 2004 $20,679.00 $19,175.00
Secondary outlier - household transfers in 2004 $13,420.00 $6,000.00
Table 1. Transfers
Haitians Jamaicans
Percent of respondents sending money 2004 87.9 87.8
Mean - dollars sent in last transfer $269.20 $395.00
Median - dollars sent in last transfer $195.00 $200.00
Upper outlier – dollars sent in last transfer $1,830.00 $5,000.00
Mean - total household transfer in 2004 $2,255.00 $1,657.84
Median - total household transfers in 2004 $1,407.00 $1,000.00
Upper outlier - total household transfers in 2004 $20,679.00 $19,175.00
Secondary outlier - household transfers in 2004 $13,420.00 $6,000.00
Table 1. Transfers
Haitians Jamaicans
Percent of respondents sending money 2004 87.9 87.8
Mean - dollars sent in last transfer $269.20 $395.00
Median - dollars sent in last transfer $195.00 $200.00
Upper outlier – dollars sent in last transfer $1,830.00 $5,000.00
Mean - total household transfer in 2004 $2,255.00 $1,657.84
Median - total household transfers in 2004 $1,407.00 $1,000.00
Upper outlier - total household transfers in 2004 $20,679.00 $19,175.00
Secondary outlier - household transfers in 2004 $13,420.00 $6,000.00
Table 1. Transfers
Haitians Jamaicans
Percent of respondents sending money 2004 87.9 87.8
Mean - dollars sent in last transfer $269.20 $395.00
Median - dollars sent in last transfer $195.00 $200.00
Upper outlier – dollars sent in last transfer $1,830.00 $5,000.00
Mean - total household transfer in 2004 $2,255.00 $1,657.84
Median - total household transfers in 2004 $1,407.00 $1,000.00
Upper outlier - total household transfers in 2004 $20,679.00 $19,175.00
Secondary outlier - household transfers in 2004 $13,420.00 $6,000.00
Table 1. Transfers
Haitians Jamaicans
Percent of respondents sending money 2004 87.9 87.8
Mean - dollars sent in last transfer $269.20 $395.00
Median - dollars sent in last transfer $195.00 $200.00
Upper outlier – dollars sent in last transfer $1,830.00 $5,000.00
Mean - total household transfer in 2004 $2,255.00 $1,657.84
Median - total household transfers in 2004 $1,407.00 $1,000.00
Upper outlier - total household transfers in 2004 $20,679.00 $19,175.00
Secondary outlier - household transfers in 2004 $13,420.00 $6,000.00
Table 1. Transfers
Haitians Jamaicans
Percent of respondents sending money 2004 87.9 87.8
Mean - dollars sent in last transfer $269.20 $395.00
Median - dollars sent in last transfer $195.00 $200.00
Upper outlier – dollars sent in last transfer $1,830.00 $5,000.00
Mean - total household transfer in 2004 $2,255.00 $1,657.84
Median - total household transfers in 2004 $1,407.00 $1,000.00
Upper outlier - total household transfers in 2004 $20,679.00 $19,175.00
Secondary outlier - household transfers in 2004 $13,420.00 $6,000.00
Table 1. Transfers
Haitians Jamaicans
Percent of respondents sending money 2004 87.9 87.8
Mean - dollars sent in last transfer $269.20 $395.00
Median - dollars sent in last transfer $195.00 $200.00
Upper outlier – dollars sent in last transfer $1,830.00 $5,000.00
Mean - total household transfer in 2004 $2,255.00 $1,657.84
Median - total household transfers in 2004 $1,407.00 $1,000.00
Upper outlier - total household transfers in 2004 $20,679.00 $19,175.00
Secondary outlier - household transfers in 2004 $13,420.00 $6,000.00
Table 1. Transfers
Haitians Jamaicans
Percent of respondents sending money 2004 87.9 87.8
Mean - dollars sent in last transfer $269.20 $395.00
Median - dollars sent in last transfer $195.00 $200.00
Upper outlier – dollars sent in last transfer $1,830.00 $5,000.00
