TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS OF JEFFERSONIAN OF JEFFERSONIAN

DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY

Chapter 11Chapter 11

The Jeffersonian RevolutionThe Jeffersonian Revolution Well over 6 feet tallWell over 6 feet tall Not a good public speaker. Not a good public speaker. One of the greatest writers among U.S. Pres. One of the greatest writers among U.S. Pres.

A renaissance manA renaissance man Incredibly well-read in science and Incredibly well-read in science and

philosophyphilosophy Cont. Congress; Cont. Congress; assemblyman; assemblyman; Gov. of Virginia.; Gov. of Virginia.; Author of Dec. of Independence; Author of Dec. of Independence; Min. to France; Min. to France; Sec. of State; Sec. of State; Vice Pres.Vice Pres.

Election of 1800 Election of 1800

Adams v. Jefferson again. Close again.Adams v. Jefferson again. Close again. Aaron Burr runs as Dem.-Rep. Vice PresidentAaron Burr runs as Dem.-Rep. Vice President Jefferson wins this time, Jefferson wins this time, 73 to 65.73 to 65. Why do Federalists lose support? Why do Federalists lose support? Election is very personalElection is very personal New York is the key swing state. NY delivered New York is the key swing state. NY delivered

to Jefferson by Aaron to Jefferson by Aaron BurrBurr through his through his connections in the state.connections in the state.

Jefferson strongest in west and south where Jefferson strongest in west and south where universal white male suffrage (no property universal white male suffrage (no property requirements) had taken hold.requirements) had taken hold.

ElectiElection on of of 18001800

Election of 1800Election of 1800

Aaron Burr problem. Aaron Burr problem. Vice Presidential election Vice Presidential election

and electoral college before and electoral college before the 12the 12thth Amendment Amendment

Tie throws election into Tie throws election into HouseHouse

Burr’s reactionBurr’s reaction What Hamilton does to help What Hamilton does to help

Jefferson?Jefferson? Why he does it.Why he does it.

Revolution of 1800 Revolution of 1800

Election of 1800 arguably the most Election of 1800 arguably the most significant in US History.significant in US History. Why?Why?

The Federalist Finale The Federalist Finale

Adams was the last Federalist Adams was the last Federalist president.president.

Federalist as halfway house Federalist as halfway house between European past and between European past and American present. American present.

Why can’t Federalists appeal Why can’t Federalists appeal to more voters? to more voters?

Stayed a party for another 20 Stayed a party for another 20 years, but can’t win the years, but can’t win the presidency.presidency.

Federalists, like the dinosaurs, couldn’t adapt and so became extinct

Jefferson’s Political PrinciplesJefferson’s Political Principles

Themes of inauguralThemes of inaugural Jefferson’s political principlesJefferson’s political principles

Rejected the idea of a political elite. Rejected the idea of a political elite.

Backbone of democracy was the Backbone of democracy was the free, independent farmer.free, independent farmer.

Universal suffrage without regard to Universal suffrage without regard to property ownership.property ownership.

Small government—government Small government—government governs best when it governs least.governs best when it governs least.

Strict construction of the Strict construction of the Constitution.Constitution.

Jeffersonian Restraint Jeffersonian Restraint

Jefferson’s first priority was to undue abuses by Jefferson’s first priority was to undue abuses by the Federalists. What does he do?the Federalists. What does he do? Pardoned those convicted under the Alien and Pardoned those convicted under the Alien and

Sedition Act Sedition Act Pushed a new naturalization law (1802) that reduced Pushed a new naturalization law (1802) that reduced

residence requirement back to five years.residence requirement back to five years. Repealed the excise tax—cost US 1 Mill. per year in Repealed the excise tax—cost US 1 Mill. per year in

lost revenue.lost revenue. reduced the national debtreduced the national debt

What does he do to the core of Hamilton’s What does he do to the core of Hamilton’s financial program.financial program.

