Transport Telematics - Systemic View

Editor

Prof. Tomas Zelinka

Authors

Miroslav Svitek

Zdenek Votruba

Tomas Zelinka

Vaclav Jirovsky

Mirko Novak

Published by WSEAS Press

www.wseas.org

ISBN: 978-1-61804-144-9

Transport Telematics - Systemic View

Published by WSEAS Press

www.wseas.org

Copyright © 2013, by WSEAS Press

All the copyright of the present book belongs to the World Scientific and Engineering Academy and

Society Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or

otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Editor of World Scientific and Engineering Academy

and Society Press.

All papers of the present volume were peer reviewed by two independent reviewers. Acceptance was

granted when both reviewers' recommendations were positive.

See also: http://www.worldses.org/review/index.html

ISBN: 978-1-61804-144-9

World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society

Preface

Intelligent transport systems (ITS) link information technologies with transport engineering. The ITS

objective is to achieve principal transport, travel and forwarding processes services improvement within the

existing transport infrastructure. ITS services cover requirements from an individual local case up to the

complex wide area solutions with wide scale of services complexity. The telematics services are an integral

part of the ITS. They do not represent the only telecommunications solutions, but they are tightly connected

with a wide variety of transportation services. “Intelligent” services with the ability to support the relevant

environment of the complex system structures are provided. Consequently, this discipline is closely linked

with managerial and legal topics due to their ability to principally influence the system behavior.

There are numerous books and publication proceedings on the topic of ITS or transport telematics available

but their approach and scope is different from ours. Typically, they describe the impact of ITS systems on

traffic management e.g. real-time traffic management, planning of commercial vehicle operations,

environmental management, etc. or they present parts of ITS solutions in big detail: e.g. electronic fare

management, car navigation systems, fleet management, digital maps, strategies to reduce transport

congestions, etc. In this book we introduce a very new system-oriented approach to the ITS design,

operation and evaluation with respect to all predefined performance indicators like reliability, safety,

security, integrity, etc.

Systems Theory represents a significant theoretical background for any professional undertaking within the

branch of ITS. There are several approaches to elaborating this kind of theory, however, for engineering

purposes such as the ITS the classical approach called General Theory of Systems (GTS) is usually

accepted as the most beneficial. The Systems science within its application areas means resolving tasks.

Efficient handling of the systems ideas implies functional knowledge of a wide range of specific

mathematical tools.

The ITS applications require wireless seamless secure communications solutions with selectable level of

services quality and mostly also with a wide-area coverage. Even though publically available wireless

services usually provide reasonable coverage under acceptable cost conditions, most of the public providers

do not offer any data service with the guaranteed quality. The principal improvement of the service quality

can be reached by the selection of the best possible alternatives from the set of currently identified available

services. Efficient decision processes must be adopted to reach the relevant service quality guarantee.

Success of such approach relies on profound understanding of applied technologies and their performance

described by the performance indicators.

Critical system properties are represented by security aspects. The difference between security and safety

must be well understood. Safety assures that a life-critical system behaves as needed even when certain

elements fail. Security is a condition that results from the establishment and maintenance of protective

measures that ensure a state of inviolability from hostile acts or influences. Due to the fact that the human

being has been a part of a system, security must be understood as a complex of measures leading to the

survival of human beings in the system under the influence of an external hostile environment or any other

influences. Analysis of potential threats and other security vulnerabilities specific for the telematic system

represents the rest of this area. The behavior of a system consists of interactions among elements and it is to

be assumed that these interactions have to be undisturbed, i.e. to be secure.

The ITS solutions resolve interactions between systems of a dissimilar nature. The differences can be in its

nature, the types of these systems or in the role a particular human subject plays in such aninteraction. The

functional reliability has to be considered as an important factor specifying the practical applicability of any

real system. The ITS system requires to be designed with high functional reliability. The original approach

is based on understanding that reliable systems have to be constructed from adequately reliable parts. Such

approach can, however, lead to unrealistic and extremely expensive solutions. Besides the usage of solely

reliable components the method of lifetime minimization of system functional sensitivity to system

parameter changes has been applied. The newest approach developed and used only quite recently has been

based on the concept of the socalled prediction diagnostics.

iii

This book addresses scientists, R&D specialists and transport systems designers, as well as students. While

the articles were written by experts that are actively involved in the discussed areas research, our intention

was to present the texts at a level suitable for a general science and R&D audience. Each article contains a

list of references as a point of entry to the comprehensive resources. The preparation of this publication

involved generous support from an extended specialist team and we would like to express our sincere

thanks to each one of our colleagues.

The Authors

iv

Acknowledgements

The materials used for preparation of this book were reached by research supported by programs of the

Czech Ministry of Industry and Business (MPO), Czech Ministry of Transport (MD) via following grants:

e-Ident (Electronic identification systems within transport process) MPO 2A-2TP1/108, DOTEK

(Communication module for transport telematic applications), MPO 2A-2TP1/105, SRATVU (System

Requirements and Architecture of the universal Telematic Vehicle Unit), MPO 2A-1TP1/138, and the

project ME 949 of the Czech Ministry of Education.