Mean - total household transfer in 2004 $2,255.00 $1,657.84
Median - total household transfers in 2004 $1,407.00 $1,000.00
Upper outlier - total household transfers in 2004 $20,679.00 $19,175.00
Secondary outlier - household transfers in 2004 $13,420.00 $6,000.00
Table 2. Main Recipients (percents)
Haitians Jamaicans
Parents 27.5 28.1
Multiple family members 18.1 18.8
Siblings 13.4 16.4
Cousins 8.1 2.3
Grandparents 5.4 4.7
Aunts and uncles 4.7 6.3
Children 2.7 8.6
Wife or husband 0.0 0.8
Others and unstated 20.1 14.0
Total 100.0 100.0
Table 2. Main Recipients (percents)
Haitians Jamaicans
Parents 27.5 28.1
Multiple family members 18.1 18.8
Siblings 13.4 16.4
Cousins 8.1 2.3
Grandparents 5.4 4.7
Aunts and uncles 4.7 6.3
Children 2.7 8.6
Wife or husband 0.0 0.8
Others and unstated 20.1 14.0
Total 100.0 100.0
Table 2. Main Recipients (percents)
Haitians Jamaicans
Parents 27.5 28.1
Multiple family members 18.1 18.8
Siblings 13.4 16.4
Cousins 8.1 2.3
Grandparents 5.4 4.7
Aunts and uncles 4.7 6.3
Children 2.7 8.6
Wife or husband 0.0 0.8
Others and unstated 20.1 14.0
Total 100.0 100.0
Table 3. Money Transfer Channels
Haitians
Jamaicans
Percent who have ever transferred money by:
Agencies 85.0 83.3
Hand transfers 42.9 60.9
Banks 6.4 23.2
Other 5.0 4.3
Canada Post 3.6 19.6
Credit Unions 1.4 17.4
Table 3. Money Transfer Channels
Haitians
Jamaicans
Percent who have ever transferred money by:
Agencies 85.0 83.3
Hand transfers 42.9 60.9
Banks 6.4 23.2
Other 5.0 4.3
Canada Post 3.6 19.6
Credit Unions 1.4 17.4
Table 3. Money Transfer Channels
Haitians
Jamaicans
Percent who have ever transferred money by:
Agencies 85.0 83.3
Hand transfers 42.9 60.9
Banks 6.4 23.2
Other 5.0 4.3
Canada Post 3.6 19.6
Credit Unions 1.4 17.4
Table 3. Money Transfer Channels
Haitians
Jamaicans
Percent who have ever transferred money by:
Agencies 85.0 83.3
Hand transfers 42.9 60.9
Banks 6.4 23.2
Other 5.0 4.3
Canada Post 3.6 19.6
Credit Unions 1.4 17.4
Table 3. Money Transfer Channels
Haitians
Jamaicans
Percent who have ever transferred money by:
Agencies 85.0 83.3
Hand transfers 42.9 60.9
Banks 6.4 23.2
Other 5.0 4.3
Canada Post 3.6 19.6
Credit Unions 1.4 17.4
Table 4. Illustrative Transfer Fees
Approximate agency transfer costs in past years*
HaitianUrban
HaitianRural
Jamaican
For $100 $10.80 $13.20 $14.00
For $200 $21.60 $26.40 $18.00
For $300 $32.40 $39.60 $20.00
For $$400 $43.20 $52.80 $26.00
Median amount sent in most recent individual transfer by those sending money $200 $200 $200
Estimated average percent cost of transfer 10.8 13.2 9.0
Table 4. Illustrative Transfer Fees
Approximate agency transfer costs in past years*
HaitianUrban
HaitianRural
Jamaican
For $100 $10.80 $13.20 $14.00
For $200 $21.60 $26.40 $18.00
For $300 $32.40 $39.60 $20.00
For $$400 $43.20 $52.80 $26.00
Median amount sent in most recent individual transfer by those sending money $200 $200 $200
Estimated average percent cost of transfer 10.8 13.2 9.0
Table 4. Illustrative Transfer Fees
Approximate agency transfer costs in past years*
HaitianUrban
HaitianRural
Jamaican
For $100 $10.80 $13.20 $14.00
For $200 $21.60 $26.40 $18.00
For $300 $32.40 $39.60 $20.00
For $$400 $43.20 $52.80 $26.00
Median amount sent in most recent individual transfer by those sending money $200 $200 $200
Estimated average percent cost of transfer 10.8 13.2 9.0
Part 5. Policy Issues Who sends remittances? Are senders more “transnational”? How much is transferred through
collective/institutionalized projects? How do “generation” and income levels affect
remittance practices? Etc.