Judiciary Act of 1801Judiciary Act of 1801 What did it doWhat did it do ““midnight judges”.midnight judges”. How did Dem.-Rep. view law?How did Dem.-Rep. view law? Dem.-Rep. repealed the Judiciary Dem.-Rep. repealed the Judiciary

Act.Act. Chief Justice John MarshallChief Justice John Marshall

ShapedShaped American legal tradition and American legal tradition and meaning of the Constitution more meaning of the Constitution more profoundly than any other single profoundly than any other single figure. figure.

Served as Chief Justice for 34 years Served as Chief Justice for 34 years

Marbury v MadisonMarbury v Madison

Marshall’s first and one of his most Marshall’s first and one of his most important legacies important legacies

Basic FactsBasic Facts RulingRuling

Judicial ReviewJudicial Review ConsequencesConsequences

Jefferson Turns Warrior Jefferson Turns Warrior

Jefferson attitude and actions Jefferson attitude and actions toward army and navy.toward army and navy.

North African Barbary PiratesNorth African Barbary Pirates ““Shores of Tripoli”Shores of Tripoli” Mosquito fleetMosquito fleet

The Louisiana Godsend The Louisiana Godsend

Spain had gotten Louisiana from France after the F&I Spain had gotten Louisiana from France after the F&I WarWar

1800 Spain ceded Louisiana Territory to France 1800 Spain ceded Louisiana Territory to France Why does France want it?Why does France want it? In 1802 Spain withdrew the right of deposit. In 1802 Spain withdrew the right of deposit. Farmers’ reaction? Jefferson’s options?Farmers’ reaction? Jefferson’s options? Jefferson send envoys. Their instructions?Jefferson send envoys. Their instructions? Napoleon offers to sell the entire territory for 15 Mill..Napoleon offers to sell the entire territory for 15 Mill..

Why?Why? Envoys jump at the offer without waiting for instructions.Envoys jump at the offer without waiting for instructions.

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Terr. West of Mississippi in Miss. and Mo. River watershed

Louisiana In The Long View Louisiana In The Long View

One of the most important events in US History. One of the most important events in US History. Doubled the size of country and gave us very Doubled the size of country and gave us very

fertile land.fertile land. Increased the momentum of westward Increased the momentum of westward

expansion. expansion. Led to the feeling that country was unlimited. Led to the feeling that country was unlimited. Planted the seeds of manifest Destiny—idea that Planted the seeds of manifest Destiny—idea that

America destined to control entire continent.America destined to control entire continent.

Exploring the Louisiana Purchase Exploring the Louisiana Purchase and the West and the West

Hamilton-Burr DuelHamilton-Burr Duel

Federalist attitude toward Federalist attitude toward Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase

Aaron BurrAaron Burr Plot for the Plot for the secession of New England secession of New England

Hamilton-Burr duel in 1804. Hamilton-Burr duel in 1804. Reason for DuelReason for Duel

Burr killed Hamilton during Burr killed Hamilton during the duel, and Burr further the duel, and Burr further discrediteddiscredited

America: A Nutcrackered NeutralAmerica: A Nutcrackered Neutral

Jefferson reelected in 1804 in a landslide. Jefferson reelected in 1804 in a landslide. (162-14), (162-14),

In his second term forced to deal with the In his second term forced to deal with the mess in Europe and to try to find a way to mess in Europe and to try to find a way to stay neutral.stay neutral.

Napoleon reignites war in Europe. Brits Napoleon reignites war in Europe. Brits oppose.oppose.

By 1806 France supreme on Land, Brits By 1806 France supreme on Land, Brits supreme on seas. Stalemate.supreme on seas. Stalemate.

At first, US shippers get rich trading to both At first, US shippers get rich trading to both sides.sides.

America: A Nutcrackered NeutralAmerica: A Nutcrackered Neutral

British Orders in Council in 1806British Orders in Council in 1806 Napoleon’s response?Napoleon’s response? Why does US see this as violation of its rights?Why does US see this as violation of its rights? England impresses over 6000 US sailors England impresses over 6000 US sailors

between 1608-11. between 1608-11. Why does England refuse to stop?Why does England refuse to stop? Chesapeake Affair -1807Chesapeake Affair -1807 Americans outraged and ready for war, but Americans outraged and ready for war, but

Jefferson refuses to pull the trigger. Why?Jefferson refuses to pull the trigger. Why?