The Authors

v

vi

About Authors

Miroslav SVÍTEK Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Transportations Sciences Chapter: Advanced Design of Intelligent transport systems Professor Miroslav Svítek was born in Rakovník, Czech Republic, in 1969. He graduated in radioelectronic from Czech Technical University in Prague, in 1992. In 1996, he received the Ph.D. degree in radioelectronic at Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague. Since 2002, he has been associated professor in engineering informatics at Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Czech Technical University in Prague. Since 2005, he has been nominated as the extraordinary professor in applied informatics at Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Matej Bel in Banska Bystrica, Slovak Republic. Since 2008, he has been full professor in engineering informatics at Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Czech Technical University in Prague and Honorary professor at Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga in Colombia. He is currently teaching courses and doing research in theoretical telematics, intelligent transport systems, quantum system theory and quantum informatics. Miroslav Svítek is president of Association of transport telematics of the Czech and Slovak Republic (it covers more than 70 public and private organization), Dean of Faculty of Transportation Sciences and Head of Department of Control Engineering and Telematics, Czech Technical University in Prague. He is author or co-author of more than 200 scientific papers and 6 monographs.

Zdeněk VOTRUBA Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Transportations Sciences Chapter: Systems Theory applied in Intelligent Transport Systems Proessor Zdeněk Votruba born in Prague, April 22, 1942. Graduated at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague in 1964. Carried out his postgraduate studies in Computer Research Institute, Prague (VÚMS) and at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the Charles University, Prague, respectively; PhD degree in Applied Physics received in 1975. In the seventies studied postgraduate course of applied mathematics at CTU in Prague and seminar on informatics and computer architectures at VÚMS. In the period of 1966-1993 worked with VÚMS as a researcher (1966-1976), scientist (1976-1983), director of technological dept. (1983-1990) and technical director respectively (1990-1993). Interested in measurement and instrumentation technologies, computer peripherals, HMI, in the research of thin magnetic films and Computer Systems. Involved in managing of the complex technological projects (e.g. bipolar gate arrays, testers). In 1990-1993 participated in the transformation of an “eastern-style“. Research Institute into the group of market-oriented private companies. In one of them, VUMS-EPOS was active in 1994-5 in the post of managing director. Involved in consultancy services, both for domestic (state administration) and international bodies. - In 1996 joined Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Transportation Sciences. - In 2000 gained the scientific – pedagogical degree of Associate Professor in the scientific

branch “Engineering Informatics”. - In the period of 2000-2008 he was in the posts of the head of Dept. of Control and

Telematics and vice - dean of Faculty. - Since 2005 full professor of Engineering Informatics in Transportation and

Telecommunication; Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Transportation Sci. - Reads Lectures in Systems Science and Electronics. - Carries - out research in the fields of Systems Science, HMI, Telematics and Reliability.

Further activities: In seventies: teaching in postgraduate courses at CTU in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, 1980-1990: Seminars, consultancy and research at the Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics.

Author's Affiliation

vii

Awards: Gold and Silver Felbers Medals of CTU in Prague; Perners Medal of Jan Perner University in Pardubice Membership in professional communities / bodies: - Union of Czech and Slovak Mathematicians and Physicists - IEEE (USA) - Scientific Council of the Faculty of Transportation Sciences - Grant Agency of the Czech Republic - Evaluating Committee of the Ministry of Transport, Czech Republic - Branch Council of Engineering Informatics CTU in Prague, Faculty of Transportation

Sciences. - Cybernetic Society of the Czech Republic

Tomas ZELINKA. Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Transportations Sciences Chapter: Preface Telecommunications systems for ITS solutions Professor Tomas Zelinka - Informatics - CTU in Prague, Ph.D. (CSc.) - experimental physics in the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, mgr. (Ing.) - Cybernetics and computer sciences at the Czech Technical University Praha, FEL

2005 – Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Transportations Sciences

- Lectures: basic and advances lectures in area of the telecommunications sciences, legal issues of telecommunications, new trends in telecommunications applied in the Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS),

- R&D: theoretical background of specific telecommunications solutions dedicated for the ITS, vehicles Electronic Fee Collection (EFC) and related Value Added Services (VAS), On Board Units architecture, system security etc.

1993 – 2005 Communications business

- Development of the new products, the business development e.g. in area of alternative global voice and data communications in the Czech Republic and the other countries of the CEEMEA region

- EuroTel/Nextel/Global One (Sprint Int., France Telecom, Deutsche Telekom) - External lecturer and mentor at the FTS of the CTU in Prague

1976 – 1993 Geophysical Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences

- Experimental laboratory and observatory methods in geophysics, studies of the variations and drift of the Earth magnetic field, data communication solutions within international and national observatory system,

- Computer modeling of the magnetic material structures with on-line experimental identification, laboratory study of the magnetic properties of rocks,

1972 – 1976 Industrial R&D

- Automatic control systems for the technological processes – CNC, Data communications and computer based control in technological processes.

Václav JIROVSKÝ Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Transportations Sciences Chapter: Telematics System Security Professor Václav Jirovský had graduated at Czech Technical University, Prague (CTU), Czech Republic, in radioeletronics. In his Ph.D. thesis he introduced application of theory of homogeneous structures in different areas of electronic and especially in the computer modeling. Lately he joined the Regional University Computing Center where he led department of Research and Development. His team had developed a new system for the city transport monitoring and control for Prague City Transport Corporation (PCT), based on combination of radio navigation and microwave communication. For short time he had entered the position of Executive Director for Development in the PCT, but after successful completion of the project he went back to

Author's Affiliation

viii

academia taking senior scientist position at Department of Software Engineering at Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague. In 1991 he had received position in Research and Development department of Advanced Computer Applications, Inc. in Newtown, Pennsylvania, U.S:A. finally becoming a director for R&D in the company. He left the company at 1998 joining his original team at Charles University. During years 2001/2002 he accepted position of Executive Director for Technology at Czech Telecom Corporation, lately returning back to Charles University as Associated Professor of Computer Sciences. In the year 2008 he changed position to the Czech Technical University, Faculty of Transportation Sciences, taking chair of Department of Security Technologies and Engineering. In 2007, as a member of Expert Group of the Minister of Transportation of the Czech Republic, he designed a new concept of hybrid system for electronic tolling services. His design of hybrid toll system anticipate ISO/CEN standard for European Electronic Tolling Service and had been evaluated by standardization group as the nearest implementation of EETS.

