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TRMT 396
Lecture #1
In-Situ ControlPre-contact
In-Situ Exposureexplorers & anthropologists
Ex-Situ Exhibitionism & Exploitation
In-Situ Exhibitionism & Exploitation
In-Situ Quasi-Empowerment
Ex-Situ Quasi-Empowerment
Weaver, 2010
Anthropology and tourism coincide – links to empire, social Darwinism, widespread media, etc.
Dichotomy created Primitive - modern
Native Hawaiians as “Ideal Natives” ie. a non-threatening, soft primitivism (Desmond, 1999)
FORMULA: Hula=beautiful women=native=hawaii
Burlesque-like environment of Musa Isle Village (Seminole) and other attractions
(Desmond, 1999)
Perhaps a space to articulate selves & resist assimilation
“What better way …to maintain a separate collective identity than by commodifying cultural difference” (Nesper, 2003)
Playing indianEnabled cultural resurgenceEconomic move when other
venues denied/decline e.g. logging & fishing
Lac du Flambeau (bowl) to Cowichan (opera) examples
Desire for a souvenir of the encounter – authenticity important (Dilworth, 2003)
Evasion & Resistance OR production & mediation (Erikson, 2003)
History of mediating tradition for Euro-American tastes
Shifting production (size, style) and re-introduction of goods no longer in common use (Haida example)
Curios/carving/baskets made for tourist consumption
Young Doctor’s house as longhouse, store, roller rink, museum, etc.
Assertion of guardianship of their own past
Erikson, 2003
The “Chief” train from Chicago to LA
Aboriginal people as “promotional tools”
Fred Harvey’s hotels and “Indian Detours” – lavish buses and “Harvey Girl”/Courier guides
Pueblo & Navajo vendors at train station, along highways and under the portico of the Governors Palace
Revival of some pottery/weaving traditions in response
Fried, 2010; Weaver , 2010
Carving & basket making for curios by 1850
Ethnographic trade in full swing by 1870’s
Fl0od tide of collectors 1880-1920 (then market crash)
Design specifically for saleEngage in tours and
shows : Kwakwaka'wakw @ Chicago World’s
Fair (1893) Quatsino @ St. Louis World’s Fair
(1904) Bella Coola tour of Germany (1885-86)
Tlingit perform for steamboat cruise tourists & sell baskets on boardwalks of Sitka
Inside passage initially known as the ‘Totem-pole” route
Alaska Steamship ad 1906“No home is complete now-a-
days without a neat and artistically arranged Indian basket corner”
Raibmon, 2005
Migratory farm work in the hops fields and fruit orchards
Tourist trade developed to visit the workers’ camps – trains up from Seattle
Multiple responsesAccess to eventsProduction of curios &
basketsGuided (fishing/hunting)Posed for photosOrganized performances
Raibmon, 2005
Banff Indian DaysPikani (Blackfeet) as
official hosts for Great Northern hotels
Havasupai guides for horse packing trips into Grand Canyon
Dilworth, L. (2003). “Handmade by an American Indian” Souvenirs and the Cultural Economy of the Southwest. In H. Rothman (ed) The Culture of Tourism, the Tourism of Culture. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
Keller, R. & Turek, M. (1998). American Indians & National Parks. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
Knight, R. (1996). Indians at Work. Vancouver, BC: New Star.
Raibmon, P. (2006). Authentic Indians: Episodes of Encounter from the late Nineteenth Century Northwest Coast. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.