Table 5. Who sends remittances? Haitians Jamaicans
Percent of principal senders who are female 56.1 52.2
Mean remittance sent last time by respondent's age:
Aged 18-29 $249 $100
Aged 30-49 $275 $402
Aged 50 and over $309 $441
Mean total sent by household in 2004 by income:
Less than $5,000/year $643 $539
$5,000 to $19,999 $610 $1,025
$20,000 to $39,999 $971 $1,532
$40,000 to 59,999 $1,539 $1,869
$60, 000 and over $1,143 $1,544
Table 5. Who sends remittances? Haitians Jamaicans
Percent of principal senders who are female 56.1 52.2
Mean remittance sent last time by respondent's age:
Aged 18-29 $249 $100
Aged 30-49 $275 $402
Aged 50 and over $309 $441
Mean total sent by household in 2004 by income:
Less than $5,000/year $643 $539
$5,000 to $19,999 $610 $1,025
$20,000 to $39,999 $971 $1,532
$40,000 to 59,999 $1,539 $1,869
$60, 000 and over $1,143 $1,544
Table 5. Who sends remittances? Haitians Jamaicans
Percent of principal senders who are female 56.1 52.2
Mean remittance sent last time by respondent's age:
Aged 18-29 $249 $100
Aged 30-49 $275 $402
Aged 50 and over $309 $441
Mean total sent by household in 2004 by income:
Less than $5,000/year $643 $539
$5,000 to $19,999 $610 $1,025
$20,000 to $39,999 $971 $1,532
$40,000 to 59,999 $1,539 $1,869
$60, 000 and over $1,143 $1,544
Table 5. Who sends remittances? Haitians Jamaicans
Percent of principal senders who are female 56.1 52.2
Mean remittance sent last time by respondent's age:
Aged 18-29 $249 $100
Aged 30-49 $275 $402
Aged 50 and over $309 $441
Mean total sent by household in 2004 by income:
Less than $5,000/year $643 $539
$5,000 to $19,999 $610 $1,025
$20,000 to $39,999 $971 $1,532
$40,000 to 59,999 $1,539 $1,869
$60, 000 and over $1,143 $1,544
Chart 4. Total Household Remittances in 2004 by Household Income Category
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
1600.0
1800.0
2000.0
Less than5,000
15,000-19,999
20,000-39,999
40,000-50,9999
60,000 ormore
Jamaicans
Haitians
Household Income
Table 6. Transnational Family Contacts Haitians Jamaicans
Mean number of visits "home" in last 5 years .89 1.4
Upper outlier - visits "home" in past 5 years 13.0 20.0
Mean phone calls "home" in past month 13.1 6.8
Upper outlier - phone calls "home" in past month 60.0 50.0
Table 6. Transnational Family Contacts Haitians Jamaicans
Mean number of visits "home" in last 5 years .89 1.4
Upper outlier - visits "home" in past 5 years 13.0 20.0
Mean phone calls "home" in past month 13.1 6.8
Upper outlier - phone calls "home" in past month 60.0 50.0
Table 6. Transnational Family Contacts Haitians Jamaicans
Mean number of visits "home" in last 5 years .89 1.4
Upper outlier - visits "home" in past 5 years 13.0 20.0
Mean phone calls "home" in past month 13.1 6.8
Upper outlier - phone calls "home" in past month 60.0 50.0
Chart 3. Mean Remittances Sent – Controlling for Telephone Contact
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
None Infrequent* Moderate** High***
Telephone calls in past month
Jamaicans
Haitians
Table 7. Involvement in Transnational “Projects”
Percent who ever contributed to a:
Haitians Jamaicans
School improvement project 7.4 13.5
Community project 7.7 16.0
Church improvement project 10.7 33.1
Table 7. Involvement in Transnational “Projects”
Percent who ever contributed to a:
Haitians Jamaicans
School improvement project 7.4 13.5
Community project 7.7 16.0
Church improvement project 10.7 33.1
Table 7. Involvement in Transnational “Projects”
Percent who ever contributed to a:
Haitians Jamaicans
School improvement project 7.4 13.5
Community project 7.7 16.0
Church improvement project 10.7 33.1
Preliminary Conclusions Reduce transfer fees Expand financial services Tax exemption for remitters Promote TN family links Strengthen TN community links Be sensitive to gender, age and social class
background of senders
Preliminary Conclusions Reduce transfer fees Expand financial services Tax exemption for remitters Promote TN family links Strengthen TN community links Be sensitive to gender, age and social class
background of senders
Preliminary Conclusions Reduce transfer fees Expand financial services Tax exemption for remitters Promote TN family links Strengthen TN community links Be sensitive to gender, age and social class
background of senders
Preliminary Conclusions Reduce transfer fees Expand financial services Tax exemption for remitters Promote TN family links Strengthen TN community links Be sensitive to gender, age and social class
background of senders
Preliminary Conclusions Reduce transfer fees Expand financial services Tax exemption for remitters Promote TN family links Strengthen TN community links Be sensitive to gender, age and social class
background of senders
Preliminary Conclusions Reduce transfer fees Expand financial services Tax exemption for remitters Promote TN family links Strengthen TN community links Be sensitive to gender, age and social class
background of senders
Preliminary Conclusions Reduce transfer fees Expand financial services Tax exemption for remitters Promote TN family links Strengthen TN community links Be sensitive to gender, age and social class
background of senders
END
Acknowledgements Canadian International Development Agency
(CIDA), for project financing Centre for Research on Latin America and the
Caribbean, York University, for institutional support.
Centre D’Études Ethniques des Universités Montréalaises (CEETUM) and the Département de démographie, Université de Montréal, for support and collaboration.
For further details: Alan Simmons, CERLAC, York University
[email protected] Dwaine Plaza, Oregon State U., Corvalis.
[email protected] Victor Piché, U. of Montreal and Action
Canada for Population and Development [email protected]
Respondents’ Characteristics
Haitians Jamaicans
N = 141 N = 138
Percent male 53.2 54.3
Mean age 33.9 40.1
Percent with university studies 42.9 25.5
Percent departed home country LT age 18 39.0 35.4
Mean years lived in Canada 11.9 20.0
Percent who rent their residence 75.7 61.6
Percent household income LT $20,000/yr 27.1 15.9
Percent household income over $60,000 10.7 26.1
Table 6. Transnational Family Contacts Haitians Jamaicans
Mean number of visits "home" in last 5 years .89 1.4
Upper outlier - visits "home" in past 5 years 13.0 20.0
Mean phone calls "home" in past month 13.1 6.8
Upper outlier - phone calls "home" in past month 60.0 50.0
Percent likely to “return” to “home” country 62.9 50.0
Percent who feel Canadian 27.1 44.2
Percent who feel Haitian/Jamaican 90.7 83.3
Percent who feel Canada is a racist country 92.2 93.5
END END