Mirko NOVÁK Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Transportations Sciences Chapter: Prediction diagnostics for system reliability

Professor Mirko Novak was born on September 29, 1930 in Prague, Czechoslovakia.

In 1956 he joined the Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague, where was the head of the Department of System Theory.

In 1965 and 1966 he has been the visiting professor of the Department of Electrical Engineering of New York University. - In 1975 he has founded a new Institute of Computer Science of the Czechoslovak Academy

of Sciences. He has been in the position of the director of this Institute for almost 15 years. Since 1965 he is the senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. and in 1988 he becomes the Corresponding member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.

- His present research interest in the field of neural networks is mainly in the theory of sensitivity and tolerances of neural networks and of their applications for signal processing, time series prediction and system reliability improvement. He is also interested in internal information systems of living bodies and of cells and in the field of the human subject – artificial, namely transportation system interaction reliability. Prof. Dr. Mirko Novák has written more than 150 research reports, about 110 scientific papers, has presented about 200 contributions on scientific conferences, colloquia and seminars and has published almost 30 scientific books in Czech, English and Russian, total - about 500 scientific presentations.

At the end of 1994 he was one of the founders of the Joint Laboratory of System Reliability between the Czech Technical University, Prague, Faculty of Transportation Sciences and the Institute of Computer Science of the Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic. In 1999 he joined the activity of the workgroup for Neuroinformatics of the Global Science Forum OECD and took part in the preparing of the world research program in neuroinformatics. Since 2000 he is the full professor at the CTU, Faculty of Transportation sciences. He was to 2010 the chairman of the Czech National Node for Neuroinformatics and the Czech representative in INCF (International Neuroinformatic Coordination Facility) of GSF OECD.

Author's Affiliation

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x

Table of Contents

Preface iii

Acknowledgements v

Author's Affiliation vi

1 Advanced Design of Intelligent Transport Systems by Miroslav Svitek 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 ITS Design Methodology 4