Jefferson’s Backfiring Embargo Jefferson’s Backfiring Embargo

National Honor required US to do National Honor required US to do something something

Pros and cons of US options.Pros and cons of US options. Embargo Act (1807)Embargo Act (1807)

Assumed this would quickly bring England Assumed this would quickly bring England and France around.and France around.

EmbargoEmbargo

Most people HATE it. Why?.Most people HATE it. Why?. New England Federalist particularly mad.New England Federalist particularly mad. What did they argue?.What did they argue?.

Consequences:Consequences: Three times more costly that war would have Three times more costly that war would have

been.been. Ultimately did help New England factories.Ultimately did help New England factories.

Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act

March 1809March 1809, just before Jefferson leaves , just before Jefferson leaves office, Congress repealed the embargo office, Congress repealed the embargo and substituted the and substituted the Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act What did IT require?What did IT require?

Why embargo failed?Why embargo failed? Non-Intercourse Act did hurt England, and Non-Intercourse Act did hurt England, and

they repealed Orders in Council, but too they repealed Orders in Council, but too late to avoid War of 1812late to avoid War of 1812

James MadisonJames Madison Became 4th President in 1809. Became 4th President in 1809. 5-4, 100 lb., weak voice.5-4, 100 lb., weak voice. Very distinguished career:Very distinguished career:

Cont. Congress, Congressman, Const. Cont. Congress, Congressman, Const. Convention, Convention, Sec. of StateSec. of State..

Not very successful as President. Not very successful as President. Party broken by factions and he Party broken by factions and he was not a strong leader of it.was not a strong leader of it.

Dolly Madison, first true First Lady Dolly Madison, first true First Lady who acted as social hostess.who acted as social hostess.

Madison: Dupe Of Napoleon Madison: Dupe Of Napoleon

Macon’s Bill No. 2Macon’s Bill No. 2 Why it was passed?Why it was passed? What it said about trade?What it said about trade?

Napoleon tricks Madison into believing France Napoleon tricks Madison into believing France would comply. Sets US on course antagonistic would comply. Sets US on course antagonistic to England.to England.

““War Hawks”War Hawks” War Hawks pushing for War against England.War Hawks pushing for War against England.

Why?Why? Henry Clay; John C. CalhounHenry Clay; John C. Calhoun

““War Hawks”War Hawks”““War Hawks”War Hawks”

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

Henry Clay Henry Clay [KY][KY]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun [SC][SC]

Battling Indians in the WestBattling Indians in the West

War Hawks believed Brits stirring War Hawks believed Brits stirring up Indians in the West.up Indians in the West.

Kentucky ProblemKentucky Problem

Tecumseh and the Prophet. Tecumseh and the Prophet. Shawnee BrothersShawnee Brothers They began to build a tribal They began to build a tribal

confederacy east of the confederacy east of the Mississippi. Mississippi.

Their plan.Their plan. Attacked Settlers in “their” land.Attacked Settlers in “their” land.

Indian BattlesIndian Battles

Nov 1811 General William Nov 1811 General William Henry Harrison (9th Henry Harrison (9th president) attacked president) attacked Tecumseh’s headquarters Tecumseh’s headquarters at at TippecanoeTippecanoe Indiana Indiana

1814 Andrew Jackson (7th 1814 Andrew Jackson (7th PresidentPresident) ) crushed Creek crushed Creek Indians at Battle of Indians at Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Alabama)Horseshoe Bend (Alabama) Significance?Significance?

War of 1812War of 1812

June 1812 militant War June 1812 militant War Hawks get a declaration of Hawks get a declaration of war from Congress, war from Congress, very narrow vote, signaling very narrow vote, signaling

a dangerous division in the a dangerous division in the country country

Federalists strongly Federalists strongly opposeoppose

Dub it “Mr. Madison’s War”Dub it “Mr. Madison’s War”