1.2.1 ITS System Model 4

1.2.1.1 ITS Architecture 5

1.2.1.2 ITS Market Packages 11

1.2.1.3 ITS Standards 13

1.2.1.4 ITS Data Registry 16

1.2.2 ITS Performance Parameters 17

1.2.2.1 Definition of Performance Parameters 17

1.2.2.2 Quality of Measured Performance Parameters 19

1.2.2.3 Estimation of Performance Parameters 20

1.2.2.4 Illustrative Examples - Simulation Results 24

1.2.2.5 Assessment of Safety Performance Parameters 25

1.2.2.6 Illustrative Example - Geo-Object Detection 26

1.2.2.7 Illustrative example - Cluster of ITS Applications using GNSS 28

1.2.3 ITS Technological Platform 29

1.3 ITS Effectiveness Assessment 30

1.3.1 ITS Evaluation Processes 30

1.3.2 ITS Effectiveness Analyse 30

References 33

2 Systems Theory Applied in Intelligent Transport Systems by Zdenek Votruba 35

2.1 Introduction 35

2.2 Basic Concepts of Systems Sciences 35

2.3 Systems Identification Task 37

2.3.1 Systems Identification - An Intuitive Approach 37

2.3.2 Systems Identification - Elaboration of Concepts 39

2.3.3 Recommended Sequence of Systems Identification 41

2.3.4 Systems Recording 41

2.3.5 Model - System Relationship 41

2.3.6 Ensuring Systems Existence 41

2.3.7 Specific Types of Systems / Models 42

2.4 Interface Task 42

2.5 Systems Structural Tasks 43

2.5.1 Path Task 43

2.5.2 Antecedent and Subsequent Elements Finding Task 43

2.5.3 Feedback Identification Task 44

2.5.4 Finding Elements or Relations with Specific Parameters Task 44

2.5.5 Flow Network Task 44

2.5.6 Systems Decomposition and Integration Task 44

2.5.7 Systems Goals Task 45

2.6 Cybernetics Essentials 46

2.6.1 Control 46

2.6.2 Logic Systems 48

2.6.3 Communication 49

2.6.4 Language 49

2.6.5 Homeostasis 50

2.6.6 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 50

2.7 Behavior Tasks 50

2.7.1 Review of Concepts 50

2.7.2 Basic Model of Behavior 51

2.7.3 Extended Model of Behavior 51

2.7.4 Parallel Behavior Task 55

2.7.5 Alternative Behavior Task 55

2.7.6 Genetic Code (CG) Behavior Task 56

2.7.6.1 Classes of Behavior in Relation to the Genetic Code (Qualitatively) 56

2.7.6.2 Analysis of Deviations from the GC (Quantitatively) 56

2.8 Systems Architecture Task 57

2.9 Interoperability Task 57

2.10 Identity Task 58

2.11 Systems Reliability Task 58

2.11.1 Reliability 59

2.11.1.1 Reliability of the System Element or a System as a Whole in the Finite

Deterministic Automaton

59

2.11.1.2 Reliability of a System can be Defined in Several Ways [24] 59

2.11.1.3 Reliability of Complex Heterogeneous Systems 59

2.11.2 Homogenization 59

2.11.2.1 Technological level 60

2.11.2.2 Macro-Physical / Chemical Level 60

2.11.2.3 Biological Level 60

2.11.2.4 Social Level 60

2.11.2.5 Hybridization of Levels 61

2.11.3 Information Power 61

2.11.3.1 Information Field 61

2.11.3.2 Specific Subtasks of Messages Interpretation 61

2.11.3.3 Definition 63

2.11.3.4 Relation of IP and Systems Time 63

2.11.3.5 Information Action 64

2.11.3.6 Relation IP / Ordering 64

2.11.3.7 Approaches to the IP Analysis 64

2.11.4 IP Reliability 65

2.11.4.1 Interface as a Fictitious System Element 65

2.11.4.2 System Uncertainty 66

2.11.4.3 Specification of the Subtask 66

2.11.4.4 Reliability of the Non-Interacting IF 66

2.11.4.5 Generalization of the Model for Interacting Interfaces 67

2.11.4.6 Geometric Re-Interpretation of the Model 68

2.11.4.7 Model Analysis 68

2.11.4.8 Discussion of the Combined Effect of IF Dimension and Uncertainty 69

2.11.5 Reliability in Information Systems 69

2.11.6 Reliability of Complex Heterogeneous Systems 70

2.11.7 Reliability of IP - System Abstraction 70

2.11.8 Construction of Systems Approach to the Reliability of Information Power 70

2.11.9 Discussion 71

2.12 Alliances Task 72

2.12.1 Introduction 72

2.12.2 Essentials of the Theory of Systems Alliances 73

2.12.3 Alliances and Information Power 74

2.12.4 Models of Interfaces in Alliances 74

2.12.5 Alliance Control 75

2.12.6 Conclusions 77

2.13 Soft Systems Tasks 78

2.13.1 Overview of Basic Concepts 78

2.13.2 Sources of Systems Uncertainty 78

2.13.3 Comparison of "Hard" and "Soft" Methodologies 78

2.13.4 Soft Systems Analysis Techniques 79

2.13.4.1 SWOT Analysis 79

2.13.4.2 Force Field Analysis 80

2.13.5 Soft Systems Methodologies (SSM) 81

2.13.5.1 Action Research - Jenkins 81

2.13.5.2 Checkland Soft - Systems Methodology [23] 82

2.13.6 Meta-Level Process Model for Systems Analysis of Soft Systems - NIMSAD 83

References 84

3 Telecommunications Systems for ITS Solutions by Tomas Zelinka 87

3.1 Introduction 87

3.2 Position of Telecommunications Solutions in ITS Solution 88

3.2.1 Telecommunications Performance Indicators 90

3.2.1.1 Service Activation Time (SAT) 90

3.2.1.2 Service Availability 90

3.2.1.3 MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) 90

3.2.1.4 MTTR (Mean Time to Restore) 90

3.2.1.5 Delay 91

3.2.1.6 Packet/Frames Loss 91

3.2.1.7 Security 91

3.2.1.8 Class of Service - (CoS) 92

3.2.2 Communications Design Methodology 92

3.2.3 Wireless Telecommunications Alternative used in ITS Solutions 94

3.2.3.1 Publically Available Services with National/Global Coverage

(Europe based)

94

3.2.3.2 Locally Available Mostly as No Publically Served Services 94

3.3 Telecommunications Systems 95

3.3.1 Basic Telecommunications Solutions Properties 96

3.3.2 Types of Network According to Topology 96

3.3.3 Types of Network According to the Hierarchy within a Network 97

3.3.4 Types of Networks According to the used Physical Layer 97

3.3.4.1 Metallic 97

3.3.4.2 Fiber 98

3.3.4.3 Radio Frequencies Solutions 98

3.3.5 Circuit and Packet Oriented Telecommunication Systems 98

3.3.6 TCP/IP Architecture 99

3.3.6.1 TCP - Transport Control Protocol 99

3.3.6.2 IP - Internet Protocol 99

3.3.6.3 IP Addressing 100

3.3.6.4 Routing 101

3.3.6.5 AS - Autonomous Systems 101

3.3.6.6 Summary of TCP/IP Properties 101

3.4 Backbone Networks 102

3.4.1 Basic Description of WDM 102

3.4.1.1 DWDM 104

3.4.1.2 CWDM 104

3.4.1.3 CWDM vs. DWDM 105

3.4.1.4 WDM - Conclusions 106

3.4.2 SDH/SONET 106

3.4.2.1 PDH 106

3.4.2.2 SDH Architecture 107

3.4.2.3 SDH Network Architecture 107

3.4.3 The ATM 108

3.4.3.1 ATM Architecture 108

3.4.3.2 Protocols of ATM Adaption Layer 108

3.4.3.3 ATM Performance 108

3.4.4 ETHERNET - IEEE 802.3 and ISO 8802 109

3.4.4.1 IEEE 802.3 and IEEE 802.1q Standards -

Alternative Telecommunication Networking

109

3.4.4.2 “Ethernet” and its Applicability in WAN 110

3.4.4.3 Convergence Times Reduction 111

3.4.4.4 Backbone Solutions based on “Ethernet” 112

3.4.5 IP Virtual Private Networks (VPN) Solution 112

3.4.5.1 MPLS IP VPN 113

3.4.5.2 MPLS IP VPN vs. L2 VPN 113

3.5 Access Wireless Mobile Solutions 113

3.5.1 Mobile Telecommunications Services 115

3.5.1.1 DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency) 115

3.5.1.2 CSD (Circuit Switched Data) 115

3.5.1.3 HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) 115

3.5.1.4 IBS (Inband Software modem) 115

3.5.1.5 SMS (Short Message Service) 116

3.5.1.6 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) 116

3.5.1.7 EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) 116

3.5.1.8 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) 116

3.5.1.9 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) 117

3.5.1.10 LTE 117

3.5.2 WiFi - IEEE 802.11 119

3.5.2.1 MAC (Media Access Control) Layer of WiFi Networks 119

3.5.2.2 IEEE 802.11a 119

3.5.2.3 IEEE 802.11b 119

3.5.2.4 IEEE 802.11g 120

3.5.2.5 IEEE 802.11e - Wireless QoS 120

3.5.2.6 IEEE 802.11i 121

3.5.2.7 IEEE 802.11n 121

3.5.2.8 IEEE 802.11p 122

3.5.2.9 IEEE 802.11r 122

3.5.2.10 IEEE 802.11 - Conclusions 122

3.5.3 WiMax 122

3.5.3.1 WiMax– IEEE 802.16d 122

3.5.3.2 Mobile WiMax - IEEE 802.16e 123

3.5.4 PAN 123

3.5.4.1 Bluetooth - IEEE 802.15.1 124

3.5.4.2 UWB (Ultra-WideBand) - IEEE 802.15.3 124

3.5.4.3 ZigBee - IEEE 802.15.4 125

3.5.5 DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communications) 127

3.5.5.1 DSRC 5.8 127

3.5.5.2 DSRC 5.9 - WAVE 128

3.5.6 Wireless Access Telecommunications Solutions Conclusions 129

3.6 Selected Wireless Telecommunications Services Performance 129

3.6.1 Mobile Services GSM 129

3.6.1.1 Methodology of Experiment 130

3.6.1.2 CSD Measurement Results 130

3.6.1.3 HSCSD Measurement Results 131

3.6.1.4 GPRS Measurement Results 131

3.6.1.5 EDGE Measurement Results 131

3.6.1.6 GSM date Services Summary 132

3.6.2 WiMax (IEEE 802.16d) Measurement Results 132

3.6.3 WiFi (IEEE 802.11) Measurement Results 133

3.7 Multi-Path Access Solution Structure 134

3.7.1 Basic Ideas of the CALM Approach 134

3.7.2 The IEEE 802.21 Standard 138

3.7.2.1 The IEEE 802.21 Reference Model 138

3.7.2.2 Media-Independent Event Service 139

3.7.2.3 Media-Independent Command Service 139

3.7.2.4 Media-Independent Information Service 139

3.7.2.5 Service Management 140

3.7.2.6 Media-Independent Handover Protocol 140

3.7.2.7 MIH Communication Model 140

3.7.2.8 Handover Execution 140

3.7.3 Alternative Approach based on the “Intelligent Routing” 140

3.7.3.1 The DOTEK 141

3.7.3.2 Generalized DOTEK Architecture 143

3.7.4 Adaptive Decision Processes 143

3.7.4.1 Estimation and Prediction of Measured Performance Data Vector p(n) 144

3.7.4.2 Path Selection as Classification Process 145

3.8 Conclusions of Section Telecommunication Systems for ITS Solutions 147

References 148

4 Telematics System Security by Vaclav Jirovsky 151

4.1 Introduction 151

4.2 Security Models 153

4.3 Cryptography 154

4.3.1 Basic Cryptosystems 155

4.3.1.1 Transposition Ciphers and Substitution Ciphers 156

4.3.1.2 Vigenere Cipher and one Time Pad 158

4.3.2 Data Encryption Standard - DES 160

4.3.2.1 Feistel Networks 161

4.3.2.2 DES Modes of Operation 163

4.3.2.2.1 Electronic Codebook (ECB) Mode 163

4.3.2.2.2 Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode 164

4.3.2.2.3 Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode 164

4.3.2.2.4 Output Feedback (OFB) Mode 165

4.3.2.3 Strengthening DES 165

4.3.2.3.1 Double-DES (2DES) 165

4.3.2.3.2 3.5.2 Triple-DES (3DES) 166

4.3.2.3.3 3.5.3 DESX 166

4.3.3 Other Used Ciphers 167

4.3.4 Public Key Cryptography 167

4.3.4.1 Diffie-Hellman Coding 168

4.3.4.2 Mathematical background for RSA 168

4.3.4.3 RSA Cryptography 169

4.3.5 Cryptographic Checksum 171

4.3.6 Keyless hash function HMAC 173

4.3.7 Cipher Techniques - Block and Stream Ciphers 173

4.3.8 Cryptography in Networks 176

4.4 Attack Analysis 179

4.4.1 Attacks by a User 180

4.4.1.1 Attacks on Sensors and OBU Input Data 180

4.4.1.2 Attacks on OBU itself 181

4.4.1.3 Attacks on OBU Data 181

4.4.1.4 Specific User’s Attacks 182

4.4.1.5 Foiling the System 182

4.4.1.6 Protecting the User Own Privacy 182

4.4.2 Attacks by Service Provider 183

4.4.2.1 Attacks to Increase Revenue from Customer or Overcharging

Customer

183

4.4.2.2 Attacks to Profile a Customer 183

4.4.2.3 Attacks to Resale Data on Customers 183

4.4.2.4 Attacks on Reduction in Payments to Toll Charger 184

4.4.3 Attacks by Service Charger 184

4.4.3.1 Attacks to Increase Revenue 185

4.4.3.1.1 Attacks on Charge Data 185

4.4.3.1.2 Attacks on Billing Details 185

4.4.3.1.3 Data Repudiation Attacks 185

4.4.3.2 Reselling the Data and Specific Information 185

4.4.4 Attacks by Hacker 185

4.4.4.1 Demonstration of System Vulnerability 186

4.4.4.2 Exhibitionism 186

4.4.4.3 Research Attacks 187

4.4.5 Attacks by Hacktivist or Terrorist 187

4.4.5.1 Social Destabilization through Manipulation of the Telematic System 188

4.4.5.2 Raise in Profile of the Activists Cause 188

4.4.5.3 Direct Furthering of Activists Cause 188

4.4.5.4 Reduction in Credibility of the System 189

4.4.6 Communication Provider Attacks 189

4.4.6.1 Change in Network Utilization 189

4.4.6.2 Collecting the Travel Behavior 189

4.4.7 Attacks by Enterprise 189

4.4.7.1 Movement Tracking 189

4.4.7.2 Creation and Distribution of Cloned Equipment 190

4.4.7.3 Attack to Disable or Compromise System Encryption 190

4.4.7.4 Stealing Equipment 190

4.4.7.5 Racketeering 190

4.4.8 Attacks by Government 191

4.4.8.1 In Theatre Commercial Advantage 191

4.4.8.2 Political Targeting of Individuals and Organizations 191

4.4.8.3 Tracking of Individuals 191

4.4.9 Attacks by Foreign Power 192

4.4.9.1 Social Destabilization 192

4.4.9.2 Movement Tracking 192

4.4.9.3 Racketeering 192

4.4.9.4 International Prestige 193

4.5 Asset based Threat Analysis 193

4.5.1 Threatened Assets 193

4.5.2 Taxonomy of Threats 194

4.5.2.1 The Basic Threats 194

4.5.2.2 The Activation Threats 194

4.5.2.3 The Underlying Threats 195

4.5.3 Threats, Objects and Assets 197

4.6 Technology of Wireless Attacks 199

4.6.1 Eavesdropping 199

4.6.1.1 Security on Physical Layer of the System 200

4.6.2 Attack on Authentication 204

4.6.2.1 Passwords and Attack on Passwords 205

4.6.2.2 Challenge-Response Method 206

4.6.3 Skimming 207

4.6.4 Hiding and Jamming 207

4.6.4.1 Antijamming Techniques at Physical Layer 208

4.6.4.2 Antijamming Security Schemes 211

4.6.4.2.1 Proactive Countermeasures 211

4.6.4.2.2 Reactive Countermeasures 214

4.7 Conlusion 215

References 216

5 Prediction Diagnostics for System Reliability by Mirko Novak 221

5.1 Introduction 221

5.2 General Aspects of System Reliability Theory 222

5.2.1 System Structures 222

5.2.2 Structures of Heterogeneous Systems 225

5.3 System Operation Reliability and Safety 227

5.3.1 Prediction Diagnostic 228

5.3.2 Hybrid Systems 229

5.4 Brief Survey of Conventional Prediction Diagnostic Methodology 231

5.4.1 System (or Alliance) Models 231

5.4.2 Investigation of Regions of Acceptability 232

5.4.2.1 Direct Approach 237

5.4.2.2 Indirect Methods of RA Analysis 247

5.4.2.3 Stochastic Approaches to RA Investigation 253

5.5 Failure Risks (Hazards) Analysis 255

5.5.1 Contemporary Artificial Systems and System Alliances and Data Structures

Representing them

259

5.5.2 Possibilities of Multidimensional Data Storing 261

5.5.3 Possibilities of Multidimensional Data Analysis and of Mining the Hidden

Knowledge

264

5.5.4 Possibilities of Multidimensional Data Representation and Analysis, especially

for Reliable Human Subject Interaction

274

5.6 Prediction Diagnostic in Multi-Parameter Systems 278

5.7 Conclusion 281

References 283

Subject Index 285

SUBJECT INDEX

A Access Network, 31, 97, 98, 123, 138, 139

Access Wireless Mobile Solutions, 113

Accident, 28, 50, 74, 151, 179, 193, 199, 208,

227, 256

Accuracy, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 28, 37, 70, 79,

81, 87, 92, 226, 231, 274

Activation Threats, 194

Adaptive Decision Processes, 143

Alliance Control, 73, 75, 265

Alternative Behavior, 55

Antecedent, 43, 44, 45

Antijamming, 206, 210-216

Artificial Intelligence, 50

Artificial systems, 221, 255, 259

AS, 101

ASN.1, 13, 15, 16

ATM, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 107-112, 121,

123, 177

ATM Architecture, 108

Attack by Enterprise, 189

Attack by Foreign Power, 179, 192

Attack by Government, 191

Attack by Hacker, 185

Attack by Service Charger, 184

Attack by Service Provider, 183

Attack on OBU, 181

Attack on OBU Data, 181

Attack on Sensor, 180

Authentication, 91, 101, 117, 121, 169, 172,

173, 178, 204

Availability, 4, 18, 19, 28, 87, 90, 96, 106,

112, 129, 141, 147, 152, 199, 215

B Backbone Networks, 97, 102

Back-door, 195

Base Station, 88, 89, 116, 118, 122, 130, 138,

214

Basic Encoding Rules (BER), 16

Basic Threats, 194,195,196

Behavior, 40, 50, 51, 55, 56, 189

BER (Bit Error Rate), 137

Block Cipher, 163, 165, 174

Bluetooth, 89, 114, 124

C CALM, 90, 92, 94, 114, 122, 131, 134

CAT, 97

CDMA, 106, 116, 118

Cellular Layer, 136

Classes Separability, 146

Communication, 49, 127, 140, 189

Communication Architecture, 5

Complementary Information, 204

Complementation Functions, 204

Constant Jamming, 212

Consumer Privacy, 152

Continuity 18, 87, 92

Core Business, 88, 95, 132

CoS, 92, 96

Cost-Benefit Analyze (CBA), 4, 30

Cryptographic Checksum, 171

Cryptography, 154, 167, 169, 176, 204

CSD, 94, 113, 115

CSD Measurement Results, 130

CWDM, 102

Cybernetics, 37, 46

D Data Privacy, 152

Deceptive Jamming, 208

Decomposition, 44, 51, 87, 125, 197

Delay, 19, 91

Denial of Service, 188, 194

Design Centering, 233

Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER), 16

DOTEK, 141, 143, 147

DSRC, 6, 29, 94, 113, 127

DSRC 5.8, 94, 127, 210

DSRC 5.9 – WAVE, 95, 127, 128, 129

DTMF, 94, 113, 115

Duplex, 98, 117, 122

DWDM, 98, 102, 103

E Economic Impact, 118

EDGE Measurement Results, 131

Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), 2, 127, 184

Elementary Catastrophe, 249

Elements, 39, 44

Environmental Functions, 223

ERTICO, 1, 2

ETHERNET, 89, 95, 109, 110, 113, 122

Expectation-Maximization (EM) Algorithm,

146

Exposure, 256

Extended Kalman Filtering, 145

Subject Index

285

F Fail Safe, 28, 151

Failure Risks Analysis, 255

False Alert, 26, 27, 151

Feedback, 44, 92, 154, 165, 175, 214, 237

Feistel Networks, 161

First Generation of Handover, 136

Flow Network Task, 43, 44

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum, 124,

210

Functional Architecture, 5

Functional Blocks, 28, 221, 225, 231, 237, 252

G Galileo, 88

Generalized DOTEK Architecture, 143

Genetic Code, 40, 45, 56, 73, 229

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS),

28

GNSS, 6, 28, 88, 127, 180

Goals, 45, 50, 70, 80, 122, 178, 187, 193

GPRS, 94, 113, 116, 130, 141

GPRS, Measurement Results, 131, 141

GPS, 27, 88, 101, 106, 132

GSM, 29, 94, 113, 127, 137, 147

GSM Date Services, 132

H Half Duplex, 98

Handoff, 134

Handover, 92, 114, 118, 122, 129, 134, 138,

140, 143

Hazard Criteria, 256

Hazards, 256, 261, 281

Heterogeneous IEEE 802 Networks, 134

Heterogeneous Systems, 59, 70, 222

HMI (Human Machine Interface), 89

Homeostasis, 50

Homogenization, 38, 59, 60, 222, 230

Homogenous Systems, 224

HSCSD, 94, 113, 130

HSCSD Measurement Results, 131

Hybrid Systems, 59, 68, 72, 224, 230

HYPER-Ring, 111

Hysteresis, 248, 252

I IBS, 115, 116

Identification, 36, 37, 41, 44

Identity, 40, 58, 204, 229

IEEE 802.11a, 119, 128

IEEE 802.11b, 119, 120

IEEE 802.11e, 119, 120, 122, 128, 134

IEEE 802.11g, 120

IEEE 802.11i, 121

IEEE 802.11n, 121

IEEE 802.11p, 122, 129, 137

IEEE 802.11r, 122

IEEE 802.15, 134

IEEE 802.15.1, 114, 124

IEEE 802.15.3, 124

IEEE 802.15.4, 123, 125

IEEE 802.16d, 94, 114, 122, 123, 132, 147

IEEE 802.16e, 114, 123, 129

IEEE 802.1q, 109, 110, 111

IEEE 802.21 Reference Model, 138

IEEE 802.21 Standard, 90, 134, 138

IEEE 802.3, 109, 112, 122

Independent Variables, 68, 72, 221, 228, 231,

236, 247, 274, 281

Information Architecture, 5, 7

Information Power, 59, 61, 69, 71

Initiator, 5, 87

Integration, 7, 19, 44, 115, 125

Integrity, 18, 28, 44, 59, 87, 92, 153, 194

Intelligent Routing, 90, 140

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), 1, 87

Interaction, 35, 151, 187, 221, 255, 258, 274,

277

Interaction Coupling, 229

Interface, 42, 89, 91, 180, 198, 225

Internal Rate of Return (IRR), 4, 30

Interoperability, 2, 17, 57, 71, 118, 199

IP, 61, 63, 71, 74, 89, 99, 109, 112, 130, 141

IP Addressing, 100, 128

ISO, 255

ITS, 1, 5, 11, 13, 16, 29, 30, 79, 88

ITS Architecture, 4, 5, 12, 29, 87

ITS Data Registry, 4, 13, 16

ITS Databases, 4

ITS Effectiveness, 4, 30

ITS Market Packages, 4, 11, 12, 29

ITS Performance Parameters, 17

ITS Requirements, 95, 117

ITS Standards, 4, 13, 17

ITS System Model, 4

ITS Technological Platform, 29

J Jamming, 181, 193, 207, 208, 211-215

K Kalman Filtering Algorithm, 145

Kernel Function, 145

Keyless Hash Function, 173

Subject Index

286

L Language, 41, 49, 65, 76, 155, 230

Laplace Density Function, 146

Laplace Kernel, 146

Life Curve, 224, 229, 231, 236, 278

Life-Time, 221, 280

LTE 94, 113, 115, 117, 129

M M from N, 25

M5, 122, 135, 137

MAC, 109, 120, 140, 172, 209, 212

MAN, 95, 109, 111, 113

Masquerading, 194, 197

Mass Market, 88, 96, 118

Medical Privacy, 152

Mobile WiMax, 94, 123, 129, 132, 136, 141,

147

Model, 41, 51, 68, 83, 138, 140

MPLS, 91, 95, 99, 101, 113

MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure), 19, 90

MTTR, 19, 90, 102, 109, 112

Multi Mode Optical Fiber, 98

Multi-Path Access, 134

Multipath Regime, 88

N Natural Hazard, 256

Natural Systems, 221

Net Present Value (NPV), 30

O OBU (Out Board Unit), 88

Optimization, 47

Organisation Architecture, 5

Organization Security, 153

P Packed Encoding Rules (PER), 16

Packet/Frames Loss, 19, 91

PAN, 113, 123

Parallel Behavior, 55

Parameter Synchronization, 14

Parts, 5, 31, 38, 42, 60, 76, 88, 100, 175, 188,

199, 222

Password, 197, 204, 205, 206

Path, 43, 52, 56, 82, 94, 101, 108, 134, 145

PBT, 102, 107, 110, 111, 112, 113

PDH, 106, 107

Performance, 4, 17, 19, 25, 28, 87, 90, 108,

129, 144, 147, 201

Personal Security, 153

Physical Architecture, 5, 11, 30

Physical Layer, 97, 100, 109, 119, 122, 177,

200, 208

Political Privacy, 152

Prediction Diagnostic, 228, 231, 278, 281

Prediction Diagnostic in Multi-Parameter

Systems, 278

Prediction Diagnostic Methodology, 231

Probability, 17, 18, 20, 25, 54, 71, 90, 146,

152, 171, 203, 228, 236, 254, 256, 276

Product Security, 153

Production Wreck, 234

Profitability Index (NPV/I), 30

Protocol Synchronization, 13, 15

Public Key Cryptography, 167

Public Providers, 88, 115

Public Telecommunications, 88, 115

Q QoS, 94, 102, 108, 119, 120, 140

Quality, 19, 47, 50, 88, 102, 120, 125

R Radial Sprouting, 254

Random Jamming, 212

Reactive Jamming, 212

Reference Architecture, 5, 6

Regions of Acceptability, 226, 232

Relations, 35, 44

Reliability, 18, 21, 54, 58, 59, 65, 70, 222, 227

Restoration Procedure, 234, 275, 279

Right Detection, 26

Risk Analysis, 18, 58, 91, 197, 256

Risk Criteria, 256

RM OSI, 100, 127, 134

Routing, 90, 101, 113, 125, 140, 177, 214

RSTP, 111, 113

RTD (Round Trip Delay), 130, 136

S Safety, 11, 25, 151, 221, 227

SAT, 90

SDH, 102, 106, 107

SDH Architecture, 107

Second Generation of Handover, 129, 136, 143

Security, 19, 88, 91, 126, 151, 179, 200, 211

Security Models, 153

Service Activation Time, 19, 90

Service Availability, 90

Services Performance, 95, 129

Simplex, 98

Single Mode Optical Fiber, 98

SLA, 89, 96, 102, 111, 129

SMS, 94, 113, 116

Subject Index

287

Social Engineering, 199

Social Destabilization, 188, 192

Soft Systems Analysis Techniques, 79

Soft Systems Methodologies (SSM), 81

Soft Systems Tasks, 78, 81

SONET, 102, 104, 106, 111

STP, 97, 110, 111, 112

Stream Cipher, 165, 174, 175

Structural Tasks, 43

Subsequent Elements, 43

Subsystem, 5, 44, 75, 87, 180

System, 4, 36, 37, 41, 42, 44, 50, 87, 151

System Alliances, 68, 77, 222, 256, 259, 281

System Approach, 31, 70

System Functions, 18, 51, 221, 223-226, 247,

251, 278

System Parameters, 5, 6, 17, 87, 101, 119, 125,

133, 183, 223, 247, 281

System Reliability, 222, 228, 236

System Reliability Theory, 222

System Safety, 221

System Security, 153

System Structures, 137, 222

System Vulnerability, 186

Systems, 1, 35, 39, 40, 42, 73, 78, 87, 98, 147,

151, 215, 221, 259

Systems Architecture, 57, 71, 134

Systems Reliability, 58, 59, 70, 226

Systems Uncertainty, 59, 78

T TCP, 99, 102

TCP/IP, 91, 95, 101, 109, 123, 134, 140

TCP/IP Architecture, 89, 99, 135

Technological Hazard, 256

Telecommunications Performance Indicators

88, 90, 95, 134

Telematic System 19, 119, 152, 179, 188, 215

Terminator, 5, 87

The Data Encryption Standard, 160

Theory of Systems Alliances, 73

Time Synchronization, 13, 184, 214

Trans-European Network for Transport

(TEN-T), 2

Transport Telematics, 1, 13, 28, 79, 95, 134,

141

Transposition Cipher, 156, 161

Trojan Horse, 195, 197

U UMTS, 94, 113, 117, 129, 132, 147

Underlying Threats, 194, 195

UTP, 97

UWB, 114, 123, 124, 135, 211

V Vigenère, 158, 160, 175

VPN, 111, 112, 113

Vulnerability, 167, 175, 186, 190, 196, 215,

256

W WAN, 31, 95, 109, 110, 180, 198

WDM, 102, 106

Well Designed System, 233

WiFi, 29, 94, 115, 122, 133, 147, 199

WiFi (IEEE 802.11) Measurement Results,

133

WiMax, 94, 122, 147

WiMax - IEEE 802.16, 94, 141

WiMax (IEEE 802.16d) Measurement Results,

132

Y Yield, 168, 223, 233

Z ZigBee, 89, 114, 123, 125, 134

Subject Index

288